ON
SCADA
Submitted For Partial Fulfilment of Award Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Degree
In
MEERUT ,U.P
NOVEMBER, 2010
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ECE-4th year
0712831028
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CONTENTS
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Key Benefits 26
Key Capabilities 26
SCADA as an asset 27
SCADA System Management 28
SCADA a boom in engineering 29
Practical uses of SCADA 29
Advantages of SCADA 30
SCADA Manufacturer 31
Conclusion 32
References 33
INTRODUCTION:
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. SCADA refers
to a system that collects data from various sensors at a factory, plant or in other
remote locations and then sends this data to a central computer which then
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manages and controls the data. SCADA focuses on gathering and circulating the
right amount of system information to the right person or computer within the
right amount of time so that creative solutions are made possible.
The keyword supervisory indicates that decisions are not directly made by the
system. Instead, the system executes control decisions based on control
parameters entered by the agency staff. The system monitors the health of the
process and generates alarm notifications when conditions are out of tolerance.
It is also tasked with placing the process in a safe mode. It waits for user inputs
to correct problems. The supervisory mode is designed to operate the system in
a manner that avoids out of tolerance conditions. In a water / wastewater
process, pumps are started and stopped by the system according to limits
assigned by operations. As long as the system responds correctly to the control
commands, the system remains in control. It includes three processes.
● Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power
generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch,
repetitive, or discrete modes.
●Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water
treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil and gas
pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, civil defense siren
systems, and large communication systems.
●Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones,
including buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and
control energy consumption.
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Data acquisition is the process of retrieving control information from the
equipment which is out of order or may lead to some problem or when decisions
are need to be taken according to the situation in the equipment. So this
acquisition is done by continuous monitoring of the equipment to which it is
employed. The data accessed are then forwarded onto a telemetry system ready
for transfer to the different sites. They can be analog and digital information
gathered by sensors, such as flow meter, ammeter, etc. It can also be data to
control equipment such as actuators, relays, valves, motors, etc.
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SCADA can be used to monitor and control plant or equipment. The control
may be automatic, or initiated by operator commands. The data acquisition is
accomplished firstly by the RTU's (remote Terminal Units) scanning the field
inputs connected to the RTU (RTU’s may also be called a PLC - programmable
logic controller). This is usually at a fast rate. The central host will scan the
RTU's (usually at a slower rate.) The data is processed to detect alarm
conditions, and if an alarm is present, it will be displayed on special alarm lists.
Data can be of three main types. Analogue data (i.e. real numbers) will be
trended (i.e. placed in graphs). Digital data (on/off) may have alarms attached to
one state or the other. Pulse data (e.g. counting revolutions of a meter) is
normally accumulated or counted.
These systems are used not only in industrial processes. For example,
Manufacturing, steel making, power generation both in conventional, nuclear
and its distribution, chemistry, but also in some experimental facilities such as
laboratories research, testing and evaluation centers, nuclear fusion. The size of
such plants can range from as few as 10 to several 10 thousands input/output
(I/O) channels. However, SCADA systems evolve rapidly and are now
penetrating the market of plants with a number of I/O channels of several 100K.
The primary interface to the operator is a graphical display (mimic) usually via
a PC Screen which shows a representation of the plant or equipment in
graphical form. Live data is shown as graphical shapes (foreground) over a
static background. As the data changes in the field, the foreground is updated.
E.g. a valve may be shown as open or closed. Analog data can be shown either
as a number, or graphically. The system may have many such displays, and the
operator can select from the relevant ones at any time. SCADA systems were
first used in the 1960s.
ARCHITECTURE
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In this section we are going to details which describe the common architecture
required for the SCADA products
Hardware Architecture
The basic hardware of the SCADA system is distinguished into two basic
layers: the "client layer" which caters for the man machine interaction and the
"data server layer" which handles most of the process data control activities.
The data servers communicate with devices in the field through process
controllers. Process controllers, e.g. PLC’s, are connected to the data servers
either directly or via networks or fieldbuses that are proprietary (e.g. Siemens
H1), or non-proprietary (e.g. Profibus). Data servers are connected to each other
and to client stations via an Ethernet LAN. Fig.1. shows typical hardware
architecture.
Communication
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Internal Communication:
Access to Devices:
The data servers poll the controllers at a user defined polling rate. The polling
rate may be different for different parameters. The controllers pass the requested
parameters to the data servers. Time stamping of the process parameters is
typically performed in the controllers and this time-stamp is taken over by the
data server. If the controller and communication protocol used support
unsolicited data transfer then the products will support this too.
Interfacing
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Application Interfaces / Openness
The PC products provide support for the Microsoft standards such as Dynamic
Data Exchange (DDE) which allows e.g. to visualize data dynamically in an
EXCEL spreadsheet, Dynamic Link Library (DLL) and Object Linking and
Embedding (OLE).
Database
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The configuration data are stored in a database that is logically centralized but
physically distributed and that is generally of a proprietary format. For
performance reasons, the RTDB resides in the memory of the servers and is also
of proprietary format. The archive and logging format is usually also proprietary
for performance reasons, but some products do support logging to a Relational
Data Base Management System (RDBMS) at a slower rate either directly or via
an ODBC interface.
Scalability
SCADA AS A SYSTEM
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A SCADA System usually consists of the following subsystems:
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TYPICAL SCADA SYSTEM
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HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE
A HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and
through which the human operator controls the process.
HMI's can also be linked to a database, which can use data gathered from PLC's
or RTU's to provide graphs on trends, logistic info, schematics for a specific
sensor or machine or even make troubleshooting guides accessible.
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CENTRAL CONTROL ROOM COMPUTER
The SCADA usually presents the information in the form of mimic. This means
that a operator can see a representation of the plant being controlled. For
example a picture of a pump connected to a pipe can show the operator that the
pump is running and how much fluid it is pumping through the pipe at the
moment. The operator can then switch the pump off. The SCADA will show the
flow rate of the fluid in the pipe decrease in relay time. The HMI package for
the SCADA system includes a drawing program that the operator or system
personnel use to change the way these points are represented in the interface.
These representation can be as simple as an on screen traffic light, which
represents the state of an actual traffic light in the field or as complex as a multi-
projector display representing the position of all the elevators in a skyscraper or
all the trains on a railway.
SYSTEM CONCEPT
The term SCADA usually refers to centralized systems which monitor and
control entire sites, or complexes of systems spread out over large areas
(anything between an industrial plant and a country). Most control actions are
performed automatically by remote terminal units ("RTUs") or by
programmable logic controllers ("PLCs"). Host control functions are usually
restricted to basic overriding or supervisory level intervention. For example, a
PLC may control the flow of cooling water through part of an industrial process,
but the SCADA system may allow operators to change the set points for the
flow and enable alarm conditions, such as loss of flow and high temperature, to
be displayed and recorded. The feedback control loop passes through the RTU
or PLC, while the SCADA system monitors the overall performance of the loop.
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Data acquisition begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes meter readings
and equipment status reports that are communicated to SCADA as required.
Data is then compiled and formatted in such a way that a control room operator
using the HMI can make supervisory decisions to adjust or override normal
RTU (PLC) controls.
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FEATURES OF SCADA
ALARMS have a very critical role in automation. Generally you have alarm
states for each inputs/outputs like your temperature should not cross 80 deg or
lever should be less than 60. So if the parameters go in alarm state the operator
should be intimated with alarm. Most of the SCADA software support four
types of alarms like LOLO,LO,HI and HIHI. Deadband the value of deadband
defines the range after which a high low alarm condition returns to normal.
Alarms are the most important part of the plant control applications because the
operator must know instantly when something goes wrong. It is often equally
important to have a record of alarms and whether an alarm was acknowledged.
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RECIPE MANAGEMENT is an additional feature. Some SCADA
software support it, some do not. Most of the plants are manufacturing multi
products. When you have different products to manufacture, you just have to
load the recipe of the particular product.
SECURITY is on facility people generally look for. You can allocate certain
facilities or features to the operator, process people, engineering dept and
maintenance dept. for example operators should only operate the system, he
should not be able change the application. The engineers should have access to
changing the application. The engineers should have access to changing the
application developed.
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USEFULNESS OF SCADA
Production Dept.
Quality Dept.
Maintenance Dept.
● Plant can be viewed remotely. Notification can include pagers, e-mails and
phones.
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Enterprise Information
● Corporate information and real time production data can be gathered and
viewed from anywhere within operations
Engineering Dept.
Manufacturing Dept.
● Unscheduled down time is reduced due to swift alarm detection and event
driven information
● Makes operations easier and more repeatable with its real time functionality
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GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
String tags- are used to store ASCII strings a series of characters or whole
word. The max string length is 131 characters.
Touch links- allow the operator to input data into the system. EX. Operator
may turn the value on or off, enter a new alarm set point, run a complex logic
script etc.
Colour links- are used to animate the line colour, fill colour or text colour of
an object. Each of these colour attributes can be made dynamic by defining a
colour link for the attribute.
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Visibility- used to control visibility of an object based on the value of discrete
tag name or expression.
Blink- used to make an object blink based on the value of the discrete
tagname or expression.
Disable- used to disable the touch functionality of objects based on the value
of a tagname of expression. Often used as a part of a security strategy.
Value display links- provides the ability to use text object to display the
value of a discrete, analog or string tagname.
Percent fill links- used to provide ability to vary the fill level of a filled
shape according to the value of an analog tagname or an expression that
computes to an analog value.
Application script- are linked to entire applications and are used to start
other applications, create process simulation, calculate variables and so on:
three types of application scripts are on start up, while running, on shut down.
Key script- touch pushbutton action scripts are similar to key scripts, except
they are associated with an object that you link to a touch link action
pushbutton. 3 types are on key down, while down, on key up.
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Condition script- is linked to discrete tagname or expression that equates to
true or false. You can also use discrete expressions that contain analog
tagnames. 4 types of scripts that you can apply to a condition are on true, on
false, while true, while false.
Data change script- are linked to a tagname and/or tagname field changes
by a value greater than a dead band that you defined for the tagname in the
tagname dictionary.
SECURITY ISSUES
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The move from proprietary technologies to more standardized and open
solutions together with the increased number of connections between SCADA
systems and office networks and the Internet has made them more vulnerable to
attacks.Consequently, the security of SCADA-based systems has come into
question as they are increasingly seen as extremely vulnerable to
cyberwarfare/cyberterrorism attacks.
SCADA systems are used to control and monitor physical processes, examples
of which are transmission of electricity, transportation of gas and oil in
pipelines, water distribution, traffic lights, and other systems used as the basis
of modern society. The security of these SCADA systems is important because
compromise or destruction of these systems would impact multiple areas of
society far removed from the original compromise. For example, a blackout
caused by a compromised electrical SCADA system would cause financial
losses to all the customers that received electricity from that source. How
security will affect legacy SCADA and new deployments remains to be seen.
WHAT IS INTOUCH
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Wonderware InTouch provides a single integrated view of all your controls and
information resources. Intouch enables engineers, supervisors, operators and
managers to view to view and interact with the working of entire operation
through graphical representations of their production processes.
Key Benefits
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Easy-to-use, easy to implement
Key Capabilities
SCADA AS AN ASSET
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TYPICAL DETERIORATION CURVE FOR INFRASTRUCTURE ASSET
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While one should rightly anticipate significant development and maintenance
savings by adopting SCADA product for the implementation of a control
system, it does not mean a “no effort” operation. The need for proper
engineering can not be sufficiently emphasized to reduce development effort
and to reach a system that complies with the requirements, that is economical in
development and maintenance and that is reliable and robust. Examples of
engineering activities specific to the use of a SCADA system are the definition
of:
CONCLUSION
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● More record or device oriented configuration
● Are less expensive than DCS, but offer different functionality than DCS
REFERENCES
www.ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2002/003/scada/
www.princeton-indiana.com/wastewater/pages/scada/scada-overview.html
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www.scadanews.com
www.sss-mag.com/scada.html
www.scada.com
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