HW::: 1.

Make up class on May 20th 2015, Make a summary of

this Article

2. Make up class on May 27th 2015, Fill in the blank on the

pictures

They will be collected next week on

June 3rd 2015!!!!!
Epidemiology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Epidemiology (disambiguation).

Epidemiology is the study (or the science of the study) of the patterns, causes,
and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the
cornerstone of public health, and informs policy decisions and evidence-based
practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive
healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection and statistical
analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer
review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop
methodology used in clinical research, public health studies and, to a lesser extent,
basic research in the biological sciences.[1]

Major areas of epidemiological study include disease etiology, outbreak

investigation, disease surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons
of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other
scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics
to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences
to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering for exposure
assessment.
Epidemiology

John Snow's dot map, showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London
epidemic of 1854.

The science of epidemiology was founded by John Snow's identification of a

polluted public water well as the source of an 1854 cholera outbreak in London.
Dr. Snow believed in the germ theory of disease as opposed to the prevailing
miasma theory. He first publicized his theory in an essay, On the Mode of
Communication of Cholera, in 1849, followed by a more detailed treatise in 1855
incorporating the results of his investigation of the role of the water supply in the
Soho epidemic of 1854.

By talking to local residents (with the help of Reverend Henry Whitehead), he

identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street
(now Broadwick Street). Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination
of a water sample from the Broad Street pump did not conclusively prove its
danger, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to
persuade the local council to disable the well pump by removing its handle.

Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the
pump. He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of
the water source and cholera cases. He showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall
Waterworks Company was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the
Thames and delivering the water to homes, leading to an increased incidence of
cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and
geography. It is regarded as the founding event of the science of epidemiology.
Etymology

Epidemiology, literally meaning "the study of what is upon the people", is derived
from Greek epi, meaning "upon, among", demos, meaning "people, district", and
logos, meaning "study, word, discourse", suggesting that it applies only to human
populations. However, the term is widely used in studies of zoological populations
(veterinary epidemiology), although the term "epizoology" is available, and it has
also been applied to studies of plant populations (botanical or plant disease
epidemiology).[2]

The distinction between "epidemic" and "endemic" was first drawn by

Hippocrates,[3] to distinguish between diseases that are "visited upon" a population
(epidemic) from those that "reside within" a population (endemic). [4] The term
"epidemiology" appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics
in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba in Epidemiología Española.[4]
Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population, a condition
known as a syndemic.

The term epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and
causation of not only epidemic disease, but of disease in general, and even many
non-disease health-related conditions, such as high blood pressure and obesity.
Therefore, this epidemiology is based upon how the pattern of the disease cause
changes in the function of everyone.
SUMMARRY OF ARTICLE

Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study (or the science of the study) of the patterns, causes,
and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. Epidemiology
has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies
and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences. Major areas of
epidemiological study include disease etiology, outbreak investigation, disease
surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects
such as in clinical trials.

Epidemiology

John Snow's dot map, showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London
epidemic of 1854.

The science of epidemiology was founded by John Snow's identification of a

polluted public water well as the source of an 1854 cholera outbreak in London.
Dr. Snow believed in the germ theory of disease as opposed to the prevailing
miasma theory. He first publicized his theory in an essay, On the Mode of
Communication of Cholera, in 1849, followed by a more detailed treatise in 1855
incorporating the results of his investigation of the role of the water supply in the
Soho epidemic of 1854.

By talking to local residents (with the help of Reverend Henry Whitehead), he

identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street
(now Broadwick Street). He showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks
Company was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames and
delivering the water to homes, leading to an increased incidence of cholera.
Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It is
regarded as the founding event of the science of epidemiology.

Etymology
Epidemiology, literally meaning "the study of what is upon the people", is
derived from Greek epi, meaning "upon, among", demos, meaning "people,
district", and logos, meaning "study, word, discourse", suggesting that it applies
only to human populations. However, the term is widely used in studies of
zoological populations (veterinary epidemiology), although the term "epizoology"
is available, and it has also been applied to studies of plant populations (botanical
or plant disease epidemiology.

The term epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and
causation of not only epidemic disease, but of disease in general, and even many
non-disease health-related conditions, such as high blood pressure and obesity.
Therefore, this epidemiology is based upon how the pattern of the disease cause
changes in the function of everyone.