1. How carbohydrates are defined?

Carbohydrates are essential need of the h

human supports. It is 80% precent of what we have consumed for our human
bases. Carbohydrates is consists of hydrates of carbons because they are
composed of Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen. They can be an act or function
for a storehouse of chemical energy. They are also essential component of the
nucleic acids and is link to many proteins and lipids where they would play key
roles in mediating interaction among cells and interact between cells and other
elements in the cellular environment. Carbohydrates are produced in nature
through the process of photosynthesis.
2. What art h three major function of carbohydrates? Firstly They are also essential
component of the nucleic acids and is link to many proteins and lipids where
they would play key roles in mediating interaction among cells and interact
between cells and other elements in the cellular environment. Secondly
Carbohydrates are produced in nature through the process of photosynthesis.
Lastly these are components of supportive structure in plants, shells, and
connective tissue in animals.
3. Define the following:
Saccharides -Any of a series of sweet-tasting, crystalline carbohydrates,
especially a simple sugar (a monosaccharide) or a chain of two or more simple
sugars (a disaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide). Glucose, lactose,
and cellulose are saccharides.
Monosaccharide’s- (mono) is classified as a single or one, which is
(saccharides ) is define or signified as a sugar itself . Monosaccharide’s are
simple or single sugar for the carbohydrates classification. They are mostly three
to eight carbon chains.
Aldose-An aldose is a monosaccharide with a carbon backbone chain with a
carbonyl group on the endmost carbon atom, making it an aldehyde, and
hydroxyl groups connected to all the other carbon atoms
Ketose-are chemicals made in your liver. You produce them when you don't have
enough insulin in your body to turn sugar (or glucose) into energy. You need
another source, so your body uses fat instead ( Anderson, 2017). Your liver turns
this fat into ketones
Pyranose- is a collective term for saccharides that have a chemical structure that
includes a six-membered ring consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen
atom(Dean, 2011).
Furanose- is a collective term for carbohydrates that have a chemical structure
that includes a five-membered ring system consisting of four carbon atoms and
one oxygen atom. The name derives from its similarity to the oxygen heterocycle
furan, but thefuranose ring does not have double bonds(Steven, 2011) .
4. How carbohydrates are produce in nature? Carbohydrates are produced in
nature through the process of photosynthesis.
5. What gas is produce by plants during photosynthesis? By animals during
metabolic? During photosynthesis of plants, oxygen is produce along with
glucose. Mason state in 2015. “Plants use photosynthesis as a way of producing
glucose, plants play a major parts in maintaining the carbon cycle”. While in the
 animals metabolic all living things obtain the energy they need by metabolizing
energy rich compound, such as carbohydrates and fats. In the majority of
organism, the metabolism takes place by respiration, in a process, carbon
dioxides gas is produce and must be removed from body.
6. How are carbohydrates classified?
What bond that joins together the monosaccharide’s units to form more complex
polysaccharides? Polysaccharides – “are complex sugar that on hydrolysis yield
many simple sugar” (Natividada, N.d). yield are also a polymers of the
monosaccharides.

7.
8. Explains the meaning of the designation D and L as used to specific the
configuration of carbohyrdrates? D- and L- notation provides a quick shorthand
for designating enantiomers. D-Glucose is the enantiomer of L-Glucose, for
example. As L-Alanine is the enantiomer of D-Alanine.It is assigned as follows.
For a sugar drawn in the Fischer projection with the most oxidized carbon at the
top (i.e. aldehyde or ketone).
9. which carbon determine whether the sugar has a D and L configuration?:

Emil Fischer began studying carbohydrates in the late 1880’s. It was known by
that time ( Van’t Hoff, 2001) that carbon was tetrahedral, and it was also known
that molecules containing a carbon with four different substituents could rotate
plane-polarized light ( Pasteur, 2009). What wasn’t known was the absolute
configuration of any of the chiral molecules – what we’d refer to today as their “R”
and “S” configurations.
11.Plants store carbohydrates in the form of starch granules as primary metabolism that
consists of two parts which are, amylose and amylopectin by accumolation of the
glucose unit during the photsynthesis. While in the Animal, glycogen is the storage form
of glucose which is analogous to the starch in plants. Glycogen is synthesized and
stored mainly in the liver and the muscles. Structurally, glycogen is very similar to
amylopectin with alpha acetal linkages, however, it has even more branching and more
glucose units are present than in amylopectin. (Ophardt, 2003)

12. Carbohydrates contains three elements; carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Different arrangement of these elements from single units to make different types
of carbohydrates. (Fantar, 2018)

13. The characteristics structural features of reducing sugars is the presence of

either aldehydic group; (-CHO) such as glucose, mannose, galactose, etc. or α-
ketol group (-CO-CH2OH) as present in fructose

14. Glycosidic bonds are covalent chemical bonds that hold together a glycoside. A
glucoside is simply a ring shaped sugar molecule that is attached to another molecule.
The sugar ring maybe either a 5-membered ring or a 6 membered ring, and the other
molecule can be — and after is — another sugar. It is formed by a condensation
reaction, which means that one water molecule is produce during formation of a
glycoside (George,2019). While Glucosidic bond are chemical linkages formed between
two monosaccharides or polysaccharides. They form through hydrolysis on the
anomeric carbon’s hydroxyl group of the conjoined saccharide. H2O is removed from
the molecules and they become joined by an oxygen atom. Glucoside bond are
important to the formation of complex polysaccharide. (Izubachi,2002)

15. Comparing Cellulose to Amylose and Glycogen