0 Unidad 3 - PropiedadesPeriódicas

12/2/18
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA METROPOLITANA DE HIDALGO

PERIODIC PROPERTIES
INGENIERÍA AERONÁUTICA In this unit we explore how some of the important properties of
elements change as we move across a row or down a column of
the periodic table. In many cases the trends in a row or column
allow us to predict the physical and chemical properties of the
elements.
ELABORÓ: GUTIÉRREZ MORENO
UNIDAD 2
PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS
TOLCAYUCA, HGO. FEBRERO 2018
Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., Química La Ciencia

Central. Editorial Pearson-Prentice Hall, México 2004.
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PERIODIC PROPERTIES PERIODIC PROPERTIES

John Dalton
Dalton’s atomic theory was based on the four postulates. The discovery of chemical elements has been ongoing
since ancient times. Certain elements, such as gold (Au),
appear in nature in elemental form and were thus Atomic
discovered thousands of years ago. In contrast, some theory
elements, such as technetium (Tc), are radioactive and
intrinsically unstable. We know about them only because
of technology developed during the twentieth century.
During the early nineteenth century, advances in

chemistry made it easier to isolate elements from their
compounds. As a result, the number of known elements
more than doubled from 31 in 1800 to 63 by 1865.
As the number of known elements
increased, scientists began
classifying them.
Periodic Table
(1869)
Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., Química La Ciencia Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., Química La Ciencia
Central. Editorial Pearson-Prentice Hall, México 2004. Central. Editorial Pearson-Prentice Hall, México 2004.
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In 1869, Dmitri PERIODIC PROPERTIES PREDICTING IONIC CHARGES

Mendeleev in Russia
and Lothar Meyer in
Germany published Mendeleev insisted
nearly identical that elements with
classification schemes. similar characteristics
Both scientists noted be listed in
that similar chemical the same column
and physical properties forced him to leave
recur periodically when blank spaces in his
the elements are table.
arranged in order of
increasing atomic
weight.
Scientists at that time had no knowledge of atomic numbers. Atomic weights,

however, generally increase with increasing atomic number, so both Mendeleev
and Meyer fortuitously arranged the elements in proper sequence.
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PERIODIC PROPERTIES PERIODIC PROPERTIES

In 1913, two years after
Rutherford proposed
the nuclear model of the
atom, English physicist
Henry Moseley
developed the concept
of atomic numbers.
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PERIODIC PROPERTIES THE PERIODIC TABLE

Moseley
Bombarding different elements with high-energy electrons, Moseley
found that each element produced X-rays of a unique frequency and
that the frequency generally increased as the atomic mass
increased.
Moseley arranged the X-ray frequencies in order by assigning a

unique whole number, called an atomic number, to each element.
Moseley correctly identified the atomic number as the number of

protons in the nucleus of the atom.
The concept of atomic number clarified some problems in the

periodic table, which was really based on atomic weights.
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THE PERIODIC TABLE THE PERIODIC TABLE

The periodic table is the most significant tool that chemists use
for organizing and remembering chemical facts.
Elements in a group have similar properties
because they have the same arrangement of electrons at the
The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods.
periphery of their atoms.
The vertical columns are groups.

Elements in a group often exhibit similarities in physical and
chemical properties.
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MOLECULES AND
THE PERIODIC TABLE
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
All the metallic elements share
characteristic properties, such as luster
and high electrical and heat conductivity, The atom is the smallest representative
and all of them except mercury (Hg) are sample of an element.
solid at room temperature.
Only the noble-gas elements are
normally found in nature as isolated
atoms.
Most matter is composed of molecules

or ions.
At room temperature some of the

nonmetals are gaseous, some are
solid or liquids.
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IONS AND IONIC IONS AND IONIC

COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS
The nucleus of an atom is unchanged by
chemical processes, but some atoms
If electrons are removed from or added
can readily gain or lose electrons. Nonmetal atoms tend to
to an atom, a charged particle called an
ion is formed. gain electrons to form anions
Metal atoms tend to lose

Anion: ion charged negatively.
electrons to form cations
Cation: ion with a positive Ionic compounds tend to be composed of metals bonded with
charge. nonmetals, as in NaCl
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IONS AND IONIC IONS AND IONIC

COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS
Metal atoms tend to lose Nonmetal atoms tend to
electrons to form cations gain electrons to form anions
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PREDICTING IONIC CHARGES PREDICTING IONIC CHARGES

Many atoms gain or lose electrons to end up with the same number of electrons
as the noble gas closest to them in the periodic table. Noble-gas elements are
chemically nonreactive and form very few compounds.
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ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS

AND THE PERIODIC TABLE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
On the left are two blue
columns of elements. These
elements, known as the alkali
metals (group 1A) and
alkaline earth metals (group
2A), are those in which the
valence s orbitals are being
filled.
On the right is a block of six

pink columns that comprises
the p block, where the p
orbitals are being filled.
The s block and the p block elements together are the representative elements,
sometimes called the main-group elements.
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PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF THE

SIZES OF ATOMS AND ION
Effective Nuclear Charge ELEMENTS
We can define atomic size in several ways, based on
The attractive force between an electron and the distances between atoms in various situations
the nucleus depends on the magnitude of the
nuclear charge and on the average distance
v The shortest distance separating the
between the nucleus and the electron.
two nuclei during such collisions is
The force increases as the nuclear charge twice the radii of the atoms.We call
increases and decreases as the electron this radius the nonbonding atomic
moves farther from the nucleus. radius.
In a many-electron atom, each electron is
simultaneously attracted to the nucleus and
For example, in the I2 molecule, the distance
repelled by the other electrons.
separating the nuclei is observed to be 2.66 Å,
In any many-electron atom, the inner which means the bonding atomic radius of an
electrons partially screen outer electrons from iodine atom is (2.66 Å/2)=1.33 Å.
the attraction of the nucleus.
𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 11 − 10 = 1 +
Zeff=Z-S
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SIZES OF ATOMS AND ION SIZES OF ATOMS AND ION

Within each group, bonding atomic radius tends to
increase from top to bottom. This trend results
primarily from the increase in the principal quantum Exercise
number (n) of the outer electrons. Referring to a periodic table, arrange (as much as
possible) the atoms 15P, 16S, 33As, and 34Se
in order of increasing size.
Within each period, bonding atomic radius tends to decrease from Exercise
left to right. The major factor influencing this trend is the increase
in effective nuclear charge Zeff across a period. Arrange 11Na, 4Be, and 12Mg in order of increasing atomic radius.
27 28
PERIODIC TRENDS IN IONIC RADII PERIODIC TRENDS IN IONIC RADII
Ionic radii can be determined from interatomic distances in ionic

compounds.
When a cation is formed from a neutral

atom, electrons are removed from the
occupied atomic orbitals that are the Cations are smaller than their
most spatially extended from the nucleus. parent atoms.
The size of an ion depends on its nuclear charge, the Also, the number of electron electron
number of electrons it possesses, and the orbitals in which repulsions is reduced.
the valence electrons reside.
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PERIODIC TRENDS IN
PERIODIC TRENDS IN IONIC RADII
IONIC RADII
When electrons are added to an atom to form
an anion, the increased electron–electron
repulsions cause the electrons to spread out
more in space. For ions carrying the same charge,
ionic radius increases as we move
down a column in the periodic table.
Anions are larger than their
parent atoms In other words, as the principal
quantum number of the outermost
occupied orbital of an ion increases,
the radius of the ion increases.
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PERIODIC TRENDS IN
IONIZATION ENERGY
IONIC RADII
The ease with which electrons can
be removed from an atom or ion
has a major impact on chemical
behavior.
The ionization energy of an atom or
Exercise ion is the minimum energy required
to remove an electron from the
ground state of the isolated
gaseous atom or ion.
The first ionization energy, I1, is the

energy needed to remove the first
electron from a neutral atom.
Na( g ) ® Na + ( g ) + e -
The second ionization energy, I2, is the

energy needed to remove the second
Na(+g ) ® Na 2+ ( g ) + e - electron, and so forth, for successive
removals of additional electrons.
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The greater the ionization energy, the

more difficult it is to remove an electron. IONIZATION ENERGY Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies
1. I1 generally increases as we move across a 2. I1 generally decreases as we move
Ionization energies for a given element period. The alkali metals show the lowest
increase as successive electrons are down any column in the periodic table. For
ionization energy in each period, and the example, the ionization energies of the
removed: I1<I2<I3, and so forth. noble gases show the highest. noble gases follow the order
Every element exhibits a large increase in He>Ne>Ar>Kr>Xe
ionization energy when one of its inner
electrons is removed.
3. The s- and p-block elements show a

larger range of I1 values than do the
Only the outermost electrons are involved in the sharing and transfer of transitionmetal elements. Generally, the
electrons that give rise to chemical bonding and reactions. ionization energies of the transition metals
increase slowly from left to right in a
Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., Química La Ciencia period.. Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., Química La Ciencia
35 36
Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies
Energía de Ionización (I1) As we move across a period,
In general, smaller atoms have higher
there is both an increase in
ionization energies. effective nuclear charge and a
Gases
nobles decrease in atomic radius,
causing the ionization energy to
The energy needed to remove an electron
increase.
from the outermost occupied shell
depends on both the effective nuclear
charge and the average distance of the As we move down a column,
electron from the nucleus. the atomic radius increases
while the effective nuclear
charge increases rather
gradually. Thus, the attraction
Either increasing the effective between the nucleus and the
nuclear charge or decreasing the distance electron decreases, causing the
from the nucleus increases the attraction ionization energy to decrease.
between the electron and the nucleus. Metales de transición
Metales alcalinos
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Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies ELECTRON AFFINITIES

Most atoms can also gain electrons to form anions.
The energy change that occurs when an electron

is added to a gaseous atom is called the electron
affinity because it measures the attraction, or
affinity, of the atom for the added electron.
Electron Affinity
The energy change that occurs
when an electron is added to a gaseous Cl( g ) + e - ® Cl - ( g ) DE = -349 kJ mol
atom.
[ Ne]3s 3 p ® [ Ne]3s 3 p 6
2 5 2
Measures the ease with which an atom

gains an electron.
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ELECTRON AFFINITIES METALS, NONMETALS, AND METALLOIDS

The elements can be broadly grouped as
The greater the attraction between an metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
For some elements, such as the noble
atom and an added electron, the more
gases, the electron affinity has a positive
negative the atom’s electron affinity.
value, meaning that the anion is higher in
energy than are the separated atom and
electron:
Ar(g) + e− → Ar −(g) ΔE > 0

[ Ne] 3s 2 3p 6 → [ Ne] 3s 2 3p 6 4s1
Electron affinities do not change greatly
as we move down a group
10

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12/2/18

UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA METROPOLITANA DE HIDALGO

Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., Química La Ciencia

PERIODIC PROPERTIES PERIODIC PROPERTIES

During the early nineteenth century, advances in

In 1869, Dmitri PERIODIC PROPERTIES PREDICTING IONIC CHARGES

Scientists at that time had no knowledge of atomic numbers. Atomic weights,

PERIODIC PROPERTIES PERIODIC PROPERTIES

PERIODIC PROPERTIES THE PERIODIC TABLE

Moseley arranged the X-ray frequencies in order by assigning a

Moseley correctly identified the atomic number as the number of

The concept of atomic number clarified some problems in the

THE PERIODIC TABLE THE PERIODIC TABLE

The vertical columns are groups.

Most matter is composed of molecules

At room temperature some of the

IONS AND IONIC IONS AND IONIC

Metal atoms tend to lose

IONS AND IONIC IONS AND IONIC

PREDICTING IONIC CHARGES PREDICTING IONIC CHARGES

ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS

On the right is a block of six

PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF THE

SIZES OF ATOMS AND ION SIZES OF ATOMS AND ION

PERIODIC TRENDS IN IONIC RADII PERIODIC TRENDS IN IONIC RADII

Ionic radii can be determined from interatomic distances in ionic

When a cation is formed from a neutral

The first ionization energy, I1, is the

The second ionization energy, I2, is the

The greater the ionization energy, the

3. The s- and p-block elements show a

Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies ELECTRON AFFINITIES

The energy change that occurs when an electron

Measures the ease with which an atom

ELECTRON AFFINITIES METALS, NONMETALS, AND METALLOIDS

Ar(g) + e− → Ar −(g) ΔE > 0

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