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SENSORS

BY;
VIVEK KUMAR
RE6001B40
E6001
REG NO- 11000518
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am heartily thankful to my
teacher GREESH KUMAR
SINGH whose
encouragement, guidance and
support from the initial to the
final level enabled me to
develop an understanding of
the subject. My sincere thanks
to my parents for their moral
support and believe in me in
completion of my project.

I also owe my sincere thanks


to Mr. Vivek Sharma for their
review on smart sensors which
helped me to understand the
future perspective of sensors.

Lastly, I offer my regards and


blessings to all of those who
supported me in any respect
during the completion of the
project.

VIVEK KUMAR
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Abstract…………………1
2. Introduction…………….2
3. Ideal Sensor…………….3
4. Properties of Sensors…..3
5. Types of Sensor…………4
6. Proximity sensors………4
7. Environmental Sensors...5
8. Smart Sensors…………..7
9. References………………8
ABSTRACT:-
Sensors were really
quite interesting thing to
explore as the world
moves towards future
world with dreams of
being surrounded by
flying cars no traffic
jams ultra modern
luxurious houses and
tacky nano electronic
gadgets 3D gaming
holographic projects and
much more on tis way
to stunned the world.
This report covers some
basic and fundamentals
of the sensors and its
application in the
electronic world.
I have also covered few
facts of smart sensors as
they are future of these
sensors and will exist
till the end.
Our body also has sensors (also known
INTRODUCTION as sense organs) so as to sense the
Modernisation and urbanization has external stimulus and send the signal to
helped the electronic industry to come to the brain accordingly.
its par level with everyday futuristic The following image illustrates the
products flowing in the market for ease functioning of the various sensors in the
and comfort ability of the consumers and human body:
lead a luxurious life. Man from 18th
century only wants everything
automated without any man power
required. From that time only he had
desired for self sufficient and
independent machine which can perform
multiple tasks with precision and no
error or mistakes at all. This desire led
man to explore many new designs and
sophisticated products which can make
their life easy with no stress.
In this way when we are living in the 21st
century where we surrounded gadgets,
humanoids, automated vehicles and
transportation system, self sufficient
machines, independent industries. For
all these automation we require
electronic tools and components that are
designed to perform specific action
according to way they are programmed.
This automation gave birth to one of the
finest and significant component in the The above figure is quite familiar to all
electronic industry named Sensors. of us and we all know about nervous
As from the name only you can find system and sense organs (10 grade
what this Sensor will do or you may get biology).
an idea about one important component So we may now define SENSOR in
that forms the foundation of any engineering terms as:
automatic machines. Sensors are A sensor is a device that measures a
significantly used in various machines physical quantity and converts it into a
and tools for multiple tasks. signal which can be read by an
From my little description I think you observer or by an instrument.
want pretty more about this little So sensor senses the physical
interesting component Sensors. Don’t environment and interpret in machine
stress your brain too much and let me language that can be understood by the
start now start from basics to most circuit and perform the specified task as
advanced theories and application per the input signal.
related to this small term Sensor. For any object, machine in physics there
we always consider the object to be in
What is a SENSOR? ideal state for any derivation and
As the name says, the sensors are the calculation we apply to it. Sensor can
objects that sense the external stimulus only be ideal, when
and convert it in a form interpretable to IDEAL SENSOR
the control system of the body. An ideal sensor must obey the following
So now you get an idea the function of rules:-
any basic sensor and how it can be 1. It must be sensitive to the measured
applied in machine world. property.
2. It must be in sensitive to any other Different types of SENSOR:
property. There are many types of sensors. They
3. It must not influence the measured are used to measure and detect a huge
property. variety of conditions including:
4. The output signal of the sensor must Temperature, pressure, level, humidity,
be linearly proportional to the value of speed, motion, distance, light or the
the measured property. presence of an object and many other
The conditions are quite realistic and in types.
the practical world the object always Classification of sensors
deviate from its ideal nature due Sensors are basically classified into two
practical environment and loses it suffers types
during its operation. So we should take 1. Passive sensors
in account the upon the fact that nothing 2. Active sensors
is ideal in the world lets discuss that how Passive sensors:-Stimulus (physical
a sensor deviates from its ideal character property being measured) comes from
to real character due environmental the environment.
factors which act upon it. Active sensors:-Provide their own
Sensor deviations:- signal stimulus and use its interaction
1. Sensitivity error:-The sensitivity may with the environment as the property
in practice differ from the value being measured.
specified, but the sensor is still linear.
2. Sensor Offset:-If the output signal is
not zero when the measured property is
zero, the sensor has an offset or bias.
3. Nonlinearity:-If the sensitivity is not
constant over the range of the sensor,
this is called nonlinearity.
4. Drift:-If the output signals slowly
changes independent of the measured
property.
5. Noise:-Noise is an unwanted random
addition to wanted signal.
On basis of function Sensors can be
6. Digitization error:-If the sensor has a
classified as:-
digital output, the output is essentially an
1. PROXIMITY
approximation of the measured property.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL
The approximation error is also called
digitization error. Proximity Sensors
Let’s now highlight the properties of any A proximity sensor is a sensor which is
sensor because it is important to know able to detect the presence of nearby
about properties before we use it in our objects without any physical contact.
world. It often emits an electromagnetic or
Properties of sensors electrostatic field or a beam of
1. Range of the sensor-Fixed interval of electromagnetic radiation and looks for
output. changes in the field or return signal.
2. Sensitivity-How change in input is
mapped to change in output. Proximity sensors are further classified
3. Speed-Time interval between reading as:
input and presenting output.  Mechanical Proximity Sensors
4. Stability-How vulnerable it is to (also know as TACTILE SWITCHES)
noise.

Have a cylindrical rod at the one side.


This rod bangs with the obstacle or wall.
This banging is sensed and motor Spectral response of these sensors is
polarity changes. close to that of the human eye.
Ideal for Obstacle Sensor and Wall Si photodiodes
Follower. have internal
visible
Also called tactile switches, they are compensation filter
found useful in switch panels for while GaP and
machines, designing nano scale switches GaAsP
for small handheld gadgets like mobile photodiodes have
phones, PDA, laptops, ipods, and music spectral response approaching to that of
players. the human eye.
They are also useful in automatic doors, Generally used in and as Imaging
robotic movements etc. Sensors (as in Google earth).
Ultra-range Sensors
The SRF04 Ultra Sonic Ranger Module
is a high
 Reflective Proximity Sensors quality ultra
sonic range
finder, which
can easily be
• Infrared Sensors. connected to
many
• Visible Sensors.
microcontrollers to measure/detect the
• Ultra range Sensors. presence of obstacles.
Using a 5V supply and drawing from
Infrared Sensors 30mA typical to 50mA max. The SRF04
A Pyroelectric Infrared sensor (PIR can be connected directly too many
sensor) is an electronic device that micros without the need for a separate
measures infrared (IR) light radiating power supply.
from objects.PIR sensors are often used They are found used in high end robotic
in the construction of PIR-based motion machines and robots which are designed
detectors. to perform multiple tasks. One of the
Apparent motion is detected when an best used on military services like UAV
infrared source with one temperature, (Unmanned Armed Vehicles) in US
such as a human, passes in front of an defence services and remote controlled
infrared source with another ground clearance in Israel military
temperature, such as a wall. department and much more.

Well these were proximity sensors type


and their wide application in various
fields, we move to another type of
sensor the next on Environmental
Sensor.
Environmental Sensors
These sensors were designed earlier as
part of automation in the electronics
science and technology. An
environmental sensor is one which
detects the physical environment like
Visible Light Sensors temperature, humidity, wind, rainfall,
heat, etc.
Environmental Sensors are designed to
sense:
• Light
• Temperature
• Sound
• Pressure
• Humidity
• Gases
• Moisture
A thyristor is a solid-state
semiconductor device with four layers of
alternating N and P-type material. They
act as bistable switches, conducting
when their gate receives a current pulse,
and continue to conduct for as long as
they are forward biased (that is, as long
as the voltage across the device has not
reversed).
A thermistor is a temperature-sensing
element composed of sintered
semiconductor material which exhibits a
large change in resistance proportional
to a small change in temperature.
Thermistors usually have negative
temperature coefficients which means
The cheapest of these are LDR’s the resistance of the thermistor decreases
meaning Light Dependent Resistor as the temperature increases.
working on principle photoelectric effect They are sued cooling systems in the
as the resistance vary according to electronic devices and in fire alarms for
intensity of light and find application in activating the warning siren. They are
barrier and automated doors. also finding used in digital thermometer
A photodiode is a type of photo detector and in air conditioner for auto switching
capable of converting light into either in place of thermostat.
current or voltage, depending upon the
mode of operation.
The Phototransistor is similar in
operation to the amplifying Transistor,
but it is controlled by light rather than by
the electric current of the emitter. It also
uses a piece of germanium but only a
single collector wire. The tip of this wire
rests in a small dimple ground into one
side of the germanium disk. At this point
the germanium disk is only three
thousandths of an inch thick.
Anything that is smart can make its own
decision. Similarly, a smart sensor has
build in decision making capability. The
decision making capability is usually
provided by the microcontroller that
sends a control signal; for example, to
stop a process or to relay the information
to a central node for monitoring. Smart
sensors are useful in a variety of areas
ranging from industrial safety, security,
and hazard and accident prevention to
early detection of unusual mechanical
behaviour of machines.
Smart Sensors can be deployed in
manned as well as unmanned situations.
These have found applications in several
real-life situations where response time
is critical; for example in fire detection.
A temperature sensor based smart sensor
connected with ZigBee can be used to
detect forest fires and take preventive
action sooner than otherwise. Smart
These were some of commonly used Sensors based PIR transmit data to
environmental sensors in many remote location, either to a computer on
industrial and domestic areas in the Wi Fi or GPRS mobile phones
world.
Sensors play very critical role in
electronic world today and in future also.

SMART SENSORS-Future of
sensors
References cited:-
Books:-
• Electronics Engineering by
Saraswati Publications

• Semiconductors by Oxford
publication

• Electronics For You(August


2010)

Internet:-
• www.wikepedia.com

• www.temperatures.com/therm
istors.html

• hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/
photdet.html

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