Science

What is science?

Science comes from the Latin word “Scientia” which means to know Science is classified as follows: pure
Science, Applied science, and technology. Pure science involves gathering information through
experimentation which is done for pursuit of knowledge, applied science deals with search for practical
uses of scientific knowledge and scientific laws, Technology comes from the Greek word “techne” that
means craft or skill and “logia” that means word or expression.

Branches of Science

Pure science is classified as follows: Earth Science, Physical Science, Earth Science. Life science also
known as Biology, study all aspects of living things, French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck introduced
the term biology in the 1800s. Botany – study of plants, zoology – study of animals, Genetics – study of
the behavior and structure of genes. Thomas henry Huxley (1825 – 1895) a British biologist insisted that
living things should be studied in an integrated way.

Biomedicine is the application of biological knowledge to human health, Cellular biology/ cell biology
aims to understand the structure of the cells, developmental biology study the growth and development
of organisms metabolic pathways (in vivo) isolated portions (in vitro), Ecology study of the population
and the natural habitats of the animals, Embryology study of the embryo, Histology study of tissues,
Molecular biology studies the molecular basis of biological functions, physiology deals with the function
and activities of living matter

Physical science deals with matter and energy. Physics study the interaction between matter and
energy, Chemistry study of the composition of matter and changes it undergoes, Astronomy study of
heavenly bodies

Earth science also known as geoscience study earth and its neighbors. Geology study of the history and
structure of earth, Paleontology study of fossils and prehistoric life, Oceanography study of the physical,
chemical, and biological aspects of the ocean, Meteorology study of earth’s weather and atmosphere,
Petrology study of rocks

Specializations in Science

Science becomes interdisciplinary in nature. Bioengineering is the application of engineering to living

organisms. Biostatistics is the application of statistical methods to designing experiments in medicine,
Bioinformatics/ computational biology is the application of statistics, information biology etc.
Biomimetics/ biomimicry imitating life in order to design and innovate products, comes from the Greek
word “bio” means life and “mimesis” which means to imitate

Science Breakthroughs

Is a euphoric moment that reveals an idea or an accidental answer. In 1928, Alexander Fleming left petri
dishes containing Staphylococcus bacteria, upon returning he noticed a mold had entered and
contaminated his culture, however this mold is inhibiting the growth of staphylococcus aureus
(harmful). Something produced by the mold is dissolving the bacteria. Practically wiping the dish clean
without disinfectant. That something was a powerful antibiotic (penicillin) Filipino scientist: Roberto del
rosario is credited for the development of the karaoke, Fe del mundo the development of improvised
incubator, Rodolfo Biescas developed air conditioner for the poor, John Donnie A. Ramos for creating a
diagnostic kit. During world war 2, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. Provided medical assistance in the
battlefield by powdered penicillin this breakthrough cured diseases.

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Assisted reproductive therapy (ART) which treats infertility of a woman becoming pregnant, the first test
tube baby was born to Lesley brown, the doctors obtained her egg and fertilize out of the womb, July
25, 1978 the birth was carried by gynecologist Patrick Steptoe, Robert Edwards and Barry bavister

Value of Science

When Dr. James Orbinski received the Nobel prize in 1999 he used the money to launch a global
network, he wanted to develop low cost drug for neglected diseases, and poor countries. Science has a
good side and a bad side.

Weapon of mass destruction

Two atomic bombs “little boy” (uranium bomb) “Fat man” (plutonium bomb) were dropped in japan to
destroy cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In Einstein’s Biography it is stated “I made one great mistake in
my life when I signed the letter to the president Roosevelt Commending that atom bombs be made. But
there was justifications the danger that the Germans would make them

Cloning

Cloning is a series of processes artificially creates a generic twin of an organism there are three types of
cloning: DNA cloning, reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning. DNA cloning is used to generate copies
of the DNA of interest, while reproductive cloning is used to generate an animal that has the same
nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. Dolly, the first produced animal,
therapeutic cloning/embryo cloning is the production of human embryos for use in biomedical research

Superstitions

“Fishwife’s tales” or pamahiin Superstitions is the explanation for the unknown. Fear of the unknown
makes one believe in seen and unseen forces that can be counteracted or influenced by rituals.

Scientific methods

Is a sequence of steps followed by scientist to differentiate myth and Superstition. Observe, research,
hypothesize, test, analyze, conclude/ identify the problem, gather information, make hypothesis, test
the hypothesis, analyze the data, make a conclusion.

Identifying variables

Change or manipulate? Independent variable, Observe or measure? Dependent variable, Constant or

the same? Controlled variable A control set-up "controls" for other factors. Ideally it's the exact same
set-up as the experiment except for one difference - the variable being tested. Experimental setup An
experiment is set up to test the effect of a variable on an outcome. Fair test is an experimental design
that helps ensure that only one variable in the experiment is changed
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Cleaning tools and equipment

Broomstick (walis tingting) – used for sweeping rough floor and yard, Soft broom (walis tambo) – used
for sweeping wooden and cemented floors, coconut husk (bunot) – it makes the floor shiny, Floor mop –
used for cleaning the floor, Dustpan – used for gathering trash on the floor, Duster and rugs – used for
wiping table tops and furniture, Waste basket – used for gathering trash and uses plastic as an
underliner so liquids do not penetrate , Sponges – used for cleaning fine surfaces, Scouring pad – small
abrasive cleaning pad used for scouring pots and pans, Toilet bowl brush – used for cleaning toilet bowls

Cleaning and sanitizing equipment

Floor polisher – it is a scrubber, cleaner, waxer, and sweeper all in one. Make your floor shiny and clean,
Vacuum cleaner – cleaning tool used in many households, has rotating brush to pick up dirt and put it in
a vacuum bag. Carpet sweeper – mechanical device used for cleaning carpets

Cleaning chemicals

Muriatic acid – very effective in removing scales and stains used for cleaning pipes, concrete, linoleum,
limestone etc. Air freshener – to get rid of unpleasant room odor, Toilet cleaner – used to spray around
the rim of the toilet bowl and is paired with toilet bowl brush, Insect spray – used to get rid of insects,
laundry chemicals – used for laundry and to remove stains

Desirable traits of a household worker

Loyal – follow clientele’s rules, regulations, policies, procedures, and others, Trustworthy – by fulfilling
assignments he/she could prove trustworthiness, Honest – performs his/her job’s with accuracy,
responsible – performs job’s in a manner that demonstrates he/she understands his/her jobs,
Industrious – exceeds job expectations, Respectful – shows respect for customers, Cooperative –
cooperates with other employees, Flexible – willing to change his/her jobs, Decisive – exercises sound
making skills, Punctual – always on time with his/her jobs.

Personal Protective equipment

Apron – a protective garment that covers your front body to prevent stains and tears, housekeeping
shirt and pants – a protective garment for your body.

Protective paraphernalia – materials used for particular activities

Gloves – used to prevent cuts and burns, Protective mask – used for protecting our mouth and nose
from chemicals and dust, Hand towel – used for wiping sweat, long sleeve – used for protecting arms
from insect bites and heat, Protective gown – used for protecting the dress from dirt, Protective shoes –
used for protecting the feet, hairnet – to prevent hair from falling, Long pants – used for protecting the
legs from insect bites and heat

Ethical principles

Service – to elevate service to others above self-interest, Dignity – to treat each person in a caring and
fashion, Human relationships – to understand the relation ships between among people, Integrity –
being honest and truthful, Competence – to continually strive to increase their professional knowledge