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Introduction
Artificial intelligence also Know to be machine level intelligence
which is basically demonstrated by machines which is similar to
natural intelligence can be Described as human mind is capable of
learning and solving problems and other assets.
“As machines become increasingly capable of tasks it is considered or
held to require intelligence or often know to be AI or this
phenomenon is Know to be as AI effect. As TESLERS theorem says
AI is whatever that hasn’t been done so far.
Artificial intelligence can be classified into 3 different system:
*Analytical Human Inspired, human artificial intelligence
 Analytical AI has cognitive intelligence/process of acquiring
knowledge and understanding through thoughts experience and
sense.
 Human inspired AI has some features from cognitive with some
addition features like emotional intelligence understanding of
human emotion It is similar to human in terms of decision
making
 Humanized AI shows features and characteristics of all types
from the above elements
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline , In
several years it has engaged to several waves of optimism
brought by many ups and lows ,disappointments loss of funding
which is know to be as “AI winter”
AI is divided into several subfields that often fails to
communicate with each other .some of them are robotics and
artificial neural networks the traditional problem s of AI include
are reasoning knowledge representation ,planning learning
,natural language processing and some ability to move and
manupulated, objects.
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AI techniques have become an essential part of today physical


growth of technology industry helping to move and build and
enhance the suitiational growth in todays research
History
when intelligent devices were first being development in late 1940and
1950s many researches made lines pf programs instruction that would
perform reasoning and other assets.
“Twentieth century logic includes KURT GODEL, Stephen kleene ,
Emil post Alonzo church and Alan Turing ,formalized and clarified
much of what could and could not be done with logical and
computational system more recently, computer science ,including
Stephen cook and Richard Karp , identified classes of computations
that while possible in principle in principle ,might require utterly
impractical amounts of time and memory”.
Many of these results from logic and computer science were about
truths that could not be deduced and computational that could not be
performed .They imagined that humans were somehow immune from
the computational limitations inherent in machines .most logicians
and computer scientists ,however believe that these negative results in
no way imply that machines have any limits that don’t also apply to
humans .
Much of the early AI works “during 1960 and early 1970s”explored a
mammoth size of problem representation search techniques and
general heuristics employing them in computer programs that could
solve simple puzzles ,play employing them in computer programs that
could solve simple puzzles ,play games and retrieve informational
.one of the influential program was the general problem solver of
Allen Newell cliff Shaw and Herbert Simon ,some sample problem
solved by these early system included symbolic integration ,algebra
word problem and control of a mobile robot .many of these system are
subject of papers in the volume computers and thought .more
powerful systems required much more built in knowledge about the
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domain of application .The late 1970s and early 1980s saw the
development of more capable programs that contained the knowledge
required to mimic expert human performance at several tasks
,including diagnosis ,design ,and analysis .several methods of
representation problem specific knowledge were exploded and
developed .the programs that is credited with first demonstrating that
importance of large amounts of domain -specific knowledge is
“DENRAL” a system for predict the structure of organic molecules
given their chemical formula and several other expect systems
followed including ones that performed medical diagnoses ,present
tends the future is that the constant pressure to improve the
capabilities of robot and software agents will motivated and guide
artificial intelligence research for many years to come .
REPRESENTATION:
Many problem related to AI require some elementary form of
representation
Chess board

Maze *PERCEPTION-*COGNITION-*ACTION
Text
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Object
Room
Sound
visual scene
“A major part of AI is representation or representing the problem
space so to have efficient search for the best output”
In other words this representation can also be Know as solution
example: identifying similarities

WHERE CAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BE APPLIED AND


USED
 Robotics
 Internet search
 Planning
 Logics
 Game
 Auction design
 Graphics
 Decision making
 General reasoning
 HCI
 Diagnosis
 Electronic trading platforms
 Sensors
 Military
 Heavy industry
 Marketing
 Media and e-commerce
 Musics
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 Telecommunication
 Toys

AI know for its intelligence and its capability whose performance is


executed by machines or computers which has numerous applications
and advantages in todays generation
In brief “AI these programs ,tasks are been utilized for a wide range
which include medical diagnosis, electronics, robots control and
others such as sensors and transducers .AI has been used to develop
and advance numerous fields and industries ,including finance
,healthcare ,education ,transportation and many more “
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Network
Boolean logics and function can applied for programming structure
but efficiently can be applied for electronic circuits the inputs for the
circuits is taken in some form of signals with the use of some
technological sensors they are usually applied by a network of logical
gates such as AND gate ,NOT gate, OR gate etc. one of the most
popular circuits in network are so know to be threshold which gives a
nonlinear functions of a weighted sum of their inputs “thresholds
logic units .A certain type of logic on robots can be made through
TLU,As x1x2^bar=(s2+s3) (s4+s5)^bar=(s2+s3)s4^bar
s5^bar.Coming to complex problem in today s world (TLU)such
system is required some types of elementary circuits can be neural
networks cause these type of circuits are simplest and easy for user or
developer to understand which do not depend on their current strength
of the inputs across synapses of various strength using programmable
gate level arrays dynamic circuits building can be achieved which is
called to be t-r program dynamically which builds the run time in the
circuits .KATZ3 said that”a simple network with repeated
combination of inverters and AND gates which can be implemented
by TLUs can be used to implement any T-R program

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS:


Neural networks were inspired by the architecture of neurons in the
human brain. A simple "neuron" N accepts input from multiple other
neurons, each of which, when activated (or "fired"), cast a weighted
"vote" for or against whether neuron N should itself activate. Learning
requires an algorithm to adjust these weights based on the training
data; one simple algorithm dubbed fire together, wire together is to
increase the weight between two connected neurons when the
activation of one triggers the successful activation of another. The
neural network forms "concepts" that are distributed among a
subnetwork of shared neurons that tend to fire together; a concept
meaning "leg" might be coupled with a subnetwork meaning "foot"
that includes the sound for "foot". Neurons have a continuous
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spectrum of activation; in addition, neurons can process inputs in a


nonlinear way rather than weighing straightforward votes. Modern
neural networks can learn both continuous functions and, surprisingly,
digital logical operations. Neural networks' early successes included
predicting the stock market and (in 1995) a mostly self-driving car. In
the 2010s, advances in neural networks using deep learning thrust AI
into widespread public consciousness and contributed to an enormous
upshift in corporate AI spending; for example, AI-related M&A in
2017 was over 25 times as large as in 2015.
The study of non-learning artificial neural networks[211] began in the
decade before the field of AI research was founded, in the work
of Walter Pitts and Warren Mc Cullouch. Frank Rosenblatt invented
the perceptron, a learning network with a single layer, similar to the
old concept of linear regression. Early pioneers also include Alexey
Grigorevich Ivakhnenko, Teuvo Kohonen, Stephen
Grossberg, Kunihiko Fukushima, Christoph von der Malsburg, David
Willshaw, Shun-Ichi Amari, Bernard Widrow, John
Hopfield, Eduardo R. Caianiello, and others
The main categories of networks are acyclic or feedforward neural
networks (where the signal passes in only one direction) and recurrent
neural networks (which allow feedback and short-term memories of
previous input events). Among the most popular feedforward
networks are perceptrons, multi-layer perceptrons and radial basis
networks. Neural networks can be applied to the problem
of intelligent control (for robotics) or learning, using such techniques
as Hebbian learning "fire together, wire
together"), GMDH or competitive learning.
Today, neural networks are often trained by
the backpropagation algorithm, which had been around since 1970 as
the reverse mode of automatic differentiation published by Seppo
Linnainmaa, and was introduced to neural networks by Paul Werbos.
Hierarchical temporal memory is an approach that models some of the
structural and algorithmic properties of the neocortex.
To summarize, most neural networks use some form of gradient
descent on a hand-created neural topology. However, some research
groups, such as Uber, argue that simple neuro evolution to mutate
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new neural network topologies and weights may be competitive with


sophisticated gradient descent approaches. One advantage of neuro
evolution is that it may be less prone to get caught in "dead ends".
Deep feedforward neural networks
Deep learning is any artificial neural network that can learn a long
chain of causal link. For example, a feedforward network with six
hidden layers can learn a seven-link causal chain (six hidden layers +
output layer) and has a "credit assignment path" (CAP) depth of
seven. Many deep learning systems need to be able to learn chains ten
or more causal links in length. Deep learning has transformed many
important subfields of artificial intelligence, including computer
vision, speech recognition, natural language processing and others.
According to one overview, the expression "Deep Learning" was
introduced to the machine learning community by Rina Dechter in
1986 and gained traction after Igor Aizenberg and colleagues
introduced it to artificial neural networks in 2000. The first functional
Deep Learning networks were published by Alexey Grigorevich
Ivakhnenko and V. G. Lapa in 1965. These networks are trained one
layer at a time. Ivakhnenko's 1971 paper describes the learning of a
deep feedforward multilayer perceptron with eight layers, already
much deeper than many later networks. In 2006, a publication
by Geoffrey Hinton and Ruslan Salakhutdinov introduced another
way of pre-training many-layered feedforward neural
networks (FNNs) one layer at a time, treating each layer in turn as
an unsupervised restricted Boltzmann machine, then
using supervised backpropagation for fine-tuning. Similar to shallow
artificial neural networks, deep neural networks can model complex
non-linear relationships. Over the last few years, advances in both
machine learning algorithms and computer hardware have led to more
efficient methods for training deep neural networks that contain many
layers of non-linear hidden units and a very large output layer.
Deep learning often uses convolutional neural networks (CNNs),
whose origins can be traced back to the Neo cognitron introduced
by Kunihiko Fukushima in 1980. In 1989, Yann Le Cun and
colleagues applied backpropagation to such an architecture. In the
early 2000s, in an industrial application CNNs already processed an
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estimated 10% to 20% of all the checks written in the US. Since 2011,
fast implementations of CNNs on GPUs have won many visual
pattern recognition competitions.
CNNs with 12 convolutional layers were used in conjunction
with reinforcement learning by Deepmind's "AlphaGo Lee", the
program that beat a top Go champi.

HEALTH CARE AI:


In healthcare is often used for classification, whether to automate
initial evaluation of a CT scan or EKG or to identify high risk patients
for population health. “The breadth of applications is rapidly
increasing. As an example, AI is being applied to the high cost
problem of dosage issues—where findings suggested that AI could
save $16 billion. In 2016, a ground breaking study in California found
that a mathematical formula developed with the help of AI correctly
determined the accurate dose of immunosuppressant drugs to give to
organ patients.
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X-ray of a hand, with automatic calculation of bone age by computer


software
Artificial intelligence is assisting doctors. According to Bloomberg
Technology, Microsoft has developed AI to help doctors find the right
treatments for cancer .There is a great amount of research and drugs
developed relating to cancer. In detail, there are more than 800
medicines and vaccines to treat cancer. This negatively affects the
doctors, because there are too many options to choose from, making it
more difficult to choose the right drugs for the patients. Microsoft is
working on a project to develop a machine called "Hanover". Its goal
is to memorize all the papers necessary to cancer and help predict
which combinations of drugs will be most effective for each patient.
One project that is being worked on at the moment is fighting myeloid
leukemia, a fatal cancer where the treatment has not improved in
decades. Another study was reported to have found that artificial
intelligence was as good as trained doctors in identifying skin
cancers. Another study is using artificial intelligence to try and
monitor multiple high-risk patients, and this is done by asking each
patient numerous questions based on data acquired from live doctor to
patient interactions. One study was done with transfer learning, the
machine performed a diagnosis similarly to a well-trained
ophthalmologist, and could generate a decision within 30 seconds on
whether or not the patient should be referred for treatment, with more
than 95% accuracy.
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According to CNN, a recent study by surgeons at the Children's


National Medical Center in Washington successfully demonstrated
surgery with an autonomous robot. The team supervised the robot
while it performed soft-tissue surgery, stitching together a pig's bowel
during open surgery, and doing so better than a human surgeon, the
team claimed. IBM has created its own artificial intelligence
computer, the IBM Watson, which has beaten human intelligence (at
some levels)”. Watson has struggled to achieve success and adoption
in healthcare.

AUTO MOTIVES
Advancements in AI have contributed to the growth of the automotive
industry through the creation and evolution of self-driving vehicles.
As of 2016, there are over 30 companies utilizing AI into the creation
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of driverless cars. A few companies involved with AI


include Tesla, Google, and Apple.
“Many components contribute to the functioning of self-driving cars.
These vehicles incorporate systems such as braking, lane changing,
collision prevention, navigation and mapping. Together, these
systems, as well as high performance computers, are integrated into
one complex vehicle.
Recent developments in autonomous automobiles have made the
innovation of self-driving trucks possible, though they are still in the
testing phase. The UK government has passed legislation to begin
testing of self-driving truck platoons in 2018. Self-driving truck
platoons are a fleet of self-driving trucks following the lead of one
non-self-driving truck, so the truck platoons aren't entirely
autonomous yet. Meanwhile, the Daimler, a German automobile
corporation, is testing the Freightliner Inspiration which is a semi-
autonomous truck that will only be used on the highway.
One main factor that influences the ability for a driver-less
automobile to function is mapping. In general, the vehicle would be
pre-programmed with a map of the area being driven. This map would
include data on the approximations of street light and curb heights in
order for the vehicle to be aware of its surroundings.
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However, Google has been working on an algorithm with the purpose


of eliminating the need for pre-programmed maps and instead,
creating a device that would be able to adjust to a variety of new
surroundings. Some self-driving cars are not equipped with steering
wheels or brake pedals, so there has also been research focused on
creating an algorithm that is capable of maintaining a safe
environment for the passengers in the vehicle through awareness of
speed and driving conditions.
Another factor that is influencing the ability for a driver-less
automobile is the safety of the passenger. To make a driver-less
automobile, engineers must program it to handle high-risk situations.
These situations could include a head-on collision with pedestrians.
The car's main goal should be to make a decision that would avoid
hitting the pedestrians and saving the passengers in the car. But there
is a possibility the car would need to make a decision that would put
someone in danger. In other words, the car would need to decide to
save the pedestrians or the passengers”. The programming of the car
in these situations is crucial to a successful driver-less automobile.
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ADVANTAGES OF AI

Intelligence is complex in nature. It uses a very complicated mixture


of computer science, mathematics and other complex sciences.
Complex programming helps these machines replicate the cognitive
abilities of human beings.

1. Error Reduction:

Artificial intelligence helps us in reducing the error and the chance of


reaching accuracy with a greater degree of precision. It is applied in
various studies such as exploration of space.

Intelligent robots are fed with information and are sent to explore space.
Since they are machines with metal bodies, they are more resistant and
have a greater ability to endure the space and hostile atmosphere.

They are created and acclimatized in such a way that they cannot be
modified or get disfigured or breakdown in a hostile environment.

2. Difficult Exploration:

Artificial intelligence and the science of robotics can be put to use in


mining and other fuel exploration processes. Not only that, these
complex machines can be used for exploring the ocean floor and hence
overcome the human limitations.
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Due to the programming of the robots, they can perform more laborious
and hard work with greater responsibility. Moreover, they do not wear
out easily.

3. Daily Application:

Computed methods for automated reasoning, learning and perception


have become a common phenomenon in our everyday lives. We have
our lady Siri or Cortana to help us out.

We are also hitting the road for long drives and trips with the help of
GPS. The smartphone is an apt and everyday example of how we use
artificial intelligence. In utilities, we find that they can predict what we
are going to type and correct the human errors in spelling. That is
machine intelligence at work.

When we take a picture, the artificial intelligence algorithm identifies


and detects the person’s face and tags the individuals when we are
posting our photographs on social media sites.

Artificial Intelligence is widely employed by financial institutions and


banking institutions to organize and manage data. Detection of fraud
uses artificial intelligence in a smart card based system.

4. Digital Assistants:

Highly advanced organizations use ‘avatars’ which are replicas or


digital assistants who can actually interact with the users, thus saving
the need for human resources.
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For artificial thinkers, emotions come in the way of rational thinking


and are not a distraction at all. The complete absence of the emotional
side, makes the robots think logically and take the right program
decisions.

Emotions are associated with moods that can cloud judgment and affect
human efficiency. This is completely ruled out for machine
intelligence.

5. Repetitive Jobs:

Repetitive jobs which are monotonous in nature can be carried out with
the help of machine intelligence. Machines think faster than humans
and can be put to multi-tasking. Machine intelligence can be employed
to carry out dangerous tasks. Their parameters, unlike humans, can be
adjusted. Their speed and time are calculation based parameters only.

When humans play a computer game or run a computer-controlled


robot, we are actually interacting with artificial intelligence. In the
game we are playing, the computer is our opponent. The machine
intelligence plans the game movement in response to our movements.
We can consider gaming to be the most common use of the benefits of
artificial intelligence.

6. Medical Applications:

In the medical field also, we will find the wide application of AI.
Doctors assess the patients and their health risks with the help of
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artificial machine intelligence. It educates them about the side effects


of various medicines.

Medical professionals are often trained with artificial surgery


simulators. It finds a huge application in detecting and monitoring
neurological disorders as it can simulate the brain functions.

Robotics is used often in helping mental health patients to come out of


depression and remain active. A popular application of artificial
intelligence is radiosurgery. Radiosurgery is used in operating tumours
and this can actually help in the operation without damaging the
surrounding tissues.

. No Breaks:

Machines, unlike humans, do not require frequent breaks and


refreshments. They are programmed for long hours and can
continuously perform without getting bored or distracted or even tired.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence:

1. High Cost:

Creation of artificial intelligence requires huge costs as they are very


complex machines. Their repair and maintenance require huge costs.

They have software programs which need frequent up gradation to cater


to the needs of the changing environment and the need for the machines
to be smarter by the day.
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In the case of severe breakdowns, the procedure to recover lost codes


and reinstating the system might require huge time and cost.

2. No Replicating Humans:

Intelligence is believed to be a gift of nature. An ethical argument


continues, whether human intelligence is to be replicated or not.

Machines do not have any emotions and moral values. They perform
what is programmed and cannot make the judgment of right or wrong.
Even cannot take decisions if they encounter a situation unfamiliar to
them. They either perform incorrectly or breakdown in such situations.

3. No Improvement with Experience:

Unlike humans, artificial intelligence cannot be improved with


experience. With time, it can lead to wear and tear. It stores a lot of data
but the way it can be accessed and used is very different from human
intelligence.

Machines are unable to alter their responses to changing environments.


We are constantly bombarded by the question of whether it is really
exciting to replace humans with machines.

In the world of artificial intelligence, there is nothing like working with


a whole heart or passionately. Care or concerns are not present in the
machine intelligence dictionary. There is no sense of belonging or
togetherness or a human touch. They fail to distinguish between a
hardworking individual and an inefficient individual.
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4. No Original Creativity:

Do you want creativity or imagination?

These are not the forte of artificial intelligence. While they can help
you design and create, they are no match to the power of thinking that
the human brain has or even the originality of a creative mind.

Human beings are highly sensitive and emotional intellectuals. They


see, hear, think and feel. Their thoughts are guided by the feelings
which completely lacks in machines. The inherent intuitive abilities of
the human brain cannot be replicated.

5. Unemployment:

Replacement of humans with machines can lead to large-scale


unemployment.

Unemployment is a socially undesirable phenomenon. People with


nothing to do can lead to the destructive use of their creative minds.

Humans can unnecessarily be highly dependent on the machines if the


use of artificial intelligence becomes rampant. They will lose their
creative power and will become lazy. Also, if humans start thinking in
a destructive way, they can create havoc with these machines.

Artificial intelligence in wrong hands is a serious threat to mankind in


general. It may lead to mass destruction. Also, there is a constant fear
of machines taking over or superseding the humans.
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Based on the above discussion, the Association for the advancement of


artificial intelligence has two objectives – to develop and advance the
science of artificial intelligence and to promote and educate about the
responsible usage of artificial intelligence.

Identifying and studying the risk of artificial intelligence is a very


important task at hand. This can help in resolving the issues at hand.
Programming errors or cyberattacks need more dedicated and careful
research. Technology companies and the technology industry as a
whole needs to pay more attention to the quality of the software.
Everything that has been created in this world and in our individual
societies is the continuous result of intelligence.

Artificial intelligence augments and empowers human intelligence. So


as long we are successful in keeping the technology beneficial, we will
be able to help this human civilization.

AI Safety Research:

In the recent times and in the near future, the need of having beneficial
effects of artificial intelligence on the society has motivated research in
many areas like security or control to nontechnical topics like
economics and law.

While laptop crash might be a little trouble, but this is a highly


undesirable event if it is an aeroplane autopilot software malfunction
or a lapse on your trading terminal or even your power grid monitoring.
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Lethal autonomous weapons are also a product of artificial intelligence


and the near future challenge is to control the same.

Creating artificial intelligence is perhaps the biggest event for mankind.


If used and developed constructively, we can use artificial intelligence
to eradicate poverty and hunger from the human race.

The argument that will we ever achieve that supreme level of artificial
ever is on. The creators and perpetrators of artificial intelligence insist
that machine intelligence is beneficial and has been created to help the
human race.

The power of artificial intelligence that unintentionally causes


destruction and damage cannot be ignored. What will help us control it
better is research and in-depth study of the importance of artificial
intelligence.

Research alone can control the potentially harmful consequences of AI


and help us enjoy the fruit of this innovation.

Computer scientist Pieter Abbeel of the University of California


says that robots will be able to keep us much safer from destruction in near future. It
will help us in taking care of the old without tiring out and hence human
beings will enjoy independence for a longer period. He predicts that AI
can help us in drastically reducing traffic accidents. It can bring such
incidents to zero if developed properly.
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Shimon Whiteson believes that man and computer are not separate;
they are in fact a single cognitive unit.

Yoky Matsuoka has a unique example of AI benefit. Suppose a human


being loses a limb. Now he has been given an artificial limb. Just
imagine the wonders AI can do to the person if the limb can be operated
through machine intelligence. Things that the human being is not able
to perform on his own anymore are performed by the machine
intelligence and he is able to enjoy the fruits as if he is performing the
act. Wonderful, isn’t it?

Thomas Dietterich is absolutely fascinated by the idea of the


combination of human and artificial intelligence. He believes that
machine intelligence in future can give us augmented sensory abilities
like extended vision or ability to hear and he also coined a term
‘exoskeleton’. As per him, this will help us to walk around even when
our bones are weak when we are old. Your eyes and ears fail you but
AI helps you to continue to hear and see.

Stuart Russell believes that all the problems that we encounter


including that of climate change can be addressed with the help of
artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence magnifies human
intelligence and it can only take this human civilization forward and
not backward. It can predict an environmental catastrophe and help us
act fast, cure a disease or even help us eliminate poverty.
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“The sky is the limit” – says Oren Etzioni, CEO of Allen Institute of
Artificial Intelligence. Everything that human beings have
contemplated starting from space exploration to finding a solution to
the deadly Ebola, could have been more documented and tractable with
the impact of artificial intelligence. AI will document the footprints of
human developments.

AI and robotics will not only improve the way we think or live our lives
but also explores new horizons, whether space or the ocean. As the age-
old saying goes, the need is the mother of all innovations, so it is with
AI also. Humans are getting increasingly better in defining their wants
and quickly transforming this want into reality. Things will happen so
fast that we will not notice the minor changes and will be easily
adaptable to the change it brings to us.
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