1. TUJUAN PERCOBAAN
1.1 Mengetahui hubungan antara jumlah stage dengan konsentrasi solute dalam
ekstrak dan rafinat.
1.2 Mengetahui hubungan antara jumlah stage dengan konsentrasi solute yang
dapat diambil.
1.3 Menentukan harga Koefisien Distribusi (K) dan Recovery Percentage.
2. DASAR TEORI
Ekstraksi adalah pengambilan suatu solute (padat/cair) dari suatu larutan yang
terdiri atas solute dan diluen dengan menggunakan solvent sebagai tenaga pemisah
(driving force). Apabila solute dari larutan tersebut berada dalam fase padatan, maka
proses ekstraksi tersebut disebut ekstraksi padat-cair (leaching), sedangkan jika
solutenya berada dalam fase cair maka disebut ekstraksi cair-cair. Pada praktikum ini
yang dilakukan adalah ekstraksi cair-cair atau yang lazim disebut sebagai "ekstraksi"
saja.
Pemisahan suatu komponen dari campuran cair dengan penambahan solven
dimana satu atau lebih komponen yang diinginkan lebih mudah melarut disebut
ekstraksi. Operasi ini digunakan pada – contohnya – pemrosesan coal tar liquid (cairan
tar batu-bara), produksi bahan-bakar dalam industri nuklir, serta pada proses
pemisahan hidrokarbon dalam industri petroleum (misal untuk memisahkan senyawa
aromatis dari kerosin sehingga kualitas pembakarannya meningkat, memisahkan
aromatis dari komponen parafin dan naphta untuk memperbaiki karakteristik
viskositas minyak pelumas). Pada operasi ini, sangatlah penting bila umpan campuran
cair dan solven setidaknya hanya saling larut sebagian atau tidak dapat larut sama
sekali. Secara umum, terdapat tiga langkah yang terlibat :
Jenis-jenis ekstraksi :
Jika ke dalam larutan biner yang terdiri dari C (solute) dan A (diluen) ditambah
dengan B (solvent) maka akan terjadi dua kemungkinan :
1. Ekstraksi Insoluble Liquid
Solvent B hanya akan melarutkan C tetapi sama sekali tidak melarutkan A
(insoluble liquid). Pada kemungkinan ini, Ekstrak hanya mengandung B dan C
sedangkan Rafinat hanya mengandung A dan C saja.
Proses ekstraksi dilakukan jika titik didih A dan C berdekatan, sehingga pemisahan
dengan menggunakan distilasi tidak dapat diterapkan.
Hasil proses ekstraksi :
a. Larutan Ekstrak (E), yaitu larutan yang kaya akan solute dengan sedikit diluen.
b. Larutan Rafinat (R), yaitu larutan yang kaya akan diluen.
Kriteria Solven
Pada semua proses ekstraksi, hal yang penting untuk diperhatikan adalah
pemilihan solven. Hal ini dikarenakan pemisahan secara ektraksi ini berbasis pada
perbedaan kelarutan (solubilities), dibandingkan dengan perbedaan volatilitas
pada distilasi.
Pertimbangan pemilihan solven diantaranya sebagai berikut :
a. Solven dapat melarutkan solute tetapi sedikit atau tidak sama sekali
melarutkan diluen.
b. Mempunyai perbedaan titik didih yang cukup besar dengan solute.
Jika suatu peristiwa perpindahan massa C ke dalam B dibiarkan dalam waktu yang
relatif lama, maka suatu ketika akan terjadi keseimbangan dimana banyaknya C
yang akan keluar dari fase B sama dengan banyaknya C yang masuk ke dalam fase
B.
Pada keseimbangan, kandungan C dalam A dan kandungan C dalam B mempunyai
harga yang tetap yang disebut sebagai koefisien distribusi (K).
XE
K (Coulson, 2002)
XR
RAFINAT (R)
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3
FEED (F)
4. PROSEDUR KERJA
1. Preparasi Larutan Titran (NaOH)
1.1 Pembuatan larutan NaOH 1,5 N sebanyak 100 ml.
1.2 Standarisasi dengan menggunakan larutan Asam Oksalat 2 N.
a. Ambil 10 ml larutan Asam Oksalat dalam erlenmeyer.
b. Masukkan larutan NaOH dalam buret.
c. Standarisasi dilakukan 2 kali.
2. Ekstraksi
2.1 Pembuatan larutan umpan dengan cara melarutkan 25 ml Asam Asetat dalam
50 ml Di isopropil Ether.
2.2 Ambil data berat jenis umpan dengan alat piknometer.
2.3 Memasukkan larutan umpan dalam corong pemisah.
2.4 Menambahkan Aquades sebanyak 25 ml ke dalam corong pemisah.
2.5 Menggojog campuran selama 15 menit kemudian didiamkan selama 10 menit
sampai terbentuk 2 lapisan.
2.6 Mengeluarkan ekstrak dari corong pemisah dan mengukur volumenya
(lapisan bawah).
5. DATA PENGAMATAN
Suhu percobaan : .......................................
Larutan umpan : Asam Asetat : .......................................
Diisoprophyl Ether : .......................................
Volume Aquades (Solven) tiap stage : .......................................
Volume Rafinat akhir : .......................................
6. PERHITUNGAN
6.1. Menentukan Rapat Massa Masing-masing Bahan
M bahan
bahan x aquades
M aquades
Keterangan :
ρbahan : berat jenis bahan yang diukur, gr/ml
ρaquades : berat jenis aquades , gr/ml (diperoleh dari referensi)
Mbahan : massa bahan, gram
Maquades : massa aquades, gram
(perhitungan dilakukan untuk umpan, ekstrak tiap stage (3) dan rafinat akhir)
N As.Oksalat .VAs.Oksalat
N NaOH
VNaOH
Keterangan :
NNaOH : Normalitas NaOH
NAs.Oksalat : Normalitas Asam Oksalat
VNaOH : Volume NaOH yang dibutuhkan, ml
VAs.Oksalat : Volume Asam Oksalat, ml
N NaOH .VNaOH
N ekstrak
VEkstrak
Keterangan :
NNaOH : Normalitas NaOH, N
NEkstrak : Normalitas Ekstrak, N
VNaOH : Volume NaOH yang dibutuhkan, ml
VEkstrak : Volume Ekstrak, ml
(perhitungan dilakukan untuk ekstrak tiap-tiap stage (3); NE1, NE2, NE3)
Keterangan :
NEi : Normalitas Asam Asetat stage i, N
VEi : Volume Ekstrak stage i, ml
BMAs.Asetat : Berat molekul Asam Asetat
Stage 1
ME1 = VE1.NE1.BMAs.Asetat
Stage 2
ME2 = VE2.NE2.BMAs.Asetat
Stage 3
ME3 = VE3.NE3.BMAs.Asetat
Total
MEks = ME1 + ME2 + ME3
F umpan .Vumpan
S solven .Vsolven
E1 ekstrak1 .Vekstrak1
E 2 ekstrak2 .Vekstrak2
E 3 ekstrak3 .Vekstrak3
R rafinat .Vrafinat
Stage 2
M E2
x E2
E2
Stage 3
M E3
x E3
E3
Stage 1
Neraca massa total :
F + S = E1 + R 1
Neraca massa komponen :
xF.F + xS.S = xE1.E1 + xR1.R karena xs = 0, maka
x F .F x E1 .E1 , X E1
x R1 K1
F S E1 X R1
Stage 2
Dengan cara yang sama diperoleh :
x R1 .R1 x E 2 .E2 , X E2
xR2 K2
R1 S E 2 X R2
Stage 3
Dengan cara yang sama diperoleh :
x R 2 .R2 x E 3 .E3 X E3
x R3 , K3
R2 S E 3 X R3
6. PERHITUNGAN
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
7. PEMBAHASAN
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
8. KESIMPULAN
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
9. DAFTAR PUSTAKA
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Yogyakarta, .......................................
Praktikan
............................................................