Capitalization

Capitalize Capitalize = use a big letter, not a small letter.

1. The first word of a sentence. We saw a movie last night.

2. The names of people. I met George Adams yesterday.

3. Titles used with the names of people. I saw Doctor (Dr.) Smith.
Do you know Professor (

4. Months, days, holidays. I was born in April.

Bob arrived last Monday.
It snowed on Thanksgiving

5. The names of places

City He lives in Chicago.
State/province She was born in California.
Country They are from Mexico.
Continent Tibet is in Asia.

Ocean They crossed the Atlantic

Lake Chicago is on Lake Michigan.
River The Nile River flows north.
Desert The Sahara Desert is in Africa.
Mountain We visited the Rocky M

School I go to the University of F

Business I work for the General E

Street He lives on Grand Avenue.

Building We have class in Ritter
Park, zoo I went jogging in Forest Park.

6. The name of courses. I'm taking Chemistry 101 this term.

7. The names of languages and nationalities She speaks Spanish.

We discussed Japanese customs.

8. The names of religions. Buddism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam

and Judaism are major religions in the
Talal is a Moslem.

9. The pronoun " I " Yesterday I fell off my bycycle.

 vie last night. It was very good.

Adams yesterday.

Dr.) Smith. I saw a doctor.

Professor (Prof.) Alston? I saw Doctor Wilson.

Seasons are not capitalized.

st Monday. spring, summer, fall/autumn, winter.
Thanksgiving Day.

She lives in a city.

in California. She lives in New York City.

the Atlantic Ocean. They crossed a river.

Lake Michigan. They crossed the Yellow River.
r flows north.
Desert is in Africa.
e Rocky Mountains.

iversity of Florida. I go to a university.

General Electric Company. I go to the University of Texas.

rand Avenue. We went to a park.

s in Ritter Hall. We went to Central Park.
in Forest Park.

emistry 101 this term. I'm reading a book about psychology.

I'm taking Psychology 101 this term.

Words that refer to the names of nations, nationalities and

Japanese customs. languages are always capitalized.

istianity, Hinduism, Islam Words that refer to the names of religions

are major religions in the world. are always capitalized.

ll off my bycycle. The pronoun " I " is always capitalized.

ns, nationalities and
 Pronouns
PERSONAL PRONOUNS

SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS

1 person I Me
2 person You Singular You
3 person She, he, it Her, him, it

1 person We Us
2 person You Plural You
3 person They Them

A pronoun refers to a noun. It is used in place of a noun.

It can refer to a single noun or a noun phrase.

Kate is married. She has two children.

Kate is my friend. I know her well.
Mike has a new blue bicycle. He bought it yesterday.

Eric and I are good friends.

Ann met Eric and me at the museum.
Ann walked between Eric and me

Mike is in class. He is taking a test.

The students are in class. They are taking a test.
Kate and Tom are married. They have two children.

A FRIEND OF POSSESIVE

A friend of + a possesive noun/pronoun is a special or idiomatic expression.

It is used to identify another person as one friend among many friends.

Do you know Greg Smith? He is a friend of mine

We ate dinner with a friend of Bill's
The Smiths are friends of mine

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

I saw myself in the mirror Greg lives by himself

You (one person) saw yourself I sat by myself on the park bench
She saw herself
He saw himself I enjoyed myself at the fair
It (e.g, the kitten) saw itself
We saw ourselves Believe in yourself
You (plural) saw yourselves Blame yourself
They saw themselves Cut yourself
Enjoy yourself
Reflexive pronouns are used when the Feel sorry for yourself
subject and the object are the same Help yourself
person.
 POSSESIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

POSSESIVE PRONOUNS POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES

I have mine I have my pen

You have yours You have your pen
She has hers She has her pen
He has his He has his pen
We have ours We have our pens
You have yours You have your pens
They have theirs They have their pens
I have a book. Its cover is black.

A possesive pronoun is
A possesive adjective is used
used alone, without a noun
only with a noun following it.
following it.

himself
f on the park bench
self at the fair

Hurt yourself Take care of yourself

Give yourself (something) Talk to yourself
Introduce yourself Teach yourself
Kill yourself Tell yourself
Pinch yourself Work for yourself
Be proud of yourself Wish yourself (luck)
Nouns and adjectives

Nouns
PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS

Singular Plural

One bird Two birds

One street Two streets
One rose Two roses

One dish Two dishes

One match Two matches
One class Two classes
One box Two boxes

One baby Two babies

One city Two cities

One knife Two knives

One shelf Two shelves

One tomato Two tomatoes

One zoo Two zoos
One zero Two zeroes/zeros

One child Two children

One foot Two feet
One goose Two geese
One man Two men
One mouse Two mice
One tooth Two teeth
One woman Two women
Two people

One deer Two deer

One fish Two fish
One sheep Two sheep
One offspring Two offspring
One species Two species

One bacterium Two bacteria

One cactus Two cacti
One crisis Two crises
One phenomenon Two phenomena

SUBJECTS, VERBS AND OBJECTS

subject verb
The sun shines
(noun) (verb)

subject verb
Plants grow
(noun) (verb)

Subject Verb Object

Plants need water
(noun) (verb) (noun)

Subject Verb Object

Bob is reading a book
(noun) (verb) (noun)

OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

Subject verb Object

Ann puts her books

Subject verb Preposition

A leaf fell to

Many English sentences have prepositional phrases

A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and an object of a preposition
The object of a preposition is a noun.

USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS

Bob is reading a good book

 Adjective Noun

The tall woman wore a new dress

The short woman wore an old dress
The young woman wore a short dress

Roses are beautiful flowers

Roses are beautifuls flowers

USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES

I have a flower garden A flowers garden

The shoe store also sells socks The shoes store

Sometimes words that are usually used as nouns are used as adjectives.
When a noun is used as an adjective, it is singular in form, NOT plural.
Flower garden
Adjective Noun

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

SINGULAR I know the student's name

PLURAL I know the students' names
I know the children´s names

SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER; ANOTHER vs THE OTHER

ANOTHER

One apple Another apple Another apple

Mary is eating one apple. If she is still hungry after that, she can eat

Another means "one more out of a group of similar items, one in addition to the one(s) I've alr
Another is a combination of an + other, written as one word.
THE OTHER

The girl is eating one apple. The boy is eating the other (apple)

The other means "the last one in a specific group, the only one that remains from a
given number of similar items".

Paul ate one apple. Then he ate another apple

another one
another

Paul ate one apple. Sara ate the other apple

the other one
the other

Another and the other can be used as an adjective in front of a noun (e.g., apple, one)
Another and the other can also be used alone as a pronoun (Then he ate another).

Adjective Pronoun
Singular another apple another
Plural other apples others

Singular the other apple the other

Plural the other apples the others

COUNT/ NONCOUNT NOUNS

Singular Plural
Count noun a chair chairs
one chair two chairs
three chairs
some chairs
several chairs
 an apple a lot of chairs
many chairs
a few chairs
Noncount noun furniture
some furniture
a lot of furniture ø
much furniture
a little furniture

SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS: WHOLE GROUPS

MADE UP OF INDIVIDUAL PARTS

A clothing B Homework
equipment Housework
food Work
fruit
furniture C Advice
garbage information
hardware news
jewelry
machinery D history
mail literature
makeup music
money poetry
cash
change E English
postage Arabic
scenery Chinese, etc
stuff
traffic

Liquids
Solids and semisolids
beer milk bread
blood oil butter
coffee shampoo cheese
cream soup ice
gasoline tea ice cream
honey water lettuce
juice wine toast

Gases Natural phenomena

air weather
fog rain
oxygen snow
pollution lightning
smog thunder
smoke humidity
steam darkness

Abstractions

anger enjoyment happiness

beauty entertainment hate
confidence experience health
courage fun help
cowardice generosity honesty
education greed hospitality

NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT

Noncount noun
Glass Windows are made of glass.
Hair Rita has brown hair.
Iron Iron is a metal.
Light I opened the curtain to let in some light.
Paper I need some paper to write a letter.
Time
How much time do you need to finish your homework?

Work I have some work to do tonight.

Coffee I had some coffee after dinner.
Chicken/fish/lamb I had some chicken/some fish/some lamb for dinner.

USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS.

two cups
Unit of measure
one piece of
a cup of
Container
a bowl of
a pound of
Amount
a quart of
a bar of soap
Shape
a sheet of paper
GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE

Using A or ø
Singular count nouns A dog makes a good pet.
Generalization A banana is yellow.
A pencil contains led.

Plural count nouns ø Dogs make good pets.

ø Bananas are yellow.
ø Pencils contain led.

Noncount nouns ø Fruit is good for you.

ø Coffee contains caffeine.
I like ø music.

USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AS PRONOUNS

Some, any, many, much, a lot (of), a few, a little, two, a couple (of), three, several, etc.

I need some yellow paper.

I don't have any. Ask Matt. I think he has some.

I understand you're a baseball fan.

Have you gone to a lot of baseball games?
Yes. I've gone to many. I saw three just last week.

In general:
Any = used in negative sentences.
Some = used in affirmative sentences.

NONSPECIFIC OBJECT PRONOUNS: SOME, ANY, AND ONE.

I need some blank tapes. (nonspecific)

I don't have any. But Jack has some.

Where are the blank tapes that were on my desk? (specific)

Rita has them.

I need a blank tape. (nonspecific)

I think you can get one from Jack.
Where's the blank tape that was on my desk? (specific)
Rita has it.

Would you like some coffee? (non specific)

No thanks, I just had some. I don't want any right now.

Your cup is empty. What happened to your coffee? (specific)

I drank it.

ADJECTIVES

opposite
Absent
Accurate innacurate
Angry
Bad good
Bald
Beautiful ugly
Big little small
Bright
Busy
Calm
Certain uncertain
Cheap expensive
Clean dirty
Clear unclear
Cold hot
Comfortable uncomfortable
Common uncommon
Complete incomplete
Convenient inconvenient
Cool warm
Dangerous safe
Dark light
Dead
Deep shallow
Delicious
Delightful
Dependent independent
Different same
Difficult simple
Direct indirect
Dizzy
Dry wet
Early late
East west
Empty full
Essential
Fair unfair
Familiar unfamiliar
Famous
Fast slow
Fat thin
First last
Flat
Foolish
Foreign
Free
Fresh
Funny
Glad
Great
Handsome
Happy sad/unhappy
Hard easy soft
Healthy ill sick/unhealthy
Heavy light
High low
Humid
Hungry
Important unimportant
Intelligent stupid
Interesting uninteresting
Kind unkind
Large little small
Lawful unlawful
Lazy
Left right
Legal illegal
Logical illogical
Long short
Mad
Messy neat
Modern old-fashioned
Narrow wide
Native
Necessary unnecessary
Nervous
Nice
Noisy quiet
Normal abnormal
North south
Old new young
Pleasant unpleasant
Polite impolite
Poor rich
Possible impossible
Pretty
Private public
Proper improper
Proud
Rapid
Rational irrational
Real unreal
Regular irregular
Responsible irresponsible
Right wrong
Ripe
Rough smooth
Round
Serious
Sharp
Short tall
Sorry
Sour sweet
Special
Strange
Strong weak
Sure unsure
Terrific
Tough
True untrue
Unique
Usual unusual
Various
Visible invisible
Whole
Wild
Wise
Wonderful
To make most nouns plural, add -s

Add -es to nouns ending in -sh,-ch, -ss, and -x

If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, change the "y" to "i" and add -es. (Note: If -y is preceded by a
vowel, add only -s: boys, days, keys.)

If a noun ends in -fe or -f, change the ending to -ves. (Exceptions: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs.)

The plural form of nouns that end in -0 is sometimes -oes and sometimes -os.
oes: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, echoes, mosquitoes
os: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopranos, photos, autos
oes or os: zeroes/zeros, volcanoes/volcanos, tornadoes/tornados

Some nouns have irregular plural forms. (Note: The singular form of people can be person, woman,
man, child. For example, one man and one child = two people.)

The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.
 Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals.

An English sentence has a SUBJECT and a VERB

The SUBJECT is a noun. Sun is a noun and it is the subject of the verb shines.

Sometimes a VERB is followed by an OBJECT.

The OBJECT of a verb is a noun. Water is the object of the verb need.

Preposition Object of preposition

on the desk
(Noun)
Object of preposition
the ground
(Noun)

d an object of a preposition.

Words that describe nouns are called adjectives.

 Adjectives modify nouns by giving more information about
them.

Adjectives are neither singular nor plural. They do not have

a plural form.

used as adjectives.
orm, NOT plural.

My baby's name A man's name

My babies' names Men's names

HER vs THE OTHER

Another Another

t, she can eat another apple.

ems, one in addition to the one(s) I've already talked about.

word.
ating the other (apple)

only one that remains from a

n front of a noun (e.g., apple, one)

pronoun (Then he ate another).

NONCOUNT NOUNS

Individual parts
Count nouns

Chairs
Tables
Beds
 Letters
Postcards
Bills

Pennies
Nickels
Dollars

Apples
Bananas
Oranges

Rings
Bracelets
Necklaces

F grammar
slang
vocabulary

G corn
dirt
dust
flour
grass
hair
pepper
rice

meat chalk
beef copper
chicken cotton
fish glass
ham gold
lamb iron
pork paper

light
 sunshine

ignorance luck
intelligence patience
justice peace
knowledge poverty
laughter pride
love progress

Count noun
I drank a glass of water.
There's a hair on my jacket.
I pressed my shirt with an iron.
e light. Please turn off the lights (lamps).
er. I wrote a paper for Prof. Lee.

nish your homework? How many times have you been in

Mexico?
The painting is a work of art.
Two coffees, please.
ome lamb for dinner. She drew a picture of a chicken/a
fish/a lamb.

OUNS.
 Using A or some
I saw a dog in my yard.
Mary ate a banana.
I need a pencil.

I saw some dogs in my yard.

Mary bought some bananas.
Bob has some pencils in his pocket.

I bought some fruit.

Bob drank some coffee.
Would you like to listen to some music?

a couple (of), three, several, etc.

AND ONE.

Specific
it, her, him.
Adjective clauses

I met a man who is kind to everybody.

who is a famous poet.
who lives in Chicago.

The man who lives next to me is friendly.

The man that lives next to me is friendly.

The man whom I met was friendly.

The man that I met was friendly.
The man I met was friendly.

The river which flows through town is polluted.

The river that flows through town is polluted.

The books which I bought were expensive.

The books that I bought were expensive.
The books I bought were expensive.

Singular and plural verbs in adjective clauses

I know the man who is sitting over there.

I know the people who are sitting over there.

Using prepositions in adjective clauses

The man whom I talked to was helpful.

The man that I talked to was helpful.
The man I talked to was helpful.
The man to whom I talked was helpful.

The chair which I am sitting in is hard.

The chair that I am sitting in is hard.
The chair I am sitting in is hard.
The chair in which I am sitting is hard.

The man whose car was stolen called the police.

I know a girl whose brother is a movie star.
The people whose house we bought were friendly.
to "i" and add -es. (Note: If -y is preceded by a

o -ves. (Exceptions: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs.)

s -oes and sometimes -os.

oes
photos, autos
adoes/tornados

e singular form of people can be person, woman,

two people.)

singular form.
languages have foreign plurals.

he subject of the verb shines.

ect of the verb need.

 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) vs THE OTHER(S)

OTHER(S)

One apple other apples other apples others

Other(s) (without the) means "several more out of a group of similar items, several in addition to the
one(s) I´ve already talked about.".
The adjective other (without an -s) can be used with a plural noun (e.g., apples) or with the word
Others (with an -s) is a plural pronoun; it is not used with a noun.
Others = other apples

There are other apples in a bowl Adjective + noun

There are other ones on a plate Adjective + ones
There are others on a chair Pronoun

THE OTHER(S)

One apple The other apples

The other(s) means "the last ones in a specific group, the remains from a given number of similar
items."
The other (without an -s) can be used as an adjective in front of a noun or the word ones.
The others (with an -s) is a plural pronoun; it is not used with a noun.
The others = The other apples

Sara is going to take the other apples Adjective + noun

She is going to take the other ones Adjective + ones
She is going to take the others Pronoun

The whole
A non count noun

Furniture
 Mail

Money

Fruit

Jewelry

salt
sand
sugar
wheat

rubber
silver
soap
tin
toothpaste
wood
wool
recreation
research
stupidity
time
violence
wealth

Janet wears glasses when she reads.

I bought a paper (a newspaper).

Using the
Did you feed the dog?
I gave the banana to Mary.
The pencil on that desk is Jim's.

Did you feed the dogs?

I gave the bananas to Mary.
The pencils on that desk are Jim's.

The fruit in this bowl is ripe.

I drank some coffee and some milk. The coffee was hot.
I can't hear you. The music is too loud.
The air is cold today.
veral in addition to the

s) or with the word ones.

en number of similar

e word ones.
Prepositions
List of prepositions
Prepositions of time IN, AT, ON
(Far) away from
About Please be on time in the future
Above I usually watch TV in the evening.
Across (from) We sleep at night.
After I was asleep at midnight.
Against I fell asleep at 9:30.
Along He is busy at present.
Among I was born in October
Around I was born in 1975
At I was born in the twentieth century
At the bottom of The weather is hot in (the) summer**.
At the top of I was born on October 31, 1975
Before I went to a movie on Thursday.
Behind I have class on Thursday morning(s)
Below
Beneath * In future - please be on time in future (British E
Beside ** In expressions with the seasons, the is optiona
Besides
Between Preposition combinations
Beyond
By be absent from
Close to be accustomed to
Despite add (this) to (that)
Down be acquainted with
During admire (someone) for (something)
For be afraid of
From agree with (someone) about/on (something)
In be angry at/with
In (the) front of apologize to (someone) for something
In back of apply to (a place) for (something)
In the back of approve of
In the corner of argue with (someone) about (something)
In the middle of arrive at (a building, a room)
Into arrive in (a city, a country)
Like ask (someone) about (something)
Near ask (someone) for (something)
Next to be aware of
Of be bad for
Of believe in
On belong to
On (the) top of be bored with/by
On the corner of borrow (something) from (someone)
Out be clear to
Over compare (this) to/with (that)
Since complain to (someone) about (something)
Through be composed of
Throughout concentrate on
Till consist of
To be crazy about
Toward(s) be crowded with
Under depend on/upon (someone) for (something)
Until be dependent on/upon (someone) for (somethin
Up be devoted to
Upon be diferent from
With disagree with (someone) about (something)
Within be disappointed in
Without discuss (something) with (someone)
divide (this) into (that)
be divorced from
be done with
dream about/of
be engaged to
be equal to
escape from
be excited about
excuse (someone) for (something)
be exhausted from
be familiar with
ba famous for
be finished with
forgive (someone) for (something)
be friendly to/ with
be frightened of/ by
be full of
get rid of
be gone from
be good for
graduate from
happen to
hear about/of
ns of time IN, AT, ON
e in the future in the past, in the present, in the future*
V in the evening. in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening

at noon, at night, at midnight

at + "clock time" (eg,. 6:30 PM)
at present, at the moment, at the present time
tober
75 in + a month/a year/a century/a season
e twentieth century
ot in (the) summer**.
ctober 31, 1975 on + a date/ a weekday
e on Thursday. on + weekday morning(s), afternnoon(s), evening(s)
hursday morning(s)

se be on time in future (British English).

s with the seasons, the is optional: Summer (the summer)

combinations

hear from
help (someone) with (something)
hide (something) from (someone)
hope for
e) for (something) be hungry for
insist on
eone) about/on (something) be interested in
introduce (someone) to (someone)
meone) for something invite (someone) to (something)
) for (something) be involved in
be kind to
eone) about (something) know about
ing, a room) laugh at
listen to
bout (something) look at
or (something) look for
look forward to
be mad at
be made of
 be married to
matter to
ing) from (someone) be the matter with
multiply (this) by (that)
o/with (that) be nice to
meone) about (something) be opposed to
pay for
be patient with
be pleased with
point at
be polite to
n (someone) for (something) be prepared for
n/upon (someone) for (something) protect (this) from (that)
be proud of
be qualified for
omeone) about (something) be ready for
be related to
ng) with (someone) rely on/upon
be responsible for
be satisfied with
be scared of/by
search for
separate (this) from (that)
be similar to
be sorry about (something)
be sorry for (someone)
e) for (something) speak to/with (someone) about (something)
stare at
subtract (this) from (that)
be sure of
take care of
e) for (something) talk to/with (someone) about (something)
tell (someone) about (something)
be terrified of/by
thank (someone) for (something)
be thirsty for
be tired from
be tired of
travel to
wait for
wait on
be worried about
Adverbs
Frequency adverbs

Always 100%
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Seldom
Rarely
Never 0%

I usually have breakfast at 7:00 AM

I never have breakfast after 10:00 AM

Adverbs

Actually
Afterward(s)
Again
Ago
Almost
Already
Also
Anymore
Anywhere
Apparently
Carefully
Certainly
Completely
Constantly
Downtown
Early
Easily
Enough
Entirely
Especially
Ever
Everywhere
Extremely
Fast
Finally
Fortunately
Generally
Hard
Here
Immediately
Just
Late
Later
Maybe
Never
Next
Now
Obviously
Occasionally
Often
Once
Only
Perhaps
Probably
Quickly
Quietly
Rarely
Really
Regularly
Seldom
Seriously
Slowly
Sometimes
Somewhere
Soon
Still
Suddenly
Surely
Then
There
Today
Together
Tomorrow
Tonight
Too
Usually
Very
Well
Yesterday
Yet
Verbs
SPELLING: FINAL -S vs -ES

Visit Visits Final -s, not -es, is added to most verbs.

Speak Speaks (Incorrect: visites, speakes, answeres, happenes)

Answer Answers
Happen Happens

Hope Hopes

Write Writes Many verbs end in -e. Final -s is simply added.

Catch Catches
Final -es is added if the verb ends in -ch, -sh,
Wash Washes -s, -x or -z
Pass Passes

Fix Fixes
Buzz Buzzes

Do Does Final -es is added to do and go

Go Goes

Study Studies
Try Tries If a verb ends in a consonant + -y, change the -y
to -i and add -es (Incorrect studys)

Pay Pays If a verb ends in a vowel + -y, simply add -s

Buy Buys (Incorrect: pais, payes)

Irregular verbs

Simple form Simple past Past participle Present participle

Be was,were been Being
Beat beat beaten beating
Become became become becoming
Begin began began beginning
Bend bent bent bending
Bite bit bitten biting
Blow blew blown blowing
Break broke broken braking
Bring brought brought bringing
Broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcasting
Build built built building
Burn burnt/burned burnt/burned burning
Buy bought bought buying
Catch caught caught catching
Choose chose chosen choosing
Come came come coming
Cost cost cost costing
Cut cut cut cutting
Dig dug dug digging
Do did done doing
Draw drew drawn drawing
Dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed dreaming
Drink drank drunk drinking
Drive drove driven driving
Eat ate eaten eating
Fall fell fallen falling
Feed fed fed feeding
Feel felt felt feeling
Fight fought fought fighting
Find found found finding
Fit fit fit fitting
Fly flew flown flying
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Freeze froze frozen freezing
Get got gotten (got) getting
Give gave given giving
Go went gone going
Grow grew grown growing
Hang hung hung hanging
Have had had having
Hear heard heard
Hide hid hidden hiding
Hit hit hit hitting
Hold held held holding
Hurry hurried hurried hurrying
Hurt hurt hurt hurting
Keep kept kept keeping
Know knew known
Lay laid laid laying
Lead led led leading
Leave left left leaving
Lend lent lent lending
Let let let letting
Lie lay lain Lying
Light lit (lighted) lit (lighted) lighting
Lose lost lost losing
Make made made making
Mean meant meant meaning
Meet met met meeting
Pay paid paid paying
Put put put putting
Quit quit quit quiting
Read read read reading
Ride rode ridden riding
Ring rang rung ringing
Rise rose risen rising
Run ran run running
Say said said saying
See saw seen
Sell sold sold selling
Send sent sent sending
Set set set setting
Shake shook shaken shaking
Shoot shot shot shooting
Shut shut shut shutting
Sing sang sung singing
Sit sat sat sitting
Sleep slept slept sleeping
Slide slid slid sliding
Speak spoke spoken speaking
Spend spent spent spending
Spread spread spread spreading
Stand stood stood standing
Steal stole stolen stealing
Stick stuck stuck sticking
Strike struck struck striking
Swear swore sworn swearing
Sweep swept swept sweeping
Swim swam swum swimming
Take took taken taking
Teach taught taught teaching
Tear tore torn tearing
Tell told told telling
Think thought thought thinking
Throw threw thrown throwing
Understand understood understood
Upset upset upset upsetting
Wake woke waked (woken) waking
Wear wore worn wearing
Win won won winning
Withdraw withdrew withdrawn withdrewing
Write wrote written writing

Regular verbs

Simple form Simple past Past participle Present participle

Accept accepted accepted accepting
Act acted acted acting
Add added added adding
Agree agreed agreed agreeing
Allow allowed allowed allowing
Answer answered answered answering
Appear appeared appeared appearing
Arrive arrived arrived arriving
Ask asked asked asking
Attempt attempted attempted attempting
Attend attended attended attending
Believe believed believed
Blow blowed blowed blowing
Borrow borrowed borrowed borrowing
Call called called calling
Carry carried carried carrying
Cause caused caused causing
Change changed changed changing
Close closed closed closing
Collect collected collected collecting
Complete completed completed completing
Consider considered considered considering
Contain contained contained containing
Continue continued continued continuing
Control controlled controlled controlling
Cook cooked cooked cooking
Count counted counted counting
Cover covered covered covering
Cross crossed crossed crossing
Cry cried cried crying
Dance danced danced dancing
Decide decided decided deciding
Die died died dying
Discover discovered discovered discovering
Dissapear dissapeared dissapeared dissapearing
Divide divided divided dividing
Doubt doubted doubted doubting
Dress dressed dressed dressing
Drop dropped dropped dropping
End ended ended ending
Enjoy enjoyed enjoyed enjoying
Enter entered entered entering
Exist existed existed
Expect expected expected
Explain explained explained explaining
Fail failed failed failing
Fill filled filled filling
Finish finished finished finishing
Fit fitted fitted fitting
Fix fixed fixed fixing
Flow flowed flowed flowing
Guess guessed guessed guessing
Happen happened happened happening
Hate hated hated
Hope hoped hoped
Improve improved improved improving
Include included included including
Interest interested interested interesting
Introduce introduced introduced introducing
Invite invited invited inviting
Join joined joined joining
Jump jumped jumped jumping
Kill killed killed killing
Kiss kissed kissed kissing
Laugh laughed laughed laughing
Learn learned learned learning
Lift lifted lifted lifting
Like liked liked
Listen listened listened listening
Live lived lived living
Look looked looked looking
Love loved loved
Marry married married marrying
Move moved moved moving
Notice noticed noticed
Need needed needed
Obtain obtained obtained obtaining
Offer offered offered offering
Open opened opened opening
Order ordered ordered ordering
Own owned owned
Pass passed passed passing
Pay payed payed paying
Permit permitted permitted permitting
Pick picked picked picking
Plan planned planned planning
Play played played playing
Point pointed pointed pointing
Pour poured poured pouring
Practice practiced practiced practicing
Prepare prepared prepared prepairing
Promise promised promised promising
Prove proved proved proving
Provide provided provided providing
Pull pulled pulled pulling
Push pushed pushed pushing
Rain rained rained raining
Reach reached reached reaching
Realice realized realized realizing
Receive received received receiving
Recognize recognized recognized recognizing
Refuse refused refused refusing
Remember remembered remembered
Repeat repeated repeated repeating
Reply replied replied replying
Report reported reported reporting
Require required required requiring
Return returned returned returning
Save saved saved saving
Search searched searched searching
Seem seemed seemed seeming
Separate separated separated separating
Serve served served serving
Share shared shared sharing
Shout shouted shouted shouting
Show showed showed showing
Sign signed signed signing
Smell smelled smelled
Spell spelled spelled spelling
Start started started starting
Stay stayed stayed staying
Study studied studied studying
Stop stopped stopped stopping
Succeed succeeded succeeded succeeding
Suggest suggested suggested suggesting
Supply supplied supplied supplying
Surprise surprised surprised surprising
Surround surrounded surrounded surrounding
Talk talked talked talking
Taste tasted tasted
Thank thanked thanked thanking
Tie tied tied tying
Touch touched touched touching
Travel traveled traveled traveling
Try tried tried trying
Turn turned turned turning
Use used used using
Visit visited visited visiting
Wait waited waited waiting
Walk walked walked walking
Want wanted wanted
Wash washed washed washing
Watch watched watched watching
Wave waved waved waving
Wish wished wished
Wonder wondered wondered wondering
Work worked worked working
Worry worried worried
SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS

Double the
End of verb Simple form ING ED
consonant

Smile Smiling Smiled

e No
Hope Hoping Hoped

Two Help Helping Helped

No
consonants
Learn Learning Learned

Two vowels + Rain Raining Rained

No
one consonant
Heat Heating Heated

One vowel + Stop Stopping Stopped

Yes
one consonant
Plan Planning Planned
Visit Visiting Visited
No
Offer Offering Offered
Prefer Preferring Preferred
Yes
Admit Admitting Admitted
Play Playing Played

y No Enjoy Enjoying Enjoyed

Worry Worrying Worried
Study Studying Studied
Die Dying Died
ie
Tie Tying Tied

Exceptions: Do not double w or x: snow, snowing, snowed, fix, fixing, fixed.

Pararell verbs

Jim makes his bed and cleans up his room every morning.
Verb 1 Verb 2

Ann is cooking dinner and (is) talking on the phone at the same time.
I will stay home and (will) study tonight.
I am going to stay home and (am going to) study tonight.

Nonprogressive verbs

Some verbs are not used in progressive tenses.

Hear Possess
See Belong
Believe Need
Think* Want
Understand Prefer
Know Like
Be Love
Exist Hate
Own Forget
Have* Remember

I think that grammar is easy.

I am thinking about grammar right now (thoughts)

Tom has a car

I am having a good time (Idiomatic expresssion)

Gerunds and infinitives

I enjoy music I am listening to the teacher right now.

I enjoy listening to music (present progressive)
I enjoy listening to music

I want a sandwich
I want to eat a sandwich
I want to eat a sandwich

I enjoy going to the beach

Ted wants to go to the beach.

It began raining.
It began to rain.

Common verbs followed by gerunds

I enjoy working in my garden.

Bob finished studying at midnight.
It stopped raining a few minutes ago.
David quit smoking.
Would you mind opening the window?
I postponed doing my homework.
I put off doing my homework.
Keep working. Don't stop.
Keep on working. Don't stop.
I'm considering going to Hawaii.
I'm thinking about going to Hawaii.
They discussed getting a new car.
They talked about getting a new car.

I considered not going to class.

* I stopped to pick it up (my pen).

I stopped walking in order to pick it up.

Go + ING

Did you go shopping yesterday?

I went swimming last week.
Bob hasn't gone fishing in years.

go boating go sailing
go bowling go (window) shopping
go camping go sightseeing
go dancing go skating
go fishing go (water) skiing
go hiking go skydiving
go jogging go swimming
go running

Verb + Infinitive

Tom offered to lend me some money.

I've decided to buy a new car.

I've decided not to keep my old car.

want to agree to
need to refuse to
would like to seem to
would love to appear to
hope to pretend to
expect to forget to
plan to learn (how) to
intend to try to
mean to (can't) afford to
decide to (can't) wait to
promise to
offer to

Verb + Gerund or Infinitive

It began to rain It began raining

begin to begin working
start to start working
continue to continue working
like to like going
love to love playing
hate to hate going
can't stand to can't stand working

Uncompleted infinitives

I've never met Rita, but I'd like to.

I don't want to leave, but I have to.
Sam doesn't go to school here, but he used to.

Preposition + Gerund

Kate insisted on coming with us.

We're excited about going to Tahiti.
I apologized for being late.

Using by and with to express how something is done

By Means of transportation and communication.

Pat turned off the tape recorder by pushing the stop button.
Mary goes to work by bus.

by airplane by mail
by boat by (tele) phone
by bus by fax
by car by air
by subway by land
by taxi by sea
by train
by foot (on foot)

Others:
by chance
by choice
by mistake
by check (but in cash)
by hand (made by a person).

With Instruments or parts of the body.

Andrea stirred her coffee with a spoon.

I cut down the tree with an ax. (by using an ax)
I swept the floor with a broom.
She pointed to a spot on the map with her finger.

Using gerunds as subjects

Riding horses is fun. It is fun to ride horses.

Coming to class on time is important. It is important to come to class on time.

IT + Infinitive: Using for (someone)

You should study hard. It is important for you to study hard.

Mary should study hard. It is important for Mary to study hard.
We don't have to go to the meeting. It isn't necessary for us to go to the meeting.
A dog can't talk. It is impossible for a dog to talk.

Using in order to To express purpose

I went to the post office because I wanted to mail a letter.

I went to the post office in order to mail a letter.
I went to the post office to mail a letter.

I went to the post office for some stamps.

I went to the post office to buy some stamps.

Using infinitives with too and enough

A piano is too heavy to lift.

That box is too heavy for me to lift.
That box is too heavy for Bob to lift.

I don't have enough money to buy that car.

Did you have enough time to finish the test?

Jimmy isn't old enough to go to school.

Are you hungry enough to eat three sandwiches?
ass on time.

o to the meeting.
Tenses
Simple past

Mary walked downtown yesterday

I slept for eight hours last night

The simple past is used to talk about activities or situations that began and
ended at a particular time in the past (e.g., yesterday, last night, two days
ago, in 1990).

Statement I, you, she, he, worked yesterday

It, we, they ate breakfast

Negative I, you, she, he, did not (didn't) work yesterday

It, we, they did not (didn't) eat breakfast

Question I, you, she, he, work yesterday?

Did
It, we, they eat breakfast?

Short answer Yes, I, you, she, he, did

No, It, we, they didn't

Verb to be

Statement I, She, He, It was sick yesterday

You, We, They were sick yesterday

Negative I, She, He, It was not (wasn't) sick yesterday

You, We, They were not (weren't) sick yesterday

Question Was I, she, he, it sick yesterday?

Were you, we, they sick yesterday?
 Yes, I, she, he, it was
Short answer you, we, they were
No, I, she, he, it wasn't
you, we, they weren't

Past Progressive

When the phone rang, I was sleeping. When = at that time

The phone rang while I was sleeping While = during that time
While I was doing my homework, my roommate was watching TV

When two actions are in progress at the same time, the past progressive can
be used in both parts of the sentence.

Statement I, She, He, It was working yesterday

You, We, They were working yesterday

Negative I, She, He, It was not (wasn't) working yesterday

You, We, They were not (weren't) working yesterday

Question Was I, she, he, it working yesterday?

Were you, we, they working yesterday?

I, she, he, it was

Yes,
Short answer you, we, they were
I, she, he, it wasn't
No,
you, we, they weren't

Expressing past time: Using time clauses.

Time clause Main clause

When I went to Chicago, I visited my uncle
I visited my uncle when I went to Chicago
While I was watching TV, the phone rang
The phone rang while I was watching TV

When, after, before, and while introduce time clauses.

When
After
Subject Verb
Before
While

Expressing past habit: Used to.

I used to live with my parents

Did you use to live in Paris?
I didn't use to drink cofee at breakfast
I never used to drink cofee at breakfast
 Simple present

Ann takes a shower everyday

I usually eat lunch at the cafeteria
Babies cry

The simple present expresses daily habits or usual activities and general statements of fac
sum, the simple present is used for events or situations that exist always, usually, or habitual
the past, present, and future.

Statement I, You, We, They work at home

She, He, It works at home

Negative I, You, We, They do not (don't)

She, He, It does not (doesn't)

Question Do I, you, we, they

work at home?
Does she, he, it

she, he, it does

Yes,
Short answer I, you, we, they do
she, he, it doesn't
No,
I, you, we, they don´t

Verb to be

Statement I am
She, He, It is sick
You, We, They are

Negative I am not (I'm not)

She, He, It is not (isn't) sick
You, We, They are not (aren't)

Question Am I
Is she, he, it sick?
 sick?
Are you, we, they

I am
Yes, she, he, it is
Short answer you, we, they are
I am not (I'm not)
No, she, he, it isn't
you, we, they aren't

Present Progressive

t that time I am eating lunch at the cafeteria right now

uring that time She is watching TV at home
We are reading a book

The present progressive expresses an activity that is in progress (is ocurring, i

happening), right now. The event is in progress at the time the speaker is say
the sentence. The event began in the past, is in progress now, and will probab
continue into the future.

Statement I am
She, He, It is
You, We, They are

Negative I am not (I'm not)

She, He, It is not (isn't)
You, We, They are not (aren't)

Question Am I
Is she, he, it
Are you, we, they

I
Yes, she, he, it
Short answer you, we, they
I
No, she, he, it
you, we, they
Contractions of pronouns with be: I'm, you're, we're, they're, he´s, she's, it's

Contractions of verbs with not: don't, doesn't, aren't, isn't

 Future time

I will leave at nine tomorrow morning.

I am going to leave at nine tomorrow morning.
Marie will be at the meeting tonight
Marie is going to be at the meeting tonight

general statements of fact. In Will is used to volunteer or express willingness.

ways, usually, or habitually in
Be going to is used to express a preconceived plan.
The use of shall (with I or we), to express future time is infre

Statement I, You, She, He,

It, We, They

Negative I, You, She, He,

work at home It, We, They

Question
work at home? Will

Yes,
Short answer

No,

Verb to be

Statement I
She, He, It
You, We, They

Negative I
She, He, It
You, We, They

Question Am
Is
 Are

Yes,
Short answer

No,

Contractions with will

I'll, you'll, she'll, he'll, it'll, we'll, they'll.

Using probably with will

Ann probably will go to the park tomorrow

Expressing future time in time clauses and "If clauses".

Before I go to class tomorrow, I'm going to eat breakfast.

s in progress (is ocurring, is
he time the speaker is saying
gress now, and will probably
After I eat dinner, I'm going to study in my room.
I'll give Mary your message when I see her tomorrow.
As soon as the rain stops, I'm going to walk downtown.
If it rains tomorrow, I'm going to stay home.

The simple present is used in a future time.

Using the present progressive to express future time

eating lunch right
now
Don is coming to the party tomorrow night
We are going to a movie tonight.
I'm staying home tonight.
eating lunch right
now Ann is flying to Chicago next week
I'm buying that used car tomorrow morning!.

A definite plan, a definite intention, a definite future activit

eating lunch right
now? Verbs such as come, go, stay, arrive, leave express definite p
Verbs expressing planned means of transportation like fly, w
etc).
strong statement in the future.
am
is
are Using the simple present to express future time
am not (I'm not)
isn't My plane arrives at 7:35 tomorrow evening.
aren't Tom's new job starts next week.
 The semester ends in two more weeks.
There is a meeting at ten tomorrow morning.

The simple present can express future time when even

re, they're, he´s, she's, it's schedule or timetable. The most common verbs are: arrive
end, finish, open, close, be.
n't, isn't

Present plans for future activities: Using intend, plan, hope.

I'm intending/I intend to go to Paris.

I'm planning/I plan to take a trip next month.
I'm hoping/I hope to fly to Paris next month.

Immediate future

The movie is about to begin.

The idiom be about to do something expresses an activity

in the immediate future, usually between five minutes.
 Future time

morrow morning. I shall leave at nine tomorrow morning

nine tomorrow morning. We shall leave at nine tomorrow morning.
meeting tonight
t the meeting tonight

eer or express willingness.

express a preconceived plan.
I or we), to express future time is infrequent and informal.

will come tomorrow

will not (won't) come tomorrow

come tomorrow?
I, you, she, he,it, we, they

will
I, you, she, he,it, we, they

won't
I, you, she, he,it, we, they

(Going to…)

am going to
is going to come tomorrow
are going to

am not (I'm not) going to

is not (isn't) going to come tomorrow
are not (aren't) going to

I going to
she, he, it going to come tomorrow?
 come tomorrow?
you, we, they going to

I am
she, he, it is
you, we, they are
I am not (I'm not)
she, he, it isn't
you, we, they aren't

t'll, we'll, they'll.

o the park tomorrow

e in time clauses and "If clauses".

morrow, I'm going to eat breakfast.

going to study in my room.
ssage when I see her tomorrow.
ops, I'm going to walk downtown.
m going to stay home.

used in a future time.

gressive to express future time

party tomorrow night

vie tonight.
ght.
o next week
car tomorrow morning!.

nite intention, a definite future activity.

o, stay, arrive, leave express definite plans.
ned means of transportation like fly, walk, ride, drive, take (a bus, a taxi,
A very
he future.

ent to express future time

35 tomorrow evening.
next week.
two more weeks.
ten tomorrow morning.

can express future time when events are on a definite

e. The most common verbs are: arrive, leave, start, begin,
e, be.

re activities: Using intend, plan, hope.

to go to Paris.
take a trip next month.
fly to Paris next month.

t to do something expresses an activity that will happen

re, usually between five minutes.
 The past participle

Simple form Simple past Past participle

Regular verbs Finish Finished Finished
Stop Stopped Stopped
Wait Waited Waited

Irregular verbs Simple form Simple past Past participle

See Saw Seen
Make Made Made
Put Put Put

Past perfect

Before 1:00PM 1:00 PM

Finished eating Bob came

I was not hungry at 1:00 PM. I had already eaten.

I had eaten when Bob came.

The past perfect expresses an activity that ocurred before another time in the
past. It also expresses an activity that was completed before a particular time
in the past.

Statement I, You, She, He, had already eaten when she came.
It, We, They

Negative I, you, she, he, had not (hadn't) eaten when she came.
It, we, they

Question I, you, she, he, eaten when she came?

Had
It, we, they

Short answer Yes, I, you, she, he, had

No, It, we, they hadn't
 Past perfect progressive

12:00M 1:00 PM
Bob came

I had been sleeping for one hour when Bob came.

The past perfect progressive expresses an activity that was happening before
another time in the past. It also expresses an activity that was in progress,
before another activity in the past.

Statement I, You, She, He, had been sleeping for two hours when she came.
It, We, They

Negative I, you, she, he, had not (hadn't) been sleeping for two hours when she
It, we, they came.

Question I, you, she, he, been sleeping for two hours when she
Had
It, we, they came?.

Short answer Yes, I, you, she, he, had

No, It, we, they hadn't
 Perfect tenses
SINCE
eight o'clock
Tuesday
May
She has been here 1989
since
I have been here January 3, 1988
the beginning of the semester.
yesterday
last month

Time?

Jim has already eaten lunch.

Ann hasn't eaten lunch yet.
Have you ever eaten at that restaurant?
I've never eaten there.

urred before another time in the The present perfect expresses activities or
mpleted before a particular time situations that ocurred (or did not occcur)
"before now" at some unspecified time in
the past.

Statement

Negative
en she came.

Question
en she came?

Short answer
 The present perfect

I have been studying English since M

tivity that was happening before The present perfect progressive is

an activity that was in progress, that is in progress..

Statement
two hours when she came.

ping for two hours when she Negative

ping for two hours when she Question

Short answer
 FOR
ten minutes
two hours
five days
She has been here about three weeks
for
I have been here almost six months
ginning of the semester. many years
a long time

Present perfect

Pete has eaten at that restaurant many times. Erica has lived in this city since 1989.
I've been to that theater five or six times. I have known Ben for ten years.
I've had three tests so far this week. We've been in class since ten o'clock this
morning.

When the present perfect is used with

The present perfect expresses activities that were since or for, it expresses situations that
repeated several or many times in the past. The exact began in the past and continue to the
times are unspecified. present.

I, You, We, They have lived there for ten years.

She, He, It has lived there for ten years.

I, You, We, They have not (haven't) lived there for

She, He, It has not (hasn't) ten years

Have I, you, we, they

lived there for ten years?.
Has she, he, it

she, he, it has

Yes,
I, you, we, they have
she, he, it hasn't
No,
I, you, we, they haven't
 The present perfect progressive

been studying English since May.

esent perfect progressive is used to express the duration of an activity

in progress..

I, You, We, They have been sleeping for two hours.

She, He, It has been sleeping for two hours.

I, You, We, They have not (haven't)

been sleeping for two hours.
She, He, It has not (hasn't)

Have I, you, we, they

been sleeping for two hours?.
Has she, he, it

she, he, it has

Yes,
I, you, we, they have
she, he, it hasn't
No,
I, you, we, they haven't
bout three weeks
most six months

n this city since 1989.

en for ten years.
class since ten o'clock this

ent perfect is used with

expresses situations that
past and continue to the
Modals
The form of modal auxiliaries Expressing ability: Can and could.

I can speak English Bob can play the piano.

He couldn't come to class You can buy a screwdriver at a hardware store.
It may rain tomorrow
It might rain tomorrow I (can't, cannot, can not) understand that sentence
Mary should study harder
I had better study tonight Our son could talk when he was two years old.
Joe must see a doctor today
I will be in class tomorrow They (couldn't, could not) come to class yesterday.
Would you please close the door?
Can expresses ability in the present or future.
I have to study tonight. The past form of can is could.
I have got to study tonight.
Kate ought to study harder.

Expressing possibility: May and might.

It may rain tomorrow

It might rain tomorrow.
John (may, might) be sick today.

It may not rain tomorrow.

It might not rain tomorrow.

Maybe it will rain tomorrow.

Maybe John is sick.
John may be sick.

May and might expresses possibility in the present or future.

Maybe means perhaps.

Using could to express possibility.

Greg is not in class. He could be sick.

It could start raining any minute.

Could can mean past ability, but also present or future possibility.

Asking for assistance

Possible answers.
Would you please open the door? Yes.
Could you please open the door? Yes. Of course.
Will you please open the door? Yes. Certainly.
Can you please open the door? Of course.
Certainly.
These polite questions ask for I'd be happy to.
someone's help or cooperation. I'd be glad to.
Of course. I'd be happy/glad to.
May is not used with you Certainly. I'd be happy/glad to.
in a polite question. Sure (informal)
Okay (informal)
My pleasure. (Informal)
uh-huh (Means " yes ")
I'm sorry, but…
I'd like to, but…

Expressing necessity: have to, have got to, must

I (have to, have got to, must) study tonight fot the test.
I have to go downtown today.
Rita has to go to the bank.
I've got to study tonight.

I had to study last night.

Making logical conclusions: Must

Nancy is yawning. She must be sleepy.

Amy plays tennis everyday. She must like to play tennis.

If you want to get into the movie theater, you must buy a ticket. (Necessity)

Eric ate everything on his plate except the onion. He must not like onion.
There are sharks in the ocean. We must not go swimming there.

Giving instructions: Imperative sentences.

Open the door.

Open the door, please.
Walk two blocks down this street. Turn left and walk three more blocks.

Imperative sentences are used to give commands,

make polite requests, and give directions.

Making suggestions: Let's and why don't

Let's go to the beach.

Why don't we go to the beach?

Stating preferences: prefer,like…better, would rather.

I prefer apples to oranges.

I prefer watching TV to studying.

I like apples better than oranges.

I like watching TV better than studying.

Ann would rather have an apple than (have) an orange.

I'd rather visit a big city than live there.

I'd/You'd/She'd/He'd/We'd/They'd rather have an apple.

Would you rather have an apple or an orange?

y: Can and could.

piano.
rewdriver at a hardware store.

can not) understand that sentence.

lk when he was two years old.

could not) come to class yesterday.

bility in the present or future.

can is could.

Expressing permission: May and Can.

You children may have a cookie after dinner.

You children can have a cookie after dinner.

You may not have a cookie.

You (can't, cannot, can not) have a cookie.

May and can are used to give permission.

Asking for permission: May I, could I, Can I

Possible answers.
May I please borrow your pen? Yes.
Could I please borrow your pen? Yes. Of course.
Can I please borrow your pen? Yes. Certainly.
Of course.
Polite questions to ask for permission. Certainly.
Sure (informal)
Okay (informal)
uh-huh (Means " yes ")

Expressing advice: should, ought to, had better

My clothes are dirty. I (should, ought to, had better) wash them.

You need your sleep. You shouldn't stay up late.

I'd
You'd
He'd
She'd better study tonight.
We'd
They'd

Expressing lack of necessity: Do not have to

Expressing prohibition: Must not

I don't have to study tonight, I already finished my homework.

Mary doesn't have to go to class, tomorrow is a holiday.

Children, you must not play with matches.

We must not use that door.

You mustn't play with matches.

Negative logical conclusion.

Prohibition.

Close the window.

Please sit down.
Be quiet!
Don't walk on the grass.
Please don't wait for me.
Don't be late.
YES/NO QUESTIONS

A yes/no question can be answered by "yes" or "no" (or their equivalents, yeah, nah, uh huh or huh uh).

Do you know Jim Smith? Yes, I do No, I don't

Did it rain last night? Yes, it did No, it didn't
Are you studying English? Yes, I am No, I'm not
Was Ann in class? Yes, she was No, she wasn't
Will Rob be here soon? Yes, he will No, he won't
Can you swim? Yes, I can No, I can't

INFORMATION QUESTIONS

Where Does Ann live in Montreal? When

Where does Ann live? Why
Who
Where Is Sara studying at the library? Whom
Where is Sara studying? What
Which
When Will you graduate next year? Whose
When will you graduate? How

Who(m) Did they see Jack?

Who(m) did they see? Do you have to go there?
Where do you have to go?
Where Is Heidy at home? Does she have to go there?
Where is Heidy? Where does she have to go?

Who came to dinner? What time…

What happened yesterday? Asks about time on a clock.

USING WHO, WHO(M), AND WHAT

Who came? Someone came.

Who(m) did you see? I saw someone.
What happened? Something happened.
What did you see? I saw something.

USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO

What does Bob do every morning? He goes to class

What did you do yesterday? I went downtown.
What is your roommate doing? She's studying.
What are you going to do tomorrow? I'm going to go to the beach.
What do you want to do tonight? I want to go to a movie.
What would you like to do tomorrow? I would like to visit Jim.
What will you do tomorrow? I'll go downtown.
What should I do about my headache? You should take an aspirin.

USING WHAT KIND OF

What kind of shoes did you buy? Boots

Sandals
Running shoes

What kind of fruit do you like best? Apples

Bananas
Oranges
Grapes

USING WHICH

Which pen do you want? Which earrings are you going to buy?
Which one do you want? Which ones are you going to buy?
Which do you want? Which are you going to buy?

Which is used when the speaker wants someone to make a choice,

when the speaker is ofering alternatives: this one or that one; these or those.

USING WHOSE

Whose (book) is this? It's John's (book).

Whose (books) are those? They're (mine or my books).
Whose car did you borrow? I borrowed Karen's (car).

Who's that? Mary Smith

Whose is that? Mary's Possession

USING HOW

How did you get here? I drove./By car.

I walked./On foot.

How old are you? Twenty-one.

How tall is he? About six feet.
How big is your apartment? It has three rooms.
How sleepy are you? Very sleepy.
How hungry are you? I'm starving.
How soon will you be ready? In five minutes.
How well does he speak English? Very well
How quickly can you get here? I can get there in 30 minutes.

How is used to ask about means (ways) of transportation.

How is often used with adjectives (old, big, etc) and adverbs (well, quickly, etc)

USING HOW OFTEN (Frequency)

How often do you go shopping? Everyday

Once a week
About twice a week
Every other day or so.
Three times a month.

How many times a day do you eat? Three or four.

How many times a week do you go shopping? Two.
How many times a month do you go to the bank? Once.
How many times a year do you take a vacation? Once or twice

Frequency expressions

a lot every day

occasionally every other week
once in a while once a month
not very often twice a year
hardly ever three times a
almost never ten times a
never

USING HOW FAR (Distance)

It is 289 miles from St. Louis to Chicago.

It is 289 miles to Chicago from St.Louis.

How far is it from St Louis to Chicago? 289 miles.

How far do you live from school? Four blocks.

How many miles is it from St.Louis to Chicago?

How many kilometers is it to Montreal from here?
How many blocks is it to the post office?

EXPRESSING LENGHT OF TIME: IT+TAKE

It takes Janet six hours to drive to Chicago from here.

It took Janet a long time to finish her composition.
Questions
USING HOW LONG: Length of time.

How long does it take to drive to Chicago from here? Two days.
How long did you study last night? Four hours.
How long will you be in Florida? Ten days.

How many (minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years)

will you be in Florida? Ten.

TAG QUESTIONS
Affirmative Negative
You know Bob Wilson, don't you?. Yes, I do
Mary is from Chicago, isn't she? Yes, she is
Jerry can play the piano, can't he? Yes, He can

Negative Affirmative
You don't know Jack Smith, do you? No, I don't
Mary isn't from New York, is she? No, she isn't
Jerry can't speak Arabic, can he? No, he can't

A tag question is a question that is added onto the end of a sentence.

An auxiliary verb is used in a tag question.
, nah, uh huh or huh uh).
How do you spell "coming"? C-O-M-I-N-G
How do you say "yes" in Japanese? Hai
How do you say/pronounce this word?

How are you getting along? Great, Fine, Okay, So-so.

How are you doing?
How's it going?

How do you feel? Terrific!, Wonderful!, Great!, Fine, Okay, So-so,

How are you feeling? A bit under the weather, Not so good, Terrible!, Lousy, Awful!.
 How do you do? How do you do? Formal greeting

bout twice a week

ery other day or so.
hree times a month.

hree or four.

nce or twice

USING HOW ABOUT AND WHAT ABOUT: Suggestions or offers.

How about (what about) Jack? Let's ask him if he wants to play.
How about (what about) three O'clock?.

How about going to the zoo?

What about asking Sally over for dinner next Sunday?

I'm tired. How about you?

Are you hungry. No. What about you?
ne, Okay, So-so,
o good, Terrible!, Lousy, Awful!.
rmal greeting
Connectors
CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

I saw a cat and a mouse. (Nouns)

I saw a cat, a mouse, and a rat.

I opened the door and walked into the room.

I opened the door, walked into the room, and sat down at my desk.

Their flag is green and black.

Their flag is green, black and yellow. (Adjectives)

I opened the door, and she opened the window.

CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR

I went to bed but couldn't sleep.

Is a lemon sweet or sour?
Did you order cofee, tea, or milk?

I dropped the vase, but it didn't break.

Do we have class on Monday, or is Monday a holiday? Two complete sentences

CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

The room was dark, so I turned on a light. So expresses results.

I didn't study, so I failed the exam.

USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

I don't like cofee, but my husband does. A verb is not contracted with a pronoun at the e
I like tea, but my husband doesn't.
I won't be here tomorrow, but Sue will. but she is.
I've seen that movie, but Joe hasn't.
He isn't here, but she is.

I don't like cofee, and Ed doesn't either.

I like tea, and Kate does too.
I won't be here, and he won't either.
I've seen that movie, and Pat has too.
He isn't here, and Anna isn't either.

USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

Sue likes milk, and Tom does too.

Sue likes milk, and so does Tom.

Mary doesn't like milk, and John doesn't either.

Mary doesn't like milk, and neither does John.

I'm hungry. I am too.

So am I.
Me too (informal)
I don't like hot dogs. I don't either.
Neither do I.
Me neither (informal)

CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

He drank water because he was thirsty. Because expresses an expected re

Because he was thirsty, he drank water.

CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH/ALTHOUGH

Even though I was hungry, I did not eat. Even though/although expresses a
I did not eat even though I was hungry. or opposite result.

Although I was hungry, I did not eat.

I did not eat although I was hungry.

Because I was hungry, I ate.

Even though I was hungry, I did not eat.
 (Verbs)

wo complete sentences

ntracted with a pronoun at the end of a sentence after but and and.
ecause expresses an expected result.

en though/although expresses an unexpected

opposite result.
American vs British English
American British

Theater, center, liter Theatre, centre, litre

Color, honor, labor, odor Colour, honour, labour, odour
Jewelry, traveler, woolen Jewellry, traveller, woollen
Skillful, fulfill Skilful, fulfil
Check Cheque (bank note)
Curb Kerb
Forever For ever/ forever
Jail Gaol
Program Programme
Specialty Speciality
Story Storey (of a building)
Tire Tyre (of a car)
Realice, analyze, apologize Realise, analyse, apologise
Defense, ofense, license Defence, ofence, license (n.)
Burned Burnt (or burned)
Dreamed Dreamt (or dreamed)
Smelled Smelt (or smelled)
Spelled Spelt (or spelled)
Spoiled Spoilt (or spoiled)
attorney, lawyer barrister, solicitor
bathrobe dressing gown
can (of beans) tin (of beans)
cookie biscuit
corn maize
diaper nappy
driver's license driving license
drug store chemist's
elevator lift
eraser rubber
flashlight torch
gas, gasoline petrol
hood of a car bonnet of a car
living room sitting room, drawing room
raise in salary rise in salary
rest room public toilet, WC (water closet)
schedule timetable
sidewalk pavement, foothpath
sink basin
soccer football
stove cooker
truck lorry, van
trunk of a car boot of a car
be on vacation be on holiday
airplane aeroplane
subway underground, tube
Phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs are also called two-word verbs and three-word ve

Verb + preposition (off, on) / adverb (away, back)

Separable

We put off our trip.

We put our trip off.

Ask out Ask someone to go on a date

Call back Return a telephone call.
Call of Cancel
Call up Make a telephone call.
Cross out Draw a line through
Do over Do again.
Figure out Find the solution to a problem
Fill in Complete a sentence by writing in a blank.
Fill out Write information in a form (e.g., an application form).
Fill up Fill completely with gas, water, cofee, etc.
Find out Discover information.
Give back Return something to someone.
Give up Quit doing something or quit trying.
Hand in Give homework, test papers, etc., to a teacher
Hand out Give something to this person, then that person, then another pe
Hang up Hang on a hanger of a hook/End a telephone call.
Leave out Omit
Look up Look for information in a reference book.
Make up Invent a story
Pay back Return money to someone.
Pick up Lift
Put away Put something in its usual or proper place.
Put back Return something to its original place.
Put down Stop holding or carrying
Put of Postpone
Put on Put clothes on one's body
Put out Extinguish (stop) a fire, a cigarrete, a cigar.
Shut of Stop a machine or light, turn of.
Start over Start again.
Take of Remove clothes from one's body
Tear down Destroy a building.
Tear of Detach, tear along a dotted or perforated line.
Tear out (of) Remove a piece of paper from a book or notebook.
Tear up Tear into small pieces.
Throw away/throw out Put in the trash, discard
Try on Put on clothing to see if it fits.
Turn down Decrease the volume.
Turn of Stop a machine or a light, shut of.
Turn on Start a machine or a light
Turn up Increase the volume.
Wake up Stop sleeping
Write down Write a note on a piece of paper

Nonseparable

Call on Ask to speak in class.

Drop in (on) Visit without calling first or without an invitation.
Drop out (of) Stop attending (school)
Fool around (with) Have fun while wasting time.
Get along (with) Have a good relationship with.
Get back (from) Return from (a trip).
Get in Enter a car, a taxi.
Get of Leave a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle.
Get on Enter a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle.
Get out (of) Leave a car, a taxi.
Get over Recover from an illness
Get through (with) Finish.
Grow up (in) Become an adult.
Keep on Continue.
Look out (for) Be careful.
Run into Meet by chance.
Run out (of) Finish the supply of (something).
Watch out (for) Be careful.
wo-word verbs and three-word verbs.

g in a blank.
g., an application form).
cofee, etc.

tc., to a teacher
then that person, then another person, etc
nd a telephone call.

roper place.

ete, a cigar.

perforated line.
a book or notebook.
hout an invitation.

n, a subway, a bicycle.
n, a subway, a bicycle.
Passive sentences
The package was mailed by Bob.
Our homework is corrected by the teacher.
This class will be taught by Mr. Lee.
This sweater was made by my aunt. By - phrase
This sweater was made in Korea. By someone
Spanish is spoken in Colombia. By people
There is no by-phrase
That house was built in 1940. By someone
Rice is grown in many countries. By people

Simple I am surprised by the news. Passive modal au

present Sam is surprised by the news.
We are surprised by the news. It will be mailed by Bob
It can be mailed by Bob
Simple past I was surprised by the news. It should be mailed by bob
We were surprised by the news. It ought to be mailed by B
It must be mailed by Bob
Future The letter will be mailed by Bob. It has to be mailed by Bob
The letter is going to be mailed by Bob. It may be mailed by Bob
It might be mailed by Bob
Present The letter has been mailed by Bob.
perfect The letters have been mailed by Bob. Using past participles

The letter had been mailed by Bob. Paul is married.

Past perfect
The letters had been mailed by Bob. Paul is tired.
Paul is frightened.
Present Some letters are being copied by the secretary.
progressive A new hospital is being built. Participial adjectives:

Past Some letters were being copied by the secretary. I am interested in Indian a
progressive A new hospital was being built. Kate was surprised.
The news were surprising.

Common expressions with be + past participle

be acquainted (with) be interested (in)

be bored (with, by) be involved (in)
be broken be located in, south of, etc.
be closed be lost
be composed of be made of
be crowded (with) be married (to)
be devoted (to) be opposed (to)
be dissapointed (in, with) be pleased (with)
be divorced (from) be prepared (for)
be done (with) be qualified (for)
be drunk (on) be related (to)
be engaged (to) be satisfied (with)
be excited (about) be scared (of, by)
be exhausted (from) be shut
be finished (with) be spoiled
be frightened (of, by) be terrified (of, by)
be gone (from) be tired (of, from) I'm tired of the cold weather/I'm tired fro
be hurt be worried (about)

Get + Past participle

I am getting hungry. Let's eat. I'm getting tired. Let's stop working.
Eric got nervous before the job interview. Steve and Rita got married last month.

get acquainted get hurt

get arrested get interested
get bored get invited
get confused get involved
get crowded get killed
get divorced get lost
get done get married
get dressed get scared
get drunk get sunburned
get engaged get tired
get excited get worried
get finished
get frightened

Be used/accustomed to
Get used/accustomed to

I am used to hot weather. I am getting used to (accustomed to) the cold weather
I am accustomed to hot weather.

I am used to living in hot climate.

I am accustomed to living in hot climate.

Be supposed to

Mike is supposed to call me tomorrow.

We are supposed to write a composition.
It is supposed to rain today.
Alice was supposed to be home at ten.
 Passive modal auxiliaries

will be mailed by Bob

can be mailed by Bob
should be mailed by bob
ought to be mailed by Bob
must be mailed by Bob
has to be mailed by Bob
may be mailed by Bob
might be mailed by Bob

sing past participles as adjectives (stative passive)

ul is married. Paul is married to Susan.

Paul was excited about the game.
ul is frightened. Paul will be prepared for the exam.

articipial adjectives: -ED vs ING

m interested in Indian art. Indian art is interesting.

te was surprised.
he news were surprising.
 old weather/I'm tired from working hard the whole day.

med to) the cold weather here.