Manufacturing

Car manufacturing in China

Manufacturing is the production of

products for use or sale using labour and
machines, tools, chemical and biological
processing, or formulation, and is the
essence of secondary industry. The term
may refer to a range of human activity,
from handicraft to high tech, but is most
commonly applied to industrial design, in
which raw materials from primary industry
are transformed into finished goods on a
large scale. Such finished goods may be
sold to other manufacturers for the
production of other more complex
products (such as aircraft, household
appliances, furniture, sports equipment or
automobiles), or distributed via the tertiary
industry to end users and consumers
(usually through wholesalers, who in turn
sell to retailers, who then sell them to
individual customers).
Manufacturing engineering or
manufacturing process are the steps
through which raw materials are
transformed into a final product. The
manufacturing process begins with the
product design, and materials
specification from which the product is
made. These materials are then modified
through manufacturing processes to
become the required part.

Modern manufacturing includes all

intermediate processes required in the
production and integration of a product's
components. Some industries, such as
semiconductor and steel manufacturers
use the term fabrication instead.

The manufacturing sector is closely

connected with engineering and industrial
design. Examples of major manufacturers
in North America include General Motors
Corporation, General Electric, Procter &
Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer,
and Precision Castparts. Examples in
Europe include Volkswagen Group,
Siemens, FCA and Michelin. Examples in
Asia include Toyota, Yamaha, Panasonic,
LG, Samsung and Tata Motors.

History and development

Finished regenerative thermal oxidizer at
manufacturing plant

Assembly of Section 41 of a Boeing 787 Dreamliner

An industrial worker amidst heavy steel semi-
products (KINEX BEARINGS, Bytča, Slovakia, c.
1995–2000)

A modern automobile assembly line

In its earliest form, manufacturing was

usually carried out by a single skilled
artisan with assistants. Training was by
apprenticeship. In much of the pre-
industrial world, the guild system
protected the privileges and trade
secrets of urban artisans.
 Before the Industrial Revolution, most
manufacturing occurred in rural areas,
where household-based manufacturing
served as a supplemental subsistence
strategy to agriculture (and continues to
do so in places). Entrepreneurs
organized a number of manufacturing
households into a single enterprise
through the putting-out system.
Toll manufacturing is an arrangement
whereby a first firm with specialized
equipment processes raw materials or
semi-finished goods for a second firm.

Manufacturing systems:
changes in methods of
manufacturing
Manufacturing Engineering
Agile manufacturing
American system of manufacturing
British factory system of manufacturing
Craft or guild system
Fabrication
Flexible manufacturing
Just-in-time manufacturing
Lean manufacturing
Mass customization (2000s) – 3D
printing,style and design your-own web
sites for sneakers, fast fashion
Mass production
 Ownership
Packaging and labeling
Prefabrication
Putting-out system
Rapid manufacturing
Reconfigurable manufacturing system
Soviet collectivism in manufacturing
History of numerical control

Industrial policy
Economics of manufacturing

Emerging technologies have provided

some new growth in advanced
manufacturing employment opportunities
in the Manufacturing Belt in the United
States. Manufacturing provides important
material support for national infrastructure
and for national defense.

On the other hand, most manufacturing

may involve significant social and
environmental costs. The clean-up costs
of hazardous waste, for example, may
outweigh the benefits of a product that
creates it. Hazardous materials may
expose workers to health risks. These
costs are now well known and there is
effort to address them by improving
efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial
symbiosis, and eliminating harmful
chemicals.

The negative costs of manufacturing can

also be addressed legally. Developed
countries regulate manufacturing activity
with labor laws and environmental laws.
Across the globe, manufacturers can be
subject to regulations and pollution taxes
to offset the environmental costs of
manufacturing activities. Labor unions and
craft guilds have played a historic role in
the negotiation of worker rights and
wages. Environment laws and labor
protections that are available in developed
nations may not be available in the third
world. Tort law and product liability
impose additional costs on
manufacturing. These are significant
dynamics in the ongoing process,
occurring over the last few decades, of
manufacture-based industries relocating
operations to "developing-world"
economies where the costs of production
are significantly lower than in "developed-
world" economies.

Safety

Manufacturing has unique health and

safety challenges and has been
recognized by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
as a priority industry sector in the National
Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to
identify and provide intervention strategies
regarding occupational health and safety
issues.[1][2]

Manufacturing and investment

Capacity utilization in manufacturing in the FRG and

in the USA
Surveys and analyses of trends and issues
in manufacturing and investment around
the world focus on such things as:

The nature and sources of the

considerable variations that occur
cross-nationally in levels of
manufacturing and wider industrial-
economic growth;
Competitiveness; and
Attractiveness to foreign direct
investors.

In addition to general overviews,

researchers have examined the features
and factors affecting particular key
aspects of manufacturing development.
They have compared production and
investment in a range of Western and non-
Western countries and presented case
studies of growth and performance in
important individual industries and
market-economic sectors.[3][4]

On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of

General Electric, called for the United
States to increase its manufacturing base
employment to 20% of the workforce,
commenting that the U.S. has outsourced
too much in some areas and can no longer
rely on the financial sector and consumer
spending to drive demand.[5] Further, while
U.S. manufacturing performs well
compared to the rest of the U.S. economy,
research shows that it performs poorly
compared to manufacturing in other high-
wage countries.[6] A total of 3.2 million –
one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have
disappeared between 2000 and 2007.[7] In
the UK, EEF the manufacturers
organization has led calls for the UK
economy to be rebalanced to rely less on
financial services and has actively
promoted the manufacturing agenda.

List of countries by
manufacturing output
List of top 20 manufacturing countries by
total value of manufacturing in US dollars
for its noted year according to World
Bank.[8]
Rank Country/Region Millions of $US Year

 World 13,171,000 2017

1  China 4,002,752 2018

2  United States 2,173,319 2017

3  Japan 1,007,330 2017

4  Germany 832,431 2018

5  South Korea 440,941 2018

6  India 408,693 2018

7  Italy 310,897 2018

8  France 273,971 2018

9  United Kingdom 251,985 2018

10  Mexico 208,498 2018

11  Indonesia 207,017 2018

12  Russia 203,988 2018

13  Brazil 180,541 2018

14  Spain 180,264 2018

15  Canada 160,531 2015

16  Turkey 146,077 2018

17  Thailand 135,927 2018

18   Switzerland 129,162 2018

19  Ireland 115,591 2018

20  Saudi Arabia 100,232 2018

Manufacturing processes
List of manufacturing processes
Manufacturing Process Management

Control
Management
List of management topics
Total quality management
Quality control
Six Sigma

See also
List of largest manufacturing
companies by revenue
Industrial robot
National Occupational Research Agenda
Manufacturing Sector Council, USA
Manufacturing engineering
Manufacturing in the United States
Industrial engineering
Advanced manufacturing
Metal fabrication
Microfabrication
Optics fabrication
Semiconductor device fabrication
Biomanufacturing
Mesoscale Manufacturing
Cyber manufacturing
Taylorism/Scientific management
Fordism
References
1. "Manufacturing Program | NORA |
CDC" . www.cdc.gov. 2019-02-11.
Retrieved 2019-03-14.
2. "National Occupational Research
Agenda for Manufacturing | NIOSH |
CDC" . www.cdc.gov. 2019-02-04.
Retrieved 2019-03-14.
3. Manufacturing & Investment Around
The World: An International Survey Of
Factors Affecting Growth &
Performance, ISR
Publications/Google Books, revised
second edition, 2002. ISBN 978-0-
906321-25-6.
4. Research, Industrial Systems (2002-
05-20). Manufacturing and
Investment Around the World: An
International Survey of Factors
Affecting Growth and Performance .
ISBN 978-0-906321-25-6.
5. Bailey, David and Soyoung Kim (June
26, 2009).GE's Immelt says U.S.
economy needs industrial renewal .
UK Guardian. Retrieved on June 28,
2009.
6. Brookings Institution, Why Does
Manufacturing Matter? Which
Manufacturing Matters?, February
 2012 Archived 2012-10-08 at the
Wayback Machine
7. "Factory jobs: 3 million lost since
2000 ". USATODAY.com. April 20,
2007.
8. "Manufacturing, value added (current
US$) | Data" . data.worldbank.org.
Retrieved 2018-11-11.

Sources
Kalpakjian, Serope; Steven Schmid
(August 2005). Manufacturing,
Engineering & Technology. Prentice Hall.
pp. 22–36, 951–88. ISBN 978-0-13-
148965-3.
External links

Look up manufacturing in Wiktionary,

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Manufacturing

How Everyday Things Are Made : video

presentations
Grant Thornton IBR 2008 Manufacturing
industry focus
"Manufacturing Technology Insights by
CXO" (A review on Global Manufacturing
Technology Industry.)
EEF, the manufacturers' organisation –
industry group representing uk
manufacturers
Manufacturing Consulting Firms
Empowering aspirants to get a
professional foothold
Industry Today – Industrial and
Manufacturing Methodologies
Enabling the Digital Thread for Smart
Manufacturing
Manufacturing Sector of the National
Occupational Research Agenda, USA,
 2018.
 "Manufactures"  . New International
Encyclopedia. 1905.

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