BY;
VIVEK KUMAR
RE6001B40
E6001
REG NO- 11000518
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am heartily thankful to my
teacher GREESH KUMAR
SINGH whose
encouragement, guidance and
support from the initial to the
final level enabled me to
develop an understanding of
the subject. My sincere thanks
to my parents for their moral
support and believe in me in
completion of my project.
VIVEK KUMAR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Abstract…………………1
2. Introduction…………….2
3. Ideal Sensor…………….3
4. Properties of Sensors…..3
5. Types of Sensor…………4
6. Proximity sensors………4
7. Environmental Sensors...5
8. Smart Sensors…………..7
9. References………………8
ABSTRACT:-
Sensors were really
quite interesting thing to
explore as the world
moves towards future
world with dreams of
being surrounded by
flying cars no traffic
jams ultra modern
luxurious houses and
tacky nano electronic
gadgets 3D gaming
holographic projects and
much more on tis way
to stunned the world.
This report covers some
basic and fundamentals
of the sensors and its
application in the
electronic world.
I have also covered few
facts of smart sensors as
they are future of these
sensors and will exist
till the end.
Our body also has sensors (also known
INTRODUCTION as sense organs) so as to sense the
Modernisation and urbanization has external stimulus and send the signal to
helped the electronic industry to come to the brain accordingly.
its par level with everyday futuristic The following image illustrates the
products flowing in the market for ease functioning of the various sensors in the
and comfort ability of the consumers and human body:
lead a luxurious life. Man from 18th
century only wants everything
automated without any man power
required. From that time only he had
desired for self sufficient and
independent machine which can perform
multiple tasks with precision and no
error or mistakes at all. This desire led
man to explore many new designs and
sophisticated products which can make
their life easy with no stress.
In this way when we are living in the 21st
century where we surrounded gadgets,
humanoids, automated vehicles and
transportation system, self sufficient
machines, independent industries. For
all these automation we require
electronic tools and components that are
designed to perform specific action
according to way they are programmed.
This automation gave birth to one of the
finest and significant component in the The above figure is quite familiar to all
electronic industry named Sensors. of us and we all know about nervous
As from the name only you can find system and sense organs (10 grade
what this Sensor will do or you may get biology).
an idea about one important component So we may now define SENSOR in
that forms the foundation of any engineering terms as:
automatic machines. Sensors are A sensor is a device that measures a
significantly used in various machines physical quantity and converts it into a
and tools for multiple tasks. signal which can be read by an
From my little description I think you observer or by an instrument.
want pretty more about this little So sensor senses the physical
interesting component Sensors. Don’t environment and interpret in machine
stress your brain too much and let me language that can be understood by the
start now start from basics to most circuit and perform the specified task as
advanced theories and application per the input signal.
related to this small term Sensor. For any object, machine in physics there
we always consider the object to be in
What is a SENSOR? ideal state for any derivation and
As the name says, the sensors are the calculation we apply to it. Sensor can
objects that sense the external stimulus only be ideal, when
and convert it in a form interpretable to IDEAL SENSOR
the control system of the body. An ideal sensor must obey the following
So now you get an idea the function of rules:-
any basic sensor and how it can be 1. It must be sensitive to the measured
applied in machine world. property.
2. It must be in sensitive to any other Different types of SENSOR:
property. There are many types of sensors. They
3. It must not influence the measured are used to measure and detect a huge
property. variety of conditions including:
4. The output signal of the sensor must Temperature, pressure, level, humidity,
be linearly proportional to the value of speed, motion, distance, light or the
the measured property. presence of an object and many other
The conditions are quite realistic and in types.
the practical world the object always Classification of sensors
deviate from its ideal nature due Sensors are basically classified into two
practical environment and loses it suffers types
during its operation. So we should take 1. Passive sensors
in account the upon the fact that nothing 2. Active sensors
is ideal in the world lets discuss that how Passive sensors:-Stimulus (physical
a sensor deviates from its ideal character property being measured) comes from
to real character due environmental the environment.
factors which act upon it. Active sensors:-Provide their own
Sensor deviations:- signal stimulus and use its interaction
1. Sensitivity error:-The sensitivity may with the environment as the property
in practice differ from the value being measured.
specified, but the sensor is still linear.
2. Sensor Offset:-If the output signal is
not zero when the measured property is
zero, the sensor has an offset or bias.
3. Nonlinearity:-If the sensitivity is not
constant over the range of the sensor,
this is called nonlinearity.
4. Drift:-If the output signals slowly
changes independent of the measured
property.
5. Noise:-Noise is an unwanted random
addition to wanted signal.
On basis of function Sensors can be
6. Digitization error:-If the sensor has a
classified as:-
digital output, the output is essentially an
1. PROXIMITY
approximation of the measured property.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL
The approximation error is also called
digitization error. Proximity Sensors
Let’s now highlight the properties of any A proximity sensor is a sensor which is
sensor because it is important to know able to detect the presence of nearby
about properties before we use it in our objects without any physical contact.
world. It often emits an electromagnetic or
Properties of sensors electrostatic field or a beam of
1. Range of the sensor-Fixed interval of electromagnetic radiation and looks for
output. changes in the field or return signal.
2. Sensitivity-How change in input is
mapped to change in output. Proximity sensors are further classified
3. Speed-Time interval between reading as:
input and presenting output. Mechanical Proximity Sensors
4. Stability-How vulnerable it is to (also know as TACTILE SWITCHES)
noise.
SMART SENSORS-Future of
sensors
References cited:-
Books:-
• Electronics Engineering by
Saraswati Publications
• Semiconductors by Oxford
publication
Internet:-
• www.wikepedia.com
• www.temperatures.com/therm
istors.html
• hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/
photdet.html