Topic # 4: Amplitude Modulation

T1. B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 3rd
Edition, Oxford University Press, 1998: OR 4th Edition 2010
Chapter 4

T2. Simon Haykin & Michael Moher: Communication Systems; John

Wiely, 4th Edition OR 5th Edition, 2010, 5/e.
Chapter 3

Aug 21- Sept 06, 2019

 Modulation

• Types of communication

– Baseband communication

– Carrier communication

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 Analog Modulation

• Amplitude modulation
• Frequency Modulation
• Phase Modulation

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 Modulation

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 Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulated (AM) Signal or

Double side band full carrier (DSBFC) signal or
DSB signal

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 Amplitude Modulation
EAM (t) = Vc cos ωct + Vm/2 cos (ωc+ωm)t + Vm/2 cos (ωc-ωm)t

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 Modulation Index

The ratio of change in carrier amplitude to the original carrier

amplitude is called as Modulation index or depth of modulation or μ.

Vm
μ 
Vc

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 Total Power in AM carrier signal

EAM (t) = Vc cos ωct + μVc/2 cos (ωc+ωm)t + μVc/2 cos (ωc-ωm)t

 2 
PT  Pc1  
 2 

Unmodulated carrier power: Pc

Power with side band: Pc (μ)2/2

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 Spectrum and Bandwidth of AM/ DSB signal

Vc
Amplitude

Vm=μVc/2 Vm=μ.Vc/2

ωc–ωm ωc ωc+ωm Frequency

Bandwidth of the AM signal is 2fm which is twice of BW of baseband signal

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 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)

Major limitations of DSB signal:

For M=1 the efficiency of transmission is 33% (very less).

To overcome this AMSC signal and AMSC systems came to picture.

EAMSC (t) = Vm/2 cos (ωc+ωm)t + Vm/2 cos (ωc-ωm)t

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 AMSC / Double Sideband SC (DSB-SC)

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 Non-Linear Modulators - DSB-SC

Single Balanced Modulator.

After the BPF, the signal is (Range of BPF= ωc-ωm to ωc+ ωm)

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 Switching Modulator - DSB-SC

Apply a BPF at ± wc to
extract the DSB-SC signal

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 Diode Bridge Modulator - DSB-SC

Diode Bridge as an Electronic Switch.

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 Series-bridge and Shunt-bridge diode
modulators

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 Ring Modulator - DSB-SC

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 Ring Modulator - DSB-SC

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 A Simple Demodulation of DSB-SC
Synchronous or Coherent/ homodyne Detection

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 Amplitude Modulation (With Carrier)

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 Generation of AM Signals

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 Generation of AM Signals

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 Demodulation of AM Signals (non coherent)

• Square low Demodulator

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 Amplitude Demodulation (With Carrier)

Rectifier detector

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 Amplitude Demodulation (With Carrier)

Envelope of the modulated signal has m(t).

Envelope detection can be used to demodulate and get back m (t).

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 Demodulation of AM Signals

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 Demodulation of AM Signals

Envelope Detector

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 Envelope Detector

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 Phase locked Loop (PLL) - Carrier Synchronization

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 Carrier Acquisition & Demodulation
by Costas Loop

Output is m(t) cos( Ɵe).

When the loop stabilizes, Ɵe is zero and the output is the demodulated signal ( m(t)).

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 BW Efficient Modulations – SSB-SC

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 BW Efficient Modulations – SSB-SC

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 BW Efficient Modulations – SSB-SC

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 BW Efficient Modulations – SSB-SC

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 SSB-SC Signal

If mh(t) is the Hilbert transform of message signal m(t)

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 Generation of SSB-SC
1. Selective filtering to filter out the LSB or USB: But requires sharp cutoff filters. Also
, possible if lower frequency components in the baseband are insignificant.

Speech PSD

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 Generation of SSB-SC
2. Phase shift method: Since Hilbert transform is phase shifting every frequency
component by –p /2, it can be realized by a phase shifter over a narrowband of
frequencies.

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 Demodulation of SSB
1. Coherent Demodulation. 2. Envelope Detection for SSB with carrier.(SSB+C)

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 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Sending 2 message signals simultaneously with same carrier frequency and

within same bandwidth

φQAM (t) = m1(t) cos wct + m2(t) sin wct

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 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

At the Receiver:

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 Vestigial Sideband (VSB)

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 Vestigial Sideband (VSB)

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 Vestigial Sideband (VSB)

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 Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Generation and
Demodulation
Tx Rx

DSBSC

VSB shaping filter Equalizer Filter

DSBSC signal

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 Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Generation and
Demodulation
Rx

Equalizer Filter

e(f)
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 Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Generation and
Demodulation
Rx

Equalizer Filter

M(f) = [ {M(f + 2fc) + M(f)} Hi(f + fc) + {M(f) + M(f – 2fc)}Hi(f - fc) ] Ho(f)

e(f)

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 Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Generation and
Demodulation
Rx

Equalizer Filter

M(f) = [ M(f) Hi(f + fc) + M(f) Hi(f - fc) ] Ho(f)

Finally:

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 FDM Transmitter

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 FDM Receiver

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 Simple FDM Example

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 Modulation Plan for FDM system
In the North American
system, there are:

• 12 channels per group

• 5 groups per supergroup
• 10 super groups per
mastergroup
• 6 master groups per
jumbogroup

In the European CCITT

system, there are:

• 12 channels per group

• 5 groups per supergroup
• 5 super groups per
mastergroup
• 3 master groups per
supermastergroup
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 Modulation Plan for FDM system

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 Super Heterodyne AM Receiver

IF for AM radio= 455 kHz

IF for FM radio=10.7 MHz

IF for AM radio=38 MHz

IF for TV reception = 38 MHz

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 Noise in Amplitude Modulation

T2. Simon Haykin & Michael Moher: Communication Systems; John

Wiely, 4th Edition OR 5th Edition, 2010, 5/e.
Chapter 6

R2. Chapter 7

Sept 6, 2019

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 Baseband Systems
Baseband System Model

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 Band-pass Noise Representation

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 Band-pass Noise Representation
Band-pass Random Process

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 AM - DSB-SC Systems

=1
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 AM - SSB-SC Systems

=1

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 AM (With Carrier) Systems

AM- Signal Envelope Detection:

Synchronous Demodulation
The demodulator output SNR is given by

In AM, A ≥ mp where, mp = m(t)max .

Hence, for maximum SNR, A = mp and

Since

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