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Pressure Transient Analysis
Objectives
Orientation
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Orientation: Philosophy/Objectives
Objectives of Pressure Transient Testing:
Evaluate reservoir pressure (initial or average pressure).
Evaluate reservoir fluid (fluid samples collected for lab study).
Estimate reservoir properties (e.g., k, S, xf, λ, ω, etc.).
Estimate reservoir volumetrics (e.g., fluid-in-place, drainage area).
Input Data:
BOTTOMHOLE pressure data (accurate to < 1 part in 10,000 or more).
SURFACE flowrate data (often poorly measured/recorded).
Fluid properties (e.g., FVF, viscosity, compressibility, ... ).
Reservoir properties (e.g., h, φ, rw, cf, ... )
Results of PTA Interpretation:
Productive capacity of the WELL (damage/stimulation).
Productive capacity of the RESERVOIR (transmissibility).
Current average reservoir pressure.
Reservoir limits (for production to pseudosteady-state).
Well interference effects.
Well/Reservoir specific parameters (e.g., Cs, xf, λ, ω, Lfault, rcomp, kv/kh, ...).
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Orientation: PTA Diagnostic Examples
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Orientation: Static Data for PTA
PVT Properties: (Lab report preferred, correlations acceptable)
Black Oil: Bo, Rs, µo, co (correlations require: T, γg,sep, pb, γSTO)
Dry Gas: z (or Bg), µg, cg (correlations require: T, γg,sep)
Volatile Oil: Black oil equivalent or compositional formulation.
Gas Condensate: Dry gas equivalent or compositional formulation.
Water: Bw, Rsw, µw, cw (correlations require: T, γg,sep, pbw, salinity)
Reservoir Properties:
Porosity (φ) (core and/or well logs)
Net pay thickness (h) (core and/or well logs)
Wellbore radius (rw) (well completion history (bit diameter))
Formation Compressibility (cf) (cf=3x10-6 psia-1 or correlation)
Well Completion History:
Drilling records (initial pressures, production tests)
Well files (well logs, core, PVT, recompletion, workover records)
Annotated production records (records of activities — very useful)
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Orientation: Production Histories
Allocated Rate Data:
Common in mature producing environments (e.g., Texas).
Common in some offshore operations (manifold rates).
"Allocation" depends on records — and consistency checks.
Poor/Incomplete (or Erroneous) Pressure Data:
Virtually all production pressure measurements taken at surface.
Completion changes often not reflected in surface pressures.
Some pressure data are just wrong (poor gauge, poor timing, etc.).
Well Completion Issues:
Equipment changes, poor practices, failed equipment, etc.
UNREPORTED activities (recompletions, workovers, treatments).
Permanent DOWNHOLE Pressure Measurements:
Expense is justified.
Provides continuous evaluation of well performance.
Data volume/sampling is an issue, but not a major problem.
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Orientation: Pressure Transient Analysis (tight gas)
Well Deliverability:
The first efforts to analyze well
performance were an attempt to
quantify well potential — not to
estimate reservoir properties.
The original well deliverability
relation was completely empiri-
cal (derived from observations),
and is given as:
q = C( p2 - p2 )n
wf
This relationship is rigorous for
From: Back-Pressure Data on Natural-
low pressure gas reservoirs,
Gas Wells and Their Application to (n=1 for laminar flow).
Production Practices — Rawlins and
Schellhardt (USBM Monograph, 1935).
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Orientation: Derivation of Well Deliverability Relation
Q. Can the "gas deliverability" or "AOF" be derived?
A. Sort of, see steps below — assume (µgz) product is constant.
Darcy's Law:
q g Bg k dp k dp
vr = =+ [ A = 2πrh ] or q = ( 2πh ) r dr
µ g dr
r g
Ar µ g Bg
Separating and Integrating:
qg re 1 pe 1 p T z
∫
2πkh r r
dr =
∫ p µ g Bg
w
dp Bg ≡ sc
p T
sc sc
z
w
Which Reduces to: [(µgz) = constant]
qg pe
[ln(re /rw )] = Tsc z sc 1 ∫ p dp
2πkh T p sc ( µ g z ) c p
w
Performing the Pressure Integration:
kh Tsc z sc 1 1 2 2 → q = C p2 − p2
q g = 2π ( pe − p w ) g ( e w)
ln(re /rw ) T p sc ( µ g z ) c 2
Discussion: Derivation of Well Deliverability Relation
Actually an empirical result (see Rawlins and Schellhardt (1935)).
Derivation from steady-state flow (above) is useful for illustration.
Derivation for pseudosteady-state is similar (variety of results).
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Orientation: Well Deliverability (4-point test)
q = C( p2 - p2 )n
wf
and Practice of the Testing of Gas Wells, third edition, Pub.
From: Energy Resources and Conservation Board, 1975, Theory
Overall flow system (after Fonesca). Blasingame axiom: "if there is a problem
with the analysis/interpretation of well test and/or production data — the issue
most likely stems from the well completion."
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Orientation: What Advances do We Need?
Pressure Transient Analysis: PTA
Data processing (permanent gauges) (obvious, but...).
Numerical modelling (advise caution in applications).
Variable-rate analysis (deconvolution).
Better data analysis functions (We can always hope...).
Continuous Measurement = Continuous Assessment
Production Analysis: PA
More consistent measurement of q and pwf.
Pressure conversion (surface → bottomhole).
Further implementation of semi-analytical solutions.
Diagnostic methods for defining pressure transient
behavior in production data (model identification).
Continuous Measurement = Productivity Optimization
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Orientation: Questions to Consider
Q1. Practical applications of Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA)?
A1. Estimate/evaluate the following:
● Reservoir properties (e.g., k, S, xf, λ, ω, etc.). (rarely volume)
● Productivity efficiency (damage or stimulation). (direct assessment)
● Reservoir pressure (initial or average pressure). (pavg → long shut-in)
Overview of
Pressure Transient Analysis
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Overview: Tubular System Schematics
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX, 16-19 Sept. 1984.
Objectives," paper SPE 13184 presented at the 1984 SPE Annual
From: Barnum, R.S., and Vela., S.: "Testing Exploration Wells by
Distance is related
to the SKIN EFFECT.
(∆p = mwbs ∆t) (∆p = ∆p1hr msl log[∆t]) (∆p = mLF Sqrt[∆t])
Test Analysis," JPT, (February 1985),335-341.
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Pressure Transient Analysis
Objective 1
Describe the concepts of porosity and perme-
ability and be able to relate their respective
influences on fluid flow in porous media.
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Geology: Sandstone Depositional Systems
Sandstone Reservoirs:
Depositional sequences are well-established/accepted.
Turbidite reservoirs are probably of most current interest.
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Geology: Carbonate Depositional Sys. — φ and k
From: Carbonate Reservoir Characterization — Lucia (1999).
From: API Drilling and Prod. Prac. — Bruce and Welge (1947).
From: The Fundamentals of Core Analysis — Keelan (1972).
a. "Cartoon" of kair versus φ — illustrates k=a b. "Cartoon" of kair versus Swi — illustrates the
exp(bφ). influence of pore throat structure.
Permeability Characterization/Correlation:
Permeability = f(φ, composition, texture, grain size, sorting, etc.).
Simplified correlations for permeability will only be of "local" use.
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Petrophysics: Archie k-φ-F Relations
R a Ro A
F= o = F= = B
Rw φ
m Rw k
Equating the models: Solving for k:
1/B
A
= αφ β
a A
= k = φm
φm kB a
This exercise suggests that permeability and porosity
are related by a power law relation — this observation b. Crossplot of formation (resistivity) factor versus
is only true for uniform pore systems. permeability (F = A/kB).
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Petrophysics: Example —kWPA, kPTA with klog mean
Well TM-1E/Porosity Distribution with Depth Well TM-1E/Permeability Distribution with Depth
(Upper Naricual) (Upper Naricual)
15600 15600
15700 15700
15800 15800
Depth, ft
Depth, ft
15900 15900
16000 16000
16100 16100
16200 16200
16300 16300
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 -1 0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10 10
Porosity, fraction Permeability, k, md
(May 2003).
Permeability Comparison: Santa Barbara Field (Venezuela)
Major conclusion is that these data due not appear to be correlated.
High permeability values probably "overweigh" klog mean estimate.
kPTA values higher than kWPA, but we have only 3 (three) kPTA values.
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Reservoir Scale Issues: Halderson Schematics
Reservoir Scaling Issues
NANO or ATTO
?
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Geology/Petrophysics: Questions to Consider
Q1. Validity of correlations of petrophysical data?
A1. These will always be "local" correlations, difficult to extend or
extrapolate across depositional systems.
Q2. Role of geology in PTA?
A2. Must consider geology in general, but particularly for cases where
the following reservoir models are employed:
● Linear sealing or leaky faults. (any geologic evidence?)
● Bounded reservoir system. (geologic or petrophysical evidence?)
● Naturally fractured/dual porosity reservoir. (any geologic evidence?)
● Multilayered reservoirs. (geologic or petrophysical evidence?)
Objective 2
Estimate oil, gas, and water properties pertinent
for well test or production data analysis using
industry accepted correlations and/or laboratory
data.
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PVT: Classification of Reservoir Fluids
Formation Testing (March 2006).
From: Schlumberger: Fundamentals of
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PVT: Fluid Viscosity
Viscosity: µo,g,w
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PVT: Fluid and Formation Compressibility
Typical values:
Oil: 5 to 20 x10-6 psi-1 (p>pb)
30 to 200 x10-6 psi-1 (p<pb)
Gas: 50 to 1000x10-6 psi-1
Water: 3 to 5 x10-6 psi-1
Formation Compressibility: cf
1 dφ
cf =
φ dp
Typical values:
Normal: 2 to 10 x10-6 psi-1
Abnormal: 10 to 100 x10-6 psi-1
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PVT: Various "Black Oil" Fluid Properties
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PVT: µg vs. T (and p) (dry gas case)
(December 2001).
a. Gas viscosity versus temperature for the Gonzalez
et al data (natural gas sample 3) compared to the
implicit correlation for gas viscosity (Londono)
and the original Lee, et al. correlation for c. Londono "implicit" correlation for hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon gas viscosity. gas viscosity (residual viscosity type model).
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PVT: µgz vs. p (dry gas case)
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PVT: µgcg vs. p (dry gas case)
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PVT: Questions to Consider
Q1. Limitations of assuming a "black oil" for liquids?
A1. There are issues … but historically, the use of the constant
compressibility concept (i.e., a "black oil") has tolerated even
extreme violations of the assumption with few substantial problems.
The most obvious case where a black oil concept will not suffice is
that of a volatile oil (very high GOR).
Q2. Limitations of assuming a "dry gas" for gases?
A2. The major limitation is that of very rich gas condensate cases
(analogous to the "volatile oil" case mentioned above).
Q3. Are existing fluid properties correlations sufficient?
A3. For most cases, yes. For cases of extremely high pressure and/or
temperature, new correlations are warranted.
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Notes:
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Pressure Transient Analysis
Objective 3
Sketch pressure versus time trends and
pressure versus distance trends for a reservoir
system which exhibits transient, pseudosteady-
state, and steady-state flow behavior.
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Pressure Distributions: Solutions
All relations given in FIELD units.
Steady-State Solution:
q sc Bµ
pr = p w + 141.2 ln(r/rw ) [pr — pwf form]
kh
q sc Bµ
p r = pe − 141.2 ln(re /r ) [pr — pe form]
kh
Radius of Investigation:
k
Full Solution: (qsc=constant) rinv = 2.434x10 -2 t
1 kh φµct
pD = ( pi − pr )
141.2 qBµ
1 rD
2 1 r2 t − r2 r2 1 − r2
≈ E1 − E1 eD + 2 D exp eD + D − exp eD
2 4t D 2 4t D r 2 4t D 2r 2 4 4t D
eD eD
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Pressure Distributions: Transient Flow
Radial Pressure Distribution (Lee text Fig. 1.7)
Pressure Drawdown and Buildup Cases — E1(x) Solution
2025
∆ t = 1000 hr p i = 2000 psia r 0.1 hr r 1 hr r 10 hr r 100 hr r 1000 hr Legend:
2000 pD_DD(r, t_ 1Em1 hr)
∆ t = 100 hr
pD_DD(r, t_ 1E0 hr)
1975
∆ t = 10 hr pD_DD(r, t_ 1E1 hr)
1950 pD_DD(r, t_ 1E2 hr)
∆ t = 1 hr
Pressure, psia
re = 3000 ft
∆ t = 0.1 hr pD_BU(r,tp_+_ Dt_ 1Em1 hr)
pD_BU(r,tp_+_ Dt_ 1E0 hr)
1900 t = 0.1 hr
pD_BU(r,tp_+_ Dt_ 1E1 hr)
1 hr
1875 pD_BU(r,tp_+_ Dt_ 1E2 hr)
10 hr
pD_BU(r,tp_+_ Dt_ 1E3 hr)
1850 100 hr
1000 hr
1825
1800
1775
1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04
Radial Distance, ft
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Pressure Distributions: Pseudosteady-State
Concept: (pressure changes at the same rate at all
points in the reservoir)
dp = constant
dr
r
Reservoir Pressure Schematic:
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Pseudosteady-State Flow: Summary of Relations
(pr-pwf) Flow Relations: (Circular Reservoir)
qBµ re2 r 1 (r 2 − rw2 )
pr − p wf = 141 .2 ln − + s
kh (re − rw ) rw 2 (re − rw )
2 2 2 2
( p -pwf) Flow Relations: (γ = 0.577216 Euler's constant)
qBµ re 3
p = p wf + 141 .2 ln − + s (Circular Reservoir)
kh rw 4
qBµ 1 4 A 1
p = p wf + 141 .2 ln + s (General Formulatio n)
kh γ
2 e rw C A
2
Time-Dependent Pseudosteady-State Flow Relations:
qBµ re 1 (r 2 − rw2 ) 3 qB
p r = pi − 141 .2 ln + − − 5.615 t
kh r 2 (r − r ) 4
2 2 Vp ct
e w
qBµ re 3 qB
p wf = pi − 141 .2
ln − + s − 5 . 615 t
kh rw 4 Vp ct
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Pseudosteady-State Flow: Illustrative Behavior
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Pseudosteady-State Flow: Illustrative Behavior
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Pseudosteady-State Flow: Illustrative Behavior
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Pseudosteady-State Flow: Illustrative Behavior
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Pseudosteady-State Flow: Illustrative Behavior
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Reservoir Pressure Trends: Questions to Consider
Q1. Why study "reservoir pressure trends?"
A1. We can not measure pressure in the reservoir — only at the wellbore
(or sandface). In order to estimate the behavior in the reservoir, we
must use "model-based" pressure distributions.
Q2. Isn't the use of a simple model too limiting?
A2. Actually, no. Simple models are extremely consistent, and as such,
even when "wrong," the "trend" behavior is typically quite repre-
sentative.
Q3. What is the "radius of investigation?"
A3. For the infinite-acting radial flow case, the radius of investigation is
the point in the reservoir where the logarithm of radius equation
(straight line) intersects the initial reservoir pressure. It is a fictitious
point, but it represents the "theoretical" location of the front of the
pressure distribution front.
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Notes:
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Pressure Transient Analysis
Objective 4
Derive the material balance relation for a slightly
compressible liquid (oil) in the presence of other
phases (gas and water), as well as the material
balance relation for a dry gas.
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Material Balance: Historical Perspective
"It seems no longer fashionable to apply the concept
of material balance to oilfields, the belief being that it
has now been superseded by the application of the
more modern technique of numerical simulation
modeling.
Acceptance of this idea has been a TRAGEDY
and has robbed engineers of their most powerful tool
for investigating reservoirs and understanding their
performance rather than imposing their wills upon
them, as is often the case when applying numerical
simulation directly in history matching."
L.P. Dake
The Practice of Reservoir Engineering, Elsevier (2001)
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Material Balance: Orientation
Issues:
Oil MBE (must know all data, also cf(p)).
Gas MBE (abnormal pressure, water drive).
Topics:
"Accounting" Concept of Material Balance:
Require all inflows/outflows/generations.
(Average) reservoir pressure profile is REQUIRED.
Require rock, fluid, and rock-fluid properties (at some scale).
Oil Material Balance:
Less common than gas material balance (pressure required).
Gas Material Balance:
Volumetric dry gas reservoir (p/z versus Gp (straight-line)).
Abnormally-pressured gas reservoirs (various techniques).
Waterdrive/water influx cases (always problematic).
Material Balance yields RESERVOIR VOLUME!
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Material Balance: Oil
"Black Oil" Material Balance: (p>pb )
1 Bo
p = pi − Np
Nct Boi
"Solution Gas Drive" (Oil) Material Balance: (all p)
[ ]
Np Bo + ( R p − Rs ) Bg + Wp Bw = (Withdrawal (RB))
[
N ( Bo − Boi ) + ( Rsi − Rs ) Bg ] (Oil Expansion (RB))
Bg
+ mNBoi − 1 (Gas Cap Expansion (RB))
Bgi
(cw S wi + c f )
+ (1 + m) NBoi ( pi − p ) (Water Exp./Pore Vol. Comp. (RB))
(1 − S wi )
+ We Bw (Water Influx (RB))
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Material Balance: Gas
General Gas Material Balance:
p
[1 − ce ( p )( pi − p )] =
z
pi pi 1
− Gp − Ginj + Wp Rsw + 5.615
1
[
(Wp − Winj ) Bw − We ]
zi zi G Bg
"Dry Gas" Material Balance: (no reservoir liquids)
p pi
= −1G
z zi 1 G p
"Abnormal Pressure" Material Balance: (cf=f(p))
p pi 1 Gp
= 1−
z zi [1 − ce ( p )( pi − p )] G
1 VpNNP VpAQ
ce ( p ) = S wi cw + c f + + (cw + c f )
(1 − S wi ) VpR VpR
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Material Balance: Gas — Abnormal Pressure
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Material Balance: Gas — Abn. Pressure (US GOM)
a. Gas Material Balance Plot: p/z vs. Gp — b. Gas Material Balance Plot: p/z vs. Gp —
simulated performance. Note effect of simulated performance. Note effect of
aquifer permeability on field perform- displacement efficiency (Ep).
ance.
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Pressure Transient Analysis
Objective 5
Derive the analysis and interpretation methodo-
logies (i.e., "conventional" plots and type curve
analysis) for pressure drawdown and pressure
buildup tests, for liquid, gas, and multiphase
flow systems.
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Wellbore Storage: Base Relations/Concepts
dpwf dptf
(q sf − q ) B = 24 C s − (field units form)
dt dt
C s = c wVwb
144 Awb
Cs =
5.615 ρ ( g / g c )
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Wellbore Storage: Base (Cartesian) Plots
(Drawdown Case) (Buildup Case)
qB qB
p wf = pi − t p ws = p wf (∆t = 0) + t
24 C s 24 C s
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Wellbore Storage: Approximate Solution
Dimensionless Pressure Relation: Constant Approximation for pSD(tD)
− tD
p wCD (t D ) = p sD (t D ) 1 − exp
p sD (t D )C D
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Wellbore Storage: "Bourdet-Gringarten" Type Curve
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Wellbore Storage: Cartesian Plot
dpws 1
∆p ' ≡ ∆t and for radial flow only, (∆p' ) rf = msl
d∆t ln(10 )
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Average Reservoir Pressure: Cartesian Plot
1 d
pws = p − a exp[ −b∆t ] and pws = p − [ pws ]
b d∆t
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Conventional PTA Plots: Questions to Consider
Q1. What are the "conventional" PTA plots?
A1. Listing of plots:
● Log-log (diagnostic) plot (∆pw and ∆pw') (reservoir boundaries, WBS, k)
● Semilog plot (pw vs. log[t]) (k,s)
● Early-time Cartesian plot (pw vs. t) (WBS)
● Late-time Cartesian plot (∆pw vs. d∆pw/dt) (average reservoir pressure)
Q2. Strengths of "conventional" PTA plots?
A2. Sampling:
● Observation of straight-line or constant behavior.
● Simplified "flow regime" relations that can be used to estimate reservoir
and/or well properties.
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Pressure Transient Analysis
Objective 6
Apply dimensionless solutions ("type curves")
and field variable solutions ("specialized plots")
for unfractured and fractured wells in infinite and
finite-acting, homogeneous and dual porosity
reservoirs.
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Orientation: PTA Model-based Analysis
Reservoir Models:
Unfractured Well
Fractured Well
Naturally Fractured Reservoir
Type Curve Library:
Unfractured Well: WBS + IARF ("Bourdet-Gringarten")
Pressure Buildup in a Rectangle (Unfractured Well) ("Ansah")
Linear (Sealing) Reservoir Boundaries ("Stewart")
Fractured Well: no WBS ("Cinco and Samaniego")
Fractured Well: WBS ("Economides")
Naturally Fractured Reservoir: Unfractured well ("Angel")
Field Examples: (from SPE 103204)
Unfractured oil wells.
Hydraulically fractured gas wells.
Hydraulically fractured water injection wells.
T.A. Blasingame (2013.07.22) Pressure Transient Analysis — PETE 663 Slide — 95/159
Notes:
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Pressure Transient Analysis
Objective 6
Reservoir Models
T.A. Blasingame (2013.07.22) Pressure Transient Analysis — PETE 663 Slide — 98/159
Unfractured Well: Flow Regimes
From: Matthews, C. S. and Russell, D. G.: Pressure Buildup and
Flow Tests in Wells. Monograph Series, Society of
Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Dallas (1967) 1.
Identities:
z ∞ e −t
∫0 ∫z
2
erf ( z ) = exp(−t 2 ) dt E1 ( z ) = dt
π t
[erf (0) = 0; erf (∞) = 1; erf (−∞) = − 1] 1
[ E1 ( z < 0.01) ≅ ln ; E1 (∞) = 0]
γ
ze
(γ = 0.577216... Euler' s constant )
T.A. Blasingame (2013.07.22) Pressure Transient Analysis — PETE 663 Slide — 105/159
Fractured Well: Finite-Conductivity Type Curve
From: Cinco-Ley, H., Samaniego-V., F., and Dominguez, N.: "Transient
Pressure Behavior for a Well with a Finite-Conductivity Vertical
Fracture," SPEJ (August 1978) 253-264.
1 4
tD 1 λ 1 λ
p D (tD , rD , ω , λ , s ) ≈ ln − E1 tD + E1 tD + s
(No Wellbore Storage)
2 eγ
rD2 2 ω (1 − ω ) 2 (1 − ω )
' ( , , , , )≈ 1 + 1 −λ 1 −λ
p D tD rD ω λ s exp tD − exp tD
2 2 ω (1 − ω ) 2 (1 − ω )
T.A. Blasingame (2013.07.22) Pressure Transient Analysis — PETE 663 Slide — 111/159
Reservoir Models: Questions to Consider
Q1. What are the "traditional" reservoir models?
A1. Listing:
● Infinite-Acting Radial Flow (IARF) model (unfractured well)
● Vertically Fractured Wells:
— Infinite-Conductivity Vertical Fracture
— Finite-Conductivity Vertical Fracture
● Naturally-Fractured/Dual Porosity Reservoirs:
— Pseudosteady-State Interporosity Flow (Warren and Root)
— Transient Interporosity Flow (Kazemi-De Swaan-Najurieta)
● Horizontal Wells (problematic, requires interactive model (computer))
T.A. Blasingame (2013.07.22) Pressure Transient Analysis — PETE 663 Slide — 112/159
Pressure Transient Analysis
Objective 6
Type Curves
T.A. Blasingame (2013.07.22) Pressure Transient Analysis — PETE 663 Slide — 114/159
Type Curves: WBS + IARF ("Bourdet-Gringarten")
March, 1995.
Slide — 123/159
Slide — 124/159
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Pressure Transient Analysis
Objective 6
Field Case Examples
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Field Cases: Infinite-Acting Radial Flow (IARF)
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, TX, 23-27 September 2006.
Applications," paper SPE 103204 presented at the 2006 Annual SPE
From: Hosseinpour-Zonoozi, N., Ilk, D., and Blasingame, T.A.: "The
Pressure Derivative Revisited — Improved Formulations and
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Field Cases: Hydraulically Fractured Wells
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, TX, 23-27 September 2006.
Applications," paper SPE 103204 presented at the 2006 Annual SPE
From: Hosseinpour-Zonoozi, N., Ilk, D., and Blasingame, T.A.: "The
Pressure Derivative Revisited — Improved Formulations and
●Fractured water injection well: fall off test (Samad thesis — Well 207)
■ β-derivative function confirms the existence of an infinite conductivity
vertical fracture for this case (pDβd=1/2).
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Field Cases: Hydraulically Fractured Wells
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, TX, 23-27 September 2006.
Applications," paper SPE 103204 presented at the 2006 Annual SPE
From: Hosseinpour-Zonoozi, N., Ilk, D., and Blasingame, T.A.: "The
Pressure Derivative Revisited — Improved Formulations and
●Fractured water injection well: fall off test (Samad thesis — Well 5408)
■ Wellbore storage domination (pDβd = 1) and infinite-acting radial flow (pDd
=1/2) — good match with infinite conductivity fracture type curve.
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Field Cases: Hydraulically Fractured Wells
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, TX, 23-27 September 2006.
Applications," paper SPE 103204 presented at the 2006 Annual SPE
From: Hosseinpour-Zonoozi, N., Ilk, D., and Blasingame, T.A.: "The
Pressure Derivative Revisited — Improved Formulations and
●Fractured water injection well: fall off test (Samad thesis — Well 2403)
■ From these data we can ob-serve the flow regimes for wellbore storage
domination (pDβd = 1), and the infinite-acting radial (pDd =1/2).
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Pressure Transient Analysis
Objective 7
Analyze production data (rate-time or pressure-
rate-time data) to obtain reservoir volume and
estimates of reservoir properties for gas and
liquid reservoir systems. The student should
also be able to make performance forecasts for
such systems.
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Orientation: Production Analysis (PA) Data
Q. What is Production Analysis (PA)?
A. Combined analysis of rate and flowing bottomhole pressure data.
Rate Data:
Flowrates are measured
on a per-well basis for
most gas wells — oil
flowrates are often al-
located (this is a major
issue).
Pressure Data:
Measured bottomhole
pressure data are es-
sentially non-existent —
surface pressure data
are often available for
gas wells, flowing (sur-
face) pressure data for
oil wells are rare at
best.
BDF/PSS Behavior:
Clear indication of
(approximate) material
balance behavior.
(1)
∆m( p) Gp
≈ m̂ g , pss
q g bdf q g
Material balance behav-
ior is independent of
reservoir shape!
∆p' = t [∆p ] = [∆p] = mtrns ,cr ∆p' = t [∆p ] = [∆p] = m pss ,crt
d d d d
dt dln(t ) dt dln(t )
mtrns ,cr = f (k , ...) btrns ,cr = f (k , s, ...) m pss ,cr = f ( N , ...) bpss ,cr = f (k , s, ...)
q = qi exp( − Di t )
Curves," JPT (June 1980) 1065-1077.
The q(t)=qiexp(-Dit)
model (i.e., slightly com-
pressible liquid, pwf=
constant) is integrated
to yield:
q = qi − Di Np
Curves," JPT (June 1980) 1065-1077.
Application: (EUR)exp
Plot q(t) versus Np, ex-
trapolate trend using a
straight-line model to
Np(q=0) — this gives
estimated ultimate re-
covery (EUR)exp.
"Ancient" Technique:
Revenue Act of 1918, Treasury Department — United States
Approach is based in
theory — EUR = f[k, s, xf,
... and contacted fluids
in-place (i.e., N or G)].
Could be used as a "re-
servoir characterization"
tool to classify well per-
formance.
qi
Exponential: (b=0) q = qi exp(− Di t ) Np = [1 − exp(− Di t )]
[ ]
Di
qi
1 − (1 + bDi t )1−(1 / b)
qi
Hyperbolic: (0<b<1) q = Np =
(1 + bDi t ) (1 / b) (1 − b) Di
qi qi
Harmonic: (b=1) q = N p = ln(1 + Di t )
(1 + Di t ) Di
Arps' observations: Loss Ratio:
b=0 — Reservoir is highly undersaturated (p>pb). Theory???
(1945) 160, 228-247.
1 q
b=0 — Gravity drainage and no free surface. a≡ ≡−
b=0.5 — Gravity drainage with free surface.
D dq/dt
b=0.667 — Soln. gas-drive reservoir ( p 2 vs. Np → linear). Loss Ratio Derivative:
b=0.333 — Soln. gas-drive reservoir ( p vs. Np → linear).
q
Theory??? b≡
d
[a] ≡ d 1 ≡ − d
dt dt D dt dq/dt
Discussion: History — Production Analysis (PA) — Arps
"Theory" for the Arps' relations? (loss ratio (exp) and its derivative (hyp))
Validity of the Arps' observations? (only qualitative (except for p>pb case))
Graphical analysis using the hyperbolic relation? (only using Fetkovich TC)
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History: Production Analysis (PA) — Fetkovich
Q. What is the "Fetkovich" Decline Type Curve, and how is it used?
A. A composite of analytical (pwf=con) and empirical (Arps) solutions —
used as a "type curve" (data overlay) to estimate reservoir properties.
— From: Fetkovich, M.J.: "Decline Curve Analysis Using Type
(pwf = con).
q(t) is concave up.
Depletion Stems: (right)
q(t) is concave down.
Case," SPEJ (October 1985) 719-728.
a. "Normalized PI" Plot: (∆pp/qg) functions b. "Blasingame" Plot: (qg/∆pp) functions versus
versus Gp/qg — excellent agreement in Gp/qg — excellent agreement — note that the
data and model functions. qDd functions converge (confirms BDF).
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Notes:
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Pressure Transient Analysis