1 Diagnosis of PD Patients Fayad

Diagnosis of partially edentulous patients
EXAMINATION, DIAGNOSIS
AND TREATMENT PLANNING
Objectives of any prosthodontic treatment:

(1) The elimination of disease;
(2) The preservation, restoration, and maintenance of the health of the

remaining teeth and oral tissues (which will enhance the removable partial
denture design);
(3) The selected replacement of lost teeth for the purpose of restoration of
function in a manner that ensures optimum stability and comfort in an
esthetically pleasing manner.
Indications for a removable in preference to a fixed partial denture
A. Edentulous areas too long for a fixed prosthesis.
B. Need to restore soft and hard tissue contours.
C. Absence of adequate periodontal support.
D. Structurally or anatomically compromised abutment teeth.
1. Lack of clinical crown height.
2. Lack of sound tooth structure.
3. Unfavorable position, contour or inclination.
E. Need for cross-arch stabilization. F. Eed for an extension base.
G. Anterior esthetics.
H. Physical and emotional problems precluding fixed partial dentures.
1. Attitude and desires of patient.
J. Ease of plaque removal from the natural teeth and partial de ture.
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BASIC CRITERIA FOR PATIENT SELECTION
A. Acceptable emotional and physical health.
1. Basic health observations. 2. Complete health history.
B. General physical and mental capacity to tolerate a prosthesis.
1. Previous number of prostheses. 2. Physical handicaps.
C. Degree of patient motivation.
1. General personal appearance.
2. Past oral hygiene habits and response to sug¬gested change.
3. Patient's desire to preserve remaining teeth and surrounding

structures.
4. Physical and mental capabilities to augment motivation.
5. Patient's response to scientific evidence.
D. Patient's comprehension of pote - tia success or failure of treat¬ment.
E. Types and amounts of drugs or med-ications the patient co sumes

including alcohol and tobacco.
F. Patient's dietary habits.
G. Periodontal health.
H. Oral indices of tissue tolerance.
Indicate the capacity of supporting structures to resist mechanical

forces.
1. Muco-osseous (ridge) resistance. Bone index of the residual ridge

(reaction of bone after extraction and ridge loading),
2. Dento-alveolar (abutment) resistance. Bone index around the

abutment teeth (reaction of bone to increased force).
3. Soft tissue resistance to biological or mechan¬ical irritation.
I. Oral manifestations of pathology.
J. Consultations with other medical and dental specialists.
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PURPOSE AND UNIQUENESS OF TREATMENT
The purpose of dental treatment is to respond to a patient's needs.

Although there are similarities between partially edentulous patients,
significant differences exist making each patient, and treatment, unique.
The delineation of each patient's uniqueness occurs through the patient

interview and diagnostic clinical examination process. This includes four
distinct processes:
(1) Understanding the patient's desires or chief concerns/complaints regarding

their condition (including its history) through a systematic interview process.
(2) Ascertaining the patient's dental needs through a diagnostic clinical exam.
(3) Developing a treatment plan that reflects the best management of the
desires and needs (unique to their medical condition or oral environment).
(4) Appropriately sequenced execution of the treatment with planned follow

up.
Complex treatment planning often requires two appointments.
The first appointment includes
 a preliminary oral examination (to determine the need for management

of acute needs),
 a prophylaxis,
 full-mouth radiographs,
 diagnostic casts, and
 Mounting records if baseplates are not required.
The follow-up appointment includes
 mounting of the diagnostic casts (when baseplates and occlusion rims

are needed),
 a definitive oral evaluation,
 review of the radiographs to augment and correlate with clinical

findings,
 arrangement of additional consultations where required,
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I- FIRST DIAGNOSTIC APPOINTMENT
A. Patient interview:
B. Cursory (initial) examination
C. Oral prophylaxis
D. Collecting diagnostic data: • Photography • Radiography • Casts
II-SECOND DIAGNOSTIC APPOINTMENT
A-Definitive oral examination:
B-Radiographic survey
C-Analysis of mounted diagnostic casts:
D. Consultation requests:
E. Development of treatment plane.
III-TREATMENT PLANE IN RPD
Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index ( PDI ): see classification
The American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) has developed a classifi cation

system for partial edentulism based on diagnostic findings.
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A ] PATIENT INTERVIEW
1- Structure of interview:
HISTORY TAKING
1.Personal history 5.Frequency of dent examinations.
2.Chief complaint 6.Previous dental treatment.
3.Phy health and medical history. 7. Habits and type of Diet.
4.Psychological health. 8. Patient expectations
2- Objectives:
a. Establishing of a rapport:
We should meet the mind of the patient before we meet his mouth.
b. Gaining insight into the psychological makeup of the patient

(patient attitude):
De Van stated, "Meet the mind of the patient before meeting the mouth
of the patient". Hence, we understand that the patient's attitudes and
opinions can influence the outcome of the treatment.
Dr. MM House proposed the first one in 1950, which is widely

followed. House's Classification Based on patient’s mental attitude,
 The philosophical patients. (Well adjusted and easygoing)
 The exacting patients. (Precise in everything they do)
 The hysterical patients. (Are emotionally unstable and
 convinced that they will never be able to wear a prosthesis)
 The indifferent patients. (are uncooperative)
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c. Evaluating the systemic disturbances that may affect the

patient’s treatment:
These systemic disturbances include the following:
Diabetes Pemphigus vulgaris
Arthritis Epilepsy
Paget’s disease Cardiovascular diseases
Acromegaly Cancer
Parkinson’s disease Transmissible diseases
Systemic disturbances that can have a significant effect on the treatment

of the patient include the following:
 Diabetes: multiple small abscesses and poor tissue tone frequently
accompany uncontrolled diabetes. The diabetic patient often has
excessive rate of bone resorption, hence, frequent relining may be
necessary. And reduced salivary output, which significantly reduced the
ability of patient to wear prosthesis with comfort, and increases the
possibility that caries will occur.
 Vitamin deficiency which cause inflammation and bleeding of the
gingiva and fissures in the corners of the mouth.
 Oral Malignancies: The most common oral complications of radiation
and chemotherapy for malignancies are mucosal irritation, xerostomia
and bacterial and fungal infections. Tissues having bronze colour and
loss of tonicity are not suitable for denture support. Once the dentures
are constructed, the tissues should be examined frequently for
radionecrosis.
 Blood disease e.g. anemia; patients have pale mucosa, sore and red
tongue and gingival bleeding.
 Transmissible diseases; e. g. hepatitis and tuberculosis pose a
particular hazard for the dentist, patients and dental auxiliaries.
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 Diseases of the Joints: patients with osteoarthritis affecting the finger

joints may find it difficult to insert and clean dentures. With limited
mouth opening and painful movements of the jaw, it becomes necessary
to use special impression trays. It may also become necessary to repeat
jaw relations and make post-insertion occlusal adjustments due to
changes in the joint.
 Cardiovascular Diseases: Cardiac patients will require shorter

appointments.
 Diseases of the Skin: Skin diseases like Pemphigus have oral

manifestations, which vary, from ulcers to bullae. Such painful
conditions make the denture use impossible without medical treatment.
 Neurological Disorders: Diseases such as Bell's palsy and Parkinson's

disease can influence denture retention and jaw relation records. Add
sufficient bulk to buccal surface contour of maxillary RPD to support
flaccid muscles.
 Climacteric Conditions :Climacteric conditions like menopause can
cause Tendency to gag, burning sensation, xerostomia, vagueareas of
pain, taste alterations , glandular changes, osteoporosis and psychiatric
changes in the patient.
 Pernicious anaemia : Xerostomia , disturbance of taste sensation,
Susceptibility to denture trauma.
 Chronic pulmonary disease : Shortness of breath,wheezing, increased
respiratory rate, persistent cough and Occlusal vertical dimension is
difficult to record because of patient ’ s tendency to mouth breathe.
 Salivary gland disorders : Xerostomia, painful and burning mucosa
d . Evaluating the drugs that can affect prosthodontic treatment:
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These drugs include the following:
*Anticoagulants
*Antihypertensive agents: cause decrease in salivary flow
*Endocrine therapy: cause sore mouth and discomfort
*Saliva-inhibiting drugs
*Dilantine: cause gingival enlargement
e. Dental history:
 The cause of teeth loss: If the teeth were lost because of caries,
special emphasis will have to be placed on oral hygiene
procedures. If the teeth were lost because of periodontal disease,
every effort must be made to discover and eliminate its cause.
 If a removable partial denture has been constructed previously for

the patient, it is important to learn as much as possible about the
patient' experience during and following treatment.
 Expectation of treatment: If the patient has unrealistic expectation

e.g. a removable partial denture without major connector crossing
the palate) the patient expectation should be changed through
education.
 Chewing habits: The patient is asked about the preferred and non
preferred side for chewing. This will determine the amount of
support, retention and bracing of the denture on each side.
 Para functional habits: clinching and bruxism has adverse effect

on the denture supporting structures.
f. Ascertaining patient’s expectations of treatment, assessment of

patient motivation and attitudes towards dentures:
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The patient's attitudes and psychological status of the patient have

considerable influence on the success of the treatment.
3- Obstacles:
a. From the dentist:
 Not listening to the patient
 Choicing words misunderstanding by the patient
 Failure to use the obtained information in the treatment of the

patient
b. From the patient:
- Fearful of his condition - Lack of response
4- Aids for successful interview:
1. Dentist attitude and behaviour 2. Phrasing of questions
INFECTION CONTROL
Recommended Infection Control Practices for Dental Treatment
 Gloves should be worn in treating all patients.
 Masks should be worn to protect oral and nasal mucosa from

splatter of blood and saliva.
 Eyes should be protected with some type of covering to protect

from splatter of blood and saliva.
 Sterilization methods known to kill all life forms should be used

on dental instruments. Sterilization equipment includes steam
autoclave, dry heat oven, chemical vapor sterilizers, and chemical
sterilants.
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 Attention should be given to cleanup of instruments and surfaces

in the operatory. This includes scrubbing with detergent solutions
and wiping down surfaces with iodine or chlorine (diluted
household bleach solutions).
 Contaminated disposable materials should be handled carefully

and discarded in plastic bags to minimize human contact. Sharp
items, such as needles and scalpel blades, should be contained in
puncture-resistant containers before disposal in the plastic bags.
B] Clinical examination
 PATIENT EVALUATION
• Gait : People with neuromuscular disorders show a different gait.

Such patients will have difficulty in adapting to the denture.
• Age : patients belonging to the fourth decade of life will have good
healing abilities and patients above the sixth decade will have
compro¬mised healing.
• Sex : Male patients are generally busy people whoappear indifferent

treatment. They are only bothered about comfort and nothing else.On
the other hand, female patients are more critical about aesthetics
• Complexion and Personality : Evaluating the complexion helps to

determine the shade of the teeth. Executives require smaller teeth.
• Cosmetic Index : It basically speaks about the aesthetic expectations

of the patient. Based on the cosmetic index, patients can be classified
as:
 Class I: High cosmetic index. They are more

concerned about the treatment and wonder if their
expectations can be fulfilled.
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 Class II: Moderate cosmetic patients. They are

patients with nominal expectations.
 Class III: Low cosmetic index. These patients are not

bothered about treatment and the aes-thetics. It is
very difficult for the dentist to know if the patient is
satisfied with the treatment or not.
 Extraoral examination
o Facial examination: o Lip Examination
 Facial Form o TMJ Examination
 Facial Features o Neuromuscular

Examination
o Muscle Tone
 Speech
o Muscle Development
 Co-ordination
o Complexion
a-Facial Features :If the face appears collapsed, it indicates the loss of
vertical dimension (VD). Decreased VD produces wrinkles around the
mouth. Excessive VD will cause the facial tissues to appear stretched.
b. Complexion :The colour of the eye, hair and the skin guide the selection
of artificial teeth.
 Oral Examination
A complete oral examination should precede any treatment decision. It

should include a visual and digital evaluation of the teeth and surrounding tissue
Sequence for Oral Examination
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An oral examination should be accomplished in the following

sequence:
 visual examination,
 pain relief and temporary restorations,
 oral prophylaxis,
 radiographs,
 evaluation of teeth and periodontium,
 vitality tests of individual teeth,
 determination of the floor of the mouth position,
 and impressions of each arch.
 Relief of pain and discomfort and placement of temporary

restorations
 management of acute needs
 relieve discomfort arising from tooth defects
 Determine as early as possible the extent of caries and to arrest

further caries activity.
By restoring tooth contours with temporary restorations, the impression

will not be torn on removal from the mouth, and a more accurate diagnostic cast
may be obtained.
 A Thorough and Complete Oral Prophylaxis
An adequate examination can be accomplished best with the teeth free of

accumulated calculus and debris. Also, accurate diagnostic casts of the dental
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arches can be obtained only if the teeth are clean; otherwise the teeth reproduced
on the diagnostic casts are not a true representation of tooth and gingival contours.
Cursory examination may precede an oral prophylaxis, but a complete

oral examination should be deferred until the teeth have been thoroughly cleaned.
 Initial (Cursory) oral examination
Objective:
1. Detection of problems requiring immediate attention
2. Evaluation of oral hygiene
3. Evaluation of caries susceptibility
4. Detection of oroantral or oronasal communications
5. Assessment of applied forces
1. Opposing occlusion.
2. Muscular force and elevator muscle development.
3. Parafunctional habits.
a. Clenching. b. Bruxism
4. Length of edentulous span.
5. History of prosthesis failure.
a. Solder joint failure. b. Porcelain failure.
c. Fractured RPD components.
6. History of poor tissue tolerance.
a. Chronic sore spots.
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b. Excessive bone resorption.
c. Abutment tooth mobility.
d. Fracture or attrition of natural teeth.
e. Attrition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction
 Definitive visual oral examination:
Complete oral examination to evaluate the following:
A] The teeth and periodontium:
1. Caries and existing restorations: All carious teeth must be restored prior to
starting definitive prosthodontic treatment,
2. Pulp to detect pulpitis or pulp necrosis
3. Sensitivity to percussion
4. Mobility and C/R ratio: The degree of mobility of all teeth should be
recorded using a scale commonly used for classifying mobility:
■ Class 1: A tooth demonstrates greater than normal movement, but less

than 1 mm of movement in any direction.
■ Class 2: A tooth moves 1 mm from normal position in any direction.
■ Class 3: A tooth moves more than 2 mm in any direction, including

rotation or depression. A change from normal physiologic movement may
indicate traumatic occlusion or periodontal disease. Teeth exhibiting
Class 3 mobility have a poor prognosis and usually will require
extraction.
Causes:
 Trauma from occlusion
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 Inflammatory changes of the PDL
 Loss of alveolar bone support
Treatment:
 Scaling
 Learning and ascertaining good oral hygiene
 Splinting when:
• All the remaining teeth have reduced support
• Only two or three widely spaced retainable teeth
• The first premolar and all molars have been lost and the
second premolar is to serve as the abutment
5. Periodontium:
The health of the PDL is determined by findings that need periodontal

treatment are:
1. Pocket depth in excess of 3 mm
2. Furcation involvement
3. Deviations from normal colour and contour in gingiva indicating

gingivitis
4. Marginal exudate
5. Less than 2 mm of attached gingiva
6. Pulling of muscle or frena on attached gingiva
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B] . Oral mucosa:
 Pathologic changes
 Tissue reactions to the wearing of old prosthesis:
 Soft tissue displacement
 Palatal papillary hyperplasia: It is associated most often with a

poorly fitting prosthesis that has been worn for a prolonged
periods. It consists of numerous small papillary growths.
 Epulis fissuratum: It is a tumour like hyper plastic growth in the

sulcus caused by an ill- fitting or overextended border of a
removable prosthesis.
 Denture stomatitis: It is characterized by generalized

erythematic for all the tissues covered by the prosthesis.
Candida albicans has been shown to be present in much higher
percentage of denture stomatitis. Traumatic occlusion, poor fit
of the prosthesis, poor oral hygiene and continuous wearing of
the prosthesis have all been suggested as contributing factors to
this condition.
C]. Hard tissue abnormalities:
 Torus palatinus: Removal of a torus palatinus is not usually necessary; a

major connector can be designed to circumvent the torus.
 Torus mandibular. It is exostoses, usually occurring bilaterally on the
lingual surface of the body of the mandible.
 Undercuts and bulbous maxillary tuberosities:
The effect of some undercut areas may be minimized by:
o Change in the path of insertion of the RPD in case of unilateral undercut.
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o Relieving the denture base or reducing the length of the denture border
o Surgical correction of undercuts.
o Flexible denture base or flexible border
o Reduce length of denture border
 The mylohyoid ridge: Some of these ridges are felt to be
pronounced and the soft tissue covering is thin and is easily
traumatized by insertion and removal of prosthesis.
D]. Soft tissue abnormalities:
 Labial frenum: If the frenum is attached highly at the crest of the

ridge, or it was bulky, the notch in the maxillary denture should be
done to accommodate this frenum shape and position.
 Lingual frenum: It can greatly compromise the rigidity and
adjustement of the major connector.
 Flabby gingiva: Atrophy of the residual ridge does occur
occasionally, and the gingiva loses its bony support and becomes
freely, Tnis area should be evaluated to determine whether it requires
conservative treatment or surgical removal.
 Tongue size & mobility: The tongue should be examined for :
• Size: Presence of a large tongue decreases the stability of lower
denture and ate also a hindrance to impression making. Tongue-biting is
common after insertion of the denture. A small tongue does not provide
adequate lingual peripheral seal.
• Movement and coordination: Tongue movements and coordination
are important to register a good peripheral tracing. They are also
necessary in maintaining the denture in the mouth during functional
activities like speech, deglutition and mastication, etc.
E] Occlusal relationships:
It is the relation between the opposing teeth and between the teeth and
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the opposing ridge is examined for.

a- Available interarch space for placement of artificial teeth.
b- The degree of anterior vertical overlap.
c- Super eruption and tilting of the remaining teeth.
d- Cuspal interference.
F] - Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) examination:

TMJ disorders can be detected by one or more of the following signs:
a- Reduced inter incisal opening (Normal maximum opening is 55mm +
15mm).
b- Pain and tenderness over the TMJ at rest and during movement.
C- Clicking during opening and closing.
d- Midline deviation during wide opening.
e- Muscle pain and tenderness.
f- Headache and ear pain.
G]. Quality and quantity of saliva:
Dry mouth >>>> no lubricating effect >>>> saliva substitute
Thick and ropy saliva or copious amounts of serous saliva
>>>> problems during impression.
Thick ropy saliva alters the seat of the denture because of its tendency
to accumulate between the tissue and the denture. Thin serous saliva
does not produce such effects.
Xerostomic patients show poor retention and excessive tissue

irritation whereas excessive salivation complicates the clinical
procedures. use of synthetic saliva, with a carboxymethyl cellulose
base, which can be enriched with fluoride in an effort to counteract
caries. Frequent use provides an excellent means of maintaining high
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fluoride intraorally for long periods of time, thus enhancing the

remineralization of incipient caries.
H] . Space for mandibular major connector:
 The superior margin of the connector should be located 3 mm

below the free gingival margins of the mandibular teeth >>>>>
to avoid damage to the gingival tissues.
 The inferior border of the connector should be positioned at or

slightly above the position of the active floor of the mouth
>>>>> to prevent interference with the functional movements
of the floor of the mouth and to help avoid the packing of food
under the major connector.
 A minimum of 7 to 8 mm. of space should be available if a

lingual bar major connector is to be used. Available space is
measured with a calibrated periodontal probe (William's
probe) , while the patient raising the tongue toward the palate.
Measurements are made at several positions; the probe is then
used to transfer it to the cast.
I] Oral hygiene and caries susceptibility:
Evaluation of patient's oral hygiene is critical to the prognosis of the

patient's treatment. Disclosing tablets or solution is used to detect plaque,
which will indicate the patient motivation towards oral hygiene.
The presence of large number of restored teeth, signs of recurrent caries
and evidence of decalcification indicate that the patient is susceptible to caries.
J]. Modification Spaces
For short spans (<=3 missing teeth), natural tooth, implant-

supported fixed prostheses, and removable partial dentures can generally
be considered.
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Longer span modification spaces (>=4 missing teeth) present a

greater challenge for natural tooth-supported fixed prostheses.
Consequently, the options for treatment are the removable partial denture
or the implant supported prosthesis.
K] Abutments With Guarded Prognoses
If the prognosis of an abutment tooth is questionable, or if it becomes

unfavourable during treatment, it might be possible to compensate for its
impending loss by a change in denture design.
It is sometimes possible to design a removable partial denture so that a

single posterior abutment, about which there is some doubt, can be retained
and used at one end of the tooth-supported base. Then if the posterior abutment
is lost, it could be replaced by adding an extension base to the existing denture
framework. Such an original design must include provisions for future indirect
retention, flexible clasping of the future abutment, and provision for
establishing tissue support.
Anterior abutments that are considered poor risks may not be so freely
used because of the problems involved in adding a new abutment retainer when
the original one is lost. It is rational that such questionable teeth be condemned
in favor of more suitable abutments, even though the original treatment plan
must be modified accordingly.
Kennedy Class II, mod I in which molar abutment has a guarded prognosis. Premolar clasp assembly is a
mesial rest, distal guide plane, and wrought wire retainer design that will accommodate future distal extension
movement.
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L] Examination of old denture:
a- the design and quality of construction should be noted and any associated
problems in relation to gingival and mucosal inflammation or to decalcification
of contacting tooth surfaces.
b- It is important to evaluate whether the denture is still fit accurately against

the teeth and under lying mucosa or not.
C -Radiographic survey:
1. Complete mouth periapical and bite-wing survey.

2. Panoramic.
3. Obtain previous radiographs if possible for purpose of comparison.
1. Examination of residual ridge to evaluate:
 All radiolucent and radiopaque areas that vary from normal ranges
to determine whether a pathologic condition is present.
 Root fragments and other foreign bodies to determine whether
their removal is indicated.
 Un erupted third molars to determine whether they should be
retained or removed.
 Evaluate quantity of bone.
oAlveolar.
oResidual ridge.
oBasal.
a. Bone Index (bone factor):
The bone factor provides an assessment of the relative response
of bone to stimulation or irritation. This assessment is made by
analyzing bone index areas.
Bone index areas are those areas of bony support which disclose
the reaction of bone to increased force, e.g. areas of bone around
abutment teeth or any other teeth subjected to increased loading.
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These areas are compared to areas of bone around teeth in

normal function without increased loading.
A similar consideration may be given to the residual ridge or an
edentulous area of bone supporting a complete or an extension base
removable partial denture.
Evaluation of past response is important in predicting the future
potential for dento-alveolar (abutment teeth) and muco-osseous (ridge)
resistance to forces transmitted by an RPD.
The bone index is difficult to determine from radiographs alone.
The history of the patient is important in evaluating the rate of
resorption that may be expected based on previous occurrences. The
length of time from previous extractions together with morphological
changes in the residual ridge gives some indication of the host response
to various forces.
b. Bone Density
Denser bone (more highly mineralized) offers greater resistance to

resorption. The reduced rate of resorption of cortical bone compared to
cancellous bone is likely due to the degree of cellularity and
mineralization, which may influence metabolic activity, as well as to bone
factors. These factors appear to account for the pattern of resorption of the
residual ridges in the edentulous or partially edentulous patient.
In the mandibular arch the external oblique ridge, the mylohyoid ridge
and the genial tubercles, which are areas of muscle attachments, continue
to resist resorption even when the residual ridge is greatly resorbed.
The presence of dense cortical bone is often the result of applied forces
arising from ligamentous or muscle attachments which provide tension to
the underlying bone.
c. Extrinsic bone factors. Localized forces applied to bone.
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1. Pressure-Bone tends to resorb in response to compressive forces.

The rate of resorption most likely depends on the bone density,
intrinsic bone factors, and the nature of the applied forces and on the
interaction of pressure and tension. The remodelling that occurs under
the extension base of a removable partial denture is an example of
pressure induced resorption.
11. Tension-Bone under tensional stimuli tends to increase in density

and in some instances may increase in quantity. The lamina dura is a
response to tensional forces transmitted by the periodontal ligament.
Orthodontic movement of teeth is a good example of the pressure -
tension theory. The lamina dura resorbs on the pressure side and bone
apposition occurs on the opposite side.
d. Intrinsic bone factors which May influence the rate of resorption.
 Genetic.  Pathologic.
 Hormonal.  Biochemical.
 Nutritional.  Other.
Wolff’s law of bone physiology-
Intermittent stimulation can cause bone apposition, constant stimulation

(irritation) causes bone resorption
Theilmann’s diagonal law of occlusion-
An interceptive posterior occlusal contact can cause elongation of the

teeth in the arch diagonal to the prematurity
2. Examination of remaining teeth with special attention focused on

prospective abutments to evaluate:
 The presence and extent of caries and the relation of the carious lesion
to the dental pulp
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 Existing restorations to determine the adequacy of proximal contours

and the presence of overhanging or deficient margins and recurrent
caries.
 Root canal fillings: an abutment for a distal extension that is
endodontically treated carries a greater risk for complications than a
similar tooth not involved in removable partial denture function.
 Root length, size and form
Teeth with multiple and divergent roots will resist stresses better
than teeth with fused and conical roots, because the resultant
forces are distributed through a greater number of periodontal
fibers to a larger amount of supporting bone
 C/R ratio: The radiographic crown - root ratio is a commonly used
index for classifying the degree of existing support for teeth being
evaluated as probable abutments.
The length of the tooth occlusal from the crest of the alveolar
bone is compared with the length of the tooth root apical from the
alveolar crest, and the comparison is expressed as an approximate ratio.
A tooth with normal, undiminished alveolar support will have a
crown - root ratio of approximately 1:2. As a general diagnostic guide, a
tooth with a crown - root ratio of more than 1:1 is considered to have an
unfavorable prognosis as an abutment tooth.
 Unerupted third molars: should be considered as prospective future

abutments to eliminate the need for a distal extension removable partial
denture
 PDL space: The width of the periodontal ligament around the roots of
the teeth is of significance in evaluating the stability of the teeth. A thin,
uniform ligament space is a more favorable sign than is a widened,
irregular space.
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Widening in periodontal ligament space: indicate trauma,

mobility or heavy function
 Lamina dura: The lamina dura is the thin layer of hard cortical bone
that normally lines the sockets of all teeth. In a roentgenogram, the
lamina dura is shown as a radiopaque white line around the radiolucent
dark line that represents the periodontal membrane.
Uneven lamina dura: During the active tipping process, the
lamina dura is uneven, with evidence of both pressure and tension on the
same side of the root. For example, in a mesially tipping lower molar the
lamina dura will be thinner on the coronal mesial and apicodistal aspects
and thicker on the apicomesial and coronal distal aspects because the
axis of rotation is not at the root apex but is above it. The lamina dura on
the side to which the tooth is sloping becomes uniformly heavier, which
is nature's reinforcement against abnormal stresses.
Partial or total absence of lamina dura may be found in
systemic disorder as: hyperparathyroidism and Paget disease. When
systemic disease is associated with faulty protein metabolism and when
the ability to repair is diminished, bone is resorbed and the lamina dura
is disturbed. Therefore the loading of any abutment tooth must be kept
to a minimum inasmuch as the patient's future health status and the
eventualities of aging are unpredictable.
Thickening of lamina dura : occur if the tooth is mobile , has
occlusal trauma or is under heavy function.
D] DIAGNOSTIC CASTS
Impressions should be made for making accurate diagnostic casts to be

mounted for occlusal examination.
A diagnostic cast should be an accurate reproduction of all the

potential features that aid diagnosis. These include the teeth locations, contours,
and occlusal plane relationship; the residual ridge contour, size, and mucosal
consistency; and the oral anatomy delineating the prosthesis extensions
Mostafa Fayad 25
(vestibules, retromolar pads, pterygomaxillary notch, hard and/or soft palatal

junction, floor of the mouth, and frena). Additional information provided by
appropriate cast mounting includes occlusal plane orientation and the impact on
the opposing arch; tooth-to-palatal soft tissue relationship and tooth-to-ridge
relationship, both vertically and horizontally.
A diagnostic cast is usually made of dental stone because of its strength,

and it is less easily abraded than is dental plaster.
The diagnostic cast impression is usually made with an irreversible

hydrocolloid (alginate) in a stock (perforated or rim lock) impression tray.
Purposes of accurate diagnostic casts:
1. Analysis of the contour of hard and soft tissues of the mouth
2. Preliminary design of the partial denture .Determine of the types of

restorations to be placed on the abutment teeth
3. Determine the need for surgical correction of exostoses, frena,

tuberosities and undercuts
4. Used to permit a topographic survey of the dental arch that is to be

restored by means of a removable partial denture and the proposed design
is drawn on them. To determine the need for mouth preparation including
(a) Proximal tooth surfaces, which can be made parallel to serve as

guiding planes;
(b) Retentive and non retentive areas of the abutment teeth; (c)
areas of interference to placement and removal; and
(d) Esthetic effects of the selected path of insertion.
5. Serve as a plan for the placement of restorations, the recontouring of

teeth, and the preparation of rest seats.
Mostafa Fayad 26
6. Designed casts aid in the presentation of the proposed treatment to the

patient.
7. Permitting a view of the occlusion from the lingual and buccal

aspects.
8. Individual impression trays may be fabricated on the diagnostic casts
8. Used as a constant reference as the work progresses. Pencilled marks

indicating the type of restorations, the areas of tooth surfaces to be
modified, the location of rests, and the design of the removable partial
denture framework along with the path of placement and removal, all may
be recorded on the diagnostic cast for future reference
9. Diagnostic casts on a suitable articulator permit analysis of:
 Occlusion,
 The adequacy of interarch space
 The presence of over erupted or malposed teeth
 The presence of tuberosity interferences.
10. Unaltered diagnostic casts should become a permanent part of the

patient's record because records of conditions existing before treatment
are just as important as are preoperative radiographs.
Analysis of mounted diagnostic casts:
The mounted diagnostic casts provide visual access from all directions and
enable the dentist to make a detailed analysis of the patient’s occlusion.
1. Mounting of maxillary cast to articulator
It is better that the casts be mounted in relation to the axis-orbital

plane to permit better interpretation of the plane of occlusion in relation to
the horizontal plane. Although it is true that an axis orbital mounting has
Mostafa Fayad 27
no functional value on a nonarcon instrument because that plane ceases to

exist when opposing casts are separated, the value of such a mounting lies
in the orientation of the casts in occlusion. MAC
2. Jaw Relationship Records for Diagnostic Casts (Vertical dimension of

occlusion and centric jaw relation record)
One of the first critical decisions that must be made in a removable

partial denture service involves the selection of the horizontal jaw
relationship to which the removable partial denture will be fabricated
(centric relation or the maximum intercuspal position).
It is recommended that deflective occlusal contacts in the maximum

intercuspal and eccentric positions be corrected as a preventive measure.
If most natural posterior teeth remain—and if no evidence of

TMJ disturbances, neuromuscular dysfunction, or periodontal
disturbances related to occlusal factors exists—the proposed
restorations may safely be fabricated with maximum
intercuspation of the remaining teeth. When diagnostic casts are
hand related by maximum intercuspation for purposes of
mounting on an articulator, it is essential that three (preferably
four) positive contacts of opposing posterior teeth are present,
having wide spread molar contacts on each side of the arch.
When most natural centric stops are missing, the proposed

prosthesis should be fabricated so that the maximum intercuspal
position is in harmony with centric relation. Correction of the
remaining natural occlusion to create a coincidence of centric
relation and the maximum intercuspal position is indicated in
such situations.
Clinical situation suggest construction of partial denture at centric

relation:
Mostafa Fayad 28
1- Absence of posterior tooth contact
2- When all posterior tteeth will be restored with fixed

restoration
3- Few remaining posterior contacts
4- Clinical symptoms of occlusal trauma
5- Coincidence of centric jaw relation and maximum

intercuspal position
Materials available for recording centric relation are

(1) wax;
(2) modeling plastic;
(3) quick-setting impression plaster;
(4) metallic oxide bite registration paste;
(5) polyether impression materials;
(6) silicone impression materials.
3. Inspection of:
 Occlusal plane  The presence of tuberosity

interferences
 Occlusion
 interarch space
 Tipped or malposed teeth
 Malrelation of jaws
 Traumatic vertical overlap
 Diagnostic wax up
 Interarch distance
Lack of sufficient interarch distance for the placement of artificial teeth:
Caused by
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 A maxillary tuberosity that is too large in vertical height.
 A segment of teeth that has been unopposed for a prolonged period will
frequently overerupt, carrying the alveolar process with it. Subsequent
removal of the teeth will produce a situation in which it is impossible to
establish a functionally and aesthetically acceptable plane of occlusion.
Management
The surgical reduction of the vertical height of the tuberosity and at times
the adjacent residual ridge is necessary if satisfactory replacement of the
missing teeth is to be accomplished. The area and amount of tissue that should
be removed can be indicated on the diagnostic east. This provides an excellent
guide for the oral surgeon or dentist who performs the surgical correction. The
radiographs are a valuable aid in planning the surgical of fibrous tissue.
Healing is usually complete in 7 to 10 days. The healing period is extended to 2
to 5 weeks when bone removal is necessary.
 Maxillary tuberosity interferences.
The maxillary tuberosity area may be undercut on one or both

sides.
The path of insertion of a complete denture can usually be compatible

with an unilateral tuberosity undercut, but a removable partial denture, with a
more controlled path of insertion, presents greater problems.
Management
The undercut must be evaluated with the aid of the dental surveyor.
With the cast on the surveying table at the predetermined path of insertion, a
determination is made as to the amount of relief that will be required in the
denture if the undercut is not reduced. Moderate to severe tuberosity undercuts
usually require surgical correction with bone removal.
bulbous tuberosities
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Occasionally the tuberosities are so bulbous that the coronoid process

of the mandible may actually rub against the tuberosity during functional
movements.
Management
Surgical reduction of such a tuberosity is necessary if the patient is to

wear a removable partial denture.
 Occlusal plane
1. Irregular occlusal plane: (because extrusion of one or more unopposed

teeth)
Management
Available treatments depend on the degree of extrusion and the condition of the
tooth:
• Enameloplasty can effectively reduce a moderately extruded tooth.

Approximately 2 mm of enamel can be removed in many situations. At times
the reduction of a single cusp improves the occlusal plane.
• Placement of an extracoronal cast metallic restoration If the extrusion is

greater than 2 mm or if the tooth does not lend itself to enameloplasty, The
degree of reduction is limited as much or more by the clinical crown length of
the tooth as by the size of the dental pulp.
The clinical crown length can often be increased by appropriate

periodontal therapy if crown lengthening is needed to obtain adequate retention
for the restoration. Useful crown lengthening procedures include tissue
shrinkage, gingivectomy, apical positioning flaps, and osseous surgery.
• Endodontic therapy and crown, when sever reduction to be made.
Extruded teeth can also be repositioned through orthodontic tooth movement

procedures.
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• Severely extruded teeth such as those contacting the opposing ridge present
greater problems. If the alveolar bone has followed the eruption of the
offending tooth, it may be necessary to extract the tooth and remove the
surrounding bone.
• At times endodontic treatment and & drastic reduction of the tooth will enable
it to be used as an overdenture abutment. This treatment can provide valuable
support for a distal extension base. Extruded teeth must always be evaluated
with the occlusal plane in mind.
• Retention of a tooth that will jeopardize the development of a functional and

aesthetic occlusal plane is rarely justified.
2. Malposed occlusal plane: (because of extrusion of an entire segment of an

arch with concomitant drop of the alveolar process):
Extrusion of maxillary molars or premolars, or both, with drop of the alveolar

process till contact the opposing residual ridge, causing obvious space
problems and malposition of the occlusal plane.
Management
• One approach to treatment is the removal of the extruded teeth in

conjunction with an extensive alveolectomy.
• Consideration should be given to the use of one of the newer orthognathic

surgical procedures. A posterior segmental osteotomy can be effective in
correcting the problem. Close cooperation and communication between the
prosthodontist or dentist and the oral surgeon are essential. Because the dentist
must construct the prosthesis for the postsurgical tooth and ridge relations, he
should determine the ideal position of the segment. The oral surgeon must
determine the procedures and techniques to employ in making the correction.
Mostafa Fayad 32
Anterior maxillary osteotomy can also be effective in repositioning the

anterior teeth and alveolar ridge for patients with severe protrusion of the
anterior teeth or deep vertical overlap.
 Malrelation of jaws:
Severe malrelation of the jaws can prevent the restoration of adequate function
and esthetics.
Management:
Several maxillary and mandibular osteotomy procedures are useful in

correcting these problems. Close cooperation, consultation, and communication
between the prosthodontist or dentist and the oral surgeon are essential in
treating patients with malrelation of the jaws.
 Tipped or malposed teeth
Management:
• Limited orthodontic procedures for minor tooth movement can be used to

upright the tipped tooth to allow the placement of an artificial tooth of more
normal size.
• Teeth in severe buccoversion or linguoversion should be evaluated. At times

the removal of the malposed tooth will simplify the design of the prosthesis.
 Traumatic vertical overlap
Classification:
Akerly (1977) has classified traumatic vertical overlap into the following
four basic types:
 Type I -The mandibular incisors extrude and impinge into the palate.
 Type II-The mandibular incisors impinge into the gingival sulci of the
maxillary incisors.
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 Type Ill-Both maxillary and mandibular incisors incline lingually with

impingement of the gingival tissues of each arch.
 Type IV-The mandibular incisors move or extrude into the abraded

lingual surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth.
Clinical symptoms:
 Abrasion,
 Mobility,
 Migration of the teeth,
 Inflammation and ulceration of the gingiva and oral mucosa.
Management:
1. Early recognition and treatment with orthodontic or combined

orthodontic and orthognathic surgery.
2. Establishing stable occlusal contacts at centric jaw relation
3. With advanced clinical symptoms, the removal of teeth is indicated.

Alveolectomy at the time of extraction will help provide space for some
improvement.
4. If the teeth are retainable, reduction of the length of the mandibular

anterior teeth will relieve symptoms temporarily.
5. A treatment prosthesis that plates the lingual surfaces of the maxillary

anterior teeth must be used to prevent further extrusion of the mandibular
incisors until more definitive treatment can be accomplished.
6. Definitive treatment is based on:
 The degree of horizontal overlap,
 The number and the occlusal relationships of the remaining teeth
Mostafa Fayad 34
 The health of the supporting structures.
 The need for RPD and its type and location.
If all the maxillary teeth are present and have healthy support, it may
be possible to build up the cingula of the anterior teeth with cast
restorations >>>>> not feasible if the horizontal overlap is too great.
If a maxillary removable partial denture is indicated, the major

connector can be extended onto the lingual surfaces of the anterior
teeth with a thin plate of metal >>>>> a vertical stop to prevent further
eruption of the mandibular anterior teeth.
If only a mandibular removable partial denture is required, a lingual

plate major connector can be designed to prevent continued eruption of
the anterior teeth. The plating should cover the cingula of the teeth
with projections extending to the contact points. Rest seats should be
placed on the canines or first premolars to prevent labially directed
forces from being applied to the teeth.
 Occlusion
The mounted diagnostic casts are also used for an evaluation of the patient’s
occlusion. The information obtained from the analysis of the occlusion should
be correlated with other clinical findings.
Occlusal interferences:
Partially edentulous patients have an even greater probability of having

premature occlusal contacts because of the drifting and migration of teeth that
usually accompany the loss of continuity of the dental arch.
Bruxism:
Severe bruxism can injure the teeth, the periodontium, and the
Temporomandibular joint and may initiate muscle spasm, pain, or discomfort.
Mostafa Fayad 35
The most common causes of bruxism are:
1. Occlusal interferences between centric jaw relation and centric

occlusion and
2. Balancing side contacts.
The clinical symptoms of traumatic occlusion follow:
• Excessive wear of the teeth, which may include chipping or

fracture of the teeth.
• A change in, or a loss of, the supporting structures, which may

include increased mobility, tooth migration, and pain during and
after occlusal contact.
• Involvement of the neuromuscular mechanism of the

temporomandibular joint, which may include muscle spasm,
muscle pain, and joint symptoms.
The radiographic signs of traumatic occlusion follow:
• Widening of the periodontal ligament space with either

thickening or loss of lamina dura.
• Periapical or furcation radiolucency.
• Resorption of alveolar bone.
• Root resorption.
Management of occlusal interferences and bruxism:
Occlusal equilibration: it is the selective grinding or coronal

reshaping of teeth with the intent of equalizing occlusal stress,
producing simultaneous occlusal contacts, or harmonizing cuspal
relations.
Mostafa Fayad 36
Occlusal equilibration should not be accomplished for every

patient with occlusal interferences. Many patients have a great
enough resistive capacity that occlusal forces are not destructive
regardless of the occlusal relationships of the teeth. If occlusal
equilibration were accomplished on these individuals, an “occlusal
sense or continued “awareness of the occlusion” may be developed
E. Consultation requests:
A. THE PATIENT SHOULD BE MADE AWARE OF THE FOLLOWING.
1. The nature and severity of the existing dental problems.
2. Any limitation in function, phonetics, esthetics, and longevity related to the

prosthesis.
3. The physical aspects of the prosthesis with regard to bulk and tissue
coverage.
4. Any treatment options that may be considered.
5. The risks, benefits and alternatives related to any treatment plan.
B . PATIENT MUST UNDERSTAND AND ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY

FOR PREVENTIVE HOME CARE AND PROFESSIONAL RECALL.
F. Development of treatment plane:
Mostafa Fayad 37
III-TREATMENT PLANE IN RPD
Elimination of Infection
Sources of infection like infected necrotic ulcers, periodontally weak

teeth, and nonvital teeth should be removed. Infective conditions like
candidiasis, herpetic stomatitis, and denture stomatitis should be treated and
cured before commencement of treatment.
Elimination of Pathology
Pathologies like cysts and tumours of the jaws should be removed or

treated before complete denture treatment begins. The patient should be
educated about the harmful effects of these conditions and the need for the
removal of these lesions. Some pathologies may involve the entire bone. In
such cases, after surgery, an obturator may have to be placed along with the
complete denture.
Mostafa Fayad 38
Preprosthetic Surgery
Preprosthetic surgical procedures enhance the success of the denture.

Some of the common preprosthetic procedures are:
Labial frenectomy. Reduction of genial tubercle.
Lingual frenectomy. Reduction of mylohyoid ridge.
Excision of denture granulomas. Excision of tori.
Excision of flabby tissue. Vestibuloplasty.
Reduction of enlarged tuberosity. Lowering the mental foramen.
Alveoloplasty. Ridge augmentation procedures.
Alveolectomy Implants
Tissue Conditioning
The patient should be requested to stop wearing the previous denture for
at least 72 hours before commencing treatment. He/she should be taught to
massage the oral mucosa regularly.
Special procedures should be done in patients who have adverse tissue

reactions to the denture. Denture relining material should be applied on the
tissue side of the denture to avoid denture irritation. Treatment dentures or
acrylic templates can be prepared to carry tissue-conditioning material during
the treatment of abused tissues.
Nutritional Counseling
Nutritional counseling is a very important step in the treatment plan of a

complete denture. Patients showing deficiency of particular minerals and
Mostafa Fayad 39
vitamins should be advised a proper balanced diet. Patients with vitamin B2

deficiency will show angular cheilitis. Prophylactic vitamin A therapy is given
for xerostomic patients. Nutritional counseling is also done for patients show-
ing age-related changes such as osteoporosis.
PROSTHODONTIC CARE
The type of prosthesis, denture base material, anatomic palate, tooth

material and teeth shade should be decided as a part of treatment planning.
Depending upon the diagnosis made, the patient can be treated with an
appropriate prosthesis. For example:
 For a patient with few teeth, which are likely to be extracted an immediate
or conventional, definitive or interim, implant or soft tissue supported
dentures can be given.
 For patients with acquired or congenital deformities, a denture with an

obturator can be given.
In addition to the initial diagnosis the success or failure of denture

depend on also the treatment planning. In partially edentulous patient, there are
5 alternatives
1-fixed bridge. 4-any combination.
2-removable partial denture 5-leave condition as it.
3-complete denture . 6.Overdenture
1-fixed bridge
Indication:
A-GENERAL INDICATIONS:
Mostafa Fayad 40
1-for eliminating psychological trauma.
2-in pt suffering from sudden bout of unconsciousness as in epilepsy.
3-for orthodontic needs.
4-as apart of overall periodontal and occlusal therapy.
5-for better correction of speech.
6-for better function and stability.
B-LOCAL INDICATIONS:.
1-healthy abutments with suitable c/r ratio.
2- if the abutment requires restoration.
3- short span.
4-lack of space for a suitable replacement.
5-if the morphology of the abutment need changing.
6-unfavourable angulations of the teeth for R P D ( Telescopic bridge)
Contraindication:
A-GENERAL CONTRAINDICATIONS:
1-inability of the patient to cooperate.
2-young or very old patient.
In young, poor prognosis because of:
• Short clinical crown • some teeth are not in

occlusion
• Large pulp
• incomplete growth of the
• High caries rate
bone of the jaw
• Increase liability to trauma
Mostafa Fayad 41
in very old patient :
• lack of P.D.L resiliency • the expectation of life short
• increase abrasion • excessive bone resorpation
• poor cooperation
3- contraindication to L.A
4- high caries rate
5-gingival and periodontal disease
6- bad oral hygiene
7- un favorable reaction to the M.M
B- LOCAL CONTRA INDICATION
1- long span
2- when the bridge will occlude with opposing teeth on its end or 1/2 or less of
its length
3- unfavorable supporting structures of the abutment
4- any apical infection
5- insufficient effective root surface area
6- weak crowns or small formed abutment
7- deep sub gingivally carious abutment
8- extensive bone resorpation of edentulous ridge
9- unfavorable tilting or rotation of abutment
10- increase possibility of further tooth loss in the same arch
11- if the form of the bridge is an arc of a circle
Mostafa Fayad 42
12- abnormal occlusion, abnormal forces
2-Complete denture
Indication:
1-poor abutment
2- poor oral hygiene and rampant decay
3- cosmetically unacceptable ant. Teeth
4- rejection of professional advice
5- refusal mouth preparation
6- poor alignment
7- radiation therapy
3- Removable partial denture
Indicaton
1-long span with well supported abutment
2- free end saddles
3- multiple missing ant. teeth
4- weak abutment
5- presence of deep subgingival caries on abutment
6- increased caries index
7- need of cross arch stabilization (bracing) of remaining teeth
8- immediate replacement
Mostafa Fayad 43
9- excessive bone loss
10- need for complete denture in future( due to increase possibility of further
tooth loss)
11- physical or emotional problems of pt.
12- patient desire (economic and time and preserve of sound teeth )
13- youth (< 17 y.) and old age
14- restore facial contour
15- alteration vertical dimension
16- transitional prosthesis
17- obdurate palatal cleft
18- extreme atrophic ridge
19- patient with previous unsatisfactory prosthetic
20- diabetic pt
Containdications:
A-Intraoral contraindication
1-poor oral hygiene
2- advanced P.L disease
3- increase caries rate
4- if morphology of abutment need changing (fixed)
5- unfavorable angulations of the teeth
6- short span (fixed)
B-Patient contraindication
Mostafa Fayad 44
1- un cooperative pt.
2- with sudden pouts & unconsciousness or fits
3- low and bad attitude
4- poor general health
5- patient unable to pay money
EXTRAORAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TYPE OF

PROSTHODONTIC SURFACE:
1-AGE:
a- young patient under 25 y.
• Not be rendered completely edentulous.
• Avoid extraction
• Age of man chronologic
Physiologic
psychologic
b- old patient :
need special care.
2-GENERAL HEALTH:
• Poor health : trauma
• Interim partial denture : prostheses of choice
• Temporary partial denture instead of fixed partial denture
• Rebase and relief & tissue materials need
3- SEX:
Mostafa Fayad 45
Female:
• Higher vanity index
• Avoid loss of teeth and age changes
• Need more esthetics ( P A P D avoid R P D )
• First look is very important
4- ECONOMIC CONSIDERATION
R P D may need root canal treatment and crown inlays thus more cost.
5- SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND
6- DESIRES AND ATTITUDE OF PATIENT
7- OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS
8- TIME FACTORS
Removable partial denture . may be used for long term prognosis, the best
R.P.D, service for many years.
Or for short term prognosis and in future the patient need complete denture,
must be simple in design and permit the addition of future teeth (additive
partial denture)
This temporizing treatment gives the patient experience in denture wearing and
in adaptation to artificial dentition.
The additive partial denture is particularly indicated in lower jaw. It is a

devisable to retain standing lower teeth, especially single standing canines to
delay recourse to the full lower denture and preserve the alveolar ridge
( support ). Overdenture: partial or complete overdenture
Mostafa Fayad 46
Clinical factors related to metal alloys used for removable partial denture
frameworks: see denture base
Various alloys can be considered for use, Practically all cast frameworks
for removable partial dentures are made from a chromium-cobalt alloy.
The choice of the alloy from which the framework of a removable

partial denture will be constructed is logically made during the treatment-
planning phase.
Mouth preparation procedures, especially the recontouring of abutment

teeth for the optimum placement of retentive elements, depend to a large extent
on the modulus of elasticity (stiffness) of a particular alloy.
Questions
1. Disscuss factors affecting selection the type of prostheses
2. Mention types of removable prostheses
Mostafa Fayad 47

1 Diagnosis of PD Patients Fayad

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1 Diagnosis of PD Patients Fayad

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Diagnosis of partially edentulous patients

AND TREATMENT PLANNING

Objectives of any prosthodontic treatment:

(2) The preservation, restoration, and maintenance of the health of the

Indications for a removable in preference to a fixed partial denture

A. Edentulous areas too long for a fixed prosthesis.

B. Need to restore soft and hard tissue contours.

C. Absence of adequate periodontal support.

D. Structurally or anatomically compromised abutment teeth.

1. Lack of clinical crown height.

2. Lack of sound tooth structure.

3. Unfavorable position, contour or inclination.

E. Need for cross-arch stabilization. F. Eed for an extension base.

H. Physical and emotional problems precluding fixed partial dentures.

1. Attitude and desires of patient.

BASIC CRITERIA FOR PATIENT SELECTION

A. Acceptable emotional and physical health.

1. Basic health observations. 2. Complete health history.

B. General physical and mental capacity to tolerate a prosthesis.

1. Previous number of prostheses. 2. Physical handicaps.

C. Degree of patient motivation.

1. General personal appearance.

2. Past oral hygiene habits and response to sug¬gested change.

3. Patient's desire to preserve remaining teeth and surrounding

4. Physical and mental capabilities to augment motivation.

5. Patient's response to scientific evidence.

D. Patient's comprehension of pote - tia success or failure of treat¬ment.

E. Types and amounts of drugs or med-ications the patient co sumes

F. Patient's dietary habits.

H. Oral indices of tissue tolerance.

Indicate the capacity of supporting structures to resist mechanical

1. Muco-osseous (ridge) resistance. Bone index of the residual ridge

2. Dento-alveolar (abutment) resistance. Bone index around the

3. Soft tissue resistance to biological or mechan¬ical irritation.

I. Oral manifestations of pathology.

J. Consultations with other medical and dental specialists.

PURPOSE AND UNIQUENESS OF TREATMENT

The purpose of dental treatment is to respond to a patient's needs.

The delineation of each patient's uniqueness occurs through the patient

(1) Understanding the patient's desires or chief concerns/complaints regarding

(4) Appropriately sequenced execution of the treatment with planned follow

Complex treatment planning often requires two appointments.

The first appointment includes

 a preliminary oral examination (to determine the need for management

 diagnostic casts, and

 Mounting records if baseplates are not required.

The follow-up appointment includes

 mounting of the diagnostic casts (when baseplates and occlusion rims

 a definitive oral evaluation,

 review of the radiographs to augment and correlate with clinical

 arrangement of additional consultations where required,

I- FIRST DIAGNOSTIC APPOINTMENT

B. Cursory (initial) examination

D. Collecting diagnostic data: • Photography • Radiography • Casts

II-SECOND DIAGNOSTIC APPOINTMENT

A-Definitive oral examination:

C-Analysis of mounted diagnostic casts:

E. Development of treatment plane.

III-TREATMENT PLANE IN RPD

Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index ( PDI ): see classification

The American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) has developed a classifi cation

1.Personal history 5.Frequency of dent examinations.