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Cold rolled sheet piling is less expensive, but

SHEET PILES WALLS provides less water resistance. Hot rolled
sheet piling is more traditional and provides
better water resistance.

INSTALLATION: Vibratory hammers are typically

used to install sheet piles. If soils are too
hard or dense. At certain sites where vibrations
are a concern, the sheets can be hydraulically
pushed into the ground.

TYPES OF SHEET PILES

Reinforced concrete sheet piles are formed
Sheet Piles are sections of sheet materials with using precast concrete members. They are
interlocking edges that are installed in commonly used in permanent river embankments,
sequence to design depth along the planned canals and other marine structures.
excavation perimeter or seawall alignment.
Timber sheet piles generally used for short
FUNCTION: The interlocking edges that are driven spans in temporary structures, and to resist
into the ground to form a wall for permanent light lateral loads. The disadvantage of timber
(designed to provide a long service life) or piles is that they require preservative
temporary lateral earth retention and treatment and are not generally suitable for
excavation support with reduced groundwater soils consisting of stones.
inflow.
Steel sheet piles the most common form of sheet
MATERIALS: Sheet piles are also a sustainable piles as it has good resistance to high driving
option, because they are made of recycled steel stresses, excellent water-tightness, and can be
and the piles can often be reused. increased in length either by welding
DATE SUBMITTED RATINGor
ASSIGNEMNT NAME ARGOSINO, KRISTINEbolting.
MAE O. SEPTEMBER 24, 2019
NO.2
The Different Types of
TITLE Sheet piles, Cofferdams, Pile foundations and Drilled piers PROFESSOR’S SIGNATURE
 PILE FOUNDATIONS
Pile foundations are deep foundations used for
large structures and in situations where the
soil at shallow depth is not suitable to resist
excessive settlement, resist uplift, etc. A
foundation is described as 'piled' when its
depth is more than three times its breadth.
FUNCTION: Principally used to transfer the loads
from superstructures, through weak,
compressible strata or water onto stronger, more
compact, less compressible and stiffer soil or
rock at depth, increasing the effective size of
a foundation and resisting horizontal loads.
They are typically used for large structures,
and in situations where soil is not suitable to
prevent excessive settlement.
MATERIALS: They are formed by long, slender,
columnar elements typically made from steel or
reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.
INSTALLATION:
Displacement piling installation refers to the
method of driving piles into the ground without
first removing any of the soil or other
material.
Replacement piling installation refers to the
method of first digging out a hole, into which
the pile is then maneuvered.
TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
End Bearing Piles where, the bottom end of the
pile rests on a layer of especially strong soil
or rock. The load of the building is
transferred through the pile onto the strong
layer. In a sense, this pile acts like a
column. The key principle is that the bottom
end rests on the surface which is the
intersection of a weak and strong layer. The
load therefore bypasses the weak layer and is
safely transferred to the strong layer.
Friction Piles work on a different principle.
The pile transfers the load of the building to
the soil across the full height of the pile,
by friction. In other words, the entire surface
of the pile, which is cylindrical in shape,
works to transfer the forces to the soil.

DRILLED PIERS
Drilled piers, also referred to as drilled
piers, caissons or bored piles, are deep
foundation solutions.
FUNCTION: Drilled shafts are typically designed
and constructed to support axial forces through
a combination of side friction and end bearing
resistance. Drilled shafts are an economic
solution that can be installed in a variety of
different ground conditions to accommodate
large axial, lateral and overturning forces.
MATERIALS: A drilled pier is a deep foundation
system that uses a large diameter concrete
cylinder constructed by placing fresh concrete
and reinforcing steel into a drilled shaft.
INSTALLATION: Drilled piers are installed by
advancing an auger / drill tool to the required
depth using open hole, casing, or slurry
techniques. Once the desired tip elevation has
been achieved, the drilled pier reinforcement
is set in place and the drilled shaft is filled
with concrete. Simply by excavating
cylindrical shafts into the ground and filling
them with concrete.
TYPES OF DRILLED PIERS
Straight-shaft end-bearing piers develop their
support from end-bearing on strong soil,
“hardpan” or rock. The overlying soil is
assumed to contribute nothing to the support
of the load imposed on the pier.
Straight-shaft side wall friction piers pass
through overburden soils that are assumed to
carry none of the load, and penetrate far
enough into an assigned bearing stratum to
develop design load capacity by side wall
friction between the pier and bearing stratum.
Combination of straight shaft side wall
friction and end bearing piers are of the same
construction as the two mentioned above, but
with both side wall friction and end bearing
assigned a role in carrying the design load.
When carried into rock, this pier may be
referred to as a socketed pier or a “drilled
pier with rock socket”.
Belled or under reamed piers are piers with a
bottom bell or under ream. A greater percentage
of the imposed load on the pier top is assumed
to be carried by the base.

COFFERDAMS
Cofferdam is an enclosure built within, or in
pairs across, a body of water to allow the
enclosed area to be pumped out. This pumping
creates a dry work environment so that the work
can be carried out safely.
FUNCTION: Commonly used for construction of
bridge piers and other support structures built
within water.
MATERIALS: usually formed from sheet piles that
are supported by walers and internal braces, and
cross braces. Cofferdams are typically
dismantled after permanent works are completed.
Since cofferdams are usually constructed within
water, the sheet piles are installed using pre-
constructed templates that permit the correct
positioning of each sheet pile from a barge.
INSTALLATION: A cofferdam can in essence be
constructed in almost any desirable shape.
However, for practical and reasons of economy
most cofferdams are either rectangular or
circular. In general circular cofferdams offer
the advantage that they provide a more open
excavation over the entire plan area when
bracing is provided solely by ring beams.
However, installation of sheet piles in
circular cofferdams requires stricter
construction controls. Rectangular cofferdams
are simpler to construct but typically require
more complex internal bracing.
TYPES OF COFFERDAMS
Braced cofferdams are formed from a single wall
of sheet piles that is driven into the ground
to form a “box” around the excavation. The sheet
piles are then braced on the inside and the
interior is dewatered. It is primarily used for
bridge piers in shallow water (30 - 35 ft, 9 to
12m depth).
Cellular cofferdams are used only in those
circumstances where the excavation size
precludes the use of cross-excavation bracing.
In this case, the cofferdam must be stable by
virtue of its own resistance to lateral forces.
Double-walled sheet pile cofferdams are
cofferdams comprising two parallel rows of
sheet piles driven into the ground and
connected together by a system of tie rods at
one or more levels. The space between the walls
is generally filled with granular material such
as sand, gravel or broken rock.