1. What is a safety?
Safety used to protect people and property from hazards and accidents. Safety is the relative freedom from
accidents/incidents/near miss
3. Flames and hot works like welding activities in the live gas plants
6. What is accident?
Unexpected incident is an accident.
7. What is incident?
FIRE SPREADS
Fire extinguishers
Fire buckets
Fire blankets
Fixed installation
Sprinklers
Pass method
P – Pull the pin
Where man cannot work comfortable in any location is known as confined space Ex. Vessels, tanks, sewages
sumps and pipelines.
• Is large enough and so configured that an employee can enter bodily and perform work.
Lack of oxygen
Poor ventilation
Toxic gases
Entrapping design
Heat
Falling
Noise
Combustibility
Sign boards
Safe access
H2S PROPERTIES
H2S is one of the toxic gases and it is very harmful to human body.
Properties of H2S
Color less
Highly flammable
EFFECT BY H2S
Eye irritation
Throat irritation
Irritation of lungs
Unconsciousness
Death
500 PPM Dizziness headache nausea abdominal pains within 15 Minutes, loss of consciousness and possibly death
after 30 minutes exposure if effective resusscitation not applied
1000 PPM and above Rapid unconsciousness followed by death within minutes
1. Lack of oxygen
2. Collapse hazard
3. Falling hazard
4. Water accumulation
5. Underground facilities
6. Toxic substance
18. What are the methods for identify for underground services?
A) Plan
B) Locate
C) Identify
D) Dig
Before starting the job the surrounding area shall be provided with barricade, warning sign and flashers.
Ladder shall be positioned projecting a minimum of 1.2 meters depth sufficient number of ladders be made
available by taking into account the number of persons working in the excavation (one ladder for five person
It is written permission given to the employee regarding any work from employer.
Entry permits
Certificate of crane
Driver license
Barication
Slings
Calibration certificates
Types of slings.
Chain sling
Nylon sling
1. Overloading
2. Poor condition
3. Broken wires
4. Corrosion/rust
5. Excessive wear
6. Several kinks/bends
7. Crakes
8. Reduce diametric
9. Bird caging
Formula
This process of transferring exchanging understanding the ideas, knowledge and felling between two of more
When there is heat stress and sand storm that the management reduces the man hours in restricted the man hours in
restricted work day case.
Every day that we have to site reports as on this a reports we have to select the situations of safety violations we
have to come report on weekly monthly safety static report.
Lower Explosive /Flammable Limit minimum concentration of vapor or gas in air which will burn when a source
of ignition (spark) is introduced
Minimum temperature at which a flammable mixture of gas or vapor in air will momentary flash when a source of
ignition (spark) is introduced.
Minimum temperature required to initiate self-sustained combustion of a solid, liquid or gas in the absence of a
source of ignition.
Time weighted average concentration of the contaminate in air over the normal work shift of 8 hours to which
workers can be exposed without respiratory protection in a 40 hour work week
Short term exposure limit when exposed only for a short period of 15 minutes. This maximum concentration can
be allowed to breathe 4 times during 8 hours with minimum 1 hour interval between exposure.
Minimum concentration of contaminant in air which is immediately dangerous to life and health (Note- air
supplied respirators are required in IDLH atmosphere)
soft barrication and hard barrication soft barrication with in 24 hours work should be finish suppose exceeding
more than 24 hours should follow hard barrication (hard barrication should tie wire rope by concrete blocks tightly
especially for excavation job)
(Red – Danger), (Yellow- Caution), (Red and white- work is going on do not enter).
MSDS is Material Safety Data Sheet, MSDS technical report that explains how to use handle and store the
chemicals.
Health and use (What part will be effect(what other materials must be keep away)
Reactivity
Control measures
CHEMICAL STORAGE
30 minutes effective working duration sets for fire fighting, rescue and maintenance operation
15 minutes duration escape sets for escaping safely from the toxic or contaminated atmosphere
40 40
S.T.E.L is a short Term Explosive Limit. This figure is expressed as an airborne concentration averaged over a
specified time period. The average period for the S.T.E.L is normally 15 min. The limit is aimed primarily to avoid
acute toxicity effect on personnel .
It is a concentration to which persons can be exposed for a period of up to 15 min continuously without any health
effect or suffering
40. What is I.D.L.H?
T.W.A is a Time Weighted Average. It is the time weighted average concentration for a normal 8 hours a day or
40 hours week. Nearly all persons can be exposed a day after day to airborne concentration at these limit without
adverse effect.
T.L.V means Threshold Limit Value. It is the maximum airborne concentration of a substance to which it is
believed nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.
43. If Two blower used for confined space, which will be positive and which will be negative?
The positive is which supplying the large volume of air. The negative is to remove the contaminated air from the
confined space
The removal of catalyst from some reactor in refineries cannot always be accomplished by going through a
regeneration cycle prior to the removal. In some cases, the catalyst is removed while an inert atmosphere ( usually
Nitrogen) is maintained in the reactor. The precaution that should be taken to enable men to work inside a reactor
having such an atmosphere.
The vessels, reactor must be purged with an inert gas until the concentration of hydrocarbon vapors and /or
hydrogen in the effluent is nonflammable when mixed with air. The vessel must be blinded except for the inert gas
purge lines which should be isolated from any other system.
All temperature indicator and recorder connected to the vessel must remain in service during the entire purging
and catalyst removal operation.
Temperature must be monitored at all times. Man ways should not be opened until all temperature have reached
100 0F or less.
When the first opening is made to determine whether the inerting is complete. The interior must be checked with
appropriate instrument equipped with suitable probe for determining the presence of gases including oxygen,
hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide or hydrocarbon vapors. The type of catalyst and rector serve may require
additional test to be performed. The result of these tests may need for additional purging.
The man performing the test should wear supplied air breathing equipment unless he is not exposed to the effluent
of the reactor.
The flow of inert gas into the vessel must be maintained at a rate such that air from the atmosphere cannot enter
through the opening.
Signs and other visual warning devices must be posted around the bottom of the vessel and at all ladders and
access stairways to the upper portion. These signs should be worded to indicate that inert gas purging of the vessel
is taking place.
The H2S Threshold Limit Value (TLV) in the long term explosive limit (L.T.E.L) is 10 PPM. In the H2S TLV
short term explosive limit is 15 PPM.
48. For a Tank Sludge is present we have to remove by manual operating, oxygen percentage is same. But H2S
PPM is 4 at this condition whether you allow a person as a safety engineer? What are the precautions needed?
Yes we can allow a person to enter in the tank to remove the sludge, but we also take precaution to reduce the
potential hazards. Use sufficient dilution or local exhaust ventilation to control the airborne contaminants and to
keep levels as low as possible, H2S may be trapped in sludge or process and may be released during agitation.
Calcium chloride or ferrous sulfate should be added to neutralize process wash water each time H2S formation
occurs.
Scaffolding is a temporary Elevated platform (supported or suspended ) and it’s supporting structure (including
points of anchorage) used for supporting employees or materials or both.
Type of Scaffolding
d) Independent Scaffold
e) Slug Scaffold
g) Putlog scaffold
Red and Green scaffold tag are used to inform/ warn user about the readiness or status of the scaffold. Scaffold
checklist is used while inspecting scaffold before certifying them for use.
Executor shall prominently display red scaffold tag ( Do not use scaffold) when scaffold is incomplete, whether it
be during erection, dismantling or alternation.
Duly signed Green tag (use scaffold) shall be displayed. It shall be re inspected at lease every seven days or after
every modification/ alternation.
General
Light duty
Heavey duty
Special duty
51.How many days once the scaffolding inspection can done? Every seven days the scaffolding inspection can do
as per the check list, if heavey rain or heavey wind blowed immediately check the scaffloding before use
Zone 1 - An area in which an explosive gas air mixture is likely to our in normal
Operation,
Zone 2 - An area in which an explosive gas air mixture is not likely to our in
Normal operation and if it our it will exit only for a short period of
Time
3. Ensure positive isolation (blind with tag) as per the blind list.
10. Obey the instruction contained on the authorization e,g wearing ppe etc
Oil fire or liquid fire involving liquid which are flammable like diesel kerosene
Paint etc .
Gas fire involving flammable gases like LPG, Propane, Hydrogen etc.
Metal fire involving metal like Uranium, Magnesium etc and all electrical fire as
The device which is used to put off the fire is called fire Extinguisher.
1 Fire extinguisher.
1. House keeping
2.Do not use smoke cigarette or lighter.
3.Do not use tools with damage electrical cabal and board.
4. Keep exit storage area and stair way clean of any flammable material .
The supervisor play vital role to create and maintain interest in safety because he is responsible for translating
management policies into action and for promoting safety activities directly among the employees. The supervisor
attitude towards safety is a significant factor in the success not only of specific promotion activities but also of the
entire safety program because his view will be reflected by his employees. The supervisor big job is to provide
effective leadership. Safety leadership work best. when it enlist the cooperation of those who are being lead. The
supervisor has to shown responsibility by his own action and words that he considers safety important.
The process of controlling the fire totally or putting off the fire is called fire Extinguishing.
1. COOLING EFFECT:
3. STARVATION EFFECT:
Equipments we have.
1. Fire Extinguisher.
2. Fire Buckets.
3. Fire Blankets.
4. Fixed Installations.
6. Sprinkler system
7.DCP flooding system.
• Close valves
Electrical sources
Hazardous materials.
The horizontal distance measured between center to center of the adjacent standards along the length of
scaffolding. It depends on the height and loading on the scaffold, normal bay length is 2.7 m.
• Should hard enough to prevent scaffold tubes (standards) to penetrate in the ground.
• The surfaces like paved, asphalted, flooring garden, base plates witli sole boards must be used.
• Sole boards beneath any standards should be minimum 1200 cm2 area.
A maximum cons. from which one can escape within 30 mins. Without
injury or illness. See appendix for a list of common hazard and desorption
A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify before they occur. It focuses on
the relationship between the workers. The task the job and the work environment. Ideally after you identify
uncontrolled hazard you will take steps to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable risk level.
Many workers are injured and killed at the workplace every day safety and health can add value to your business
your job and your life. You can help prevent workplace injuries and illnesses by looking at your workplace
operations. Establishing proper job procedures and ensuring that all employees are trained properly. One of the
best ways to deter
A) Oxygen- Black
B) Acetylene – Maroon
C) Aragon- Blue
D) Nitrogen-Grey
E) Propane-Bright Red
Residual risk means in any activity using HEMP method(Hazard Effects Management Process) and finding the
hazard from that hazard finding the actual risk. From that actual risk, using again ALARP (As Low As Reasonable
practice) method finding the control measures and bringing to the residual risk.
2. Do you under stand the job to be done? Are the instructions clear to you
4. Do you have right tools for the job? Are they in good condition
5. Have you checked the power tools and equipments and facilities to be used at the job site
7. Do you have easy access to the job? Are exists free from obstructions
1. Issue
2. Receipt
4. Cancellation
5. Extensions
1. Inspections
2. HAZOP
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Mechanical
4. Biological
5. Ergonomic
6. Psychological
7. Environment
8. Social
1. Reporting of
2. Injuries
3. Diseases and
4. Dangerous
5. Occurrences
6. Regulations 1995
1. Legal
2. RIDDOR
3. Insurance
4. Statistics
5. Civil actions
6. Benefits Agency
7. Prevent recurrence
79. What are the management arrangements for HSE ?
1. Planning
2. Organisation
3. Control
4. Monitoring, and
1) Competence
2) Control
3) Co-operation
4) Communication
On site
on construction etc
83. What are the main casues of Fire in the work place?
4. Malicious ignition
Energy which is transmitted from an atom is in the form of waves, the wave length and frequency of these waves
is dependent on how much energy is released.
1. Radiation sickness
2. Skin redness
3. Cancers
4. Cataracts
5. Genetic effects
1. Time
a. Limit exposure.
2. Distance
3. Shielding
LTI X 100000
Inspection which is a method of discover potential accident risks, is onw of the oldest of accident prevention
techniques.
c. Head aches
d. Dizziness
e. Labored breathing
a) Face is pale
c) Temperature is subnormal
e) Shallow breathing
f) Dizzniness
Three metods
1. Direct observation
2. Group discussion
Recovery
A. Elimination
B. Substiution
C. Engineering controls
D. Reduce exposure
E. Procdure
F. PPE
A) Safety
B) Training
C) Observation
D) Program
A) Smoking
B) Fire
C) Heat
Root cause
95. Benefits to the employer of maintaining good standards of HSE in the work place?
1. Increased level of complaince
2. improved production
5. Reduce accidents
Reduce/zero accidents
a. Zero prosecutions
Regards,
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