IEEE PES Transactions on Sustainable Energy

PV Plant Modeling for Power System Integration using

PSCAD Software

Journal: IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy

Manuscript ID: Draft

Manuscript Type: Transactions

Date Submitted by the Author: n/a

Complete List of Authors: Gorgan, Bogdan; SC SIMTECH INTERNATIONAL SRL,

Busoi, Stefan; SC SIMTECH INTERNATIONAL SRL,
Tanasescu, Gabriel; SC SIMTECH INTERNATIONAL SRL,
Notingher, Petru; University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, Machines, Materials and Drives

Solar photovoltaics < Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Grid interaction

Technical Topic Area :
of sustainable energy sources < Transactions on Sustainable Energy

Key Words: Cables, Photovoltaic power systems, Power system simulation

Page 1 of 7 IEEE PES Transactions on Sustainable Energy
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PV Plant Modeling for Power System
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6 Integration using PSCAD Software
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8 B. Gorgan, S. A. Busoi, G. Tanasescu, P. V. Notingher
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12 PV units were operated to maximize the production of
13 Abstract--Nowadays, renewable energy based on solar sources energy in the past, regardless of the possibility of using
14 is in continuous growth, due to important advantages (unlimited reactive power as a resource to improve the performance of the
15 energy resources and no pollution). Plants connected to the energy system. During recent years, the possibility of using PV
16 medium voltage grid do not contribute to the grid stability. In plants as service providers has also been analyzed. Moreover,
17 order to prevent grid instability, directives (codes) for connecting it is a matter of fact that several transmission system operators
18 PV plants to the medium voltage power grid have been released.
(TSO) are introducing in their grid-code specific requirements
19 The supply and control of the reactive power from the renewable
generation plants are becoming important issues to be studied, concerning the possible application of PV plants to control the
20 reactive power and to participate in voltage regulation [3].
because they can facilitate the integration of PV in power grids.
21 In this paper, two models of a 6.09 MW PV plant, used to analyze Details of this can be found in the Italian, German,
22 its grid integration, according to the grid code, are presented. The Canadian, Australian and North American regulations [3]-[5].
23 first is a simplified model, without taking into account In North America, the required power factor range is 0.95 lead
24 transformers and cables, while the second one is a more complex (capacitive)/lag (inductive) at maximum power output and
25 model which includes these components. The model was must be supplied at the CCP [4]. Most grid codes in Europe
26 developed using PSCAD-EMTDC software. The final part of the recognize that reactive power capability depends on voltage
27 paper presents the active-reactive power (P-Q) charts, calculated
at the common coupling point (CCP), for different levels of solar
conditions, and contain specifications to that effect. Thus, in
28 Germany, the power factor design criterion is 0.95 lead/lag at
29 radiation (0% to 100%). Based on these charts, it is determined
the maximum output power level which can be generated by the full power output [5], which requires inverters to be oversized
30 or de-rated. This standard also requires dynamic reactive
plant, according to the current grid code.
31 power support during voltage variations [4]-[5]. In Romania,
32 Index Terms--Common coupling point, inverter, power grid the required power factor range is 0.9 lead/lag at maximum
33 integration, P-Q chart, PSCAD software, PV plant, reactive power output and must be supplied at the CCP [6]-[7].
34 power control. Regulation [7] adds up a new deadline for PV plant grid
35 integration and maximum allowed limits for reactive power
36 I. INTRODUCTION generated during the night, in comparison with [6].
37 The major issues encountered when a PV plant is connected
There is an increasing interest in renewable energy sources,
38 to the power grid (stipulated in the grid code) are the difficulty
explained by changes occurred in the electro-energetic system
39 in operating at full power (taking into account that the plant
(manufacturing quality increase, lower equipment costs,
40 must operate at a certain power factor – lead/lag, which
renewed interest in environmental pollution, continuous
41 implies generation/absorption of reactive power to control the
decrease of classic fuel energy sources and worries regarding
42 voltage at CCP), low/zero voltage ride through (LVRT/ZVRT)
nuclear energy) [1].
43 function and no reactive power generated/absorbed during the
Until 2012, the installed PV capacity all over the world
44
exceeded 100 gigawatt (GW) [2]. Statistical data show that PV night [4]-[7].
45
systems are now developing in two directions: in large-scale Models regarding hybrid or single type power plants
46
grid connected PV systems and in small-scale PV systems behavior (wind/PV/diesel) and financial issues studies were
47
integrated with other distributed generators in micro-grids. developed [8]-[20]. In [8] is presented a PV plant model which
48
Large-scale grid connected PV systems are generally takes into account environmental working conditions
49
connected to the utility on the high-voltage side (20 kV/35 (temperature and wind speed) and specific plant configuration,
50
kV/110 kV), with the rated capacity ranging from 1 MW to for performance analysis and power production forecast. In [9]
51
hundreds of megawatts or even more [2]. are presented two models for wind and photovoltaic power
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plants, which can evaluate (forecast) the output power. In [10]
53
is presented a steady-state model of a grid connected power
54 B. Gorgan is with Simtech International Ltd., Bucharest, Romania (e- converter system and electrical characteristics of the power
55 mail: bgorgan@simtech-international.ro).
converter under different control conditions. Also, a solar cell
56 S. A. Busoi is with Simtech International Ltd., Bucharest, Romania (e-
mail: sabusoi@simtech-international.ro). model is presented, which is used for energy extraction and
57
G. Tanasescu is with Simtech International Ltd., Bucharest, Romania (e- grid integration study of the solar PV system by incorporating
58 mail: gtanasescu@simtech-international.ro). together electrical characteristics of the power converter and
59 P. V. Notingher is with University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of
extracted power characteristics of the PV generator. A detailed
60 Electrical Engineering, Bucharest, Romania (e-mail: petrunot@elmat.pub.ro).
 IEEE PES Transactions on Sustainable Energy Page 2 of 7
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1 dynamic model, containing the control and simulation of a [14] and [21], where more information is given about the
2 smart grid-connected PV/WT (wind turbine) hybrid power configuration of photovoltaic modules, dc-dc converter,
3 generation system, is proposed in [11]. The dynamic behavior inverters power control/command and transformers.
4 of the proposed model is examined under different operating The studied PV plant (which is in operation in Romania)
5 conditions. Solar irradiance, temperature and wind speed data consists of a number of 29232 photovoltaic modules of rated
6 is gathered from a 28.8 kW grid connected solar power system power 240 W, 406 inverters with the rated power of 15 kVA, 4
7 [11]. In [12] is presented a simulation environment for the
8 transformers with rated power of 1600 kVA (20/0.4 kV).
analysis of PV generators connected to a micro-grid. An There are two types of underground power cables (with cross
9 optimal planning model for investment in large-scale solar PV
10 sections of 70 and 240 mm2 and lengths of 0.6 and 1.7 km)
generation (5 MW and above) from the perspective of an
11 connecting the transformers with the common coupling point.
individual investor is proposed in [13]. In [14], a 260 kW grid-
12 The power of the PV plant is limited by the inverters’
tied PV plant model is described, as well as harmonic
13 maximum active power and is also called the installed power.
distortion analysis.
14 This paper presents two models of a PV plant located in The model uses real data for each equipment, given by the
15 manufacturers and client.
Romania (P = 6.09 MW). The first one is a simplified model
16 In Figures 1-3, the entire PV plant model, split into three
and it takes into account PV modules, inverters, transformers
17 parts for better resolution, is presented. Fig. 1 presents the PV
and the grid, without taking into account the reactive power
18 plant model containing the photovoltaic modules and the
19 influence of cables and transformers. The second one takes
into account the transformers and cables reactive power inverters. Parameters Vpv and Ipv are the dc voltage and
20 current at the solar panels output. These parameters are
21 contributions at the common coupling point. The models were
developed to study the issues which appear during the PV adjusted by the dc-dc converter to ensure that the PV plant
22
plant grid integration, according to the current grid code (the active power is maximum at a given time and also that the
23
difficulty in operating at full power, low/zero voltage ride input voltage value of the inverters is dcVltg = 900 Vdc. The
24
25 through (LVRT/ZVRT) function and no reactive power inverters feed the transformers (0.4/20 kV) by converting the
26 generated/absorbed during the night [4]-[7]). dc input voltage in three phase ac voltage (Vinv). Also, the
27 Such studies require a complete modeling of the PV plant inverters are the key elements for the active and reactive power
28 in an electromagnetic transient software environment. For this control of the PV plant. By reactive power absorption
29 reason, PSCAD with full facilities was chosen to simulate the (lag/inductive reactive power) or generation (lead/capacitive
30 PV plant model. PSCAD is a powerful and flexible graphical reactive power), the inverters control the voltage level at the
31 user interface to the world-renowned EMTDC simulation common coupling point, around the rated value of 20 kV
32 engine. Also, PSCAD’s interface is designed in a way that is (given by the transformers), by lowering it (inductive regime)
33 or increasing it (capacitive regime). The inverters control the
easily used [14].
34 active (P) and reactive (Q) power using two PI (proportional-
In the second part of the paper, the mathematical model of
35 integral) regulators, which were developed based on [14].
the PV plant is presented. The models for solar panels,
36 The next part of the PV plant, including transformers and
37 inverters, transformers, cables and grid are described.
The third part refers to results and discussions of the cables, until the common coupling point, is presented in Fig. 2.
38 The switch breaker BRK_SM is used to simulate the PV plant
39 simulations (maximum output power level which can be
generated by the plant and the reactive power generated during operation during the night, by putting the inverters in “night
40
the night). A comparison between the results of the simplified mode”. Active power losses and reactive power contributions
41
and the complete model is made, which shows that to be in of transformers and cables can be determined using the meters
42
43 accordance with the current grid codes [6]-[7], the reactive (P, Q and V) found in Fig. 2. The active power P is calculated
44 power influence of subcomponents like transformers and with the equation [21]-[22]:
45 cables are of utmost importance.
46 P = 3 ⋅ V ⋅ I ⋅ cos(ϕ) , (1)
47 II. PV PLANT MODEL
48 To study the grid integration of a PV plant, the developed where V is the phase to ground RMS voltage, I is the RMS line
49 model should take into account all the equipment installed on- current and φ is the power factor angle.
50 site. Usually, in a simplified model, transformers and cables The reactive power Q is calculated with the equation [21]-
51 are simulated as resistances and inductances in series and [22]:
52 parallel [10-12]. The model presented in this paper contains
53 special modules for transformers and cables used to take into Q = 3 ⋅ V ⋅ I ⋅ sin(ϕ) , (2)
54
account parameters like transformer magnetizing current,
55
short-circuit voltage, load and no-load losses, cable dielectric where V is the phase to ground RMS voltage, I is the RMS line
56
57 parameters, length and diameters of cable conductors and current and φ is the power factor angle.
58 insulation. All these elements contribute to the final active and The total reactive power absorbed by the transformer (∆Qt)
59 especially reactive power generation and absorption, thus they is calculated with the equation [21]-[22]:
60 must be taken into account. The PV plant model is based on
Page 3 of 7 IEEE PES Transactions on Sustainable Energy
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Fig. 1. PV plant model using PSCAD software. Part I - photovoltaic panels, inverter.
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Fig. 2. PV plant model using PSCAD software. Part II - transformer, cables and busbar.
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59 Fig. 3. PV plant model using PSCAD software. Part III - grid model.
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 IEEE PES Transactions on Sustainable Energy Page 4 of 7
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1
2 ∆Qt = ∆Qsc + ∆Q0 = k
2
(usc ⋅ Sn )2 − Psc2 + (i0 ⋅ Sn )2 − P02 , (3)
3
4 where ∆Qsc [kVAr] is the reactive power absorbed by the
5 transformer during operation, ∆Q0 [kVAr] – the no-load
6 reactive power absorbed by the transformer, k [%] – load, usc
7 [%] – shortcircuit voltage, i0 [%] – the magnetizing current, Sn
8 [kVA] – the rated power, Psc [kW] – the active power load
9 losses and P0 [kW] – the active power no-load losses.
10 The total reactive power generated by the cable (∆Qc) is
11 calculated with the equation [21]-[22]:
12
13
2 2
14 ∆Qc = 3 ⋅ C ⋅ ω ⋅ V = 2 3 ⋅ C ⋅ π ⋅ f ⋅V , (4)
15
16
where C [F] is the cable capacity, ω [rad/s] – the angular
17
frequency, V [V] – the grid voltage, f [Hz] – the grid
18 Fig. 4. P-Q capability curve for one inverter.
frequency.
19
The total active power loss of the transformer (∆Pt) is
20 and cell temperature of 25 oC, the active and reactive power
calculated with the equation [21]-[22]:
21 desired at steady state have been established at inverters
22 output, according to the capability curve presented in Fig. 4.
23 2
∆Pt = ∆Psc + P0 = k ⋅ Psc + P0 , (5) Then, in steady state regime, the reactive power contributions
24
of transformers and cables in CCP were determined, by
25
where ∆Psc [kW] is the active power loss of the transformer reading the monitors values in Fig. 2.
26
27 during operation, P0 [kVAr] – the active power no-load losses, The results of the two models (with and without
28 k [%] – load and Psc [kW] – the active power load losses. transformers and cables reactive power contributions) are
29 The total active power loss of the cable (∆Pc) is calculated presented in Tables I-III and Figs. 5 - 6. For grid voltages of
30 with the equation [21]-[22]: 20, 18 and 22 kV, the P-Q charts in CCP are presented (Figs. 5
31 - 6). The corresponding voltage levels were simulated by
32 2 modifying the secondary voltage of the transformers from the
2  k .S n 
33 ∆Pc = 3 ⋅ R ⋅ I l = 3 ⋅ R ⋅   , (6) grid model.
34  3 ⋅V  Table I and Fig. 5 present the models’ results in CCP for
35 grid voltage V = 20 kV. The values for reactive power at the
36 where R [Ω] is the cable resistance, Il [A] – the grid line common coupling point, when the model does not take into
37 current, k [%] – load, Sn [kVA] – the rated power and V [V] – account the contributions of transformers and cables, are
38 the grid voltage. smaller than the values for the case when the model is
39 The grid model is presented in Fig. 3 and it consists of a completed with the respective contribution. The differences
40 power substation with rated voltage of 110 kV, a 20 MVA are up to 0.4 MVAr, on inductive regime. On the capacitive
41 power transformer (110/20 kV) and line consumers regime, at the same voltage, the differences between the
42 (represented by a 5 MVA transformer). reactive power values are up to 0.3 MVAr. At full power, the
43
44 transformers’ losses have high values, in comparison with
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS cables’ losses. This is the reason that the differences between
45
46 In this section, the P-Q charts in the common coupling the two models are bigger on the inductive part. Thus, the
47 point, using the simplified and the complex PV plant models reactive power contributions at CCP level of transformers and
48 are determined. The simulation is faster for the simplified cables have to be taken into account.
49 model due to the absence of cables and transformers. When According to Romania’s current grid codes, the maximum
50 they are taken into account the simulation time increases by active power values at which the PV plant can operate are P =
51 10%. 5.63 MW (inductive regime) and P = 5.39 MW (capacitive
52 In Fig. 4 the P-Q curve for one inverter, given by the regime). The power limitations were done based on the
53 manufacturer is presented. It can be seen that the active power complex model’s results. To limit the PV plant output power is
54 at grid voltages of (1-1.1) Vn (respectively, 20-22 kV) is one possibility, the other being the installation of additional
55 greater than if the value is 0.9 Vn (18 kV). This type of inverter compensation devices, which can supply the necessary reactive
56 can supply a reactive power value of maximum ±9 kVAr. This power, so that the limitation line can be heightened closer to
57 capability curve was extended for the entire PV plant and was the rated active power (P = 6.09 MW). On the other hand, as it
58 used for all the simulations. can be seen in Fig. 5, the necessary reactive power of these
59 For each level of solar radiation between 0 and 1000 W/m2 devices should be approximately 3 MVAr, on both inductive
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1 TABLE I TABLE II
2 ACTIVE (P) AND REACTIVE (Q) POWER IN CCP WITH AND ACTIVE (P) AND REACTIVE (Q) POWER IN CCP WITH AND
3 WITHOUT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT TRANSFORMERS AND CABLES WITHOUT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT TRANSFORMERS AND CABLES
INFLUENCE AT V = 20 KV INFLUENCE AT V = 18 KV, CAPACITIVE REGIME
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
TABLE III
19 ACTIVE (P) AND REACTIVE (Q) POWER IN CCP WITH AND
20 WITHOUT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT TRANSFORMERS AND CABLES
21 INFLUENCE AT V = 22 KV, INDUCTIVE REGIME
22
23
24
25
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36
37
38
not simulated because it would decrease the voltage in CCP
39
40 below the existing relay protection at minimum voltage. Also,
41 the capacitive regime for V = 22 kV was not simulated because
42 it would increase the voltage in CCP above the existing relay
43 protection at maximum voltage. The differences between the
44 two models’ values are up to 0.42 MVAr, on inductive regime
45 Fig. 5. P-Q diagram in CCP at grid voltage V = 20 kV. Comparison between (V = 22 kV). On the capacitive regime, at V = 18 kV, the
the models with and without taking into account the transformers and cables
46 differences between the reactive power values are up to 0.43
reactive power contributions.
47 MVAr.
48 According to Romania’s current grid codes, the maximum
and capacitive regimes. During the night (P = 0), the reactive
49 active power values at which the PV plant can operate are P =
power resulted from the simulation (given by transformers and
50 5.64 MW (inductive regime) and P = 4.9 MW (capacitive
51 cables), by opening the switch breaker BRK_SM (Fig. 2), is Q
regime). To operate at full power with respect to Romania’s
52 = 84 kVAr capacitive (Table I), which has to be compensated
grid codes, as it can be seen in Fig. 6, the necessary reactive
53 by installing a coil with the same reactive power value.
power of the compensation devices should be approximately 3
54 The reactive power given by the simplified model is zero,
MVAr, on inductive regime and 2.5 MVAr on capacitive
55 because the contributions of the reactive components are
regime.
56 neglected (Table I).
During the night (P = 0), the reactive power resulted from
57 Tables II-III and Fig. 6 present the models’ results in CCP
58 the simulation (given by transformers and cables), by opening
for grid voltages V = 18 kV (capacitive regime) and V = 22 kV
59 the switch breaker BRK_SM (Fig. 2), is Q = 70 kVAr
(inductive regime). The inductive regime for V = 18 kV was
60 capacitive, at V = 18 kV (Table II) and Q = 112 kVAr
 IEEE PES Transactions on Sustainable Energy Page 6 of 7
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2 Design on Microgrids With SS-PVs for Industries”, IEEE Transactions
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Production Forecast”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 4,
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Page 7 of 7 IEEE PES Transactions on Sustainable Energy
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1 VI. BIOGRAPHIES
2 Gabriel Tanasescu was born in Romania on
Bogdan Gorgan was born on December 6, 1985 in
3 Buzau, Romania. He graduated from University September 12, 1967. He received the M.S. and
4 Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Electrical Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from
University Politehnica of Bucharest (UPB),
5 Engineering in 2009. In 2012 he obtained a Ph.D. in
Bucharest, Romania. His research interests include
6 electrical engineering. His area of expertise includes:
photovoltaic and wind power plants modeling, insulation systems testing and diagnosing,
7 electrical insulation aging mechanisms, measurement monitoring and diagnosis of electrical equipment,
8 of insulation systems (especially those based on photovoltaic and wind power plants modeling. He
has published over 30 scientific papers in the field of
9 mineral oil and cellulosic paper) and modeling of
power transformers. monitoring and diagnosing of insulation systems. He
10 is member of CIGRE.
11
Stefan Alexandru Busoi was born on January 21,
12 Petru V. Notingher (M’93) was born on 18
1984 in Bucharest, Romania. He graduated from
13 University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of February 1946. He received the Eng. and the Ph.D.
14 Electrical Engineering in 2007. In 2013 he obtained degrees in electrical engineering from the University
Politehnica of Bucharest (UPB) in 1969 and 1983,
15 a Ph.D. in electrical engineering. His area of
respectively. He is a Professor in the Department of
16 expertise includes: photovoltaic and wind power
plants modeling, electrical insulation aging Electrical Machines and Materials at UPB and
17 mechanisms, measurement of insulation systems Director of Electrical Materials Laboratory of UPB
18 (especially those based on mica, epoxy resins and since 1990. He was also (1995-1999) Director of the
Electromechanical Energy Conversion Equipment
19 glass matrix) and modeling of rotating electrical
Research Center. He is a member of CIGRE. His
20 machines.
research interests include ageing mechanism of electrical insulation and
21 insulation systems, polymers breakdown, electrical and water treeing and
22 composite materials. He has published over 400 papers and books in the field
23 of materials for electrical engineering and insulation systems.
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