Abstract— A 64-channel massive multiple-input multiple- to be addressed and the feasibility of millimeter-wave cellular
output (MIMO) transceiver with a fully digital beamform- requires careful verification [2]–[5].
ing (DBF) architecture for fifth-generation millimeter-wave The electromagnetic wave at millimeter-wave frequency
communications is presented in this paper. The DBF-based
massive MIMO transceiver is operated at 28-GHz band with suffers from a high attenuation caused by free space path-
a 500-MHz signal bandwidth and the time division duplex mode. loss as well as shadowing [4], [5]. Fortunately, the shorter
The antenna elements are arranged as a 2-D array, which has wavelength of a millimeter-wave signal enables a greater
16 columns (horizontal direction) and 4 rows (vertical direction) antenna gain by using an antenna array with a large number of
for a better beamforming resolution in the horizontal plane. antenna elements. It is known that the existing millimeter-wave
To achieve half-wavelength element spacing in the horizontal
direction, a new sectorial transceiver array design with a bent point-to-point communication system with a large antenna
substrate-integrated waveguide is proposed. The measured results array can achieve multigigabit data rates at a line-of-sight
show that an excellent RF performance is achieved. The system distance of a few kilometers. However, the fixed narrow
performance is tested with the over-the-air technique to verify the beam provides limited geographical coverage so that it cannot
feasibility of the proposed DBF-based massive MIMO transceiver support mobile communication environment well. Due to this
for high data rate millimeter-wave communications. Using the
beam-tracking technique and two streams of QAM-64 signals, fact, some advanced multibeam or beam-steerable antenna
the proposed millimeter-wave MIMO transceiver can achieve array techniques are recently adopted to enable 5G millimeter-
a steady 5.3-Gb/s throughput for a single user in fast mobile wave cellular communication, such as the passive multibeam
environments. In the multiple-user MIMO scenario, by delivering antenna in [6]–[8], the lens-based beam-switching antenna
20 noncoherent data streams to eight four-channel user terminals, system in [9] and [10], and the active phased array in [3]
it achieves a downlink peak data rate of 50.73 Gb/s with the
spectral efficiency of 101.5 b/s/Hz. and [11]. Generally, the active beamforming system can pro-
vide a higher transmitted power and a better beamforming
Index Terms— Digital beamforming (DBF), fifth-generation flexibility compared with the passive multibeam antenna array.
(5G) communication, massive multiple-input multiple-
output (MIMO), millimeter-wave, multibeam system, transceiver. Combined with MIMO techniques, the performance of the
active beamforming system can be further improved. With
advanced beamforming precoding, the MIMO communica-
I. I NTRODUCTION tion system can generate multiple beams to deliver multi-
ple data steams for supporting single-user (SU) MIMO and
I N THE past few years, there has been growing interest
in the utilization of millimeter-wave bands for fifth-
generation (5G) cellular communication systems [1]–[4].
multiuser (MU) MIMO communications [12]. The MIMO
beamforming techniques can offer a high antenna array gain,
Compared with current communication systems below 6 GHz, anti-interference, a better signal coverage, and a high spectral
the millimeter-waveband can offer a wide available spectral efficiency for 5G millimeter-wave cellular communication.
resource which can be used to support a wide signal bandwidth Several potential active beamforming architectures have
for the demands of high data throughput in 5G communication been proposed and analyzed in the literature, including analog
systems. Despite the great potential of millimeter-wave cellular beamforming architecture, hybrid beamforming architecture,
communications, there are many key technical challenges need and fully digital beamforming (DBF) architecture [11]–[15].
However, immense challenges remain in the practical hard-
Manuscript received December 6, 2017; revised March 8, 2018; accepted ware implementation of millimeter-wave MIMO beamforming
April 7, 2018. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foun-
dation of China under Grant 61401093 and Grant 61627801. (Corresponding system. The main hardware constrains arise from cost, power
author: Binqi Yang.) consumption, and size of the transceiver components as well
The authors are with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, as wide signal bandwidth, circuit technologies, interconnection
School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University,
Nanjing 211189, China (e-mail: bqyoung@live.cn; zqyu@seu.edu.cn; techniques, signal processing techniques, and so on. With the
230169036@seu.edu.cn; zrqjoel@163.com; jyzhou@seu.edu.cn; weihong@ existing advanced millimeter-wave integrated circuits technol-
seu.edu.cn). ogy and packaging technology, some integrated analog phased
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. array solutions for 5G millimeter-wave communication have
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMTT.2018.2829702 been proposed at integrated circuit level [16]–[18]. However,
0018-9480 © 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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Fig. 1. Simplified block diagram of the 64-channel millimeter-wave MIMO fully DBF transceiver.
Fig. 5. Top view of the sectorial structure of transceiver front-end array with
bent SIW feeding network.
Fig. 6. (a) Architecture and (b) photograph of one baseband daughter board.
bottom side, each daughter board has a control unit and four-
channel power management circuit which can provide proper directly upconverted to the 2.75-GHz IF carrier frequency
power-up sequence and voltage for the transceivers at the top by a wideband quadrature modulator. The bandpass direct
side. Because the wavelength in millimeter-wave frequency sampling architecture and digital downconverter (DDC) tech-
is very short, there exists a great difficulty in making the nique are used in the IF receiver to eliminate the demand
total thickness of the four-channel daughter board to meet the of wideband demodulator and obtain a high demodulation
half-wavelength spacing. One of the practical constraints is precision. As shown in Fig. 6, each baseband daughter board
that the size of the RF connectors for the IF signals and the consists of one Xilinx’s Kintex-7 FPGA, two dual-channel
LO signal is larger than half-wavelength of the millimeter- 12-bit ADCs, and one quad-channel 16-bit DACs. Each base-
wave carrier frequency. Another key constraint is the heat band board also has two QSFP + optical interfaces for
dissipation. Due to the low efficiency of the millimeter- common public radio interface. Besides, the multiboard syn-
wave PA, each four-channel front-end daughter board requires chronization is very important in the MIMO communication
high power consumption for generating required linear power. system. The pulse per second (1PPS) signal from the GPS
Therefore, the front-end daughter board requires a sufficient module is used as synchronous triggering for the multiboard
area for heat dissipation. To solve above-mentioned problems, synchronization processing. All the clocks on board are locked
a sectorial transceiver array design is proposed as shown in and synchronized by external 10-MHz reference clock. The
Fig. 5. The 16 front-end daughter boards are arranged on a 90° transmit baseband sampling clock rate is 552.96 MHz and the
sector structure. The SIW is bent to ensure that the antenna DAC sampling clock rate is 2211.84 MHz with four times
elements are uniform and linear. As a compact alternative interpolation. The ADC sampling clock rate is 2211.84 MHz
solution of the millimeter-wave coaxial cables, the SIW based and the effective receive baseband sampling rate after DDC is
on soft substrate can be slightly bent while keeping a good 552.96 MHz which is 20 times of the 30.72-MHz clock rate
transmission performance. of the LTE system.
The millimeter-wave transceiver front-end is connected with The key parameters and specifications for the developed
the IF-baseband subsystem by coaxial cables. The IF signal DBF-based millimeter-wave MIMO transceiver are listed
has a carrier frequency of 2.75 GHz, while the control signals in Table III. The OFDM is employed in the baseband system.
are usually lower than dozens of MHz. For brevity and The OFDM symbol consists of 2048 subcarriers with the sub-
reliability, the coaxial cables are multiplexed by the IF signals carrier spacing of 270 kHz. The subcarrier spacing should be
and the control signals. Each IF-baseband subsystem board much smaller than the coherent bandwidth of the millimeter-
contains a four-channel IF transceiver daughter board and wave wireless channel but large enough to cover system
two baseband daughter boards. The IF transmitter uses direct frequency offset and Doppler shift. Only 1824 subcarriers are
conversion architecture. The transmitted baseband signal is used due to the guard band requirement.
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TABLE III
K EY S YSTEM PARAMETERS OF THE 64-C HANNEL DBF-BASED
M ILLIMETER -WAVE MIMO T RANSCEIVER S YSTEM
Fig. 7. (a) Block diagram and (b) layout of one transceiver front-end element.
Fig. 11. Simulated and measured results of the SIW with broadband
transition.
Fig. 10. Simulated results of the SIW interconnect with different bent
angles (Rs = 30 mm).
Fig. 15. Simulated and measured reflection coefficient and peak gain of the
antenna element.
Fig. 14. (a) Geometry of printed Yagi–Uda antenna element. (b) 3-D far-field
radiation pattern of the antenna element.
TABLE IV
C OMPARISON OF M ILLIMETER -WAVE T RANSCEIVER E LEMENT
C. Discussion
An excellent performance is provided by the proposed
64-channel DBF-based millimeter-wave massive MIMO trans-
Fig. 27. OTA system performance tests. (a) Receive signal constellations of ceiver. Table IV compares the millimeter-wave transceiver
beam-tracking test. (b) Data rates of beam-tracking test. element with the existing Ka-band millimeter-wave trans-
ceivers. The proposed transceiver has a high linear output
the 64-channel DBF-based millimeter-wave MIMO BS system power and front-end gain. Compared with other millimeter-
and one UE, the beam-tracking tests for SU are carried out. wave transceivers, its modulation quality and image rejection
The UE has four-element antenna array and each antenna level are very good. Besides, the proposed millimeter-wave
element is associated with an independent transceiver chain. transceiver element has high gain control range. Table V
Thus, each UE can support up to four streams for SU-MIMO. compares this paper with the state-of-the-art 5G MIMO sys-
The BS generates two data streams simultaneously to the tems. Compared with phased array-based hybrid beamform-
fast moving UE. Beam-tracking is performed to form optimal ing systems and beam-switching antenna-based multiple-beam
beam such that the wireless channel response between BS systems, the DBF-based MIMO system has very high capacity
and UE is good. The received signal constellations of the and spectral efficiency. It can be seen that the peak throughput
two data streams are shown in Fig. 27(a). To compare the and the simultaneous access number of users of DBF-based
performance, the performance test with fixed narrow beam is architecture are many times of other architecture. In this
also performed. As shown in Fig. 27 (a), the received signal regard, the DBF-based MIMO systems are very suitable for the
quality is pretty good compared with the fixed-beam situation. communication scenarios of high capacity and access number
Fig. 27(b) shows the real-time throughout of the beam-tracking of users. The MIMO capacity can be written as [38]
tests. The throughput of the beam-tracking test keeps at around
ρ
S ρ
5.3 Gb/s. It can be seen that the fixed narrow beam cannot C = B log2 det I S + H H H = B log2 1 + λ2i
support the mobile environment well. In fixed narrow beam S S
i=1
situation, rapid fading of the signal is caused by the movement (15)
of the UE. On the contrary, the beam-tracking technique can
provide stable and reliable channel at the mobile environment. where B is the signal bandwidth, I S is identify matrix,
The maximal cell coverage radius for the SU-MIMO is more ρ is the average SNR of channel, and λ2i is the eigenvalue
than 300 m. In fact, a much longer distance is possible when of matrix H H H. Ideally, the upper bound of capacity at
using single stream and beamforming at the UE with multiple 20 streams is 88.36 Gb/s. The ideal total throughput of
antennas. 20 QAM-64 streams is 59.1 Gb/s. The reached peak data rate
The data throughput of massive MIMO systems can be 50.73 Gb/s is lower than the upper bound of capacity and
significantly increased by transmitting multiple independent is very close to the theoretical value of 20 QAM-64 steams.
data streams to multiple UEs. As shown in Fig. 25(b), the test- Compared with the DBF-based MIMO system in sub-6-GHz
bed was built with the 64-channel MIMO transceiver and band in [37], the DBF-based millimeter-wave MIMO
eight stationary four-channel UEs. Using QAM-64 modulation system has comparable spectral efficiency. In SU scenario,
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Fig. 28. Measured constellations and peak data rate of MU-MIMO test.
TABLE V
C OMPARISON OF S TATE - OF - THE -A RT 5G MIMO C OMMUNICATION S YSTEMS
the achieved spectral efficiency is better than other beamform- introduced. The main reasons for the performance improve-
ing architecture. Compared with phased array-based hybrid ment are high modulation scheme and precoding capability at
beamforming system in [3] and [11], the proposed DBF system finer level. For wideband signal bandwidth, the channel is a
has a higher spectral efficiency even if the channel coding is frequency-selective channel that has different magnitudes and
This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.
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for millimeter-wave switched-beam systems,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Assistant Professor, and became a Lecturer in 1998,
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pp. 202–209, Jan. 2018. sity, where he has been serving as the Director
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tion schemes for real-time massive MIMO Prototype,” in Proc. IEEE Dean of the School of Information Science and
86th Veh. Techn. Conf. (VTC-Fall), Toronto, ON, Canada, Sep. 2017, Engineering, Southeast University. In 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998,
pp. 1–6. he was a short-term Visiting Scholar with the University of California at
[38] S. Mumtaz, J. Rodriguez, and L. Dai, mmWave Massive MIMO: Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, and the University of California at Santa Cruz,
A Paradigm for 5G. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic, 2016. Santa Cruz, CA, USA. He has authored or co-authored over 200 technical
publications and authored 2 books. His current research interests include
numerical methods for electromagnetic problems, millimeter-wave theory
Binqi Yang received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in and technology, antennas, electromagnetic scattering, and RF technology for
information engineering from Southeast University, mobile communications.
Nanjing, China, in 2013 and 2015, respectively, Dr. Hong was a three-time recipient of the First-Class Science and Tech-
where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in nology Progress Prizes by the Ministry of Education of China and the
electromagnetic field and microwave technology. Jiangsu Province Government, China. He was also the recipient of awards
In 2013, he joined the State Key Laboratory of from the Foundations for China Distinguished Young Investigators and the
Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, where he Innovation Group by the National Science Foundation of China. He serves
has been involved in microwave and millimeter- as the Vice President of the Microwave Society and the Antenna Society of
wave circuits and transceiver systems. His current the Chinese Institute of Electronics, the Chair of the IEEE MTT/AP/EMC
research interests include planar filters, millimeter- Joint Nanjing Chapter, and an AdCom member of the IEEE Microwave
wave antennas, microwave and millimeter-wave cir- Theory and Techniques Society. He served as an Associate Editor for the
cuits and transceiver systems, beam-forming networks, and phased arrays for IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON M ICROWAVE T HEORY AND T ECHNIQUES from
mobile communications. 2007 to 2010.