f0471 Writing Assessment Tn3 v1

B2.1.
|WRITING ASSESSMENT 1
An epic match!
Communicative goals:
 Write a concise summary of the main ideas of a longer structured text.
 Write a report, if provided with a model.
 Summarize in writing different points of view.
1. Think about…
 Are you interested in sports events like

world cups, tournaments, championships
or the like?
 Have you ever witnessed an epic sport
event?
 What was the last unforgettable sports
competition that you watched?
 Why do you consider it unforgettable?
To witness: To see something happen.
Unforgettable: Something or someone that

you will always remember.
2. Words matter!
To do well in this lesson you need to become familiar with a number of words.
Complete the following exercise to learn more vocabulary.
2.1. Underline the expression that best matches the idea of the boldfaced word or
phrase. Have a dictionary at hand.
1. You definitely have to watch the clash between Federer and Nadal next weekend in
the Wimbledon Final.
- Confrontation - Meeting
2. They are always bringing up the debate of who is the best tennis player.
- Provoke - Elevate.
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3. Michael Jordan has become a legend in basketball.
- Unknown, ignored -Very famous, admired
4. Almost every point in that match was mythic.
- Remarkable, historical. - Boring, easy to forget
5. No one has beaten Federer in a long time.*
- To lose -To defeat
2.2. Match the word on the left with the meaning on the right. Write in the parenthesis
the corresponding letter.
EXPRESSION MEANING
1 Take your hat off ( ) A Used to indicate that a particular fact does
not make the rest of the sentence untrue
2 Even though ( ) B To provide or supply
3 Due to ( ) C To praise a remarkable action
4 To fuel ( ) D One after the other
5 Head-to-head record ( ) E The moment when a situation starts to
change in an important way
6 In a row ( ) F Because of
7 Turning point ( ) G The history of confrontation
3. Read a bit!
Read the following summary about a newspaper article commemorating an important

sports competition.
‘Federer Vs. Nadal 2008: Wimbledon’s greatest final a decade on’

by Andy Bull.
In the article “Federer Vs. Nadal 2008:

Wimbledon’s greatest final a decade
on”, published on The Guardian, the
author, Andy Bull, brings up the
magnitude of the epic clash that took
place ten years ago between two of the
greatest tennis players in the history of
sports.
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To begin with, the author accepts that it is quite difficult to pick the best tennis match when
you have about 100 years of tennis competition to consider. Even though, he claims that
the election is very simple if you think of the Federer V Nadal 2008 Wimbledon confrontation
due to the special characteristics of the match.
Firstly, the author quotes former legends such as Jhon McEnroe and Bjorg Borg who took
their hats off before the talent and skill displayed by the two players during the match
which made them consider that they were witnessing the best tennis.
Secondly, the article indicates that the match was very special for both players because there
was lots of history between the two players and because a lot of emotions were fueling their
bodies before, during, and after the match. On one hand, it was the third final in a row that
they were playing against each other on* the tournament. Federer had won the previous two
in 2006 and 2007, but, on the other hand, Nadal had the better head-to-head against
Federer and had beaten him in their last encounters that year. For this reason, the author
argues that the two players felt they had something to prove to themselves and each other.
Thirdly, the author illustrates in detail the development of the match, exemplifying the high
level strategies used by Nadal, noting Federer’s brilliance and magic, and describing the
turning points that led to the conclusion of the event.
To conclude, the article suggests that the mythic quality of the match was also granted by
the effect it had on the public and their reaction when Nadal won.
Bull, A. (2018). Federer v Nadal 2008: Wimblendon’s greatest final a decade on. The Guardian. Retieved August 06, 2018,
from: https://www.theguardin.com/sport/2018/jul/01/roger-ferderer-rafael-nadal-wimbelndons-greatest-final-a-decade-on
4. Tips for composition:
In this session, you will find grammar elements and composition strategies that will
help you improve your writing skills. Read the explanation, this is important for the
next step!
A SUMMARY IN FOUR STEPS
1
At the beginning of your summary, you should clearly state the type of work you are going to summarize, its
title, its author and its main point. This statement should be written in Simple Present Tense.
Example: In the article “Federer v Nadal 2008: Wimbledon’s greatest final a decade on”, published on The
Guardian, the author, Andy Bull, brings up the magnitude of the epic clash that took place ten years ago
between two of the greatest tennis players in the sport history.
Check your outline and the original to make sure you have covered the important points.
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Take a look at the following article.
Was Russia 2018 the Greatest of All World Cups?
By Rory Smith
 July 13, 2018
MOSCOW — Sometime around France’s virtuoso victory against Argentina and

Belgium’s breathtaking comeback against Japan, the planet seemed to come to a
decision. Russia 2018, it was universally decided, had not just been a good World Cup,
and not just a great World Cup. It had, in fact, been the best World Cup.
That assessment may not last, of course: once we have all had a chance to reflect, it may
not quite live up to the standards of the 1982 tournament, most people’s market leader
whenever this conversation arises.
Regardless of its exact place in the hierarchy, the effusive discussion itself will be of
considerable relief to FIFA, which hitched its fortunes to President Vladimir V. Putin of
Russia, for better or for worse. When international soccer is being outflanked in so many
ways by the club game, when it can appear to be such an afterthought, when the next
edition, in 2022 will be held in December and the next, in 2026, will expand to 48 teams
from 32, these five weeks needed to be a success.
Have they gone well enough to carry FIFA and the World Cup through the next eight years
of upheaval without suffering considerable damage? Certainly, this has not only been an
enjoyable tournament, but a significant one; one whose broader consequences may
echo for a few years. In more than one way, Russia 2018 really was a game-changer.
Smith, R. (July, 2018). Was Russia 2018 the Greatest of All World Cups? The New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2018,
from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/13/sports/world-cup/greatest-russia-history.html
4.1. After reading the article, complete the following information.
TITLE
AUTHOR
SOURCE
MAIN POINT
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2
After you have introduced the summary, you will need to mention the main point and the key
supporting details of the text you are summarizing.
To identify them, try to read the text several times, highlight important information and take notes.
(KEY SUPPORTING (KEY SUPPORTING

POINT) (MAIN POINT) POINT)
EX: “The special Ex: The author brings up EX: “There was lots
characteristics of the magnitude of the epic of history between
the match.” clash that took place ten the two players.”
years ago between two of
the greatest tennis players
in the sport history.
(KEY SUPPORTING POINT) (KEY SUPPORTING

POINT)
(
Ex: “It was the third final
in a row EX: “The high level
( that they were
playing against each other strategies used by
on the tournament” Nadal.”
(
4.2. Using the article you chose for the previous exercise, fill the missing information
in the next graphic.(
(KEY SUPPORTING (KEY SUPPORTING

(MAIN POINT) POINT)
POINT)
(
(KEY SUPPORTING
POINT)
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3
Summaries are based on rewording. After you have read and targeted the main and supporting ideas, it
is time to present them anew. Therefore, you will paraphrase the author’s ideas.
You might use expressions such as:
The article claims”….”
The author suggests”…”
The article/author argues “….”
Do not add anything that does not appear in the original text and avoid including your own opinions or
interpretations. You will need to be neutral and choose your words carefully.
EX:
ORIGINAL MAIN POINT REWORDED MAIN POINT

Just ask McEnroe, who commentated on it – “The The author quotes former legends such as Jhon McEnroe and
greatest match I’ve ever seen” – or Borg, who Bjong Borg who took their hats off before the talent and skill
watched it from the royal box: “That’s the best displayed by the two players during the match which made
tennis match I’ve ever seen in my life. I was just them consider that they were witnessing the best tennis.
happy to be there, to be part of that final. You
cannot see a better tennis match.”
4.3. Paraphrase the main point and one supporting point of the article you chose.
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4
Finally, your reader may want to explore more about the work you summarized, so including a complete
bibliographic citation is a must. A complete citation includes as a minimum, the title of the work, the
author and the source. Use APA format.
Taken from: https://libguides.library.cofc.edu/citationstyles/apa
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B2.1 WRITING ASSESSMENT 2
Read me a book!
 Edit notes or bullet points to make them more concise.
 Write an introduction to a simple essay.
 Write a strong topic sentence within a clear paragraph.
1. Think about…
 What is the most compelling story, text or

book that you have ever read? Why? Which
are the elements you liked the most?
 Do you consider there is any downside in
reading an e-book? Do you consider there
is any downside in reading a physical
book?
 Which aspects of a book make you dive in
on the text?
Compelling: Interesting
Downside: Disadvantage
Dive in: To start doing

something suddenly and energetically.
2. Words matter!
1. Some authors prefer a simple list of items with bullet points, rather than long
descriptions.
- Categories - Dot before listing items
2. I had read Harry Potter’s books before they were adapted into films and the plot has
always been interesting.
- Story - Author
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3. Stan has always had the ability to recall book details; even the most boring ones.
- To remember - To describe
4. Aleksandra has a fantastic memory; she is able to retain facts really easily.
- To ignore - To memorize
EXPRESSION MEANING
1 The layout ( ) A To look for specific information.
2 Scanning ( ) B Technique used to retain information for
the long-term.
3 Intensive Reading. ( ) C Marker placed in a book
4 Extensive Reading( ) D To read in a voice that can be clearly heard.
5 Bookmark ( ) E The way the info in the text is arranged.
6 Read-out-loud ( ) F This technique focuses on reading for
pleasure.
3. Read a bit!
Read the following text that includes some tips on how to improve your reading skills.
TIPS AND TRICKS TO IMPROVE YOUR READING SKILLS
It doesn’t matter what the purpose of your

reading is, this ability requires certain practice
and skills to be developed. Like any other
ability, reading demands mastery so you can
take advantage of it, using different
techniques in everyday scenario. Whether
you’re a student who wants to improve your
abilities, or a reader who wants to improve for
your own benefit, here are some tips you can
follow to enhance your reading.
First of all, it is necessary to understand the type of text you are going to read; is it a
newspaper? A text book? An article? You need to identify it so you get an overall idea of
what the text is going to be about. Maybe you want to try scanning first. Scanning involves
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taking a few minutes to look at the text as a whole. This is an easy way to increase your
understanding as you only get a piece of information. Also, you can try skimming, which
involves reading more in less time. Skimming may help in order to know what the text is
about at its most basic level. Differently to scanning, skimming requires a previous idea of
the material before looking for certain details that back it up.
Another technique that is used, especially in an academic environment, is intensive reading.

It is the most time-consuming of all the reading techniques as it requires analysis of the text
elements as well as an examination of the words in context. If you try this method, keep a
dictionary at hand and try to take notes of the unknown vocabulary. Also, try to guess the
meaning of the words based on the other words around the context. However, if you are
reading for pleasure, maybe you want to try extensive reading. As you choose your own
material and your pace, you can try taking notes on your reading or summarizing the main
ideas as strategies for going in detail with the text you have chosen.
To sum up, even if you are reading for pleasure or for learning, you need to find the best
way to approach the text you want. According to your goal, you can set some strategies as
the ones mentioned above so the reading process is more fruitful.
next step!
BULLET POINTS
Bullet points are an excellent way to bring clarity to the text you are reading. They
communicate information easily and display the content in a concise way. Some of the
advantages of using bullet points are:
 Make list clearer.
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 Help visual learners to scan information.
 Summarize main points.
 Break down complex information.
 Highlight key elements of a text.
EX:
TIPS AND TRICKS TO IMPROVE YOUR READING SKILLS
 Identify the type of text you are reading.

 Scan information to look at the text in a whole.
 Keep a dictionary at hand.
 Try to take notes of the unknown vocabulary.
 Take notes on your reading.
 Summarize the main ideas.
PS. Remember to use the same structure.

 Keep a dictionary at hand. √
 Take notes on your reading. √
 Summarizing the main ideas. X
4.1. Read the following summary about the relationship between reading and mental
health. After that, sum up the main ideas by using bullet points.
BIBLIOTHERAPY: READING YOUR WAY TO MENTAL HEALTH
A new therapy in order to improve mental health is suggested by therapists after two
different researches in medicine; this is bibliotheraphy. The effectiveness of it has been
demonstrated in patients with depression or other mood disorders, the author describes.
First, it is stated that self-help books have been subject to diverse clinical trials and in some
of the cases “best-seller books” are a rip-off or they don’t determine the effectiveness of the
treatment. Based on that, professionals in the UK and the US are willing to recommend books
that have been shown to be successful.
After comparing patients’ depressive symptoms before and after treatment, they have shown
changes in their mood, reducing depressive symptoms in non-emergency cases. The article
affirms that bibliotherapy reduces symptoms and in some of the cases, no additional
treatment is needed. However, it is said that this kind of therapy works best on mild to
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moderate symptoms, like depression or mild alcohol abuse, but it is less in some cases like
addictions or severe alcohol abuse.
At the end, the author stated that research suggest that, for bibliotherapy to be effective, it
is necessary to complement it with conventional therapy.
HellikerK. (July 31, 2007). Bibliotherapy: Reading Your Way to Mental Health. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September
13, 2018, from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118583572352482728
BIBLIOTHERAPY: READING YOUR WAY TO MENTAL HEALTH
 _
 _
 _
 _
 _
 _
TOPIC SENTENCE
Topic sentence is the one that expresses the main idea of the paragraph. Topic sentences
are usually stated at the beginning of paragraphs but it is not a rule. As a writer you can
state the topic sentence after a transitional sentence or at the end of the paragraph.
Ex:
It doesn’t matter what the purpose of your reading is, this ability requires certain practice
and skills to be developed. Like any other ability, reading demands mastery so you can
take advantage of it, using different techniques in everyday scenario. Whether you’re a
student who wants to improve your abilities, or a reader who wants to improve for your own
benefit, here are some tips you can follow to enhance your reading.
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PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE
THE TOPIC SENTENCE
•States what the paragraph is going to be about.
THE BODY
•Facts or statements that support your main point/

further explanation of the topic.
THE CONCLUDING
•Summarizes the main points in the body and may

include a comment related to the topic.
EX:
It doesn’t matter what the purpose of your reading
TOPIC SENTENCE
is, this ability requires certain practice and skills to
be developed. Like any other ability, reading
demands mastery so you can take advantage of it, THE BODY
using different techniques in everyday scenario.

Whether you’re a student who wants to improve
your abilities, or a reader who wants to improve for
your own benefit, here are some tips you can follow THE CONCLUDING
to enhance your reading.
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B2.1 WRITING ASSESSMENT 3 DIGITAL ERA
Technology and kids
 Develop a clear written description or narrative with relevant supporting details and
examples.
 Systematically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of various options.
 Compare information from different sources.
1. Think about…
✓ How often do you use digital devices? When
and why do you use them?
✓ How many hours do you spend imbibed in
media?
✓ Do you think the elder generation struggle
with technology? Explain your answer.
✓ Do you consider children have the intuitive
knack for understanding computer systems?
Device: Gadget invented for a particular purpose.
Imbibe: To absorb or to bear in mind.
Struggle: Have difficulty.
Knack: A special skill, talent, or aptitude
2. Words matter!
1. Nowadays, children are digital natives as they handle digital devices in a very easy
way.
- A person who teaches technology - A person that grows-up in the digital age
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2. Some parents are setting up parental controls on their children’s social networks.
- Features that allow parents to restrict the access of content to their children.
- Group of parents who prevent society from the use of technology.
3. Schools in France are banning the use of electronic devices for both students and
teachers as a policy promoted by the president, Emmanuel Macron.
-Legally prohibit something - Make something legal
4. Batman Arkham VR, Eve: Valkyrie and Job Simulator are some of the most popular
virtual reality (VR) games.
- Interactive experiences through the use of social media.
-Interactive computer-generated experience in a simulated environment.
EXPRESSION MEANING
1 Old fogy ( ) A Accessories and clothing that include

electronic technology as a part of them.
2 Acronym ( ) B Individuals with presence on social media

who use their platform to affect group
opinions and behavior.
3 Wearable ( ) C Word or name formed as

an abbreviation from the initial
components of a phrase or a word
4 Glanceable ( ) D Someone who is excessively old-

fashioned in attitude, ideas, manners, etc.
5 Influencer ( ) E Way of referring to a person or account on
social media platforms.
6 Mentions ( ) F Something that can be read and

understood quickly and easily.
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3. Read a bit!
Read the following article from the “Geek-ASW-daily” discussing the advantages and
disadvantages of children using technology.
MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND OUR KIDS.
Technology is embracing our society in a variety of ways. Some of our children are digital
natives, and the consequences of its use are experienced by parents and educators who,
nowadays, are debating whether the use of it has a positive or negative impact on children’s
development. Several discussions are being held in order to state the pros and cons of
children’s use of technology.
First of all, there are the ones who proclaim

the disadvantages of the use of technology
on an early age. Just to exemplify, The French
government, under the management of
Emmanuel Macron, imposed a school ban on
phones during teaching activities. “We know
today that there is a phenomenon of screen
addiction, the phenomenon of bad mobile-
phone use,” education minister Jean-Michel
Blanquer told French news channel BFMTV.
Furthermore, not only educators but also parents are worried about the children’s usage of
devices as they spend too much time on them. Some teachers claim those devices distract
students from learning and, additionally, the quality of the information and sources children
find may not be top-notch. Finally, contradictors may state technology can disconnect
students from social interactions, making them lose their ability to verbally communicate as
Vawn Himmelsbach published in her article “Education Technology” in the webpage Top
Hat.
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On the other hand, there is another group against that negative assumption, emphasizing
there are benefits to consider before banning children from technology. Some teachers
choose to use technology in their classrooms as they think it should support the curriculum
and meet the needs of their students. In that sense, technology will help students understand
the lesson in a relevant way. Educators are using technology more frequently as it makes
students more involved in class activities and more interested in the topic.
Moreover, technology supports many modern advances as there are many wearables you
can use to stay in touch (for example, you can wear a phone on your wrist). Technology
allows people to check out thousands of virtual books, news, or any information they want;
in that way, children have access to the most up-to-date information quicker and easier than
ever before.
Overall, it may be said that technology is a controversial topic as there are arguments against
and for the use of it, especially at a young age. Contradictors may say it is a tool that is being
used in a wrong way, so it is necessary to ban it in certain context as the educational ones.
Supporters, on the other hand, may say technology is a tool that allows children to interact
in the digital era they are in.

next step!
DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH
When writing a text it is necessary to state the topic you want to describe (TOPIC
SENTENCE). After writing it, you need to state the SUPPORTING DETAILS which are the
ideas that provide the information that supports the topic sentence.
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To support your ideas, you can:
● Describe
● Exemplify
● Explain
● Compare
Taken from: http://www.elcamino.edu/academics/basicskills/DLA_EngB_Support_ECC.pdf
EX:
TOPIC SENTENCE
First of all, there are the ones that proclaim the disadvantages of the use of technology on
an early age.
SUPPORTING DETAILS:
● Just to exemplify, The French government, under the management of Emmanuel

Macron, imposed a school ban on phones during teaching activities.
● Not only educators but also parents are worried about the children’s usage of devices
as they spend too much time on them.
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● Some teachers argue those devices distract students from learning and, additionally,
the quality of the information and sources children fin may not be top-notch.
● Contradictors may state technology can disconnect students from social
interactions, making them lose their ability to verbally communicate…
4.1 According to the given topic, write down some supporting details you think can
provide information to develop the given idea.
TOPIC SENTENCE: Technological devices should be used as a tool in the classroom.
● _
● _
● _
TOPIC SENTENCE: Technology is affecting the way children interact with their peers in a
negative way.
● _
● _
● _
COMPARING INFORMATION/ STATING ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
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EX:
INTRODUCTION
Several discussions are being held in order to state the pros and cons of
the use of technology by children
ADVANTAGES:
 Technology supports many modern advances.

 Children have access to the most up-to-date information quicker
and easier than ever before.
 It (technology) should support the curriculum and meet the needs
of their student.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Some teachers claim those devices distract students from learning.

 Technology can disconnect students from social interactions.
CONCLUSION:
It may be said that technology is a controversial topic as there are

arguments against and for the use of it, especially in a young age.
4.2 Think about the use of the following question “Should there be social rules about
cell phone use in schools?” Complete the following chart. Write advantages and
disadvantages about the given topic.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
✓ _ ✓ _
✓ _ ✓ _
✓ _ ✓ _
✓ _ ✓ _
✓ _ ✓ _
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B2.1 WRITING ASSESSMENT 4 Quit meat,
Go green!
 Explain a term in a text using synonyms, definitions or examples.
 Signal that two ideas are similar when writing a simple text by using discourse
markers.
 Signal additional information in a formal structured text with a range of language.
1. Think about…
 Have you heard about vegetarianism? What do
you know about it?
 Do you think a vegetarian diet delivers
complete nutrition and provides health
benefits? Explain your answer.
 Do you agree or disagree with the following
statement? “Modern slaughter techniques
minimize the suffering of animals.” Explain
your answer.
 Would you say that becoming vegetarian lowers
our environmental footprint?
Slaughter: Killing of animals for food.

Footprint: Mark, impression, trace.
2. Words matter!
1. Eating meat provides healthy saturated fats, which enhance the function of the
immune system.
- Improve the quality of something - Decrease the quality of something
2. Some experts say overgrazing livestock hurts the environment.
- Graze land to excess - Feed animals in excess
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3. According to the Journal of Human Nutrition, vegans and vegetarians have a higher
risk of developing vitamin B12 deficiency.
-Sufficiency or abundance -Insufficiency or absence
4. Some religions as Hinduism, Buddhism promote plant based diets for ethical reasons,
as one of the cornerstone beliefs “non-violence to living forms.”
- Essential, foundation - Disapproval, invalidation
EXPRESSION MEANING
1 Livestock ( ) A An extreme scarcity of food
2 Eat up ( ) B Unprocessed vegan foods that have not been
processed or altered from its natural state.
3 Famine ( ) C Farm animals
4 Raw food diet ( ) D Diet that avoids all animal-based foods,
including honey
5 Lacto-ovo-vegetarian ( ) E Diet that avoids the flesh of all animals, both
meat and fish
6 Vegan ( ) F Consume food completely
3. Read a bit!
Read the following text “Quit meat, go green!” a piece of writing that describes
general aspects about vegetarianism.
QUIT MEAT, GO GREEN!

More people around the world are
becoming vegetarian for different
reasons including health, livestock
exploitation, and environmental
impact. Some well-known figures
around the world are recognized
for being vegetarian activist as
Gandhi, Paul McCartney, Natalie
Portman or the singer Morrissey.
Whatever the reason is, here you
will find some general aspects
about this well-liked life style that
is changing the way nutrition is
perceived.
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To begin with, there is not a specific way of being vegetarian; there are a wide variety of
vegetarian types. The first one is Flexiterians or semi-vegetarians, terms used to describe
those who have a plant-based diet but occasionally eat meat. Also, there are Pescatarians
who are the ones that abstain from eating all meat with the exception of fish. Another one
is the Lacto-ovo vegetarian who is the person who doesn’t eat any type of meat but he/she
consumes dairy products (milk and eggs). This is the most common type of vegetarian.
Finally, there are vegans who do not consume any animal products or by-products. They do
not eat meat, eggs or dairy. Vegans do not use honey or beeswax, gelatin and any other
animal by-product ingredients or products.
Regarding the ideas around vegetarianism, there are sundry reasons why people adopt this
lifestyle. First of all, vegetarians claim it is cruel and unethical to kill animals for food when
vegetarian options are available. If it is done correctly, a vegetarian diet delivers complete
nutrition. Furthermore, there are some health benefits that this type of diet offers. It lowers
the risk of heart disease and promotes healthy weight. Lastly, there are some positive aspects
regarding the environment as raising animals for food contributes to air and water
pollution. To exemplify, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization argues raising
animals for food creates 18% of global greenhouse gases.
To sum up, there are many details people disregard about vegetarianism, not only in terms
of the diet but the reasons that lead people to adopt this diet and lifestyle.

next step!
CONTEXT CLUES
Have you read a text without understanding some of the words written in the text? If so,
you can try using context clues. Context clues are hints that the author provides to help
define a difficult or unusual word. Those hints are found in the sentence, paragraph, or
passage the person is reading.
Context clues are important during the reading exercise as you build vocabulary you can
use in your writing production.
IMPORTANT: You must be aware that many words have several possible meanings. Context
suggest several possible definitions, so in these cases, a dictionary should be consulted.
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4.1 Use context clues to define the following words:
 Well-liked (paragraph 1):

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
 By-products (paragraph 2):
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
 Sundry (paragraph 3):
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
 Deliver (paragraph 3):
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
 Disregard (paragraph 4):
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
COMPARE ESSAY
Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar. A compare essay, then,
analyzes two subjects by comparing them.
This type of essay starts with a thesis that states the subjects that are going to be
compared and the reason for doing so.
EX:
Thesis statement: More people around the world are becoming vegetarian for different
reasons including health, livestock exploitation, and environmental impact.
Here the thesis sets up the subjects to be compared (Vegetarianism and reasons for
becoming vegetarian).
Once you have decided what topic you want to describe, you will need to gather
details of whatever you are comparing, in terms of similarities.
IF YOU ARE COMPARING, EXPLAIN WHAT TWO THINGS HAVE IN COMMON
COMPARATIVE KEY WORDS:
Both- Likewise- Similarly- In common- As Well-

Furthermore- In addition- As well as
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4.2 According to the following topics, write some similar ideas that could be used in
an essay.
Vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarian

 Both are against animal exploitation.
 Similarly to vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians do not eat any type of meat.
Healthy and unhealthy food

 _
 _
 _
Obesity and eating disorders

 _
 _
 _
Real food and process food

 _
 _
 _
ORGANIZE YOUR COMPARISON
When writing a comparative essay, you have a choice of two basic methods for organizing
your ideas: the point-by-point method or the block method.
The point-by-point method examines one aspect of comparison in each paragraph

between the ideas that are being compared. This method is easier for the writer and reader
to follow because similarities are more obvious when placed next to each other.
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VEGANS AND LACTO-OVO-VEGETARIAN
PARAGRAPH 1: Diet benefits:

 Vegans
 Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
PARAGRAPH 2: Diet supplements and

restrictions:
 Vegans
 Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
In the block method, you say everything you need to say about one thing. The Block
Method presents all arguments related to A, and then compares all arguments related.
VEGANS AND LACTO-OVO-VEGETARIAN
PARAGRAPH 1: Vegans
 Diet benefits
 Diet supplements and
restrictions.
PARAGRAPH 2: Lacto-ovo-vegetarians
 Diet benefits
 Diet supplements and
restrictions.
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Let the show
begin!
 Show the relationship between an opinion and a counter-argument in a discursive
text.
 Compare and evaluate ideas in a structured and logical text.
 Correct errors in a piece of academic writing if helped to identify them first.
1. Think about…
 What do you think about the use of

animals in entrainment spectacles as zoos,
aquariums, circus or rodeos?
 What is your opinion about the following
statement? Enslaving animals and
teaching them tricks is a cruel practice.
 Do you consider hunting as a sport?
 Would you agree with the ones who say
that as long as people do not physically
abuse the animals, animals in
entertainment is fine?
Enslaving: Make someone a slave/ cause

someone to lose their freedom.
Hunt: Search and kill an animal for sport
or food.
2. Words matter!
1. By using the Decree 0656 of June 3th, 2014, Cartagena’s government is aiming to
regulate the use of Horse-Drawn Carriages in the city Centre.
- Mechanized piece of equipment pulled by one or more horses.
- Mechanized piece of equipment used by horses.
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2. Some people think keeping animals in zoos is bad for their welfare.
- A very low-cost paid for a journey on public transport.
- The health, happiness, and well-being of a person or group.
3. Zoos keep animals in order to preserve a species that is under threat in the wild.
- Keep something in its original or existing state.
- Maintain a purpose in spite of difficulty.
4. In 2016, the Argentinian Congress banned greyhound racing.
- Competitive sport in which greyhound dogs participate in a race.
- Competitive sport in which greyhound dogs participate in a pet exhibition.
EXPRESSION MEANING
1 Run counter to (someone or A A muted or unspoken topic.
something) ( )
2 Hushed topic ( ) B Absence of food.
3 Captive breeding ( ) C Confined or restrained
4 Deprivation of food ( ) D To be in opposition to something
5 Profit-driven business ( ) E Maintaining plants or animals in controlled
environments, such as wildlife reserves or
something similar.
6 Penned up ( ) F Business motivated by moneymaking.
3. Read a bit!
Read the following text that describes how animals are used for the entertainment.
LET THE SHOW BEGIN!
Throughout human history, animals have been used for entertainment. Such activities
encompass many ways of using animals for such a purpose; performances could include
circuses, zoos, aquariums, bullfights, among others. This issue has been long discussed and
it has its supporters and people opposed to it. People opposed to it claim that, due to these
practices, animals are caged, taken from their habitat, injured, and restrained from behaving
in their own instinctive way. Supporters affirm those practices are part of cultural traditions
and, also, that spaces as zoos or circuses could bring people and animals together by
motivating the public to protect animals and appreciate different species.
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Some arguments against the use of animals for
entertainment, as mentioned above, are based on
the fact of animal exploitation. Animals are confined
when staying in circuses for example and they are
exposed to abusive training practices inflicting pain.
In spaces like aquatic parks, there are many species
living in confinement experiencing psychological
disturbance; furthermore, those species are used to
swimming thousands of kilometers a day, like the
case of dolphins that travel up to 128 km per day.
According to "BBC - Ethics - Animal ethics: Animals
for entertainment", 2014, there are some other
aspects to be considered. First, animals are deprived
of their natural structure and companionship and
although animals may live longer in controlled
spaces they may experience a lower quality of life. In
terms of spectacles using animals, BBC claims that
those performances may involve cruelty during the
show, in training the animal or even in the way the
animal is kept and transported.
On the other hand, supporters claim some cultural and recreational aspects to take into
account when referring to animals for entertainment. First of all, spaces like zoos or
aquariums improve the conservation of endangered species and it has an educational role,
as children, and people in general, are able to see different animals and familiarize
themselves with them. Douglas (2015) on his blog titled “10 Reasons the Show Must Go On”
states circuses are regulated by strict guidelines and, additionally, entertainment animals
receive food, shelter and veterinary care improving their life expectancy. Finally, defenders
claim cultures throughout history have used animals for entertainment, like the circus in
Rome or the Bull fighting that has been a tradition in countries like Spain and Latin America.
To sum it up, a long debate about the use of animals for entertainment continues as many
species are still used for recreational activities. This controversial topic is still discussed and
arguments go from culture, animal protection, learning experiences or the suffering of
species.
REFERENCES
BBC - Ethics - Animal ethics: Animals for entertainment. (2014). Retrieved September 25th, 2018, from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/entertainment_1.shtml
McPherson D, (May 2nd, 2015). Circus Animals - 10 Reasons the Show Must Go On [Blog post]. Retrieved September 25th,
2018, from https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/douglas-mcpherson/circus-animals-10-reasons_b_6768110.html
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next step!
CONTRAST ESSAY
When writing, you can contrast two things: two texts, two activities, two places, and so on.
You can compare a topic that has crucial differences (how animal entertainment could
continue or should be banned) or two topics that have crucial differences.
Once you have decided what topic you want to describe, you will need to gather details
of the idea you are comparing.
HELPFUL TIP: Organize your

criteria in columns or diagrams;
using visual methods during your
pre-writing work can help you to
get a sense of how the essay will
be structured.
EX:
ANIMALS FOR ENTERTAINMENT
ARGUMENTS AGAINST ARGUMENTS FOR
 Animals are confined and exposed to  Spaces like zoos or aquariums improve
abusive training practices inflicting the conservation of endangered
pain. species.
 Animals suffer psychological  Animals in spaces as zoos or circuses
disturbance. have an educational role.
 Animals are deprived of their natural  There are strict guideline regulations
structure. to circuses and zoos.
 Performances involving animals may  Historically, people have used animals
involve cruelty during the show, in for entertainment.
training the animal or the way the
animal is kept and transported.
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-Animals are confined and -Spaces like zoos or
exposed to abusive training aquariums improve the
practices inflicting pain. conservation of endangered
species.
- Animals suffer
psychological disturbance. - Animals in spaces as zoos or
ANIMALS circuses have an educational
- Animals are deprived of FOR role.
their natural structure. ENTERTAIN
MENT - Historically, people have
- Performances including used animals for
animals may involve cruelty. entertainment.
4.1 According to the given topics, write some arguments against and for the idea. Use
a chart or the graphic organizer you prefer.
Bullfighting
Zoos and aquariums
Exotic Animals as ‘Pets’
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WRITING ARGUMENTS
Taken from: https://www.thoughtco.com/write-an-argument-essay-1856986
TIPS FOR WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE TEXTS
Introduction
Used to tell the reader what ideas will be discussing.
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Body
Try to choose strong and valid points when describing your

arguments. Give examples when possible.
IDEA 1 ARGUMENTS FOR

 Argument for/against
IDEA 2 ARGUMENTS AGAINST
 Argument for/against
Conclusion
The conclusion should summarize the arguments given.
When writing arguments, you may try using this contrast linking words to compare and
express different points of view.
EX:
 Although some activist groups are defending animals and their rights, activities
such as bullfights are still popular.
 Horse-Drawn Carriages has been a popular activity in Cartagena for years, but the
government is aiming to regulate the use them in the city Centre.
 Some countries like Argentina or Canada have banned bullfights, contrarily to
countries as Colombia or Spain where this practice is still popular.
 On the other hand, supporters claim some cultural and recreational aspects to
take into account when referring to animals for entertainment.
 Some performing animals in circuses, zoos have bad lives at the hands of humans;
however, in some places these practices are regulated.
TIPS!
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1. Use a comma after small linking words (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). E.g.: Some
people think aquariums are bad spaces for animals, but I love to go there with my
friends.
2. When doing a transition you have two options: You can have either a semi-colon
or a period before it, but that it also has a comma after it.
E.g.:
- Cartagena’s government is trying to regulate the use of horse-Drawn Carriages;
however, some visitors still love this activity.
- Cartagena’s government is trying to regulate the use of horse-Drawn Carriages.
However, some visitors still love this activity.
4.2 Mix the following sentences by using linking words of contrast. Use correct
punctuation.
1) Condemned people were killed by wild animals in ancient Rome.

2) This act was considered as entertainment for the people.
3) Those performances are no longer done.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
1) Many animal welfare groups consider keeping dolphins in captivity as animal abuse.
2) SeaWorld is one of the most famous parks in the USA.
3) The park has species as whales, sea lion, dolphins and other marine animals
performing shows.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
1) People think bulls are aggressive and a potential hazard for people.
2) In spectacles as rodeos, bulls are goaded.
3) Rodeos and bullfights are considered as traditional activities in some places around
the world.
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________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
1) According to American Greyhound Council, More than 90 percent of greyhounds are

adopted or returned to their owners.
2) Animal welfare organizations claim dogs are killed because they were considered too
slow for racing.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.
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Tattoos and stories
 Adopt a level of formality appropriate to the circumstances.
 Write a response to a text giving opinions.
 Write effective and appropriate paragraphs in a range of genres.
1. Think about…
 What is your impression about tattoos? Do

you like them or not?
 Do you have any tattoo or would you like
to get one?
 Do you consider tattoos are associated
with those outside of the mainstream such
as criminals or gang members? Explain
your answer.
 Do you think tattoos are a way of
exploration of the personality and self-
identity? Explain your answer.
Mainstream: The ideas, or activities

considered normal and accepted by most of
the people.
Gang: Group or band engaging in delinquent
behaviors.
2. Words
food. matter!
1. My friend Valery is having a tattoo remorse after getting a phoenix done in her back.
- The regret that a person has after having a tattoo done.
- Getting a tattoo removed.
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2. If you want to get a tattoo, No Regrets is the best tattoo parlor in town.
- Place where professional tattoo artists gather.
- Place where people get tattoos and they are carried out professionally.
3. Kat Von D, the famous tattoo artist, practices her traces in art canvas.
- Piece of cloth used by artist for painting.
- Cloth used for making tents, sails, bags.
4. Over time, stigmas about getting a tattoo done, have lessened.
- Symbol of disgrace or infamy.
- A mark on the skin.
EXPRESSION MEANING
1 Rite ( ) A The act of having or getting a tattoo(s).
2 Stigma ( ) B Popular at a particular time.
3 Fashionable ( ) C The quality of being famous for something considered bad
4 Inked ( ) D A custom, practice, or conventional act with social meaning
behind it.
5 Infamy ( ) E A set idea that people have about what someone or something
is like, especially an idea that is wrong.
6 Stereotype ( ) F A strong feeling of disapproval that most people in
a society have about something, especially when this is unfair.
3. Read a bit!
Read the following text that describes the origin of the tattoos.
The origin of the tattoo is a very interesting and diverse one. Many human groups across
recorded history have had cultural practices around tattooing – tattooed mummies from the
4th Millenium BC have been found (and there is abundant evidence of even older tattooing
practices), and Ötzi the Iceman, Europe’s oldest known natural human mummy (over 5.000
years old), was heavily tattooes himself (61 tattoos in total).
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The origin of the word tattoo lies in Polynesian
languages – tatau means “to strike”, and entered
English as a loanword during the 18th century during
one of Captain James Cook’s and his companions
travels to the Pacific Islands, where they witnessed
the local practices. Some of the crew members
(some very notable, some just sailors) got tattoos
themselves – and from there it spread to the rest of
the UK. However, it wasn’t the first time the practice
of tattooing reached the islands: both the Picts, and
Ancient Scottish people, and the ancestors of the
English and the Irish, the Britons (The “Priteni”, origin
of the Latin word Britanni) as described by the
Greeks and Roman, were traditionally heavily
tattooed, both as a rite of passage and as a way to
intimidate their enemies (and, well, the Celts
themselves were famous for preferring to fight, em,
well, naked), as well as many other human groups
such as most pre-Columbian Native Americans, the
Ainu in Japan, the Yoruba in Nigeria, some
Austronesians in what is now Indonesia, Berber
women in Algeria...
As with most human practices however, there was soon a hierarchical division stemming
from the art of tattooing and a stigma soon developed during most of the 19th century in
the British Isles: tattoos were usually associated with sailors and criminals, “those belonging
to the lower classes”. By the 1870s however it had become fashionable amongst the upper
classes, and even the royalty of the era had tattoos: famously, Queen Victoria’s own
grandson, future King George V, got a tattoo of a blue and red dragon on his arm during his
stay in Yokohama, Japan, when he was only 16 years old, giving royal legitimacy to the
growing trend. Sounds familiar, doesn’t it?
Since then, the practice and popularity of tattoos has come and gone: as a 2016 BBC article
titled “The name for Britain comes from our ancient love of tattoos” states, “nearly every
decade since has seen tattooing declared as the latest ‘new’ trend on both sides of the Atlantic;
recent surveys suggest that one in three young adults in Britain are inked. It may not be as
new as we thought – but the painted Britons of Caesar's time would almost certainly approve”.
Around the word, the trend doesn’t seem to be too dissimilar to what happens in the British
Isles – why do you think that is?
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next step!
REGISTER AND DEGREES OF FORMALITY

When you are expressing yourself in English, it is important not only to think
about what you say, but how you say it. To communicate effectively, it is necessary to
organize your ideas and think about the style, tone and clarity. Depending on the person
you are referring to, you can determine those elements and choose if it is necessary to be
formal or informal. Formality exists on a scale (informal/ semi-formal/ formal) and what is
acceptable in one context, can be inappropriate in a different circumstance.
INFORMAL SEMI-FORMAL FORMAL

AUDIENCE Close friends General Specialized
PURPOSE Immediate
communication (used Expressions of personal Expressions of ideas in
most of the times for ideas or information of an organized discourse
social networks and text general interest. an academic speech.
messaging).
CONTRACTIONS AND Contractions are used/
Used Avoided
SLANG Slang is avoided
SENTENCE Casual. Grammar
STRUCTURE structures are not
Complete and correct Complete and correct
important as long as
sentences. sentences.
the message is
conveyed.
Another element you need to take into account is the words choice.
INFORMAL SEMI-FORMAL FORMAL
WORD CHOICE Many abstract words-
Short- Simple words- Short- Simple words- Scholarly-
Slang Avoid slang technical/academic
terms
Let’s take a look of these examples:
INFORMAL FORMAL
Ask Enquire
Check Verify
Help Assist
Tell Inform
Tough Difficult
Set out Display
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4.1 Convey the following sentences into a formal style.
● I wanna make more cash so that I can get that tattoo.

____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.
● Robert’s been holding on for such a long time; though that big tattoo’s hurting him.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
● My mother asked me to stop damaging my skin with tattoos, ‘cause she says I won’t be
able to get a job in the future.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
● I’m looking for a perfect tattoo design I can get in my flesh.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
● Hey! What’s the matter? So you’re looking for a tat, aren’t you?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
TEXT RESPONSE
A text response you share your reaction to something (a text, a movie, an article, etc.). It
is an opportunity to let the others know how you feel about something. In order to write
this sort of text, you can think about the following:
How do you feel about the idea?
Do you agree or disagree with it?
After identifying those elements, use some of these expressions to state your idea.
GIVING ASKING AGREE DISAGREE PARTLY AGREE
OPINIONS OPINIONS
In my opinion Do you see what I Absolutely/ I totally disagree. I’m not sure.
mean? definitely
As I see it… Do you agree with I couldn’t agree I don’t think so. I see your point,
me? more. but…
It seems to me What are your I feel the same I’m afraid I I partly agree.
that… thoughts on that? disagree.
From my Don’t you think You have a good Not necessarily. That may be true,
perspective that…? point there. however…
Personally, I What is your That’s a good That’s not always Maybe, but…
think… reaction to…? point. the case.
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From my point of What are your No doubt about it. That’s not always I kind of agree with
view… views on…? true. you.
The way I see it Do you have any I agree 100 I’d say the exact I agree with you to
is… opinion on…? percent. opposite. an extent…
My impression is Would you agree I’d go along with I’d be inclined to You make a good
that… with me that…? that. disagree. point, but…
As far as I’m Do you see what I agree with you I don’t feel the I don’t quite agree
concerned… I’m getting at? entirely. same.
I’m of the opinion Have you got any That’s true. Absolutely not. To certain extend,
that… comments on…? yes, but…
EXTRA IDEAS:
 I was moved by… (The picture portrayed in that canvas).

 I felt that… (That there are many stereotypes around tattoos).
 In my opinion… (There are many stigmas about tattooed people).
 It was clear that the idea was… (To become it as a mainstream tendency).
 It can be concluded that… (Those rites were done as part of their tradition).
4.2 Taking into account the text in exercise 3 “Read a bit!” you are going to share your
reaction answering the following question: “How do you feel about the idea tattoos
are an ancient practice and getting one should be considered as a historical practice
more than a fashionable one? Write a paragraph summarizing your idea.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________.
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PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
A paragraph contains the information and ideas that develop the main topic in detail.
Those ideas should be supported with specific information which must be coherent and
must have an adequate development.
A good paragraph must have a topic sentence, a controlling idea and supporting
details in order to demonstrate your point. It is important to think about the topic and
then what you want to say about the topic. What you want to say about the topic is what
we call “controlling idea”.
EX:
The origin of the tattoo is a very interesting and diverse one.
Topic Controlling idea
TOPIC SENTENCE
To support a topic sentence, it is necessary to provide details. To do so, consider the

following:
 Add examples.
 Tell a story that illustrates the point.
 Compare and contrast.
 Define your terms.
To find information for your supporting sentences, you can use one of the following
sources: Reference book, encyclopedia, website, dictionary, newspaper.
TIP
When searching for information on the Internet, try to look for reliable
sources. Compare the information between them. A remember that it is
necessary to quote or mention the source you are using.
The origin of the tattoo is a very interesting and diverse one. Topic Sentence
Many human groups across recorded history have had
Supporting sentence
cultural practices around tattooing
Tattooed mummies from the 4th Millenium BC have been
found and Ötzi the Iceman, Europe’s oldest known natural Supporting sentence
human mummy , was heavily tattooed himself
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4.3 Taking into account the paragraph structure, complete the following exercises:
4.3.1 Write a topic sentences to begin each of the following paragraphs. Include both
a topic and a controlling idea.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Many people around the world opt not to make tattoos so that they can have better jobs
and better possibilities in the economic life.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
People should decide if they want to make tattoos or not, everybody is free of expressing or
shows their thoughts artistically.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lots of people think that a tattooed person has had criminal problems in his/her past;
therefore, it is important to think twice or be prepared for resisting their opinion.
4.3.2 Write a topic sentence for each one of the following topics. You should choose
two or three different controlling ideas for the same topic.
Example:
Topic: Television's effects on children

1. Television is harmful to children because it teaches them violence
Topic sentences: as a way of solving problems.
2. Television can improve a child's general knowledge.
a. Smoking cigarettes
b. Foreign travel
c. Space exploration
d. Rock music or rock musicians
e. Studying a foreign language
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Art and all its
expressions.
 Write about feelings and the personal significance of experiences in detail.
 Write clear, detailed descriptions on a variety of subjects related to their field of
interest.
 Synthesize and evaluate familiar information and arguments from a number of
sources.
1. Think about…
 What is art to you? What qualifies as
art?
 How do you relate to art? Is it an
important aspect of your day to day
life?
 Do you express yourself through
artistic means or in artistic ways?
 Is art an inherent aspect of what
makes us human, why?
Inherent: Existing in something as a

permanent, essential, or characteristic.
2. Words matter!
1. Duchamp’s piece (Fountain) earned him a lot of renown all around the world.
- The condition of fame, of being known and talked about by many people
- Getting to be known again after a period of obscurity
2. The first AC/DC record to be released without Bon Scott, who died in 1980, back in
Black, proved to be very influential for rock music at the time.
- Having a relevant influence on someone or something
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- To be under the influence of alcohol
3. The relationship J. M. Barrie had with the Llewelyn-Davies children was a source of
inspiration for him to write Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn’t Grow Up.
- Dating from a remote period; of great age
- A place, person, or thing from which something originates or can be obtained.
4. In M. Night Shyamalan ‘s The Sixth Sense, the color red is used as a leitmotif to
indicate that the characters on screen are actually dead, even if they look healthy.
- The overall map of any particular type of structure, used to guide its development
- A recurring piece in music, literature, art, etc.
EXPRESSION MEANING
1 Brainstorm ( ) A A work of art of recognized and established value
2 Prolific ( ) B The most important piece of work done by a writer, artist
3 Inspirational ( ) C Making you feel full of hope or encouraged
4 Seminal D Producing a great number or amount of something
5 Magnum Opus ( ) E Containing important new ideas and having a great
influence on later work
6 Classic ( ) F (Of a group of people) to suggest a lot of ideas for a future
activity very quickly before considering some of them more
carefully
3. Read a bit!
Read the following text written in by one of our ASW columnists and try to think about
the following: What is art? How do we all relate to it?
Manga/anime: The history of Japanese comics (and art)
I had the chance to travel to the multicultural country of Japan as part of my corporative-
trips. I was amazed by all the small and magnificent elements that are part of their tradition
and culture; but what called my attention the most, was the possibility to explore in detail
the history of Japanese comics and art.
There are differences in the meaning of the term manga in Japan and in the English speaking
world: Manga in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. However,
elsewhere and especially in English, manga has a stricter meaning: It refers solely to
“Japanese comics”. Something similar happens with “anime”: In Japan, it is a blanket term
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for all animation regardless of where it is from. However, in the West, there’s still debate
whether there can be “non-Japanese”-anime, or whether there’s only anime-influenced
animation if the country of origin lies anywhere else in the world.
The history of manga dates as far back as the 12th century, with ancient scrolls that many
historians believe established the from-right-to-left reading style within Japanese culture.
Many writers stress the continuity of Japanese culture and aesthetics in manga – it is the
result of a long, long tradition, even if it was only until the 19th century when the term manga
adopted its modern usage (Rakuten Kitazawa). However, other artists and writers believe the
manga aesthetic owes more to recent, WWII and post-WWII events than to ancient Japanese
art, such as Takashi Murakami, who claims Japan’s surrender after the atomic bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the terrible outcome of the war, affected Japanese perceptions
of its own culture, creating long-lasting scars “on the Japanese artistic psyche”. Having lost
its previously ultra-nationalistic and “virile” confidence, it sought instead to find solace in
harmless and cute images (“kawaii”).
One of the main characteristics of manga is the way the eyes of the characters are drawn,
which has caused many in the West to wonder – “if East Asian populations tend to have
epicanthic folds and smaller eyes, does that mean the way they picture themselves is
different? Do they want bigger eyes?”, but that isn’t really the case. There is a proverb in the
Japanese Islands: “目は口ほどにものを言う”, meaning that “the eyes are the window of the
mind”, or “the eyes say more than the mouth” in English, which is very telling of the
importance of eye expression among the Japanese. The origin of big eyes in manga can be
traced back to shojo manga (manga usually aimed at a female demographic) during the late
19th century, particularly Jun’ichi Nakahara, who was a doll creator and drew female
characters with huge, expressive eyes. Another influence was Ozamu Tezuka, so called the
God of manga, who, influenced by Disney’s artwork, gave his characters big expressive eyes,
both to save production cost in cartooning and animation and to make it easier to express
situations with facial expressions.
Similarly, the practice of odd hair colors on

anime characters comes from the fact
most manga is in black and white, and thus
on manga covers (which usually do have
color) different hair colors helped
differentiate characters, giving birth to the
green-haired, blue haired, orange haired
heroes and heroines we know and love, in
an art expression that is both profoundly
Japanese and deeply universal at the same
time.
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To sum up, it was a discovery of elements that made me think around the topic and many
questions popped up in my mind, questions that now I want to ask you: is manga art? What
is art? What is your definition of art? If art is about freedom of expression, about ways and
means to express the human condition, about ways to narrate stories and worldviews,
wouldn’t manga then count as art?
next step!
DESCRIBING FEELINGS AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCES

There are many types of essays and one of them communicates stories and personal
experiences, describing and expounding upon these things. In this way, an analysis about
personal details can be done, offering the reader information about our own experiences.
One way to write personal essays is to divide the story in three different parts. The first
one describes the episode or anecdote you want to illustrate. Then, you describe why it
was important for you, how did it impact you and what you learnt about it. Finally, you
can tell how the reader can relate the episode with his/her own life or what elements they
can glean from it.
Although any event of the past is a good topic, there are some ideas you can think about
when telling a personal experience:
 A relationship with an important person.

 An encounter with someone special.
 A significant event.
 A life changing event.
 Something you overcome.
 A turn point in your life.
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4.1 Taking into account the elements to divide the story explained above, describe a
significant event in relation to art. Describe this personal experience offering the
reader information about it. First, complete the following information:
Event/
Situation
Feelings you
experienced
Meaning/
Significance
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HOW TO WRITE A DESCRIPTION?

A description is a text in which you create an image in the mind of the reader. The
information should be presented in a way that the reader feels like he/she is part of the
story. In other words, you need to be the reader’s eyes, nose and body. So, focus on your
senses. What you hear, feel and smell is important, the shape, the colors and the
relationships to each other. For example: “The classroom is quiet now, deserted; but I’m
warm and happy”. Further, be specific and go straight to the point, in this way you will get
better results. If you don’t feel secure about your writing, try with small descriptions and
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use linking words to give fluency to your story. In order to do so, take into account the
following elements:
 Get to the point: Focus on the most important details and ideas and avoid over-
writing.
 Use of language: It is possible to use figurative language as metaphors and
analogies in order to create comparisons or describe something in detail.
Ex. The eyes are the window of the mind.
 Appeal to senses: Don’t only describe what something looks like, what it is or how
it sounds. Maximize the description appealing to senses.
TIPS:
 Focus on a single event or item.
 Structure your topic so the idea is illustrated.
 If describing an event, do it chronologically.
 One idea is to start in a general manner and write specific details
through the text.
4.2 Choose one of the following topics and write a brief description. Try to give as
many details as possible.
a. Describe a picture or painting that you have at home.

b. What will art be like in 100 years?
c. Describe the kind of art that you don’t like.
d. Different types of art.
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SYNTHESIS
Sometimes it is confused with a summary; a synthesis is a text that takes different
points of views and mixes them into one. To create this text you will need to gather
as much information as you can from different sources, for example essays, articles,
fiction, and also no written sources, such as lectures, interviews, observations.
When you are presenting the argument or idea the author chose, there are some verbs
you can use:
Affirm Advise Find
Argue Suggest Reveal
Confirm Speculate State
Disagree Propose Mention
Agree Complain Add
Believe Admit Warn
Insist Introduce Verify
Emphasize Denounce Remark
 Other artists and writers believe the manga aesthetic owes more to recent, WWII
and post-WWII events than to ancient Japanese art.
 The author states that another influence was Ozamu Tezuka.
 It was introduced in detail the history of Japanese comics and art.
There are some strategies you can use in order to synthetize your idea. Here, some of
them:
SUMMARIZE:
Summarize your sources and pay attention to the detail. Use
single sentences and select the main ideas of the text.
EXEMPLIFY OR ILLUSTRATE:
Use details that exemplify your idea.
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GIVE REASONS:
As soon as you have set your thesis statement, show
elements, or ideas that give evidence and explain why your
thesis in true.
4.3 Read the following article. Synthetize the content of it taking into account the
element previously described.
COLOMBIAN ARTIST MELTS GUNS INTO TILES TO MAKE 'ANTI-MONUMENT' TO

CONFLICT
The weapons once used by Colombian rebels to conduct war have been turned into a
monument in the country’s capital. That deal with the Revolutionary Armed Forces
of Colombia (or FARC) formally ended 52 years of civil war that left 260,000 dead and over 7
million displaced.
Last year the FARC turned in 37 tons of rifles, pistols and grenade launchers which the artist
Doris Salcedo has had melted down and recast as tiles that line the floor of a new gallery space
just a block from the presidential palace in Bogotá. The work, called Fragments was
inaugurated on December. “The idea was to take the weapons which have caused so much
pain and turn them into something useful,” said Salcedo. The Bogotá-based artist said she was
reluctant to make a traditional monument. She said. “Weapons and war are not something
that should be celebrated.”
Colombia’s president, Iván Duque, ignored the inauguration, having declined Salcedo’s
invitation. He took office in August this year, having opposed the peace deal on the campaign
trail. “This place is a testament to the fact that we are not condemned to kill each other,”
Salcedo said. “Despite some of the political discourse, we can talk through our problems.”
Other monuments will be erected in Cuba, where the peace negotiations were held, and
outside the New York headquarters of the United Nations, which is overseeing the peace
process.
Taken and adapted from: Colombian Artist Melts guns into Tiles to make ‘anti-monument’ To Conflict. Joe Daniels-
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/2018/dec/10/doris-salcedo-colombian-artist-melts-guns-tiles-peace-monument.
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Final paper.
Project work!
 Articulate all the goals described along the writing practices and compose a text for
the Oral Presentation.
1. Think about…
 When using different sources of

information, how reliable do you
thing they are?
 Do you prefer a technical paper
presentation? Or something related
to your personal experiences and
interests?
Reliable: Something or someone that

can be trusted or believed.
2. Words matter!
5. We have to ensure all the information is correct and reliable.

- Collect information
- Make something certain/ sure to happen.
6. You need to understand the background story before you draw any conclusion
- The person who says the story
- The conditions under which the story takes place
7. My boss had a number of queries regarding my project
- Questions about something
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- Proposals towards something.
8. Parents who use physical punishment on their children, create a vicious cycle, in
which they and their child (children) may never escape from.
- A solution to a problem
- A problem that is caused by another problem, which in turn causes the original
problem again.
EXPRESSION MEANING
1 Assessment ( ) A To be really good
2 Correlation ( ) B One of the parts or nature of something
3 Aim ( ) C Something that deserves praise and admiration
4 Stand out ( ) D An evaluation of something
5 Aspect( ) E The objective or reason behind something
6 Laudable( ) F A connection or link between things
3. Read a bit!
Read the following text written in by a professor of an important university describing

the necessary criteria to write a text for a final oral presentation.
Final paper project work
As a teacher, I have guided and tutored many

students in the university in order to create their
final paper projects. It seems as a hard job and a
sort of a vicious cycle at the end after writing
drafts, editing and re-writing. So I came up with
some important elements to ensure both, the
presentation and paper, provide an organized
structure and clear ideas so it stands out.
1. Make your work simple. Einstein himself once

said: “Make everything as simple as possible…”
This will ensure that anyone who reads your work
will understand exactly what you`re trying to say.
2. Avoid making annoying mistakes. If you want

your work to stand out, it must be interesting and
unless it`s free from silly mistakes, it cannot be.
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3 - Start with a good argument. What you`re writing about and what you`re trying to prove
are very important aspects of the writing process. Explain them at the beginning and they
should be able to answer every query that may arise in the course of the reading.
4 – Avoids words that you don`t know, expanding your vocabulary is laudable, but if you
don`t really understand the background of a particular word or its correlation with other
words, don`t use it. It will only go to discredit your work.
5 – Proofread your work over and over. This will help to minimize errors and will ensure that
you have a text that stands out from that of your classmates. You can either read aloud to
yourself or read aloud to someone.
6 – End with a great conclusion. The aim of your writing will only be met if you have an
outstanding conclusion. Your conclusion should be an assessment of everything that you`ve
mentioned and it should convince the reader towards whatever it you`re writing about.
In this session, you will find grammar elements and composition strategies that
will help you improve your writing skills. Read the explanation, this is important for
the next step!
Let’s take a look at all the grammar and composition topics of the previous writing
practices so they can guide you with your final text for the oral presentation.
Writing practice 1  Summarizing reports.

 Paraphrasing information of different sources.
 Using proper citation marks (APA).
Writing practice 2  Editing notes and using bullet points.
 Writing an introduction of a text.
 Recognizing and developing topic sentences.
Writing practice 3  Developing a paragraph.
 Comparing information/ stating advantages and
disadvantages.
Writing practice 4  Using context clues to explain a term.
 Comparing information and ideas- comparative essay.
Writing practice 5  Contrast essay- Arguments and counterarguments.
 Writing an argument.
 Linking words of contrast.
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Writing practice 6  Register and degrees of formality.
 Text response- Giving an opinion.
 Paragraph development.
Writing practice 7  Describing feeling and personal experiences.
 Writing descriptions about a wide variety of topics.
 Synthetizing information.
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f0471 Writing Assessment Tn3 v1

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

f0471 Writing Assessment Tn3 v1

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

B2.1.

 Are you interested in sports events like

To witness: To see something happen.

Unforgettable: Something or someone that

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Read the following summary about a newspaper article commemorating an important

‘Federer Vs. Nadal 2008: Wimbledon’s greatest final a decade on’

In the article “Federer Vs. Nadal 2008:

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4. Tips for composition:

A SUMMARY IN FOUR STEPS

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Was Russia 2018 the Greatest of All World Cups?

MOSCOW — Sometime around France’s virtuoso victory against Argentina and

4.1. After reading the article, complete the following information.

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(KEY SUPPORTING (KEY SUPPORTING

(KEY SUPPORTING POINT) (KEY SUPPORTING

(KEY SUPPORTING (KEY SUPPORTING

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You might use expressions such as:

The article claims”….”

The author suggests”…”

The article/author argues “….”

ORIGINAL MAIN POINT REWORDED MAIN POINT

ORIGINAL MAIN POINT REWORDED MAIN POINT

ORIGINAL MAIN POINT REWORDED MAIN POINT

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Taken from: https://libguides.library.cofc.edu/citationstyles/apa

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 What is the most compelling story, text or

Dive in: To start doing

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TIPS AND TRICKS TO IMPROVE YOUR READING SKILLS

It doesn’t matter what the purpose of your

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Another technique that is used, especially in an academic environment, is intensive reading.

4. Tips for composition:

 Make list clearer.

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 Identify the type of text you are reading.

PS. Remember to use the same structure.

BIBLIOTHERAPY: READING YOUR WAY TO MENTAL HEALTH

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BIBLIOTHERAPY: READING YOUR WAY TO MENTAL HEALTH

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THE TOPIC SENTENCE

•States what the paragraph is going to be about.

•Facts or statements that support your main point/

•Summarizes the main points in the body and may

using different techniques in everyday scenario.

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Imbibe: To absorb or to bear in mind.

Struggle: Have difficulty.

Knack: A special skill, talent, or aptitude

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1 Old fogy ( ) A Accessories and clothing that include

2 Acronym ( ) B Individuals with presence on social media

3 Wearable ( ) C Word or name formed as

4 Glanceable ( ) D Someone who is excessively old-

6 Mentions ( ) F Something that can be read and

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MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND OUR KIDS.