Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics

Group 3 XII-Nebres Members:

Orbasido, Felito Catapal, Seine

Orbello, Paul Anthony Pagtabonan, Mary Rose
Perez, Jarryd John Indic, Trixie

Moment of Inertia

 It appears in the relationships for the dynamics of rotational motion

 Moment of Inertia must be specified with respect to a chosen axis rotation
 For a point mass the moment of inertia is just the mass times the square of
perpendicular distance to the rotation axis,

I =mr^2

 That point mass relationship becomes the basis for all other moments of inertia since
any object can be built up from a collection of point masses.

Angular Position

- Angle between the initial and the final points for a given object undergoing circular
motion about a fixed point.
- The angle has either clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The clockwise rotation is
negative and the anti-clockwise rotation is positive
- We measure that angle in radians
- To convert angle to radian:

 Angular position relationship to distance traveled

- Consider two runners who make a complete lap around a circular track. Although
every runner covers an angular displacement of 2 (insert symbol hin pi) radians,
the runner whose circle has the greatest radius travels a greater distance.
- The relationship between the arc length and the angle of the arc is:
S = rθ

Angular Velocity
 - Refers to how fast the angular position or orientation of an object changes with time.
- Angular velocity is measured in angle per unit time or radians per second (rad/s).
- We show angular velocity with the Greek letter “ω” omega.

- The right hand rule is a convenient tool in determining the direction of the angular
velocity.
Counterclockwise = positive angular velocity
Clockwise = negative angular velocity

Angular Acceleration

 Change of angular velocity per unit of time

 The angular acceleration is denoted by α

 When the angular acceleration is positive, then the angular velocity increases.
 When the angular acceleration is negative, then the angular velocity decreases.

Bridging Linear and Angular Motion

Relationships between Rotational and Translational Motion

We can look at two relationships between rotational and translational motion.

Generally speaking, the linear kinematic equations have their rotational counterparts. Table
lists the four linear kinematic equations and the corresponding rotational counterpart. The two sets
of equations look similar to each other, but describe two different physical situations, that is,
rotation and translation.

Linear Displacement d
Angular Displacement 𝜃

Relationship d = 𝜃•r

Linear Velocity v
Angular Velocity 𝜔
 Relationship v = 𝜔•r

Linear Acceleration a
Angular Acceleration 𝛼

Relationship a = 𝛼 •r

The second correspondence has to do with relating linear and rotational variables in the
special case of circular motion. This is shown in Table, where in the third column, we have listed
the connecting equation that relates the linear variable to the rotational variable. The rotational
variables of angular velocity and acceleration have subscripts that indicate their definition in
circular motion.

Sample Problem: An electric fan was rotating with a speed of 210 rpm. Its velocity is increases
to 630 rpm in 11 seconds with the help of a regulator. Calculate the angular acceleration of the
fan.

Torque

- Torque is the rotational counterpart of a force. Just like a net force is to translational
motion, a net torque causes a change in the rotational state of motion of rigid body.
- In other words, it is a force that tends to cause rotation.

Torque depends on three parameters:

a. The magnitude of the force
b. The direction of the applied force
c. The distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force

Formula:

𝜏 = 𝐹𝑑

Where F is the perpendicular force and d as the perpendicular distance with

torque measured in newton-meters

Sample Problem 1: A force of 5.0 N is applied at the end of a lever that has a length of 2.0
meters. If the force is applied directly perpendicular to the lever, what is the magnitude of
the torque acting on the lever?

Sample Problem 2: If a force of 5. 0 N is applied at an angle of 30 degrees at the end of a

2.0 meter lever, what will be the magnitude of the torque?
Static Equilibrium

A system in which the sum of the forces , and torque, on each particle of the system is
zero.

∑ 𝐹 = 0, ∑𝜏 = 0

Sample Problem:
A board of mass = 2.0 kg serves as a seesaw for two children. Child A has a mass of 30
kg and sits at 2.5 m from the pivot point. At what distance from the pivot must child B of
mass 25 kg, place herself to balance the seesaw?

Work done by a torque

- can be calculated by taking an analogy from work done by force. Work done by force is
calculated as the dot product of force and displacement of point of application of force. In
case of angular motion, force is replaced by torque and linear displacement is replaced by
angular displacement.

- we can introduce the work energy relation between between rotating rigid bodies where
1/2IW^2 is called the rotational energy of the body this give us:

1 2 1 2
𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝐼𝜔 − 𝐼𝜔
2 𝑓 2 0

The total work done equals the change of the rotational kinetic energy of the body.

Sample Problem: A 5kg disk with a radius of 1.3m is spinning at an angular speed of 15 rads. a.
what is the inertia of the solid disk?. b. what is rotational kinetic energy of the disk?

Angular Momentum

- Analogous to objects moving carrying a momentum p, the rotational counterpart of

momentum is angular momentum denoted by L.

- When a body rotates about fixed axis of symmetry such as disc rotating in the xy-plane,
then the angular momentum also has a single component and is directed in line with the
angular velocity. Call this component LZ or Z- component of the angular momentum.
 - In general, for the particles revolving about a fixed axis the angular momentum of a
single particle is:

L= r x p

In terms of the moment of inertia, the angular momentum of a rotating rigid body is:

L = lw

Sample Problem: A 10kg disk of radius 3 meters is spinning at 15 rad/s. (a) What is the inertia of
the disc? (b) Calculate the angular momentum of the disk.