Congestion Management in Power System: A
Review
Nurul Idayu Yusoff, Abdullah Asuhaimi Mohd Zin, Azhar Bin Khairuddin
Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
nurulidayuyusoff@gmail.com, abdullah@fke.utmmy, azhar@fke.utm.my
Abstract— The development of deregulated power systems
has resulted in overloading transmission networks or network
congestion. Congestion has serious effects on power systems,
including severe system damage. Congestion occurs when
transmission networks fail to transfer power based on the load
demand. These problems are managed using congestion
management methods, which play an important role in current
deregulated power systems. Several methods have been
proposed to manage congestion. This paper reviews some
congestion management methods, including Generators
Rescheduling (GR), load shedding, optimal location of
Distributed Generation (DG), Nodal Pricing, cost free methods,
Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO),
Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP), Shuffled
Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA), Fuzzy-Logic System
approaches and the additional renewable energy sources. The
work of various publications is used to review the significance
of each proposed technique in relieving congestion and
minimizing system operating costs.
Keywords—power system; congestion management;
congestion; optimization; methods.
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently, the power industry in many countries is
undergoing restructuring and deregulation with the
replacement of previous monolithic regulated public utilities
with competitive power markets [1]. This is to meet
increasing demands for electricity around the world at
affordable prices. This caused major problems of congestion
in the transmission lines of deregulated electric power
systems., endangering transmission system security [2].
Congestion management needs to be immediate performed
so that congested systems are relieved or avoided.
There are many reasons mentioned in technical
literatures for power system congestion. In competitive
market, congestion occurs when transmission networks are
unable to accommodate all desired transactions due to
violations of the system operating limits [3]. Congestion
refers to an overloading transmission lines when the thermal
bounds and line capacities are violated [4]. Congestion also
occurs when power flows in the transmission line are higher
than the flow allowed by operating reliability limits [5].
The physical and system limitations of transmission
network are mentioned as one of the factors and phenomena
cause congestion on transmission lines [6]. Physical
978-1-5090-5353-7/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
limitations such as thermal limitation of a transmission line
or a transformer can be effective in the occurrence of
congestion. Voltage limitation in a node, transient stability,
dynamic stability, reliability and similar cases are some of
the examples of system limitations of transmission network
which contributed to congestion of the network.
Congestion occurs due to the absence of matching
generation and transmission services. Congestion is also
caused by unexpected eventualities such as generation
outages, unexpected escalation of load demand, and
equipment failure [7]. Congestion in the power systems
should be rectified immediately to ensure system security
and to avoid further block-outs.
The occurrence of congestion in power systems leads to
system disturbances that cause further outages in an
interconnected system. Congestion is also caused by grave
damage to power system components if system outages
frequently occur. It is not only equipment which is harmed
by congestion, but also the power quality [8]. To prevent
power system equipment from being damaged and to
enhance power quality, congestion systems need to function
immediately.
The importance of congestion management is discussed
in reference [6], which identify the congestion management
as one the key issues to maintain security and reliability of
transmission networks. Congestion management balances the
system and solves financial issues arising from the
congestion. Lack of attention to congestion in the system
may lead to widespread blackouts associated with negative
social and economic consequences.
Many studies have been carried out to determine the best
congestion management approaches for preventing
congested transmission lines despite increased electricity
demand. Some of the methods used are Generators
Rescheduling (GR), load shedding, Distributed Generation
(DG), Optimal Power Flow (OPF), Flexible Alternating
Current Transformer System (FACTS) devices, Genetic
Algorithms (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
These techniques have their own advantages and
disadvantages.
II. CONGESTION MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
Congestion management is described using technical
methods and non-technical methods as in Fig. 1 [9], [10].
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Technical methods are cost-free methods which take into
consideration outages in congested lines and do not cause
economic effect. Some methods are the use of FACTS and
the operation of transformer taps or phase shifters. Non-
technical methods or non-cost free methods take into
consideration security-constrained generation dispatches,
network security factors methods, congestion pricing, and
market-based methods. A few common methods that are
Generators Rescheduling (GR), load shedding, Distributed
Generations (DG), Demand Response (DR), and nodal
pricing schemes [11].
This paper reviews some of the methods and techniques
used for relieving congestion in power systems by dividing
these methods and techniques into several conservative
sections. Congestion management methods are based on
power market, conventional optimization methods, and
congestion management techniques are based on artificial
intelligence.
III. CONGESTION MANAGEMENT BASED ON POWER MARKET
Different models for power market have been developed
all over the world to manage congested systems. Methods
that are well-known in power markets for congestion
management are the GR, load shedding, market splitting,
nodal pricing, and DG.
GR involves the selections the appropriate generators to
be rescheduled to meet load demands. The literatures [12],
[13] have presented GR techniques to manage congestion in
power systems. Both studies focused on minimizing
generation and reducing load operational costs. From
reference [14], GR approach is a common method in
congestion management, but it is slow and ineffective. An
optimization in rescheduling generators methods was
performed with the use of artificial intelligence algorithms
such as GA [15-17] and PSO [18].
Fig. 1. Summary of Congestion Management Methods [9]
GR also performed based on the real and reactive power
rescheduling with the virtual power flow through the
overloaded line [19]. The concept of virtual power flows is
implemented based on the principle of superposition and DC
23
load flow, which contributed to a simple and faster
rescheduling method. The literature [20] proposed the
optimal rescheduling of active power generators based on
Generator Sensitivity. The re-dispatch generators are
selected based on large magnitude of generator sensitivity,
which required a proper iteration of mathematical analysis to
avoid errors, while maintaining the efficiency of GR method.
Nodal pricing methods were introduced for the efficient
use of transmission grids and generation resources with the
provision of appropriate economic signals. The marginal cost
of providing the next increment of power at a bus is known
as a nodal pricing. Each participant involved in this
congestion management was charged based on the nodal
price available in the system. The literatures [21], [22] have
presented nodal pricing method for congestion management
and has proved that the technique is a market based pricing
schemes, in which the costs of the system change based on
the selected nodal price.
The literature [22] proposed a congestion management
technique called DG based on Locational Marginal Price
(LMP) schemes. This method places DG in the system to
relieve congestion and minimizes generation costs. DG is a
method for congestion management. LMP calculation has
become a popular method in restructured power markets to
address the congestion price, which is proposed in the
literature [23]. LMP’s at all buses are calculated considering
the concentrated loss model and a distributed loss model to
remove the high mismatch at the slack bus. The distributed
loss model considering linear bids shows reduced generation
fuel cost compared to concentrated loss model, which both
indicate the performance of the LMP calculation method in
managing congestion.
The literature [24] has conducted a comprehensive study
for optimal placement of DG considering minimization of
power or energy losses, enhancement of voltage stability,
and the improvement of voltage profile. The paper proposed
an attempt of summarized the existing approaches on the DG
methods in solving the congestion system. The optimum
placement of DG is necessary to achieve the maximum
benefits with less investment cost, hence the Optimal
Allocation of Distributed Generation (OADG) is introduced
to resolve the issues related to DG’s sizing and suitable
placement with multi-objective considerations.
DR is a method for congestion management market
based on power markets. DR provides opportunities to
customers to participate in the energy market by enabling
them to change their consumption based incentive payments
provided [25], [26]. Studies [27], [28] discuss DR programs
implemented in power systems to relieve congestion. These
papers claim that the DR approach plays a major rule in the
competitive electricity market that helps both generation and
load remain stable [27], [28].
DR is proposed with a better performance with the
combination of FACTS devices and DR program for
relieving congestion in system [7]. The effectiveness of the
method is illustrated by a representative market clearing
study in which various options of using FACTS devices
and/or DR are compared, which showed the combination
method is better than others. The literature [3] also proposed
the combination of FACTS and DR program used to
minimize the total congestion costs and maximize the social
welfare. FACTS and DR combination method provides the
most reliable and efficient solution to relieve congestion in
the system.
IV. CONVETIONAL OPTIMIZATION METHODS
Conventional optimization methods are used to manage
congested power systems. The methods are advanced
methods that used FACTS devices as an alternative to
efficiently minimize the power flows in the system especially
during the heavy demands [29]. The use of FACTS devices
helps improve power capability, lower system losses, and
increase system stability by controlling power flows.
Optimization methods are needed whenever FACTS devices
are used in congestion management so that optimal
performance is achieved [30]. Optimization methods include
the Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP),
Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC), and the promotion
of renewable energy.
Papers [31-33] have presented an improved method for
congestion management using the optimal placement of
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC) in
transmission networks. The MINLP was formulated to
determine the location of TCSCs in the system [32]. The
optimization method was introduced to minimize the reactive
power procurement cost of the method.
TCSC is used to remove congestion with minimum cost
of installation by optimization approach in locating the
devices [34]. The congestion is solved by finding the optimal
location of TCSC using the sensitivity analysis technique,
and claimed that the method proposed has successfully
relieved the congestion. FACTS devices can control the
power flow in a fast manner, hence improve the power
transfer capability limit of the line. Some benefits of using
FACTS devices are summarized in the literature [35], such
as the capability of reducing cost of production and increase
the load ability and others.
UPFC is FACTS device and the most effective device for
congestion management [36]. The optimization of UPFC is
introduced to minimize generation costs and relieve
congestion systems. An optimal model for managing
congestion was proposed with concern for the promotion of
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in the power system
network [36]. The literature [31] presented the wind power
system with additions of FACTS devices in the system, and
showed improvement in transfer capabilities and congestion
relief.
A stochastic self-scheduling of RES considering
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is proposed with
the presence of DR program [37]. RESs in this paper is
included the used of wind turbine (WT) and Photovoltaic
(PV) system simultaneously. Mixed Integer Linear
Programming (MILP) is formulated in the model and being
solved optimally by using GAMS-based optimization
method. The effects of DR program and CAES on self-
scheduling problem are assessed with utilization of four case
24
studies, which indicate the validity of the proposed stochastic
program based on the remarkable results obtained.
V. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPROACHES
Artificial intelligence approaches are methods for
developing numerical algorithms using computer based
technologies to solve congestion in power system networks.
Several techniques are reviewed in this section, such as the
PSO, GA, Fuzzy-Logic systems, Simulated Annealing (SA)
algorithm, General Algebraic Modelling Systems (GAMS)
based optimization, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm,
Fish School Optimization (FSO) algorithm, Flower
Pollination Algorithm (FLA), Strength Pareto Evolutionary
Algorithm (SPEA), Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm
(MOEA) and SFLA.
The literatures [38-40] presented an algorithm of PSO as
a method used to manage congestion in power markets to
minimize generator rescheduling costs and relieve
congestion. IEEE 30-bus system is implemented and
analyzed with the use of PSO and at the end proved that PSO
is a superior method for congestion management [19].
Security constraints from both load bus voltage and line
loading are efficiently handled with the PSO technique [38].
The literature [39] used PSO algorithms for managing
congestion in deregulated power systems. The proposed
approach efficiently relieves line overloads and has been
compared with the DR approach.
The main concern in managing congestion is the lines
limits transfer capability and available generation capacity.
Study [16], [17], [40] proposed a GA to solve the numerical
formulated problem for system congestion. GA method are
used with FACTS devices or GR method which functioned
as a combination of congestion management techniques.
The proposed methods are useful optimization tools able to
relieve congestion and minimize system costs [41].
Optimization by using a multi objective approach, Non-
dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used
to solve the optimization problem in a GR congestion
method [42]. The paper proposed congestion management
method with two objectives; optimizing the transmission line
overload, and the congestion costs in the system, hence
introduced the NSGA-II optimization method to be used.
The proposed methods effectively relieve the congestion
economically with the minimum shifts in GR method, which
indicates that NSGA-II method is an efficient method
required when dealing with more than one objective of
congestion management.
Fuzzy Logic optimization approach is proposed by
literature [43] with the purposed of control active power flow
for congestion management by using FACTS devices. The
effectiveness of the algorithm has been tested successfully
and the congestion is relieved without the rescheduling
process in the system. The literature [44] has proposed a
Fuzzy Based technique in determining the optimal location
of TCSC to control the active power flow and reduction of
congestion in a transmission line. The proposed method
helped to form a priority list of optimal locations for TCSC
and avoid excessive computation for congestion, which
indicates the effectiveness of the fuzzy optimization method.
As deregulated power markets suffer from congestion,
FACTS devices are used to minimize power flows in loaded
lines to increase stability and reduce power losses [43], [45].
The literatures [44, 46, 47] presented a fuzzy technique to
select optimal locations for FACTS devices to control active
power flows and relieve congestion in the transmission line.
Study [46] proposes optimization approaches for the optimal
choice, location, and size of TCSC and Static Var
Compensators (SVC) to reduce congestion, reduce line
losses, and improve voltage stability with the used of
Differential Evolution (DE). Studies [48] presented an
approach for selecting optimal locations and capacities for
multiple TCSC to relieve congestion issues rise in the
system.
Optimal location of UPFC in relieving congestion is
proposed with the used of SA algorithm [49]. UPFC has both
shunt and series compensation principles, which believed to
increase the ability transfer capability and stabilizes system
from congestion conditions [50]. The SA is an outstanding
method used to find the optimal location of UPFC, thus
claimed to be a powerful technique for determination
optimization issues. It is found that SA algorithm is capable
to improve the UPFC system, hence improving the system’s
ability in reducing congestion.
GAMS based optimization method is used in solving the
nonlinear programming problem in optimizing the location
of TCSC [51]. OPF and sensitivity based methods have been
used to minimize the operational cost and obtaining the
optimal location of TCSC in a complex network,
respectively. Both methods are optimized by GAMS and the
results are compared, hence it is observed that GAMS is an
efficient optimization methods used for both OPF and
sensitivity based methods.
GAMS is stated as a high-level modelling system for
mathematical programming and optimization used for
complex, large scale modelling applications [52]. It is
designed specifically to solve the problem involved with
linear, nonlinear, and mixed integer optimization problems,
which identified useful with large, and complex problems
[52], [53]. GAMS-based optimization is found to be more
accurate and reliable than the RMS-based solution in
simultaneously solve the mathematical programming
problems with multiobjective optimization.
Meanwhile, ABC algorithm is proposed as the
congestion management method used, which optimally
rescheduling the active power in system [54]. ABC
algorithms are a new artificial intelligence method of
congestion management, which is inspired from the
intelligent foraging behavior of the honey bee swarms. The
developed method was tested and the results show that the
ABC algorithm is capable to relieve the congestion
management problem in the system.
The literature [55] proposed a technique to manage
congestion considering both economical and voltage
deviation aspects, by using ABC and FSO algorithms. These

methods are implemented with the purposed of achieving the
minimization of cost for managing congestion and ensuring
minimum voltage deviation after load disturbance. The
results obtained are compared with the PSO algorithm
method, and confirmed that the cost of rescheduling using
FSO is less in all cases compared to other methods
considered. Hence, concluded that the ABC and FSO
optimization methods are useful in congestion management
with economic and technical considerations.
Generator Sensitivity Factor (GSF) and FPA were used
to decide the number of generators to be used in GR methods
of congestion management [56], [57]. The authors concluded
that FPA is the best approach used for relieving system
congestion by speeding up decision making for GR methods
[57]. GR-based approach to congestion management in
electricity market using a novel Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO)
algorithm is proposed effectively in literature [58]. The
proposed ALO method outcomes are compared with several
well-known algorithms (PSO, SA, FPA, DE and RSM), and
found that the cost of GR is reduced with the used of ALO-
based algorithm compared to other methods. ALO algorithm
is claimed as a new and effective approach to solve
congestion management problem, which performed a fastest
optimization approach for the considered test cases
compared to various adopted algorithms implemented in the
paper.
The transmission line congestion and the usage of
FACTS devices are significantly linked due to their role in
power delivery system improvement. Study [59] shows the
advancement of FACTS devices with the optimization
approaches using the SPEA. The proposed algorithm
optimizes the location and size of TCSC and SVC devices in
a system. A multiobjective optimization approach is
proposed in literature [60], to minimize the energy usage cost
with minimum delay in a smart grid system. It is stated that
the major problem is unable to satisfy consumer energy
demand during peak hours. Thus, MOEA is implemented to
optimize the load balancing method used in the congestion
management.
A real-time DR algorithm is proposed with the
optimization approach by Stackelberg Game-based DR
(SGDR) algorithm [61]. These optimization algorithms are
formulated for achieving the optimal load control of devices
in response to real-time price changes with a trivial
computation burden. The proposed SGDR was found able to
induce less energy consumption, and achieved the efficiency
in load management of the system. The literature [62]
proposed a Game-Theoretic (GT) approach to optimize the
Time-of-Use (TOU) pricing schemes in a DR program. The
proposed method showed an effective result in levelling the
user demand by setting optimal TOU prices, potentially
decreasing costs for the utility companies, and increasing
user benefits. Therefore, indicates that the GT-TOU
optimization method is useful in optimally improving the DR
congestion method.
Meanwhile, an effective heuristic optimization
framework for SFLA was proposed by [59], [63] with the
objective of managing congestion problems in a system. The
proposed SFLA method can manage congestion using the
simplest solution with a minimum time consumption. This
indicates that this new method is an efficient method for
congestion management.
Congestion management by DR program is proposed in
literature [64] together with the Teaching & Learning Based
Optimization (TLBO) and SFLA methods. These methods
are proposed for consumption scheduling optimization
model in the smart grid system, while reducing the payment
costs of different periods. The results demonstrate that the
adoption of DR programs can reduce the total payment costs
and it is found that optimization by TLBO provide more
optimized results than SFLA method.
VI. CONCLUSION
With the rapid growth of deregulated power markets,
congestion management has become a crucial approach for
overcoming congestion issues. New challenges and factors
focus on the use of newer technologies to create efficient
methods that enhance power system performance in the
shortest amount of time to relieve congestion. In this paper,
a review of congestion management methods and techniques
from the literature are presented. A comprehensive attempt
was made to show the importance of the congestion
management method to relieve the congestion problem,
which is an emerging trend in many researches.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors sincerely would like to express their
appreciation to the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for
supporting this work through FRGS Grant (Vote No:4F911)
and Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) for providing
funds to carry out the research reported in this paper.
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