1

INTRODUCTIO
N

TRANSLATION 4 is a basic course book written for the second-year students of the
Department of English, College of Foreign Languages, Hue University. It is intended to equip
the students with an overview of translating Vietnamese and English economic texts. It also helps
the students get familiar with the terms related to economy as well as the typical
structures frequently used in economic texts.

Since the course book has been written for the students to learn either by themselves or in class
with a teacher, there will be a course book and assignments. The course book contains
the Vietnamese and English economic texts with notes and suggested translations. The
assignments contain the Vietnamese and English economic texts that will be translated into
either English or Vietnamese by the students.

By the end of the course, the students will be able to:

- obtain general knowledge of the Vietnamese and English economic documents.
- get familiar with and effectively use scientific and technological terms and typical
structures of economic texts in their translations.
- accurately translate economic texts into English and Vietnamese.

On the completion of this course book, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Ton Nu
Nhu Huong for her encouragement. I would also like to be grateful to Dr. Tran Van Phuoc
and other colleagues of the College of Foreign Languages for their kind help.

Errors are unavoidable in this course book. Therefore, I appreciate and welcome any criticism on
the course book.

Hue, November 14th, 2006

Nguyen Van Tuan
 2

Chapter 1: GENERAL ECONOMIC ISSUES

Lesson 1: REFORESTATION AN UPHILL BATTLE IN

MOUNTAINOUS TAY NGUYEN

Tay Nguyen- the authorities and people in Tay Nguyen (the Western Highlands) have a battle on
their hand to protect and restore forests that have been relentlessly chopped down.

Spread over nearly 55,000sq.km, the forests in these regions are the country‟s largest. Actually
covering 2.93 million ha, it is 230,000 ha less than five years ago. Of the four Tay
Nguyen provinces, Dac Lac is the one with the largest wooded area and also the one
losing the most canopy each year an average of 40,000 ha.

The reason for losing the provinces‟ “lung” is not hard to find- the inexorable emigration
of people to these areas from the rest of the country since 1990. The population growth
in these provinces has been a stagering5 to 6 per cent every year. And Dac Lac alone
houses 2,200 migrants.

With the influx came the usual accompanying problems: pressure on forestland for
housing, cultivating and fuel.

Another reason has been the creased cultivation of commercial crops like coffee, pepper,
and rubber. The total area under these has risen to 567,000 ha- double the 1996 figure.
But the government has become aware of the havoc that denudation of the forest cover
could wreak.

“Tay Nguyen is seen as a common roof for the Central and South-eastern areas, but the region‟s
forests is enduring serious damage, illegal wood exploitation remains a headache, and the
environment is under great threat,” said Prime Minister Han Van Khaki when speaking about
the region‟s development.

He exhorted the Taiyo Nguyen provinces to keep a close eye on forest protection
and development, and set targets for the next five years to increase the area under forest cover in
a bid to ensure sustainable socio-economic development.
 3

The provincial authorities too have begun to get their act together. In ADC Lac, for
instance, billions of dong has been invested in aforestation activities under Programmes 327
and 661 and the total reforested has reached about 10,000 ha.
But the figure is still minuscule when juxtaposed with the more than 200,000 ha that have
been felled since 1995.
Under the socio- economic development scheme for the 2001-05 period, Tay Nguyen‟s
provinces
have earmarked over 2.93million ha of existing forest areas for protection while
reforesting
500,000 ha, so that the total forest cover would reach 64.3 per cent by 2005, an increase of 10 per
cent over the current figure.
To reach the goal through, the provinces need to raise awareness among the population, innovate
sustainable products and manufacturing methods and improve forest management and protection.
The forest plantation and communal forest management departments should be
further strengthened while economic sectors and households should be urged to take an
active part in protecting and managing forest areas.
At the moment some areas in Dac Lac Province have been moving in that direction and
local residents have proven willing to protect and develop forest areas to which they are
given possession rights.
Notes:
- battle : trËn chiÕn
- to be chopped down : bÞ ®èn, bÞ chÆt
- emigration : di c•
- commercial crop: n«ng s¶n hµng ho¸
- to become aware of : ý thøc ®•îc
- sustainable : bÒn v÷ng
- to be strengthened : ®•îc t¨ng c•êng

Suggested Translation :
TRÄÖN G RÆÌNG ÅÍ CAÏC TÈNH MI ÃÖN NUÏI T ÁY
NGUYÃN ÂAN G LAÌ M ÄÜT VÁÚN ÂÃÖ
KHO KH ÀN.

Táy Nguyãn-Chênh quyãön va ngæåìi dán å Táy Nguyãn gàûp khoï khàn
trong viãûc baío vã va taïi taûo nhæîng khu ræìng bë chàût phaï mäüt caïch
nghiãm troüng.
Våïi diãûn têch hån 50.000 km2, nhæîng khu ræìng å âaïy laì låïn nháút
næåïc,chiãúm 2,93 ha nay chè coìn
230.000 ha, tháúp hån 5 nàm træåïc âáy.
 4

Lyï do máút âi “la phäøi” cuía nhæîng tènh naìy khäng khoï tçm ra, âo laì do
sæû di truï cuía nhæîng ngæåìi
dán trong vuìng âãún nhæîng nåi khaïc. Kã tæì nàm 1999, tyí lãû gia tàng
dán säú cuía nhæîng tènh naìy tæ
5 âãún 6% mäùi màm. Âàõc Làõc coï khoaíng 2200 häü dán di truï.
Mäüt säú váún âã khac âa naíy sinh cuìng váún âã naìy :aïp læûc âäúi våïi
âáút ræìng cho viãûc xáy dæûng nha cæía, träöng troüt vaì láúy gäù.
Mäüt lyï do khaïc laì gia tàng viãûc träöng cáy kinh tã nhæ : caìfã,tiãu va cao
su, täøng diãûn tich âa tàng lãn567.000 ha-gáúp âäi con säú nàm 1990.
Nhæng chênh phuí cuîng âaî nháûn thæïc âæåüc váún âãö taìn phaï naìy seî
coï thãø coìn tráöm troüng hån.

“Táy Nguyãn âæåüc xem nhæ mäüt maïi nha chung cho caïc tènh miãön
trung va âäng nam. Nhæng ræìng åí âáy âang bë taìn pha tráöm troüng,
naûn khai thaïc gäù traïi pheïp váùn laì mäüt váún âã nhæïc nhäúi, mäi
træåìng dæåïi sæû âe doüa nghiãm troüng”.thuí tæåïng chênh phuí Phan
Vàn Khaíi âa noïi khi noïi chuyãûn vãö sæû phaït triãøn cuía nhæîng tènh
naìy.
Thuí tæåïng kãu goüi caïc tènh Tay Nguyãn haîy xem troüng viãûc baío vã va
phaït triãøn ræìng va âaût ra kã hoaûch cho nàm nàm tåïi, âe coï thãø tàng
diãûn tich ræìng âæåüc baío vã nhàòm duy trç âæåc sæû phaït triãøn kinh
tãú xaî häüi.

Chênh quyãön caïc tènh cuîng âa håüp taïc cuìng nhau. Thæûc tãú laì, haìng
tyí âäöng âa âæåüc Dàõc Làc âáöu tæ vaìo viãûc träöng ræìng bàng caïc
chæång trçnh 327 va 661 va täøng diãûn têch ræìng taïi taûo âa lãn âãún
khoaíng10.000 ha.
Nhæng con säú váùn coìn rát nhoí khi so saïnh våïi hån 200.000 ha âaî bë
phaï huíy kãø tæì nàm 1995.

Dæûa vaìo så âäö phaït triãøn kinh tã xa häüi trong giai âoaûn 2001-
2005,caïc tènh Táy Nguyãn se âoïng khung hån 2,93 triãûu ha diãûn têch
ræìng âang coìn âã baío vã trong khi taïi taûo 500. 000 ha ræìng,âã täøng
diãûn têch ræìng bao phuí coï thãø lãn tåïi 64,3% vaìo nàm 2005, tàng 10%
so våïi con säú ban âáöu. Âã âaût âæåüc kã hoaûch naìy, chênh quyãön
caïc tènh cáön phaíi tàng cæåìng nháûn thæïc cho ngæåìi dán,âäöng
thåìi æïng duûng nhæîng phæång tiãûn måïi nhàòm caíi thiãûn cäng taïc
quaín lyï vaì baío vã ræìng. Cäng taïc träöng ræìng cáön phaíi âæåüc quan
tám hån. Nghaình kiãøm lám cáön tàng cæåìng cäng taïc baío vã ræìng. Cac
nghaình kinh tãú va caïc häü gia âçnh cán âoïng mäüt vai troì têch cæûc hån
trong viãûc quaín lyï vaì baío vãû ræìng.

Hiãûn taûi, mäüt sä vuïng å tènh Âàõc Làõc âa va âang âi theo hæåïng væìa
nãu. Chênh quyãön âëa phæång âaî náng cao nháûn thæïc vã viãûc baío vãû
vaì phaït triãøn nhæîng khu ræìng maì hoü âaî âæåüc giao khoaïn.
 5

Lesson 2 : VIETNAM SEEKS ASSISTANCE FOR HIGHLANDS

DEVELOPMENTS

Hanoi - Vietnam wishes to exchange experiences and co-operate with other countries in
making its mountainous regions prosperous and stable, says Hoang Duc Nghi, Minister
and Chairman of the Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Affairs.

Speaking at the World Mountain Forum held in French cities of Paris and Chambery last
week, Nghi said that the Vietnamese Government welcomes the UN declaration of 2002
as the International Year of Mountains.

Vietnam is facing difficulties and challenges in checking deforestation and degradation of

land resources, and is committed to pursuing areas strategy of protecting natural resources
through sustainable exploitation, he said.

Nghi met with French and other delegates and discussed measures to heighten co-
operation in the development of mountainous regions.

The forum adopted a resolution calling on 140 countries having forests and mountains in
the world to raise awareness of the important role of mountainous regions, define
orientations for sustainable development of the areas in coming years, and increase
exchange of experiences and co-operation.

The seven-day forum, jointly organized by France, the UN, EU, and the World
Bank, wrapped up on Monday.
Notes:
- stable : æn ®Þnh
- to face : ®•¬ng ®µu
- challenge : th¸ch thøc
- orientation : ®Þnh h•íng
- sustainable : ph¸t triÓn bÒn v÷ng
 6

Suggested Translation :
VIÃ ÛT NAM TÇM KIÃÚM SÆ Û GIUÏ P ÂÅ CH O
VÁÚN ÂÃÖ PHAÏT TRI ÃØN
MIÃÖN N UÏI

Theo äng Hoaìng Âæïc Nghi -Træåíng ban Dán täüc vaì Miãön nuïi,Viãût
nam mong muäún âæåüc trao âäøi kinh nghiãûm vaì håüp taïc våïi
caïc næåïc baûn nhàòm taûo sæû phaït triãøn thënh væåüng vaì
væîng chàõc åí miãön nuïi.

Phaït biãøu taûi diãùn âaìn thãú giåïi vãö miãön nuïi täø chæïc åí
thaình phäú Pa-ri vaì Chàm-bå-ri cuía Phaïp tuáön væìa qua, äng Nghi
noïi ràõng Chênh phuí Viãût Nam ráút hoan nghãnh cäng bäú cuía Liãn
Hiãûp Quäúc coi nàm 2002 laì nàm “Thãú giåïi vç miãön nuïi”.

Äng Nghi cuîng nháún maûnh thãm, Viãût nam âang âäúi màût våïi
nhiãöu khoï khàn vaì thæí thaïch nhæ naûn phaï ræìng bæìa baîi, tçnh
traûng thoaïi hoïa taìi nguyãn âáút, cuîng nhæ viãûc kiãn trç trong
chiãún læåüc vaì khai thaïc mäüt caïch håüp lyï caïc nguäön taìi nguyãn
thiãn nhiãn.

Cuîng trong chuyãún âi naìy, äng Nghi âaî gàûp vaì thaío luáûn våïi
phaïi âoaìn Phaïp vaì caïc phaïi âoaìn khaïc nhàòm tçm ra giaíi phaïp
tàng cæåìng håüp taïc våïi nhau vç sæû phaït triãøn chung cuía miãön
nuïi.

Häüi thaío âaî thäúng nháút kãu goüi 140 næåïc trãn thãú giåïi coï
ræìng nuïi cáön nháûn thæïc roî vai troì quan troüng cuía miãön nuïi,
âäöng thåìi âënh roî hæåïng phaït triãøn cuîng nhæ viãûc tàng
cæåìng trao âäøi kinh nghiãûm vaì håüp taïc giæîa caïc næåïc trong
nhæîng nàm tåïi.

Phaïp, Liãn Hiãûp Quäúc, khäúi Cäüng Âäöng Cháu Áu vaì ngán haìng
thãú giåïi âäöng täø chæïc häüi thaío diãùn ra trong 7 ngaìy vaì kãút
thuïc vaìo thæï Hai.
 7

Lesson 3 : ADB ASSISTANCE TO HELP FIGHT POVERTY,

CREATE MORE JOBS

Hanoi - Continued assistance from the Asian Development Bank will play an important role in
poverty alleviation, especially in creating more employment, says Deputy Prime Minister
Nguyen Tan Dung.

Receiving visiting ADB executive director Jeung-Hyun Yoon in Hanoi yesterday, Dung lauded
the valuable assistance that the Manila-based bank has rendered to the natio n‟ s economic
reforms, rural development, human resource development and environmental protection.

The ADB has pledged loans worth US$2 billion since 1993 for 29 projects and preferential loan
programmes, of which $76 million is non-refundable, he noted.

Dung expressed his hope that the ADB will continue offering effective assistance for the
country‟s reform programmes including the ongoing restructuring of State-owned enterprises and
renovation of the financial and banking sectors.

The ADB official said he was delighted to be visiting Vietnam at a time when its economy was
registering strong improvements.

He briefed the Deputy Prime Minister on the results of his one- week visit, saying it aimed to
strengthen co-operation in lending and borrowing operations through exchange of
information and assessment of the ban k‟ s operations in the country. Yoon also expressed
his desire to see further development in Vietnam-ADB relations and pledged to co-ordinate
more actively among sponsors in finding investment on preferential terms.
Notes:
- the Asian Development Bank : Ng©n hµng Ph¸t triÓn Ch©u ¸
- play an important role : ®ãng mét vai trß quan träng
- poverty alleviation : xo¸ ®ãi gi¶m nghÌo
- executive director : gi¸m ®ãc ®iÒu hµnh
- human resource development : ph¸t triÓn nguån nh©n lùc
- preferential loan programmes : ch•¬ng tr×nh cho vay •u ®·i
-- effective assistance : sù gióp ®ì cã hiÖu qu¶
- reform program: ch•¬ng tr×nh c¶i c¸ch
 8

- State-owned enterprise : doanh nghiÖp nhµ n•íc

Suggested Translation :
SÆÛ TRÅ GIUÏP CUÍA A DB SEÎ GIUÏ P CHÄÚNG ÂOÏI
NGHEÌO VAÌ TAÛO THÃM VIÃÛC
LAÌM
Trong buäøi tiãúp Giaïm âäúc âiãöu haình Ngán haìng phaït triãøn
Cháu AÏ (ADB) Jeung-Hyun Yoon ngaìy häm qua taûi Ha Näüi, Phoï Thuí
Tæåïng næåïc ta Nguyãùn Táún Duîng âa phaït biãøu ràòng sæû tiãúp tuûc
tråü giuïp cuía ADB se âoïng mäüt vai troì quan troüng trong viãûc xoïa âoïi
giaím ngheìo, âàûc biãût la taûo thãm nhiãöu cäng àn viãûc laìm. Phoï Thuí
Tæåïng cuîng caïm ån sæû giuïp âåî quyï baïu cuía ADB coï truû såí taûi
Manila, Phi-lip-pin trong caíi caïch kinh tãú, phaït triãøn näng thän, phaït
triãøn nguäön læûc con ngæåìi vaì baío vãû mäi træåìng.
Ngán haìng phaït triãøn Cháu AÏ âa hæïa cho Viãût Nam vay khoaín vay trë
gia 2 tè âä la Myî tæì nàm
1993 cho 29 dæû aïn va caïc chæång trçnh vay æu âaîi trong âoï coï 76
triãûu âä la khäng hoaìn laûi.
Phoï Thu Tæåïng Nguyãùn Táún Duîng baìy to hy voüng ràòng ADB se
tiãúp tuûc tråü giuïp mäüt caïch coï hiãûu qua cho caïc chæång trçnh caíi
caïch âáút næåïc bao gäöm viãûc caíi täø caïc xê nghiãûp quäúc doanh
âang diãùn ra vaì âäøi måïi caïc chi nhaïnh taìi chênh va ngán haìng.
Äng Jeung-Hyun Yoon âa phaït biãøu noïi lãn niãöm vui âæåüc âãún thàm
Viãût Nam vaìo thåìi âiãøm ma nãön kinh tãú Viãût Nam âa va âang âaût
âæåüc nhæîng tiãún bäü maûnh meî. Äng cuîng baïo caïo våïi Phoï Thuí
Tæåïng kãút qua cuía mäüt tuáön viãúng thàm Viãt Nam cuía äng va nháún
maûnh ràòng âoï laì nhàòm tàng cæåìng håüp taïc trong lénh væûc vay va
cho vay thäng qua viãûc trao âäøi thäng tin va âaïnh giaï vã hoaût âäüng
cuía caïc ngán haìng Viãût Nam.
Äng Yoon baìy toí mong æåïc ràòng mäúi quan hã giæîa Viãût Nam va
Ngán haìng phaït triãøn Cháu A se phaït triãøn hån næîa va hæïa se håüp
taïc têch cæûc hån våïi cac nha taìi tråü trong viãûc tçm kiãúm nguäön âáöu
tæ vaìo cac lénh væûc æu tiãn.
 9

Lesson 4 : POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE

STRUCTURE

Viet Nam is a socialist republic furnished with a constitution since 1980 and based on a tripartite
political structure: the Communist Party of Vietnam, the people and the State. A characteristic
feature is the very important place occupied by the Party, which waged the liberation struggles
leading to the independence of North Viet Nam in 1954 and then to the reunification of
the country in 1975.

The Party, whose best known bodies are the Political Bureau, the Secretariat, the Central
Committee and the Congress, conducts the affairs of the country. It draws up the lists
of candidates for general elections from which delegates to the National Assembly are chosen;
the Assembly in turn elects the members of the Council of Ministers which appoints
ministers to head the ministries.

The party provides the leaders of the very active mass organizations which form the front for the
Fatherland and cover all sections of the population: labour, trade unions, Association of
Collective Farmers, Union of Women, Union of Youth, Union of Intellectuals, Union of
Catholics, and Union of Buddhists.

The administrative matters are carried out in four-tiered structure from the central level,
down through the 44 provinces, and the 519 districts to the 9,807 communes at the grassroots
level.

Planning
Viet Nam's overall planning system is centralized, but there is flexibility in development
planning, investment programming, budgeting, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
of sectoral projects. At central level, development policies are determined by the State Council
and Council of Ministers with the State Planning Commission providing technical guidance.

The State Planning Commission (SPC), as the technical arm of the Council of Ministers, plays
the leading role in national planning, investment programming, budget allocation and monitoring
of socio-economic development trends and sectoral performance. It coordinates plans for
donor assistance and identifies priority programmes for intervention, in collaboration with the
line ministries, Ministry of Foreign Affai rs, State Committee for Foreign Investment and
Cooperation, State Committee for Science, Committee on Aid Reception and the People's
Committees. The SPC formulates mid-term and annual investment plans and prepares the
relevant budgets for approval by the Council of Ministers. CERFC, the aid co-ordination
committee, works closely with SPC to identify government policies, plans and priorities.
 1
0

The General Statistics Office (GSO), also under the Council of Minister is responsible for
coordinating population censuses as well as the collection of statistics on socio -economic
development and the situation of children and women. The GSO provides information
and data support to the SPC for planning and programming purposes.

Decentralized development and planning

Under recent reforms, planning has been decentralized giving the sectoral implementing
ministries and peoples' committees at provincial, district and commune level, the freedom to
define their priorities and plans, subject to centrally-issued guidelines. In line with this
policy, sectoral planning units were established in the Social Sector ministries. Furthermore,
almost all the provinces and districts have established planning units which provide planning
and technical support to the Peoples Committees. The local government units are authorized
to utilize locally generated revenues and income to finance and implement their planned
programmes without relying on central government resources. This initiative can lead to
greater participation of the local government units in the delivery of basic services for
children and women. The area based development model can be applied to accelerate
basic services and enhance capacity in local planning, monitoring and evaluation. At the same
time, community interventions which would improve the living condition of women and
their families such as low cost appropriate technology, income generation, growth monitoring,
etc., can be piloted in specific provinces or districts. However, the professional staff manning
the planning units need to be trained to widen their skills in management, planning
and monitoring activities.
Notes:
- political structure : thÓ chÕ chÝnh trÞ
- to be furnished with : ®•îc trang bÞ
- liberation : sù gi¶i phãng
- reunification : sù thèng nhÊt
- Political Bureau : Bé ChÝnh TrÞ
- Central Committee : Uû Ban Trung ¦¬ng, Ban BÝ
Th• Trung ¦¬ng
- general election : tæng tuyÓn cö
- National Assembly : Quèc Héi
- Council of Ministers : Héi §ång Bé Tr•ëng
- the Front for the Fatherland : MÆt TrËn Tæ Quèc
- Association of Collective Farmers : Héi N«ng D©n TËp ThÓ
- to be centralized : tËp trung
- State Planning Commission : Uû Ban KÕ Ho¹ch Nhµ N•íc
 1
1

- budget allocation : viÖc ph©n bæ ng©n s¸ch

- priority programme : ch•¬ng tr×nh •u tiªn
- in collaboration with : cã liªn quan ®Õn
- State Commitee for Science : Uû Ban Khoa Häc Nhµ N•íc
- Committee on Aid Reception : Ban TiÕp NhËn ViÖn Trî
- The General Statistics Office : Côc Thèng Kª
- locally generated revenue : ng©n s¸ch ®Þa ph•¬ng
- to be challenged : bÞ thö th¸ch, bÞ th¸ch thøc
- data deficiency : thiÕu hôt sè liÖu

Lesson 5 : THE ECONOMY, AGRICULTURE & FOOD

PRODUCTION

The Vietnamese economy is challenged by a number of development issues including

population growth, employment and wage levels, balance of payment deficits and
inflation. However, analysis of economic development in Viet Nam is constrained by the
lack of official statistics. Many are out of date by the time they are published. An attempt to
remedy this data deficiency has been under way for some time, and has recently resulted
in the publication of preliminary census estimates in April 1990. The State Planning
Commi ssion and General Statistics Office in collaboration with the relevant ministries have
been trying to update the socio-economic data related to the development of the vulnerable
groups and the country's economic situation in general.

Trends in economic development and policy reforms

The economic and social development of Viet Nam has to be viewed in the context of
the long period of war which has caused great damage to people's lives and property as well as
to public facilities and resources. The war cons equences and subsequent period of
recon- struction full of diff iculties has clearly been an overriding constraint to the
development of children and other vulnerable groups.

In the transition period after reunification, the nation en deavoured to develop with its
own limited resources. An agricultural collective programme was set up throughout the
country. Private trade and commerce were terminated and taken over by government -run
entities. Collective small handicrafts programmes were introduced. In th e manufacturing
sector, strong emphasis was put on the development of heavy industries. However, the
country's
 12
economy did not prosper. Food shortages, coupled with deficient basic services were felt
nation-wide. Children and mothers bore the consequences and the malnutrition prevalence
was high.
Despite attempts at economic reform in the early 1980s, Vietnam continued to buy
agricultural products abroad as the agricultural sector production declined. The few consumer
goods produced in the country were not sufficient to meet requirements as the manufacturing
sector was inefficient and constrained by inadequate infrastructure. Government revenues
dried up, eroding the State's ability to subsidize staples and the provision of basic services to
the public. The Government was forced to issue more banknotes, augmenting money supply.
The result was high inflation which in turn caused the economy to deteriorate further.

In December 1986, the Sixth Party Congress convened and set in motion a new policy
advocating "Doi moi", or renovation of the domestic economy. A five -year development plan
(1986-1990) was adopted with three major priorities, namely: to increase agricultural
production and attain self-sufficiency in food; to increase the availability and production of
consumer goods and to increase exports. These core economic reforms were addressed
comprehensively at different levels of production, processing, distribution and consumption. A
new investment law was passed to attract foreign investment. The economic liberalization
programme represented an attempt to solve constraints on a broad range of fronts, and
was accompanied by changes in various areas of country's social life.

The policy changes had some stimulating effects on produc tion. In the farm sector, the
weather happened to be favourable in 1989, enabling grain production to recover, while the
manufacturing sector was on the mend. Industrial policy encouraged the development of
small industries while the agriculture sector remains a priority.

The multiple pricing system was gradually done away with, in favour of a single market
price. Trade in other products has been liberalized. The economic situation improved to some
extent in 1989. Inflation cooled substantially (see figure 11.1), although the com modity retail
price increase rate was still around 3-4 percent a month. Rice export earnings partly solved
the foreign exchange crisis and food shortages were reduced. Domestic trade and commerce
activities speeded up. In certain sector foreign investment operations in the country started.

Priority has been given to foreign investment projects which will benefit the three major areas
of development as well as improve the infrastructure and institutional development.
Notes:
- wage level : møc l•¬ng
- out of date : lçi thêi
- relevant ministry : bé cã liªn quan
- socio-economic data : sè liÖu vÒ kinh tÕ x· héi
 1
3

- to cause damage to : g©y thiÖt h¹i

- context of war : hoµn c¶nh chiÕn tranh
- transition period : thêi kú qu¸ ®é
- to be taken over : ®•îc tiÕp qu¶n
- manufacturing sector : bé phËn s¶n xuÊt
- food shortage : sù thiÕu hôt l•¬ng thùc
- malnutrition : suy dinh d•ìng
- economic reform : c¶i c¸ch kinh tÕ
- consumer goods : hµng tiªu dïng
- to subsidize : bao cÊp
- to issue : ph¸t hµnh
- Congress : §¹i Héi
- self-sufficiency : tù cung tù cÊp
- core : chñ yÕu, quan träng
- to attract : thu hót
- multiple pricing system : hÖ thèng nhiÒu gi¸

Lesson 6 : ECONOMIC STRUCTURE

Gross Material Product (GMP)

An important feature in the development of the Vietnamese economy has been the changing
ratio of state and private ownership. Between 1976 and 1987, the state and co -operative
sector's share in the GMP rose from 58.9 to 75.0 per cent. This expansion was mainly due to
the drive for collectivization in the South. As a result, the private sector share fell from 41 to
25 per cent during the period. With the new economic policy on greater participation of th e
private sector, particularly in manufacturing, trade and transport, the private sector share rose to
28 percent and the state and co-operative contribution declined from 75 to 72 per cent in
1988.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The GDP average growth rate was 3.4 per cent from 1984 to 1988. In 1989 with the economic
reforms, plus surplus food production and a slight increase of output in industry, trade
and commerce, a more positive economic growth of 5.7 per cent was attained. It is
expected to reach 8 per cent in 1990. Per capita income is still low, having increased from
US$1 14.00 in
1985 to approximately US$150200 in 1989.
 1
4

The 1988 GDP sectoral shares were agriculture 39.2 percent, industry 27.4 per
cent, commerce 11.8 per cent, transportation and communication and construction 2.0 per
cent each and other services 11.0 per cent.

Under the economic reform process, agricultural sector development is the main core of the
programme. It provides a livelihood for two thirds of the total labour force, an d
accounts for 30 per cent of export earnings. Official data indicates that 53 per cent of
agriculture output is produced by individual farmers, 45 per cent by co -operatives, and 2
per cent by state farms.

Industrial output is produced by state enterprises (more than 50 per cent), co-operatives
(more than 25 per cent) and by individuals (16 percent). There are 700 state enterprises,
engaged mainly in heavy industry. The provincial and district authorities control 2,300 light
industries. Co-operatives are dominant in small scale industries and individuals in
handicrafts.

Overall industrial output grew at an average annual rate of 10 per cent between 1984 and
1988, but heavy industry only recorded a 6 per cent annual rise, reflecting mixed
development initiatives. Light industry increased over 10 per cent annually with high
production rates of tea, salt, sugar, porcelain, and some export goods. However, some
locally produced goods (i.e. beer, matches, and cigarettes) could hardly compete with
imports which increased following the reduction in bordertensions and the introduction of
more liberal trading policies.

Vietnam is endowed with rich sources of energy, the major ones being the Quang Ninh coal
mine area, off-shore oil and gas fields in the south. In add ition, the Mekong and Red rivers
have high potential for hydro-electric development. At present hydro -electric power
accounts for 25.7 per cent of the total power generated in the country (1988), and it has now
increased with the development of the Hoa Bi nh hydro-electric power plant which provides
rural electricity. The forest resources need to be developed and studied as they could be a
good source of energy in the future. Firewood currently constitutes the main source of fuel for
households in rural areas. Coal production is around 6-7 million tons per year and has
been growing gradually during the decade. The average yearly production of electricity was
almost 7 million KWh., 66 per cent thermo -electric. The per capita energy consumption is
fairly low at 109.1 KWh of electricity and 108.3 kilo grammes of coal (1988 figures).

The transport, communication and construction share in GDP has been insignificant.
This is a reflection of the low investment and monopoly by the state enterprises and
cooperatives. Under utilization of roads, railways, airports and harbours is also due to poor
maintenance and management.
 1
5

Commerce accounts for about 12 per cent of GDP, with 60 per cent coming from sales
of agricultural products, the remainder being industrial and h andicraft goods. In 1987
one quarter of retail sales were estimated to be through the free market.
 1
6

Notes:
- private ownership : quyÒn së h÷u t• nh©n
- Gross Domestic Product : Tæng s¶n phÈm quèc néi
- per capita : tÝnh theo ®Çu ng•êi
- commerce : th•¬ng m¹i
- to compete with : c¹nh tranh víi
- to be endowed with : ®•îc •u ®·i
- potential : tiÒm n¨ng
- thermo-electric : nhiÖt ®iÖn
- monopoly : ®éc quyÒn
- retail sale : b¸n lÎ

Lesson 7 : INVESTMENT

As the economy declined from 1984 to 1987, investment activities were greatly affected.
Total public investment declined from 12.7 per cent of GDP in 1984 to 5.1 per cent in 1989.
This reduction was partly caused by the government budgetary deficits and the desire to
further trim down the budget to reduce hyperinflation. In addition, foreign investment
entering the country was almost nil. However, with the economic reforms, the situation
started to improve from 1989 onwards.

Foreign Aid
The past development of Viet Nam has to some extent relied on assistance provided by
bilateral, multilateral and NGO donors. During 1987, development assistance totalled
US$148.3 million.

The funds sources were : bilateral agencies (63 per cent) with the German Democratic
Republic, Finland and Sweden as the biggest donors; multilateral agencies (31 per cent) with
UNDP, WFP and UNICEF playing leading roles; and NGOs (6 per cent).

Out of the total aid, 13 per cent went to health, 9 per cent to education, 26 per cent to population
planning, 14 per cent to humanitarian assistance, 4 per cent to science and technology and 2
per cent for social welfare. The remainder was utilized for agriculture, natural resources,
industry, transport and communication.
 1
7

In 1988, 72 per cent of the total labour force was working in the agricultural sector, 90 per
cent of them in co-operatives. The state sector (Government and state enterprises) employed
4.3 mill ion people (15 per cent of the total labour force). The central government had about
330,000 staff on its payroll, while local government services absorbed over 1.2 million. The
private sector employed 3.6 million people or 12.5 per cent of the national labour force.

In the 1980s Vietnam sent 220,000 workers overseas, 210,000 to socialist countri es, and
10,000 to Africa and the Middle East. These numbers are expected to substantially
decline due to recent changes in Eastern Europe, thus increasing further the unemployment
problems. Wage trends and policies: In the past, the incomes of civil servan ts and state
enterprises employees included subsidized prices for rationed goods, subsidised
housing, health, transportation and use of otherpublic utilities. Individual contributions for
pensions and social security were minimal, as most of these expenses were financed from the
national budget.

In January 1989, the Government implemented a comprehen sive restructuring of the wages of
government workers with a consolidation of consumer subsidies into the nominal wage
structure. Though the minimum wage increased from 5,497 dong to 22,500 dong per month
(equivalent US$5.35), real salaries have declined substantially as a result of high inflation
between 1985-1988.

Pricing
In 1981, the Government introduced a number of measures to bring the administrativ e prices
in the North closer to the free market prices. During 1985, another price reform was initiated to
reduce price distortions and do away with subsidies at all levels of the economy.
The system of differentiated consumer prices was abolished, but the rationing system for
essential consumer goods (rice, sugar, kerosene, soap, fish sauce, and pork) was retained. The
effect was a ten fold increase in the price of rice between 1987 and 1990. The current price of
rice is 800-1,000 dongs per kilogramme depending on quality. However, social benefit items
such as electricity, water, house rent, medicines and paper are still subsidized by the
Government. Currently the pricing of agricultural and industrial goods fairly reflects actual
market prices.

Inflation rate
Between 1985 and 1988, the average annual inflation rate was almost 300 per cent. In
1986 it reached 487 per cent. The effect of government fiscal monetary reform was to
bring down the monthly inflation rate to an average of 14.5 per cent in 1988 and only 2.3 per
cent in 1989
 1
8

Fiscal development
Government revenues generated from all sources are inadequate to support the recurrent
and capital expenditures for development. Although the Government has introduced
several economic, fiscal and monetary measures, it cannot move ahead with its plans
because of the limited finance available. In 1984, the budget deficit amounted to 18 per cent of
total expenditure in 1984 and 42 per cent in 1989. To resolve the situation and carry out the
planned expenditures, financial assistance was obtained through foreign loans and grants, state
banks and bonds.
A decade before 1988, the impact of the banking system on macro -economic
management and development was minimal. To encourage the system to play a more construct
ive role, the Government introduced new measures including; re-organization of the
banking system; introduction of restrictive credit policies; a new inter est rate policy; and
the liberalized trading of gold in the market.
Under the pressures of a high domestic imbalance, overvalued currency, and budget deficits,
the balance of payments eroded continuously between 1984 and 1988.
During 1988, the outstanding external debt reached US$9,703 million. Of this total, 67 per
cent was in non-convertible currencies, 33 per cent in convertible currencies. More than
20 per cent of the external debt in non-convertible currencies, and 61 per cent in the convert
ible currencies, is in arrears.
Notes:
- budgetary deficit : sù th©m hôt ng©n s¸ch
- multilateral : ®a ph•¬ng
- bilateral : song ph•¬ng
- social welfare : phóc lîi x· héi
- comprehensive : toµn diÖn
- administrative price : gi¸ c¶ do nhµ n•íc qu¶n lý
- to be abolished : bÞ b·i bá
- to be initiated : ®•îc khëi x•íng
- annual inflation rate : tû lÖ l¹m ph¸t h»ng n¨m
- revenue : nguån thu
- foreign loans and grants : c¸c kho¶n vay vµ viÖn trî
n•íc ngoµi
- fiscal : thuéc vÒ tµi chÝnh
- macro-economic management : sù qu¶n lý kinh tÕ vÜ m«
- restrictive credit policy : chÝnh s¸ch tÝn dông h¹n ®Þnh
- under the pressure : d•íi ¸p lùc
 1
9

- domestic imbalance : sù mÊt c©n ®èi trong n•íc

- interest rate policy : chÝnh s¸ch vÒ l·i suÊt
- non-convertible : kh«ng thÓ
chuyÓn
®æi

Lesson 8: AGRICULTURE

Economic role of agriculture

The agricultural sector accounted for 38 per cent of the country's total output value, 49 per cent
of national income and 42 per cent of total exports in 1987. In 1989 agricultural exports
included food as well as industrial crops.That year, Vietnam held third place on the world
rice export market with 10-15 per cent of the total. The agricultural exports enable the delta to
procure inputs
(fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) in order to maintain and increase yield and be competitive on
the international market.

Agricultural Food Production Systems

Food is produced in Viet Nam by three different, but complementary farming systems: the state,
the collective and the family. The state farms are mainly involved in cash crop production and the
development of new technologies. The collective farms are responsible for national
foodstuff production, particularly paddy. Families farm plots of land (from 300 to 1,000
square metres, depending on the region) around the house, growing a variety of grains, fruits
and vegetables and raising livestock and fish. In 1983, the Government began encouraging
distribution of land to individual farm families for production under a contract system and
the December 1986 Party Congress confirmed the importance of family farming for food self-
sufficiency. Family farming is now recognized as the main basis for development. Families
are free to sell more of their produce at negotiated or market prices and they have become
the main source of livestock, fish, fruit and vegetables. The co-operatives have started to
allocate larger plots of land to families. However, the co-operatives remain the focal points for
distribution of inputs and services, and the collection of taxes and fees. It is generally
admitted that these new initiatives have been an incentive to food production and the
appearance of more food in the markets.

Land use
About a fifth of Viet Nam's total land area of some 33 million hectares is arable: of this only 20
percent is now cultivated. About four fifths of the land cultivated is devoted to rice
paddy, particularly in the delta areas. However, yields are low: two thirds of the Mekong delta
produce only one crop a year.
Half of the cultivated land lies in the long and narrow coastal strip and the highland. This
region, which covers 89 per cent of the country's total land area and contains 58 per cent of the
population, has great potential for further agricultural expansion but investment costs would
be high as the infrastructure is currently weak.
2
0
 2
1

Production and Yields

Rice represents 86-88 per cent of the total food crop production. From 1976 to 1989, the per
hectare paddy yield increased from 2.2 tons to 3.2 tons, which is similar to the average yield of
other Asian developing countries.

The other food crops (maize, cassava, Irish and sweet potatoes, soybeans, groundnuts and
other staple foods) have yielded an average of two tons per hectare since 1984.
The main constraints to improvements in crop yield are the lack of fertilizers (currently the
lowest in Asia), insufficient pesticides due to a shortage of foreign exchange; problems
with the seed multiplication system; inequities in the geographical distribution of agricultural
supplies (the North is highly privileged and the central areas deprived); lack of spare parts and
poor maintenance of farm equipment; inappropriate machinery for family farm use.

Production
From 1976 to 1989, total food production increased to 7.9 million tons. The food
production increase from 1976 to 1981 was due to an extension of the cultivated paddy area, but
from 1981 to
1989 it was due to an improvement in the rice yield. At the same time, the area of cultivation
of other food crops has not increased significantly. It appears that the food policy in V iet
Nam has emphasized paddy, while rather neglecting support for other food crops so their
production growth has been irregular. This irregularity is an element of food insecurity and an
indicator of structural difficulties in managing production factors.

Vietnamese agriculture is thus becoming virtually a rice monoculture creating a monotonous

and high starch diet for the population and aggravating the potential risks of natural disasters
and pest hazards.

Half of the cultivated land lies in the long and narrow coastal strip and the highland.
This region, which covers 89 per cent of the country's total land area and contains 58
percent of the population, has great potential for further agricultural expansion but
investment costs would be high as the infrastructure is currently weak.

Geographical variations in food production

Food production varies from one province to the next. The Mekong delta is a grain surplus
area, while the Red River delta and central regions are traditionally grain deficient. The
production of roots and tubers tends to be concentrated in the northern, central and coastal
provinces (cassava and sweet potatoes) and in some provinces of the Red River delta (Irish
potatoes).
 2
2

Food availability
The per capita food availability figure is a theoretical measurement of food supply, calculated by
dividing the total food produced by the number of inhabitants. In Viet Nam the figure is given in
terms of rice paddy and all secondary food crops such as maize, cassava, potatoes,
sesame, soybeans and groundnuts are given an equivalent value. Pulses and oilseeds are not
included, but nor is any allowance made for post-harvest losses, seeds or milling so the figure
may be slightly overestimated.

A theoretical food availability of 300 kilogrammes of paddy per year can be roughly estimated
at
1,600 calories per person per day. However, according to food consumption surveys,
basic foodstuffs represent 85 percent of the total calorie intake, so the food availability
of 300 kilogrammes gives a potential 1,840 calories per person per day. But this is still
260 calories below the accepted requirement, so the country can hardly be termed self-sufficient
until the food availability figure reaches 340 kilogrammes of paddy per person per year.
Moreover, the national average value does not take regional variations into account. These are
particularly significant in Viet Nam where the distribution and transportation infrastructure is
weak.

From 1983 to 1986, the food availability was around 300 kilogrammes paddy. In 1987,
food production decreased due to typhoons, floods and rice pests and there were estimated to be
only
280 kilogrammes paddy-equivalent/per year per inhabitant, covering only 82 per cent of
the energy requirement. The central provinces experienced severe shortages that year. In 1988,
the harvest was much better, so production reached 307 kilogrammes paddy per inhabitant. In
1989, growth was maintained, surpassing the population growth rate for the first time.
The food availability figure was given as 310 kilogrammes. It would have been 332
kilogrammes if the 1.4 millions of rice had not been exported. The spectacular progress in
1988 and 1989 was due to increases in the paddy yield. Indeed with great dependency on
rice, the Vietnamese diet has become more and more monotonous and unbalanced. Thus
the quantitative and qualitative insufficiency of the food production is a basic factor of
malnutrition in Vietnam.

Inter household distribution of energy intake

A survey undertaken by the National Institute of Nutrition of 1,251 households, showed that 9
percent were experiencing starvation (below 1,500 calories per person per day), 15 per
cent suffered from food shortages (1,500-1,800 calories per person per day), and 23 per cent
were in a more or less satisfactory situation (1,800-2,100 kcal) and 54 per cent had over 2,100
kcal/day, considered satisfactory.
The energy availability distribution varies widely from one region to another. The central region
experiences serious food shortages with 34 per cent of the households in the northern
central provinces and 20 percent in the south central province consuming less than 1,800
calories per person per day. This is where the food situation requires urgent intervention.
 2
3

There are also seasonal variations in food consumption. Just before the rice harvest
calories intake decreases by up to 15 per cent. Given the very low normal intakes, even a slight
decrease can lead to starvation as happened during the bad harvest year of 1987. An
additional factor causing temporary food shortages is the weather : the central provinces,
particularly, often suffer from floods and typhoons which destroy harvests and food stores.

National and regional food consumption patterns

Rice is the main staple food in all regions of Viet Nam. Other staples are little consumed.
The quantity of pulses and oilseeds (sesame) in a meal is very low. The consumption of milk,
eggs, sugar and fruit is also low nationwide. An average of only 18 grammes of meat per day is
consumed. Vietnamese, especially those living in the southern central and Mekong delta
provinces, derive more protein from fish and sea products. Vegetable consumption is
sufficient overall, but with important regional variations; twice as many are consumed in the
northern mountains as in the Mekong Delta. The Vietnamese diet contains very little fat; the
lipid intake is believed said to be one of the lowest in the world.
Notes:
- to account for : chiÕm
- output : n¨ng suÊt, ®Çu ra
- industrial crop : c©y c«ng nghiÖp
- to be involved in : dÝnh lÝu ®Õn, cã
liªn quan ®Õn
- cash crop : n«ng s¶n hµng ho¸
- contract system : chÕ ®é kho¸n
- plot of land : thöa ®Êt
- It is admitted that : ng•êi ta thõa
nhËn r»ng
- to be cultivated : ®•îc canh t¸c
- one crop a year : s¶n xuÊt 1 n¨m 1 vô
- coastal strip : vïng ®Êt duyªn h¶i
- expansion : sù më réng/sù ph¸t
triÓn
- paddy yield : n¨ng suÊt lóa
- cassava : c©y s¾n ( m×)
- sweet potato : khoai lang
- seed multiplication system : hÖ thèng/c¬ së nh©n
gièng
- spare part : phô tïng
- maintenance : b¶o d•ìng/b¶o tr×
 2
4

- extension : sù më réng
- to emphasize : chó träng
- food crop : c©y l•¬ng thùc
- rice monoculture : ®éc canh c©y lóa
 2
5

Lesson 9: SỰ ỔN ĐỊNH VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ TRONG

NHỮNG NĂM QUA
1. Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn yêu cầu tất cả các uỷ ban nhân dân tỉnh và
thành phố cùng các bộ liên quan duy trì việc phòng dịch nghiêm ngặt. Các địa phương được
yêu cầu quản lý chặt gia súc nhiễm bệnh và cấm buôn bán vận chuyển gia súc bị bệnh. Việc
tiêu huỷ gia súc bị bệnh được thực hiện theo các qui định của cơ quan y tế. Ông tin rằng
việc tiêm phòng đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong việc bùng phát bệnh lở mồm long móng
ở Việt Nam trong tương lai.

Notes:
- Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn : The Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural
Development
- uỷ ban nhân dân tỉnh: provincial people‟s committee
- duy trì: maintain
- phòng dịch nghiêm ngặt: strict prevention of the epidemic
- gia súc nhiễm bệnh: infected domestic animal/livestock
- cấm: ban/prohibit/forbid
- buôn bán vận chuyển: trade and movement
- Việc tiêu huỷ: culling
- việc tiêm phòng: vaccination
- bùng phát bệnh lở mồm long móng: foot-and-mouth outbreak

2. Năm 2005, doanh thu thương mại của điện tử Samsung đạt 233 triệu USD. Nhưng đến
năm
2006, ước tính con số này là 335 triệu USD. Với phương châm chậm nhưng chắc, một dự
án liên doanh mang tên Savina (Samsung Vietnam) đã hình thành và bắt đầu hoạt động với tổng
số vốn đầu tư là 78 triệu USD. Samsung đã huy động vốn là 300 triệu USD ở nhiều lĩnh vực
như điện tử, sợi tổng hợp, nhà cho thuê. Còn những dự án khác thuộc các lĩnh vực như công
nghiệp nặng, công nghiệp chế biến và xây dựng thì vẫn đang là nghiên cứu khả thi. Hiện nay,
Samsung là nhà tài trợ lớn ở Việtnam. Ngoài việc tài trợ cho nhiều giải vô địch thể thao qui
mô lớn-nhỏ, Samsung đã cấp 1,2 triệu USD cho các chương trình học ngoại ngữ và huấn luyện
thể dục.

Notes:
- doanh thu thương mại: turnover/revenue/trade returns
- đạt: reach/achieve
- ước tính: estimate
- con số: figure
- phương châm: motto/slogan
- dự án liên doanh : joint venture project
- hình thành: come into being/existence
- số vốn đầu tư : investment capital
- sợi tổng hợp: synthetic fibre
- công nghiệp chế biến : processin industry
- nghiên cứu khả thi: feasibility study
 2
6

- nhà tài trợ: sponsor

- giải vô địch thể thao: sports championship
3. Ngành sản xuất đã phát triển đáng kể trong thời kỳ tái thiết nền kinh tế của Philippines sau
Chiến tranh Thế giới thứ II. Việc kiểm soát hàng hoá nhập khẩu của chính phủ đã thúc đẩy sự
phát triển ngành công nghiệp nhẹ sản xuất các mặt hàng tiêu dùng cho thị trường trong nước.
Vào những năm 70, chính phủ đã xây dựng bốn đặc khu kinh tế nhằm tăng cường sản xuất
hàng hoá xuất khẩu. Các ngành công nghiệp trong các khu chế xuất này được khuyến khích
sản xuất các mặt hàng xuất khẩu truyền thống. Những đặc khu kinh tế này đã thu hút vốn đầu
tư của nước ngoài vào Philippines một phần nhờ vào chính sách miễn thuế cho các doanh
nghiệp có vốn đầu tư nước ngoài. Xây dựng thành công những đặc khu kinh tế này đã tạo tiền
đề cho sự ra đời các khu công nghiệp có qui mô lớn hơn. Chẳng hạn như, căn cứ hải quân
Subic Bay của Mỹ trước đây nay đã trở thành một khu thương mại-công nghiệp khổng lồ ở
Manila. Một khu công nghiệp- thương mại lớn với cơ sở hạ tầng hiện đại và được miễn thuế đã
thu hút các ngành công nghiệp sản xuất hàng xuất khẩu và đầu tư nước ngoài.

Notes:
- tái thiết nền kinh tế : reconstruction economy
- thời kỳ sau Chiến tranh Thế giới thứ II: during the post-World War II
- việc kiểm soát hàng nhập khẩu: ontrols on imports
- thúc đẩy sự phát triển : speed up/promote development
- hàng tiêu dùng: consumer goods
- thị trường trong nước: domestic/local market
- đặc khu kinh tế : special economic zone
- khu chế xuất: export-processing zone
- căn cứ hải quân: naval base
- cơ sở hạ tầng: infra-structure/facilities
- được miễn thuế: receive tax exemption

4. Việt Nam đã nổ lực duy trì sự ổn định chính trị xã hội, phát triển kinh tế và quan hệ ngoại giao
trong những năm gần đây. Những thay đổi tích cực của luật pháp đã ảnh hưởng không nhỏ đến
tình hình sản xuất, tài chính và thương mại. Nhờ nông nghiệp thích ứng với thị trường tự do nên
Việt Nam được xếp là nước xuất khẩu gạo lớn thứ hai trên thế giới sau Thái Lan. Tại Thành phố
Hồ Chí Minh và vùng phụ cận những hoạt động dịch vụ và sản xuất đã phát triển và thay đổi
nhanh chóng. Kinh tế phát triển mạnh một phần nhờ vào nguồn đầu tư vốn và công nghệ của gần
2 triệu Việt Kiều ở các nước trên thế giới. Đa số họ đã quay trở về Việt Nam để đầu tư và liên lạc
với bà con.

Notes:
- nổ lực: make every effort/try hard/seek (to do something)
- sự ổn định chính trị xã hội: socio-politic stability/control
- phát triển kinh tế và quan hệ ngoại giao: develop economic and diplomatic establishment
- thay đổi tích cực: positive change
- thích ứng: respond to/ be adapted to
- được xếp: rank
- vùng phụ cận: in the neighbourhood/vicinity
- hoạt động dịch vụ và sản xuất: manufacturing/production and service activities
 2
7

- vào nguồn đầu tư vốn: an influx of investment

5. ChØ 1 n¨m sau khi lÖnh cÊm vËn cña Mü ®•îc b·i bá, c¸c c«ng ty
n•íc gi¶i kh¸t khæng lå nh• Coca-cola, Pep si- Cola ®•îc h•ëng •u
®·i vÒ vèn, chÝnh s¸ch tiÕp thÞ vµ c¸c •u ®·i kh¸c theo luËt §Çu
T• N•íc Ngoµi, nªn c¸c c«ng ty nµy ®· dÇn dÇn th©m nhËp thÞ phÇn
cña c¸c nhà s¶n xuÊt trong n•íc. C¸c s¶n phÈm kh¸c còng r¬i vµo
hoµn c¶nh t•¬ng tù. Bia Sµi Gßn ph¶i c¹nh tranh quyÕt liÖt víi
c¸c c«ng ty bia liªn doanh víi n•íc ngoµi. C¸c nhµ s¶n xuÊt bét
giÆt trong n•íc, mÆc dï cã thÓ ®¸p øng nhu cÇu trong n•íc ®Õn n¨m
2005, nh•ng l¹i bÞ c¸c c«ng ty khæng lå nh• Procter & Gamble vµ
Unilever dån vµo thÕ bÝ.

Notes:
- lÖnh cÊm vËn : embargo
- ®•îc b·i bá: be lifted
- c«ng ty n•íc gi¶i kh¸t khæng lå: soft drink giant
- h•ëng •u ®·i: enjoy preferences
- chÝnh s¸ch tiÕp thÞ: marketing
policy
- th©m nhËp thÞ phÇn: eat
into/
penetrate market shares
- theo luËt §Çu T• N•íc Ngoµi: under the
Foreign
Investment Law
- c¹nh tranh quyÕt liÖt: compete fiercely
- c«ng ty bia: brewery
- nhµ s¶n xuÊt bét giÆt: detergent producer
manufacturer
- ®¸p øng nhu cÇu: meet/satisfy the
need/demand
- dån vµo thÕ bÝ: drive st/sb into the
corner

6. §Ó b¶o vÖ viÖc s¶n xuÊt trong n•íc, c¸c nhµ s¶n xuÊt trong
n•íc ®· ®Ò nghÞ víi chÝnh phñ mét sè biÖn ph¸p. Thø nhÊt, nhµ
n•íc nªn cã kÕ ho¹ch ph¸t triÓn dµnh riªng cho viÖc ®Çu t• n•íc
ngoµi vÒ l·nh vùc kinh doanh vµ ph©n bè theo vïng ®Þa lý vµ kh«ng
nªn khuyÕn khÝch ®Çu t• n•íc ngoµi vµo viÖc s¶n xuÊt ra c¸c s¶n
phÈm mµ c¸c doanh nghiÖp trong n•íc cã kh¶ n¨ng s¶n xuÊt ®•îc nh•
n•íc gi¶i kh¸t, bét giÆt, giÊy vµ thuèc l¸. Thø hai, viÖc cÊp
giÊy phÐp nªn ®•îc ¸p dông cho c¸c c«ng ty liªn doanh hay c¸c
doanh nghiÖp cã vèn ®Çu t• n•íc ngoµi tham gia vµo c¸c dù ¸n ®ßi
hái cã nhiÒu vèn, c«ng nghÖ cao hay s¶n xuÊt c¸c mÆt hµng xuÊt
khÈu. Thø ba, lµ nªn cã mét ®¹o luËt chèng ®èi viÖc c¹nh tranh
 28
kh«ng lµnh m¹nh cã thÓ dÉn ®éc quyÒn kinh doanh, ph¸ gi¸ lµm h¹i
ng•êi tiªu dïng.

Notes:
- b¶o vÖ: defend/protect
- kÕ ho¹ch ph¸t triÓn: development plan
- vÒ l·nh vùc: in the field of/ in terms of
- viÖc cÊp giÊy phÐp: issue/grant licence
- doanh nghiÖp cã vèn ®Çu t• n•íc ngoµi: foreign-owned enterprise
- ®éc quyÒn kinh doanh: monopoly
- ph¸ gi¸: dumping

7. Trong tiếng Việt, từ “nước” vừa có ý nghĩa là quốc gia, vừa có ý nghĩa là nước, một liên kết về
ngôn ngữ mà mối ràng buộc càng thấy rõ ràng sau một chuyến đi thăm vùng đất phì nhiêu nhất
Việt Nam: Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long. Do phù sa bồi đắp của dòng sông Cửu Long làm phong
phú vựa lúa đầy ắp này, tượng trưng cho nguồn lương thực của cả nước cũng như phong cách
sinh hoạt kề cận sông nước của cư dân trong vùng. Đối với du khách, Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long
là một trong những địa chỉ tham quan đẹp nhất Đông Nam Á, kết hợp cái kỳ ảo của vùng sông
nước lung linh với cảnh quan đầy phấn khởi của một nền văn hoá vui tươi thể hiện qua cách sinh
hoạt của dân địa phương cùng hoạt động thương mại. Trong khi những thành phố lớn như Cần
Thơ, Mỹ Tho, Long Xuyên lập thành thế vững cho các tỉnh của Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long thì
mạng lưới kênh rạch mênh mông lại là cái duyên có một không hai của vùng này. Sinh hoạt vui
nhộn của vùng này không giống mấy với cách sinh hoạt của Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Tuy nhiên
điều đó không có nghĩa là phải khó khăn lắm mới tới được Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long để thoát
khỏi cái ồn ào náo nhiệt của thành phố lớn nhất Miền Nam này. Chỉ mất chừng ba giờ đồng hồ
bằng xe đò trên Quốc lộ 1 là bạn là bạn đến Mỹ Tho, thủ phủ của tỉnh Tiền Giang và là điểm xuất
phát tốt cho cuộc thăm dò vùng đồng bằng này.

Notes:
- có ý nghĩa: mean/signify/carry a meaning
- liên kết về ngôn ngữ: l inguistic association/relation/tie
- càng thấy rõ ràng: recognizable
- chuyến đi thăm: journey/visit
- vùng đất phì nhiêu: rich/fertile land
- Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long: The Mekong Delta
- phù sa: silt
- phong phú : ample/rich/diversified
- vựa lúa: granary
- tượng trưng: represent/symbolize
- nguồn lương thực: source of food
- phong cách sinh : lifestyle
- kề cận sông nước: riverine/riverside
- cư dân : inhabitant
- địa chỉ tham quan: tourist destination
- kết hợp : in combination with/coupled with

- cái kỳ ảo:
- vùng sông nước lung linh:
- thể hiện:
- hoạt động thương mại:
- lập thành thế vững:
- mạng lưới kênh rạch:
- cái duyên:
- có một không hai:
- giống:
- thoát khỏi:
- thủ phủ:
- điểm xuất phát:
2
9
marvel/miracle
glittering water
demonstrate/show/indicate/perform/express
commercial activity
provide a vantage for
network of rivers and canals
great boon
second to none/unique
be similar to/the same as/like
escape
capital city
departure point
 3
0

Suggested Translation:
Economic Stability & Development in the Past Few Years
1. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has required city and provincial people‟s
committees and relevant ministries maintain strict prevention of the epidemic. Localities
are required to closely manage infected animals and ban trade and movement of infected
animals. The culling of infected animals will be implemented following the health secto r‟s
regulations. Vaccination should play an important role in controlling a future foot-and-
mouth outbreak in Vietnam.

2. In 2005, trade returns of Samsung electronics reached USD 233 million. But in 2006
this figure is estimated to be USD 335 million. With the motto of “being slow but
firm”, a joint venture project named “Savanna” (Samsung Vietnam) has come into
existence and begun its operation with a total investment capital of USD 78 million.
Samsung has mobilized an investment capital of USD 300 million in many fields such as
electronics, synthetic fiber, houses for lease. But the other projects in fields like heavy
industry, processing industry and construction are only feasibility studies. Currently in
Vietnam, Samsung is a big sponsor. In addition to financing many big and small-scale sport
championships. Samsung has also granted USD 1.2 million for foreign language study programs
and gymnastic training.

3. The manufacturing sector expanded significantly during the post-World War II reconstruction
of the Philippine economy. Government controls on imports promoted the development of light
industries that produced consumer goods for the domestic market. In the 1970s the
government created four special economic zones designed to stimulate manufacturing for the
export market. Industries in these export-processing zones receive incentives to produce
traditional exports. The zones have helped to stimulate foreign investment in the Philippine
economy, in part because they are exempt from certain taxes and restrictions on foreign
ownership of businesses. The success of these zones has led to the creation of other types of
special economic zones, such as large industrial estates. Businesses receive tax exemptions
and other incentives in these zones. The former U.S. naval base at Subic Bay, for example, is
now a huge industrial-commercial zone in Manila. Its modern facilities and duty-free economic
zone have attracted new export-focused industries and foreign investment

4. Vietnam has sought to maintain socio-politic stability, develop economic and diplomatic
establishment in recent years. The positive legal changes have had a tremendous influence on the
production, financial and commercial situations. Vietnam ranked as the world‟ s second-
largest rice exporter to Thailand because its agriculture responded dramatically to free
market. In manufacturing and service activities the rapid growth and change occurred in and
around HCM City. Much economic expansion was partially driven by an influx of investment
and technology from some 2 million overseas Vietnamese in many different countries
worldwide, most of whom had returned to Vietnam for their investment and contacts with their
relatives.

5. Only a year after the US embargo was lifted, soft drink giants such as Coca Cola and Pepsi
Cola, which have enjoyed superior advantages in capital, marketing policies and
preferences under the Foreign Investment Law, have gradually eaten into the market
shares of local producers. Other products are also in the same situation. Saigon Beer has
to compete fiercely
 31
with breweries of foreign Joint-ventures. Local detergent producers, although capable of
meeting domestic demand to the year 2005, have driven into the corner by giants such as
Procter & Gamble and Unilever.

6. To protect domestic production, local producers have proposed several measures to

the Government. First, the State should devise specific development plans for foreign
investment in terms of business field and geographical area and should not encourage
foreign investment in products which local enterprises can produce such as soft drink,
detergent, paper and cigarettes. Second, licenses should be granted only to JVs or foreign-
owned enterprises which involve in projects requiring large capital, advanced technology or
producing goods for export. Third, a law should be enacted against unfair competition that
can lead to monopoly, dumping or price inflation that does not benefit consumers.

7. In Vietnamese the word “nuoc” carry a double meaning of “country” and “water”, a linguistic
association recognizable after a journey to the most fertile land in Vietnam- the Mekong Delta.
The silt from the Mekong River helps to bring an ample granary representing the whole country
source of food as well as the local inhabitants‟ riverside lifestyle. For tourists, the Mekong Delta
is one of the most fascinating tourist destinations in South-east Asia. It offers the marvel of the
glittering waters coupled with the gaiety of a culture demonstrated by the local lifestyle
and commercial activities. The big cities such as Can Tho, My Tho and Long Xuyen
provide a vantage for the nine provinces of the Mekong Delta while the immense network
of rivers and canals is regarded as the great boon second to none in this region. The exciting
life in this region is not very similar to that in HCM City. However, it does not suggest any
difficulty in reaching the Mekong Delta to escape the excitement of the greatest city in Southern
Vietnam. It takes only a three-hour drive( by bus, though) on the National Highway Number 1
to get to My Tho, the capital of Tien giang & an ideal departure point for exploring this delta
region.
 3
2

Chapter 2: STRATEGIES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH

Lesson 10 : NHỮNG NGÀNH KINH TẾ TRỌNG ĐIỂM
Nh÷ng ngµnh kinh tÕ träng ®iÓm n¨m nay cho thÊy r»ng ViÖt
nam
®ang ®i ®óng h•íng trªn con ®•êng ph¸t triÓn khi mµ hÇu hÕt c¸c
môc tiªu sÏ trë thµnh hiÖn thùc vµ c¸c thµnh tùu ®¹t ®•îc sÏ cao
h¬n dù ®o¸n.

Theo mét b¶n b¸o c¸o cña chÝnh phñ ®•îc Thñ t•íng Phan V¨n Kh¶i
tr×nh bµy t¹i kú häp Quèc héi lÇn thø 8, chóng ta sÏ ®¹t ®•îc tÊt
c¶ c¸c môc tiªu kinh tÕ träng ®iÓm cña n¨m nay víi møc t¨ng
tr•ëng kinh tÕ dù ®o¸n lµ 6,7%. Gi¸ trÞ c«ng nghiÖp dù kiÕn sÏ
t¨ng 15,5%, trong khi môc tiªu ®Ò ra lµ 11%. Møc t¨ng tr•ëng cao
nhÊt lµ 18,8% sÏ thuéc vÒ c¸c thµnh phÇn kinh tÕ ngoµi quèc
doanh, tiÕp ®ã lµ ®Çu t• n•íc ngoµi 17,3% vµ thµnh phÇn nhµ n•íc
víi 12,4%. N«ng s¶n sÏ t¨ng 4,9% so víi môc tiªu lµ 4%, ngµnh
dÞch vô còng sÏ t¨ng 6% so víi môc tiªu lµ 5 - 5,5%.
Tæng ®Çu t• trong n¨m •íc tÝnh vµo kho¶ng 27,9% cña tæng s¶n phÈm
quèc néi (GDP), t¨ng 20% so víi n¨m ngo¸i. Trong ®ã ®ãng gãp cña
ng©n s¸ch nhµ n•íc lµ 23.8%, tÝn dông nhµ n•íc 17%, thµnh phÇn
liªn doanh nhµ n•íc 17,9% vµ thµnh phÇn t• nh©n lµ 23,2%.

Tæng thu nhËp ng©n s¸ch sÏ t¨ng 8,9% so víi n¨m ngo¸i vµ sÏ v•ît
môc tiªu. L•îng xuÊt khÈu hµng ho¸ sÏ ®¹t 14 tØ USD, lªn ®Õn
21,3% so víi môc tiªu ®Æt ra vµo ®Çu n¨m lµ 11 - 12%. Thu nhËp tõ
xuÊt khÈu vèn trung b×nh ®¹t 180 USD, v•ît qua møc 170 USD lµ
møc ®iÓm. ThÆng d• th•¬ng m¹i sÏ ®•îc h¹n ®Þnh ë móc lµnh m¹nh lµ
7% tõ nguån thu xuÊt khÈu.

B¶n b¸o c¸o cho r»ng cã ®•îc thµnh tùu kinh tÕ tèt ®Ñp/ kh¶ quan
nh• vËy lµ nhê vµo sù ®Çu t• ngµy cµng t¨ng cña chÝnh phñ, sù
ph¸t triÓn cña nh÷ng c«ng ty nhá vµ nguån tæng thu nhËp lín m¹nh
tõ xuÊt khÈu dÇu th«. §iªu nay dÉn ®Õn viÖc ký kÕt HiÖp ®Þnh
th•¬ng m¹i ViÖt-Mü vµ sù thµnh lËp thÞ tr•êng chøng kho¸n nh• lµ
nh÷ng nh©n tè quan träng kÝch thÝch sù t¨ng tr•ëng trong t•¬ng
lai. Tuy nhiªn, còng cÇn nhÊn m¹nh r»ng nÒn kinh tÕ t•¬ng lai vµ
nh÷ng c¶i c¸ch hµnh chÝnh cÇn ®•îc duy tr× vµ ®Èy nhanh tèc ®é
t¨ng tr•ëng. §Çu t• n•íc ngoµi ®ang cßn thÊp vµ sù chuyÓn ®æi cña
nh÷ng xÝ nghiÖp nhµ n•íc vÉn cßn chËm ch¹p. Trong lóc ®ã, nÒn
kinh tÕ l¹i ph¶i ®èi mÆt víi nh÷ng th¸ch thøc lín, b»ng chøng lµ
c¹nh tranh yÕu kÐm, gi¸ trÞ gia t¨ng trong s¶n phÈm c«ng nghiÖp
 33
thÊp, gi¸ c¶ n«ng s¶n còng cßn thÊp vµ chÊt l•îng dÞch vô th×
non kÐm.

B¶n b¸o c¸o còng ®•a ra mét vµi gi¶i ph¸p ®Ó v•ît qua nh÷ng th¸ch
thøc nµy vµ ®¹t ®•îc møc t¨ng tr•ëng cao h¬n vµo n¨m tíi. Nh÷ng
biÖn ph¸p nµy bao gåm c¶ sù thay ®æi m¹nh mÏ cña nh÷ng xÝ nghiÖp
thuéc së h÷u nhµ n•íc, khuyÕn khÝch c¸c thµnh phÇn kinh tÕ t•
nh©n tham gia vµo lÜnh vùc gi¸o dôc, ch¨m sãc søc khoÎ, vÖ sinh
®« thÞ vµ nh÷ng dÞch vô c«ng céng kh¸c.

Dù kiÕn kú häp Quèc héi, b¾t ®Çu tõ ngµy 14 /11, sÏ th«ng qua
luËt B¶o hiÓm doanh nghiÖp, luËt kiÓm so¸t ma tuý vµ ch•¬ng tr×nh
nghÞ sù cho n¨m 2001. Kú häp kÐo dµi trong vßng mét th¸ng nµy
còng sÏ th¶o luËn ph•¬ng h•íng vµ nhiÖm vô cho n¨m 2001 vµ nh÷ng
vÊn ®Ò liªn quan ®Õn ng©n s¸ch an ninh, quèc phßng vµ
nh÷ng ch•¬ng tr×nh quèc gia.
 3
4

Suggested Translation:
KEY ECONOMIC SECTORS
Major economic indicators this year show Vietnam is on the right path of development as most
targets will be realized and achievements will be higher than expected.

According to a government report read by Prime Minister Phan Van Khai at the
National Assembly's 8th session, all the key economic targets of this year will be achieved
with the economic growth rate estimated at 6.7%. Industrial value is projected to grow by
15.5% against the planned target of 11%. The non-State sector will post the highest
growth rate at 18.8%, followed by the foreign investment sector with 17.3% and the
State sector with 12.4%. Agricultural production will increase to 4.9% against the 4% target,
and the service sector will also rise by 6% against the 5 - 5.5% target.

Overall investment in the year is estimated at 27,9% of the gross domestic product (GDP),
an increase of 20% on last year. State budget makes up 23.8% of the amount, State credits
17%, State corporate sector 17.9% and the private sector 23.2%.

Budget revenues will rise 8.9% from last year and exceed the target. Export sales are expected
to reach US$ 14 billion, up 21.3% against the target of 11 - 12% set at the beginning of the
year. The per capita export earnings has reached US$ 180, surpassing the US$ 170 mark, a
criterion for a country 's with developed external trade. Trade surplus will be confined to a
healthy rate of 7% of export earnings.
The report attributes the good economic performance to bigger Government investment,
small enterprise development and strong revenues from crude oil exports. It hails the
signing of the Vietnam-US. Trade agreement and the establishment of the stock market as
important factors to fuel future growth. However, it stresses further economic and
administrative reform is needed to sustain and accelerate the growth tempo. Foreign
investment remains low and State enterprise reform is moving slowly. Meanwhile, the
economy still faces big challenges, evidenced by poor competitiveness and low added value
industrial production, low prices of agro-products and poor quality in services.

The report also proposes some measures to overcome challenges and achieve higher growth next
year. These measures include stronger reform of State-owned enterprises, encouragement of the
private sector's participation in education, health care, urban sanitation and some other
public services.

The national Assembly session, starting from Nov.14, is expected to pass the Law on Insurance
Business, the Law on Drug Control and the legal agenda for 2001. The one-month long session
will also discuss directions and tasks for 2001 and issues regarding the budget, defense, security
and State programs.
 3
5

Lesson 11: TOURISM GROWING AS HOTEL OCCUPANCY DROPS

HCM CITY - The number of foreign tourists arriving in Viet Nam has been increasing
year after year. On average, it grows by 30 per cent a year, according to recent statistics
released from Viet Nam Tourism Administration.

Though the number of tourists is on the rise, occupancy rates of hotels have
dropped significantly as compared to previous years. Over the past six years, joint -
venture hotels and guest houses operated at an average capacity rate of 85 to 90 per cent.
They are now operating at a capacity rate of only 60 per cent. A rate which is much
worse than that of state - owned hotels and private guest - houses.

One of the main reasons for the decline in hotel capacity rates is the mushrooming
of joint-venture hotels which has caused severe competition among hotels for room -
rates and hotel services.

Several hotels have become burdens to their owners, with low gross earnings and
high taxes, many are about to be forced to close down.

Most foreign visitors have come here eager to experience something new and to travel to
places of wild and natural beauty during their stay. For this reason, Viet Nam's
tourist industry needs to reorganize its management and set goals in order to satisfy the
current demands of tourists.

Though there has been growth in the number of tourists over the past several years, the
number of visitors that come for a second visit is low. It is evident that the attraction of
Vietnam's tourist industry is still inadequate and tourist sites, transport
and accommodation facilities have not yet reached international standards. The country
now has some 22 provinces and cities which have completed detailed master plans for
tourist resorts.

However, these projects are yet to be developed and are still under discussion. Even though each
year the government has spent tens of billion of dongs on upgrading national historical relics
and tourist resorts, due to a lack of management expertise and investment knowledge, these sites
have failed to help boost the development of the tourist industry. To improve quality of tourist
resorts and to boost hotel operations, Viet Nam's tourism industry now requires more
investment from the government.
 3
6

Suggested Translation:
DU Kh¸ch th× t¨ng trong khi tû lÖ l•u tró
t¹i kh¸ch s¹n
gi¶m
TP Hå ChÝ Minh - Sè l•îng du kh¸ch n•íc ngoµi ®Õn Viet Nam ngµy
cµng t¨ng. Theo sè liÖu thèng kª gÇn ®©y cña Tæng Côc Du LÞch
ViÖt Nam th× l•îng du kh¸ch t¨ng b×nh qu©n h»ng n¨m lµ 30%.

MÆc dï l•îng du khách t¨ng, nh•ng t×nh tr¹ng kh¸ch ë l¹i kh¸ch
s¹n gi¶m ®¸ng kÓ so víi nh÷ng n¨m võa råi. H¬n 6 n¨m qua,, c¸c
kh¸ch s¹n liªn doanh vµ c¸c nhµ kh¸ch chØ khai th¸c ®•îc tõ 85-
90% sè phßng hiÖn cã. HiÖn giê chØ cßn ®¹t ë møc 60%, thÊp h¬n
nhiÒu so víi c¸c kh¸ch s¹n cña nhµ n•íc vµ nhµ kh¸ch t• nh©n.

Mét trong nh÷ng nguyªn nh©n chÝnh cña sù tôt gi¶m l•îng kh¸ch lµ
do kh¸ch s¹n liªn doanh mäc lªn nh• nÊm, ®iÒu nµy dÉn ®Õn viÖc
c¹nh tranh khèc liÖt vÒ gi¸ phßng vµ gi¸ dÞch vô.

NhiÒu kh¸ch s¹n cã tæng doanh thu thÊp trong khi l¹i chÞu møc
thuÕ cao, ®ang trë thµnh g¸nh nÆng cho c¸c «ng chñ vµ cã nhiÒu
kh¸ch s¹n s¾p söa buéc ph¶i ®ãng cöa.

§a sè du kh¸ch n•íc ngoµi h¨m hë ®Õn ViÖt Nam ®Ó t×m mét c¸i
g×
®ã míi mÎ vµ muèn ®i ®Õn nh÷ng vïng cã vÎ ®Ñp tù nhiªn vµ hoang
d· trong thêi gian l•u l¹i cña hä.V× lý do nµy, du lÞch ViÖt Nam
cÇn tæ chøc l¹i viÖc qu¶n lý vµ ®Æt ra nh÷ng môc tiªu nh»m tháa
m·n nhu cÇu hiÖn nay cña du kh¸ch.

MÆc dï l•îng du kh¸ch vÉn t¨ng trong nh÷ng n¨m qua nh•ng sè du
kh¸ch trë l¹i ViÖt nam lÇn thø hai rÊt Ýt. Râ rµng r»ng ngµnh du
lÞch ViÖt Nam vÉn ch•a ®ñ søc hÊp dÉn du kh¸ch. Thªm vµo ®ã, c¸c
®iÓm du lÞch vµ c¸c ph•¬ng tiÖn ¨n ë ®i l¹i ch•a ®¹t ®Õn tiªu
chuÈn quèc tÕ. ViÖt nam hiÖn cã kho¶ng 22 tØnh vµ thµnh phè ®ang
hoµn tÊt nh÷ng kÕ ho¹ch tæng thÓ chi tiÕt ®Ó x©y dùng c¸c khu
nghØ m¸t cho du kh¸ch. Tuy nhiªn nh÷ng ®Ò ¸n nµy vÉn ch•a ®•îc
triÓn khai, vÉn ®ang cßn ®ang ®•îc th¶o luËn.
 3
7

MÆc dï h»ng n¨m chÝnh phñ ®· chi h»ng chôc tØ ®ång ®Ó n©ng cÊp
c¸c di tÝch lÞch sö quèc gia vµ c¸c khu nghØ m¸t, nh•ng do sù yÕu
kÐm vÒ chuyªn m«n qu¶n lý nªn nh÷ng n¬i nµy vÉn ch•a cã thÓ thóc
®Èy sù ph¸t triÓn cña ngµnh du lÞch n•íc nhµ. §Ó c¶i thiÖn chÊt
l•îng cña c¸c nhµ nghØ vµ t¨ng c•êng ho¹t ®éng cña kh¸ch s¹n,
ngµnh du lÞch ViÖt nam cÇn chÝnh phñ ®Çu t• nhiÒu h¬n n÷a.
 3
8

Lesson 12: ADJUSTMENTS NEEDED TO SOCIAL

INSURANCE SCHEME

Generally, after a time of stagnation, HCMC' s private textile embroidery industry has recovered
and develop somewhat since 1991. Yet development is not stable because most private
units work according to foreign orders. Consequently, they can't control their production
plan, and labour price for making garments is limited by foreign partners (the labour cost of
1995 is equal to 65 - 70% of that in 1991 - 1992). Due to the very nature of the industry, the
average wage of those working in this branch is only about VND 400,000 per month.
Under the current fierce competition, the amount of 15% of total wages for social insurance
and 2% for medical insurance that enterprises must contribute, if the proposed social insurance
scheme comes into effect, will push up production costs to very high levels, making it
difficult for Vietnamese ventures to compete effectively and occupy the market.

To help private textile embroidery businesses survive, Mr. Nam has suggested, the State should
amend the contribution rate of non - State ventures to Social Insurance schemes, as follows:
- Social Insurance: 10% by enterprise, 3% by employee.
- Medical Insurance: 1 % by enterprises, 1 % by employee

The State should also issue a regulation concerning employees who are trained and recruited
by an enterprise, and are obligated to work for at least two years. It is necessary that
employees working at non-- State ventures should be given a work card. Employer
agreement may be required if an employee want to leave his or her job.

All members of HCMC's Textile - Embroidery Association agree on the implementation

of contributing a part of total wages to Social and Medical Insurance, in compliance with the
Labour Code.
LOCAL PRODUCERS COMPLAIN ABOUT UNEQUAL COMPETITION
Business leaders of big companies in HCMC have voiced difficulties they are facing with in
the fierce competition against foreign companies, especially world giants.

At a meeting on "How to encourage foreign investment and protect domestic production" held in
HCMC last week, producers of Tico and Lux Detergent, P/S Cosmetics, Tribeco Soft Drink, Viet
Thang Textiles, Saigon Beer and HCMC Poultry Company, had the same opinion that local
enterprises are not in an equal footing in competing with foreign counterparts as they do not
enjoy tax incentives as foreign-invested enterprises.
 3
9

Only a year after the US embargo was lifted, soft drink giants such as Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola,
which have enjoyed superior advantages in capital, marketing policies and preferences under
the Foreign Investment Law, have gradually eaten into the market shares of local producers.
Other products are also in the same situation. Saigon Beer has to compete fiercely with
breweries of foreign Joint-ventures. Local detergent producers, although capable of meeting
domestic demand to the year 2000, have driven into the corner by giants such as Procter &
Gamble and Unilever.

To protect domestic production, local producers have proposed several measures to

the Government. First, the State should devise specific development plans for foreign
investment in terms of business field and geographical area and should not encourage
foreign investment in products, which local enterprises can produce such as soft drink,
detergent, paper and cigarettes. Second, licenses should be granted only to JVs or 100%
foreign-owned enterprises, which involve in projects requiring large capital, advanced
technology or producing goods for export. Third, a law should be enacted against unfair
competition that can lead to monopoly, dumping or price inflation that does not benefit
consumers. Fourth, there should be a policy to encourage domestic investment and to
grant domestic enterprises the same tax incentives as foreign investors enjoy. Fifth, a
campaign to motivate local consumers to use domestic goods should be launched, creating
conditions for domestic enterprises to develop.

Suggested Translation:
CÇN §iÒu chØnh l¹i hÖ thèng b¶o hiÓm X· héi Nh×n
chung sau mét thêi gian ho¹t ®éng tr× trÖ, nÒn c«ng nghiÖp dÖt
thªu t• nh©n cña Thµnh phè Hå ChÝ Minh ®· ®•îc kh«i phôc vµ
ph¸t triÓn ë møc ®é nhÊt ®Þnh kÓ tõ n¨m 1991.Tuy nhiªn sù ph¸t
triÓn kh«ng æn ®Þnh bëi v× hÇu hÕt c«ng viÖc cña c¸c xÝ nghiÖp t•
nh©n ®Òu phô thuéc vµo ®¬n ®Æt hµng cña n•íc ngoµi.Do vËy, hä
kh«ng thÓ kiÓm so¸t ®•îc kÕ ho¹ch s¶n xuÊt, vµ gi¸ lao ®éng cho
s¶n phÈm may mÆt bÞ c¸c ®èi t¸c n•íc ngoµi qui ®Þnh rÊt thÊp (
tiÒn c«ng lao ®éng n¨m 1995 chØ b»ng 65%-70% so víi c¸c n¨m 1991
vµ 1992.).Do tÝnh ®Æc thï cña ngµnh nµy, nªn l•¬ng trung b×nh cña
c«ng nh©n trong ngµnh may-thªu chØ kho¶ng 400.000 ®ång/th¸ng. Víi
sù c¹nh tranh gay g¾t hiÖn nay, b¶o hiÓm x· héi chiÕm ®Õn 15% vµ
b¶o hiÓm y tÕ lµ 2% trong tæng sè l•¬ng mµ c¸c doanh nghiÖp ph¶i
®ãng, vµ nÕu nh• kÕ ho¹ch dù kiÕn cña b¶o hiÓm x· héi ®•îc phª
duyÖt, th× gi¸ thµnh s¶n xuÊt sÏ rÊt cao g©y khã kh¨n cho c¸c
nhµ s¶n xuÊt ViÖt Nam trong vieec c¹nh tranh cã hiÖu qu¶ vµ chiÕm
lÜnh thÞ tr•êng.
 4
0

§Ó gióp c¸c doanh nghiÖp thªu-may t• nh©n sèng cßn, «ng Nam ®· ®Ò
nghÞ nhµ n•íc nªn söa ®æi tû lÖ ®ãng gãp cña c¸c doanh nghiÖp
ngoµi quèc doanh ®èi víi chÝnh s¸ch b¶o hiÓm x· héi nh• sau:

- B¶o hiÓm x· héi: 10% ®èi víi doanh nghiÖp vµ 3% ®èi víi c«ng
nh©n

- B¶o hiÓm y tÕ : 1% ®èi víi doanh nghiÖp vµ 1% ®èi víi

c«ng nh©n

Nhµ n•íc còng nªn ban hµnh mét qui ®Þnh cã liªn quan ®Õn ng•êi
lao ®éng ®· ®•îc c¸c doanh nghiÖp tuyÓn dông vµ ®µo t¹o
buéc ph¶i lµm viÖc tèi thiÓu lµ 2 n¨m. C¸c c«ng nh©n lµm viÖc
trong c¸c doanh nghiÖp ngoµi quèc doanh cÇn ph¶i ®•îc cÊp thÎ lµm
viÖc. NÕu mét c«ng nh©n nµo ®ã muèn th«i viÖc th× ph¶i
®•îc doanh nghiÖp cñ qu¶n ®ång ý.
TÊt c¶ mäi thµnh viªn cña c¸c c«ng ty may-thªu ë Thµnh phè Hå ChÝ
Minh ®Òu ®ång ý thùc hiÖn ®Çy ®ñ viÖc ®ãng gãp mét phÇn l•¬ng vµo
b¶o hiÓm x· héi vµ y tÕ, thÓ theo ®óng qui ®Þnh cña luËt lao
®éng.

C¸c nhµ s¶n xuÊt ®Þa ph•¬ng phµn nµn vÒ sù c¹nh tranh
kh«ng lµnh m¹nh
C¸c chñ doanh nghiÖp cña c¸c c«ng ty lín ë TP Hå ChÝ Minh ®· nªu
ra nh÷ng khã kh¨n mµ hä ph¶i ®•¬ng ®Çu trong viÖc c¹nh tranh gay
g¾t víi c¸c c«ng ty n•íc ngoµi, ®Æc biÖt lµ víi c¸c c«ng ty khæng
lå thÕ giíi.
T¹i mét cuéc häp bµn vÒ : Lµm thÕ nµo ®Ó khuyÕn khÝch ®Çu t• n•íc
ngoµi vµ ®¶m b¶o s¶n xuÊt trong n•íc ®•îc tæ chøc t¹i TP Hå ChÝ
minh tuÇn qua, c¸c nhµ s¶n xuÊt cña c¸c c«ng ty bét giÆt Tico vµ
Lux, Mü phÈm P/S, n•íc gi¶i kh¸t Tribeco, dÖt ViÖt Th¾ng, bia Sµi
gßn vµ c«ng ty gia cÇm vËt nu«i TP Hå ChÝ Minh ®Òu thèng nhÊt mét
ý kiÕn lµ c¸c doanh nghiÖp trong n•íc kh«ng c©n søc trong viÖc
c¹nh tranh víi c¸c ®èi t¸c n•íc ngoµi v× hä kh«ng ®•îc h•ëng
chÝnh s¸ch •u ®·i thuÕ nh• c¸c doanh nghiÖp cã vèn ®Çu t• n•íc
ngoµi.
 4
1

ChØ 1 n¨m sau khi lÖnh cÊm vËn cña Mü ®•îc b·i bá, c¸c c«ng ty
n•íc gi¶i kh¸t khæng lå nh• Coca-cola, Pep si- Cola ®•îc h•ëng •u
®·i vÒ vèn, chÝnh s¸ch tiÕp thÞ vµ c¸c •u ®·i kh¸c theo luËt §Çu
T• N•íc Ngoµi, nªn c¸c c«ng ty nµy ®· dÇn dÇn th©m nhËp thÞ phÇn
cña c¸c nahf s¶n xuÊt trong n•íc. C¸c s¶n phÈm kh¸c còng r¬i vµo
hoµn c¶nh t•¬ng tù. Bia Sµi Gßn ph¶i c¹nh tranh quyÕt liÖt víi
c¸c c«ng ty bia liªn doanh víi n•íc ngoµi. C¸c nhµ s¶n xuÊt bét
giÆt trong n•íc, mÆc dï cã thÓ ®¸p øng nhu cÇu trong n•íc ®Õn n¨m
2000, nh•ng l¹i bÞ c¸c c«ng ty khæng lå nh• Procter & Gamble vµ
Unilever dån vµo thÕ bÝ.
§Ó b¶o vÖ viÖc s¶n xuÊt trong n•íc, c¸c nhµ s¶n xuÊt trong
n•íc
®· ®Ò nghÞ víi chÝnh phñ mét sè biÖn ph¸p. Thø nhÊt, nhµ n•íc nªn
cã kÕ ho¹ch ph¸t triÓn dµnh riªng cho viÖc ®Çu t• n•íc ngoµi vÒ
l·nh vùc kinh doanh vµ ph©n bè theo vïng ®Þa lý vµ kh«ng nªn
khuyÕn khÝch ®Çu t• n•íc ngoµi vµo viÖc s¶n xuÊt ra c¸c s¶n phÈm
mµ c¸c doanh nghiÖp trong n•íc cã kh¶ n¨ng s¶n xuÊt ®•îc nh• n•íc
gi¶i kh¸t, bét giÆt, giÊy vµ thuèc l¸. Thø hai, viÖc cÊp giÊy
phÐp nªn ®•îc ¸p dông cho c¸c c«ng ty liªn doanh hay c¸c doanh
nghiÖp cã 100% vèn ®Çu t• n•íc ngoµi tham gia vµo c¸c dù ¸n ®ßi
hái cã nhiÒu vèn, c«ng nghÖ cao hay s¶n xuÊt c¸c mÆt hµng xuÊt
khÈu. Thø ba, lµ nªn cã mét ®¹o luËt chèng ®èi viÖc c¹nh tranh
kh«ng lµnh m¹nh cã thÓ dÉn ®éc quyÒn kinh doanh, ph¸ gi¸ lµm h¹i
ng•êi tiªu dïng. Thø t• nªn cã chÝnh s¸ch khuyÕn khÝch ®Çu t•
trong n•íc vµ cho c¸c doanh nghiÖp trong n•íc ®•îc h•ëng chÝnh
s¸ch •u ®·i thuÕ nh• c¸c nhµ ®Çu t• n•íc ngoµi. Thø n¨m, nªn ph¸t
®éng mét chiÕn dÞch ®éng viªn ng•êi ViÖt Nam dïng hµng néi ®Þa,
t¹o ®iÒu kiÖn cho c¸c doanh nghiÖp trong n•íc ph¸t triÓn.
 4
2

Lesson 13:
H«m thø b¶y, mét ®oµn doanh nh©n ®· trao cho tæng thèng Indonesia
Suharto ®•¬ng kim chñ tÞch cña “ D iÔn §µn hîp t¸c Kinh tÕ Ch©u
¸ Th¸i B×nh D¬ng (APEC) ” mét b¶n b¸o c¸o ®Õ nghÞ tù do mËu
dÞch cÇn ®•îc thùc hiÖn n¨m 2001.

“ C hóng t«i ®ang ®éng viªn c¸c nhµ l·nh ®¹o ®a kh¸i niÖm vÕ tù
do mËu dÞch vµo nÕn kinh tÕ vµo n¨m 2001. ” §ã lµ lêi cña «ng
Les Mac Craw, ®ång chñ tÞch “ DiÔn ®µn Kinh doanh Th¸i B×nh
D¬ng
(PBF) ” nãi vìi tæng thèng Suharto khi «ng trao tay cho
tæng
thãng b¶n b¸o c¸o cña ®oµn.

B¶n b¸o c¸o cña PBF mét tæ chøc bao gåm ®¹i diÖn cña 33 doanh
nghiÖp t• nh©n cña 18 c¬ cÊu tæ chøc thµnh viªn, nÕu râ rµng c¸c
nÒn kinh tÕ trong khèi APEC ®· ph¸t triÓn nªn thùc hiÖn tù do mËu
dÞch vµ sù më réng tù do ®Çu t• trong khu vùc vµo n¨m 2002 vµ vµo
thêi ®iÓm kh«ng qu¸ n¨m 2010 ®èi víi c¸c nÒn kinh tÕ thuéc thµnh
phÇn kh¸c.
B¶n b¸o c¸o còng nªu râ lµ môc ®Ých nµy cÇn ®•îc thõa nhËn thùc
hiÖn trong n¨m nay ®Ó thÓ hiÖn vai trß cña nã lµ mét diÔn ®µn
chÝnh s¸ch chØ ®¹o cho sù ph¸t triÓn cña khu vùc Ch©u ¸ Th¸i B×nh
D•¬ng.

B¶n b¸o c¸o còng ®· nh¾c nhë c¸c nhµ l·nh ®¹o cña APEC nªn nhanh
chãng chÊp nhËn vµ thùc hiÖn chÝnh s¸ch “ t¹m ngõng l¹i ” vÕ
viÖc giíi thiÖu kiÓu mËu dÞch míi vµ c¸c trë ng¹i vÒ ®Çu t•.
C¸c nhµ l·nh ®¹o còng nªn thõa nhËn c¸c nguyªn t¾c cña ®iÒu
lÖ
®Çu t• ¸p dông vµo luËt trong n•íc mµ ®iÒu ®ã phï hîp vµ thÓ
hiÖn
®Çy ®ñ nh÷ng lêi cam kÕt cña héi nghÞ Uraguay còng nh• b¶o ®¶m
h¬n n÷a nh÷ng biÖn ph¸p më réng thÞ tr•êng.

Mét nhãm chuyªn gia APEC, ®oµn nh÷ng chuyªn gia næi tiÕng EPG,
trong th¸ng 8, ®· ®Ö trnhf lªn tæng thèng Shuharto b¶n b¸o c¸o
cña hä mµ trong ®ã hä ®Ò nghÞ tù do mËu dÞch vµ sù më réng ®Çu t•
®•îc hoµn tÊt vµo n¨m 2020.

Nhãm EPG ®· ®Ò nghÞ r»ng sù chuyÓn dÞch sÏ ®•îc b¾t ®Çu vµo
n¨m
2000, víi nh÷ng n•íc cã nÒn kinh tÕ ph¸t triÓn ho¹t ®éng th•¬ng
m¹i vµ ®Çu t• trong vßng 10 n¨m, c¸c n•íc míi c«ng nghiÖp hãa
trong vßng 15 n¨m vµ c¸c n•íc cßn l¹i trong vßng 20 n¨m.

¤ng Craw nãi r»ng nh÷ng ®Ò nghÞ cña hä rÊt rïm beng nh•ng chóng
t«i còng thõa nhËn r»ng nh÷ng thay ®æi kinh tÕ ®ang diÔn ra m¹nh
mÏ. “ Chóng t«i muèn chuyÓn ®Õn mét th«ng ®iÖp lµ c«ng viÖc
 43
kinh doanh vµ nh÷ng mèi l•u t©m vÒ vÊn ®Ò nµy tiÕn triÓn nhanh
h¬n nh÷ng g× c¸c chÝnh phñ cã thÓ lµm. ” ¤ng Craw cho biÕt thªm.

Tuy nhiªn «ng cho r»ng c¸c nhµ l·nh ®¹o APEC cã nhiÖm vô ph¶i
quyÕt ®Þnh vÒ thêi h¹n ®èi víi nÒn kinh tÕ toµn khu vùc vµ viÖc
më réng ®Çu t• trong khu vùc. Tæng thèng Shuharto nãi víi ®¹i
diÖn cña PBF r»ng b¶n b¸o c¸o cña PBF cïng víi b¶n b¸o c¸o cña
EPG sÏ göi ®Õn c¸c nhµ l·nh ®¹o kh¸c cña APEC ®Ó c¸c vÞ nµy cã ®ñ
c¬ së vµ ®iÒu kiÖn ®Ó th¶o luËn trong cuéc héi nghÞm th•îng ®Ønh
ë gÇn Bogor vµo ngµy 15 th¸ng 11.

Tæng thèng nãi «ng hi väng héi nghÞ th•îng ®Ønh sÏ cã thÓ ®•a ra
mät gi¶i ph¸p lµm t¨ng vµ t¹o ra sù hîp t¸c kinh tÕ kh¶ thi gi÷a
cac sthanhf viªn APEC.
Trong nh÷ng lêi ®Ò nghÞ ®ã, b¶n b¸o c¸o muèn nªu lªn lµ c¸c nhµ
l·nh ®¹o lu«n cè g¾ng thùc hiÖn tÝnh trong s¸ng trong qu¶n lý,
luËt lÖ vµ c¸c qui t¾c, thõa nhËn mét luËt quan thuÕ chung, c¶i
tiÕn nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn ®ßi hái vÒ thÞ thùc ®èi víi viÖc nhËp c¶nh
cña c¸c doanh nh©n thuéc khèi APEC ®i du lÞch vµ c¶i tiÕn viÖc
b¶o vÖ t¸c quyÒn.

Còng nh• trong b¶n b¸o c¸o EPG, b¶n b¸o c¸o cña PBF còng giíi
thiÖu r»ng c¸c thµnh viªn APEC kh«ng ph¶i lµ thµnh viªn GATT hiÖn
thêi, nh• Trung Quèc, sÏ trë nªn c¸c thµnh kÕt giao cµng
sím cµng tèt.

Nhãm APEC gåm : óc, Brun©y, Canada, Trung Quèc, Hång

K«ng, Newzealand, Papua New Guinea, Phi lip pin, Xingapo, Nam
TriÒu Tiªn, §µi loan, vµ Mü. Chi lª mong mái chÝnh thøc tham
gia vµo nhãm héi nghÞ cÊp Bé Tr•ëng APEC tæ chø ë ®©y vµo th¸ng
11.
Trong lóc Êy, ë Sydney, Thñ t•íng óc Paul Keating ®· hoan nghªnh
b¶n b¸o c¸o cña PBF vµ nhÊn m¹nh sù cÇn thiÕt cho viÖc ®•a ra mét
kú h¹n thùc hiÖn cho sù tù do mËu dÞch gi÷a APEC vµ c¸c thµnh
viªn.

Keating nãi r»ng ®iÒu chÝnh yÕu ®èi víi PBF viÔn t•ëng vµ Ch©u ¸
Th¸i B×nh D•¬ng n¨ng ®éng lµ sù cÇn thiÕt cho mét chuyÓn biÕn
nhanh vÒ tù do mËu dÞch vµ viÖc më réng ®Çu t• trong vïng.

A group of businessmen Saturday handed over a report to the current chairman of the
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, Indonesian President Suharto, proposing
that Free Trade in the region be reached by 2010.

Suggested Translation:
 4
4

"We are encouraging the leaders to encourage their economies to reach the concept of free trade
by the year 2010," Les Mac Craw, who co-chairs the Pacific Business Forum (PBF) told Suharto
when handing over the group's report..

The report of the PBF, comprising 33 private business representatives of APEC's 18

member economies, said developed APEC economies should achieve free trade and
investment liberalization in the region by 2002 and no later than 2010 for the other member
economies. The report also said that the goal should be adopted this year and that. APEC
should produce concrete. results this year in order to sustain its role as a policy forum which
would guide the growth of the Asia Pacific region.

It recommended that the leaders of APEC should immediately adopt. a policy of standstill on the
introduction of new trade and investment barriers.

They should also adopt the principles, of a non-binding investment code into domestic
laws where appropriate and implement the Uruguay Round commitments as well as undertake
further market opening measures.

A group of APEC experts, the Eminent Person's Group (EPG), in August submitted their report
to Suharto in which they proposed that free trade and investment liberalization in the region
be completed by 2020.
The EPG suggested that the move be started in 2000, with; advanced economies freeing trade and
investment within 10 years, newly industrialized members within 15 years and the rest within
20 years. Mc. Craw said their proposal was "very aggressive but we also recognize the
winds of economic changes are blowing strongly". "We wanted to convey the recognition that
the business and business interests tend to sometimes outstrip and move faster than governments
can", he said.

However, he said that it was up to the APEC leaders to decide on the dates for full trade
and investment liberalization in the region. Suharto told PBF representatives that the PBF
report together with the EPG reports would be sent to the other APEC leaders so that they
would have sufficient material to discuss during their upcoming summit in nearby Bogor on
November 15.

He said he hoped the summit would be able to produce resolution enhancing and making
possible economic cooperation among APEC members.

Among its various recommendations, the report said that the leaders should also work towards a
transparency in administrative systems, rules and regulations, adopt a common custom
code, improve visa requirements for intra - APEC business travel and improve intellectual
property protection.
 4
5

As in the EPG report, the PBF also recommended that APEC members that were not
currently
GATT members, such as China, become contracting parties as soon as possible.

APEC group Australia, Brunei, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia,
Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea,
Taiwan, Thailand and the United States. Chile is expected to formally join the group during
the APEC ministerial summit here in November.

Meanwhile, in Sydney, Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating welcomed the PBF report
and stressed the need to set a realistic date for free trade among APEC members.
 4
6

Lesson 14: VIETNAM TOLD TO PLAN WATER DEVELOPMENT

The overseas manager of the British water Association yesterday said Vietnam should work out a
development plan for its water sector before seeking joint projects with British companies.
Speaking at a press briefing in Hanoi, Paul Horton said British companies were here this time to
seek business deals and explore opportunities for future projects with local companies in waste
water treatment and water equipment.

There were still legal and financial difficulties for build -operate -transfer (BOT) projects
in Vietnam, but this was a common situation in other developing countries and was not too
difficult to overcome, said Clovis Hui, financial manager of the Bovis company
Bovis has been selected to join the Hoc Mon water exploitation and Supply company in a 20 year
BOT water supply project with a daily capacity of 300,000 cubic meters for HCMC. "We hope
our project will progress smoothly " he said

At the press briefing, U.K. Minister of Environment, communications and Regions Chris Mullin
handed a symbolic check for 25,000 pounds sterling (U.S $ 39,000) provided by the
British government for a project to protect rare animals in Cat Ba National Park in the country's
north.

The project, monitored by Flora and Fauna International, also covers the training of forest
rangers and park managers and raising local's awareness of the park's biological diversity.
Mullin is leading a delegation representing 10 British companies engaged in water
equipment, water infrastructure development and waste water treatment.

Yesterday morning, before the press briefing, the delegation joined a workshop on opportunities
for U.K- Vietnam cooperation in water and the environment with 150 Vietnamese participants.
The delegation leaves Hanoi for HCMC today.

Suggested Translation:
VIÃÛ T NAM CHO BIÃÚT KÃÚ HOAÛ CH PHA T TRIÃØ N
NGUÄÖN NÆÅÏC

(SGT - Hanoi) , Ngaìy häm qua, giaïm âäúc næåïc ngoaìi cuía hiãûp häüi
nguäön næåïc åí Anh âa noïi : Viãût Nam seî thæûc hiãûn kã hoaûch phaït
triãøn ngaình næåïc træåïc khi tçm hiãøu mäüt dæû aïn chung våïi cac cäng
ty åí Anh.

Taûi cuäüc hoüp baïo ngàõn åí Ha Näüi, äng Paul Horton phaït biãøu : thåìi
gian naìy, caïc cäng ty åí Anh âãún âáy âã tçm mäúi quan hã laìm àn va
thàm doì thåìi cå cho dæû aïn trong tæång lai våïi caïc cäng ty cuía næåïc
laïng giãng vãö caïch xæí lyï laîng phê næåïc vaì viãûc trang bë cho nguäön
næåïc.

Äng Lovis Hui - giaïm âäúc taìi chênh cuía cäng ty Bovis phaït biãøu : Váùn
coìn nhæîng khoï khàn vã taìi chênh va luáût phaïp âäúi våïi dæû aïn xáy
dæûng va thæûc hiãûn chuyãn âäøi åí Viãût Nam, nhæng âáy la mäüt
tçnh traûng chung åí caïc næåïc âang phaït triãøn maì quaï khoï âãø khàc
phuûc.
 4
7

Cäng ty Bovis âæåüc choün âã liãn kãút cäng ty khai thaïc va cung cáúp
næåïc åí Hoïc Män trong voìng
20 nàm. Dæû aïn âæåüc xáy dæûng va thæûc hiãûn chuyãøn âäøi âã cung
cáúp nguäön næåïc haìng ngaìy våïi sæïc chæïa laì 300.000 meït khäúi cho
thaình phäú Häö Chê Minh.
Giaïm âäúc taìi chênh coìn noïi thãm "Chuïng ta hy voüng, dæû aïn cuía
chuïng ta se tiãún triãøn träi chaíy". Taûi cuäüc hoüp baïo ngàõn. Bäü
træåíng mäi træåìng thäng tin liãn laûc va khu væûc åí Anh âa giå tay âã
âæa ra kyï hiãûu vã viãûc kiãøm tra 25.000 baíng Anh (39.000baíng Myî),
maì chênh phuí Anh cung cáúp cho dæû aïn baío vãû âäüng vát quyï hiãúm
åí cäng viãn quäúc gia Caït Baì åí phêa Bàc âáút næåïc.
Dæû aïn cuîng âæåüc täø chæïc baío vã âäüng thæûc váût quäúc tãú giaïm
saït vã viãûc huáún luyãûn vã nhiãöu loaûi sinh váût hoüc khaïc nhau cuía
cäng viãn, cho ngæåìi gaïc ræìng vaì ngæåìi quaín lyï cäng viãn.
Äng Mullin âang dáùn âoaìn âaûi bieíu - âaûi diãûn cho 10 cäng ty Anh tåïi
tham dæû vaìo viãûc trang bë næåïc, chiãún dëch phaït triãn næåïc vaì caïch
xæí lyï laîng phê næåïc.

Saïng häm qua, træåïc cuäüc hoüp baïo ngàõn, âoaìn âaûi biãøu âa thàõt
chàût thåìi cå cuía cuäüc häüi thaío håüp taïc giæîa Viãût Nam va Anh vã
mäi træåìng næåïc våïi 150 thaình viãn Viãût Nam tham dæû. Häm nay,
âoaìn âaûi biãøu âaî råìi Ha Näüi tåïi thaình phäú Häö Chê Minh

Lesson 15:
CHÊNH SAÏCH KINH TÃÚ MÅÍ VAÌVIÃÛ C H UY ÂÄÜN G VÄÚN
ÂÁÖ U TÆ TR ONG SÆ ÛNGHIÃÛP CÄN G NG HIÃÛP
HOAÏ - HI ÃÛN Â AÛI HOAÏ

Cäng nghiãûp hoa -hiãûn âaûi hoa phaíi âæåüc tiãún haình theo mä hçnh
kinh tã måí ca trong næåïc va våïi næåïc ngoaìi. Phaït huy hån næîa quyãön
tæû chuí, tênh nàng âäüng, saïng taûo tàng cæåìng liãn doanh liãn kãút ,
håüp taïc cuìng coï låüi giæîa caïc ngaình , caïc âëa phæång va cå såí âã
phaït triãøn saín xuáút kinh doanh coï hiãûu quaí. Khuyãún khêch cac hçnh
thæïc âa daûng va caïc giaíi phaïp cuû thãø, thi âua âuäøi këp va væåüt caïc
âån vë , âëa phæång khaïc nhæng phaíi chäúng cuûc bäü, baín vë, vä täø
chæïc, vi phaûm kyí luáût, kè cæång, phaïp luáût cuía nhaì næåïc, phæång
hai âãún låüi êch chung.

Nha næïoc cuîng nhæ doanh nghiãûp phaíi tçm cach thêch æïng va khai
thaïc täút nhæîng thuáûn låüi cuía xu thãú quäúc tãú hoa saín xuáút va âåìi
säúng, hiãøu roî âäúi taïc , coï chiãún læåüc va saïch læåüc khän ngoan âã
chiãún thàõng trong cuäüc caûnh tranh kinh tãú ngaìy cang gay gàõt.

Trong bäúi caính khu væûc va quäúc tãú hiãûn nay, sæû haûn chã
quyî âáút va vã pháön loïn caïc loaûi taìi nguyãn , sæû däöi daìo vã
nguäön nhán læûc, låüi thãú vã giaï nhán cäng reí, vë trê âëa lyï thuáûn låüi,
âoìi hoíi va cho pheïp chuïng ta læûa choün chiãún læåüc cäng nghiãûp hoa
hæåïng vã xuáút kháøu laì chênh âã phaït triãøn nhanh âäöng thåìi thay
thãú nháûp kháøu nhæîng haìng hoa dëch vuû trong næåïc tæû cung æïng
coï hiãûu qua hån. Hæåïng vã xuáút kháøu laì caïch thæïc táûn duûng
nhæîng låüi thãú so saïnh, tranh thuí sæïc mua låïn trãn thë træåìng thãú
giåïi âã têch tu väún nhàòm nhanh choïng må räüng quy mä va náng cao
trçnh âä
 48
saín xuáút trong næåïc, taûo thãm nhiãuì viãûc laìm va thu nháûp, tàng kha
nàng nháûp váût tæ thiãút bë âã taûo ra nhæîng haìng hoa dëch vuû coï
giaï trë gia tàng låïn, cháút læåüng cao, coï sæïc caûnh tranh maûnh ca trãn
thë træåìng näüi âëa va thë træåìng thãú giåïi, âaïp æïng nhu cáöu saín
xuáút vaì âåìi säúng cuía nhán dán. Âã thæûc hiãûn thaình cäng chiãún
læåüc hææoïng vã xuáút kháøu, taûo âæåüc sæû tin cáûy trong quan hã
quäúc tãú trãn ba màût sau âáy: Trong thanh toaïn bàòng ngoaûi tãû, trong
viãûc thæûc hiãûn caïc håüp âäöng buän baïn , trong viãûc baío âam
pháøm cháút haìng hoaï. Âàût biãût chuï troüng khäng ngæìng náng cao
cháút læåüng haìng xuáút kháøu .

Hæåïng vã xuáút kháøu phai âi âäi våïi khuyãún khêch phaït triãøn maûnh
va baío häü âuïng mæïc saín xuáút näüi âëa, khäng âã haìng ngoaûi nháûp
láûu traìn lan, boïp chãút haìng näüi, khiãún saín xuáút trong næåïc bë
giaím suït hoàûc âçnh âäún, ngæåìi lao âäüng máút cäng àn viãûc laìm vaì
thu nháûp.

Suggested Translation:
OPEN ECONOMIC POLICY AND INVESTMENT CAPITAL
MOBILIZATION IN INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION

Industrialization modernization must be carried out with an open economic model, both
domestically and abroad. Autonomy right, creative dynamism must be stimulated, joint venture
and integration, mutual benefit cooperation among sectors, localities and units must be intensified
for efficient business and production development. Diverse form and specific
measures, emulation for catching up with and surpassing other units and localities must be
encouraged in the framework of preventing from sectionalism, out of control violation of
state disciplines principles and laws detrimental to common interests.

The state and enterprises must find out the way to adapt to and well exploit the advantages of the
tendencies production and life internationalize correctly understand partners and work out
prudent strategies and tactics to conquer in the economic competition which is
getting increasingly fiercer.

In the present international and regional context, the constriction of land stock and
various national resources, the abundance of human power, the advantages of cheap
labor costs, favorable geographical position require and allow us to choose the
industrialization strategy mainly for export for rapid development and at the same time for
import substitution of goods and services more efficient if provided domestically.

Outwards policy means measures for full use of comparative advantages, gaining
great purchasing power in the world market to accumulate capital to expand rapidly
dimensions and upgrade domestic production ability, create more jobs and income,
increase in capacity of importing raw materials and equipment to produce goods and services
of great added values, high quality, strong competitiveness in both domestic and international
markets meeting demand for production and life of people. To carry out successfully the strategy
in the direction to export, the confidence in international relations must be generated with
three regards as follow: Foreign currency payment, trade contact implementation and goods
quality assured. Much attention must be paid to upgrading interruptedly export good quality.
 4
9

Export oriented strategy must be coupled with encouraging rapid development and
adequate protection of domestic production, preventing contraband from spreading,
hampering domestic goods, making domestic production contracted or stagnated, labors out of
jobs and income.

Lesson 16: BACK IN BUSINESS

Doimoi, or Vietnam‟s policy of economic renovation, has paved the way for more than US $ 20
billion in foreign direct investment into the country. This much needed capital, gained
from countries and territories around the world, is brightening the general outlook of the
economy, creating jobs and raising the population‟ s standard of living. Among the tops
investors, those from regional countries sentence and ahead and shoulder above the large
corporations of Europe and North American. While Europe companies seem to prefer small
- to - medium - sized projects and American ones are still fairly new to the market
(US-Vietnam diplomatic relationships but a year old), it is business people from Taiwan,
South Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong that are dominating the Vietnamese market with
portfolios worth billions of dollars.

As of April this year, of the 33 licensed projects valued over US $ 100 million, more than 20 are
committed by Southeast Asian companies. And with Vietnam now an official member of
Southeast Asian Nations, which comprises Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia,
Indonesia and Brunei, the number of regional investors is expected to grow even further.

International corporations, including Daewoo and Hyundai of South Korea, Chinfon and Vedan
of Taiwan, Telstra of Australia, Kinnevik and Comvik of Sweden, see Vietnam as a
potential gold mine. Already with large investments, these groups, among others, continue to
expand their stake in projects ranging from hotel construction and infrastructure to motorbike
production and telecommunication.

The Chaebol Daewoo currently heads the investors' list in Vietnam with some US $ 565millions
invested in 33 projects, including an oil and gas exploring contract an auto-assembly and
electronics plant, a business center, a good – course and a five-star hotel in Hanoi. According to
Daewoo, these under- takings have provided jobs for about 4,700 local residents.

In partnership with the Hanoi Electronics Corporation (Hanel), Daewoo has completed the US
$
177 million Daeha Business Center in Hanoi which features an offices tower, a five – star hotel
and a residential building with serviced apartments and a shopping hall. The eighteen-floor
Hanoi Daewoo Hotel boasts to be the first international five-star hotel in Hanoi, offering 411
rooms, an
 50
outdoor swimming pool, fitness center and other amenities. Opened on July 1,1996, the
hotel provides much - needed competition for the few top - rate hotels now serving the capital.

Late last year, Daewoo announced that the group intends to invest another US $ 200 billion to
Vietnam by the year 2000. One month after this pledge, the Chaebol entered the
negotiations with Hanoi Car Service Company to discuss building a US 136 million
public transportation network nationwide. Once approved by the Government, the close
project will modernize Vietnam‟s public transportation system with 4000 new vehicles,
including local and inter - city buses, taxis and trucks.

South Korea, however, is not the largest territory to invest into Vietnam. That distinction goes to
Taiwan whose roster includes Vedan, which operates an integrative food-processing complex in
Dong Nai province, and Fei-Yuen. Investing and Development Co Ltd with its
commercial complex in Ho Chi Minh City is worth 115$ 486 million.

Another major Taiwanese player is the Chinfon Group which has so far poured into
Vietnam more than US $420 million in three major sectors: cement, motorcycle and
banking. Chinfon marked its presence in Vietnam Manufacturing and Export Processing
Company Ltd (VMEP) to assemble motorbikes and a cement plant in Hai Phong. Later on, to
better support its own bank in Hanoi.

Apart from heavy and manufacturing includes, which claim US $ 9,5 billion of the total
investment figure, other major sectors include infrastructure construction (US 6,6billion) and oil
and gas (US$1,2). With the Government currently considering a massive US $ 2,1billion
residential and commercial compound for Hanoi (proposed by a Singaporean Group),
the construction sector could soon rival for the leading position.

For 1996 and the near future, Vietnam‟ Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) looks to shift
away from small projects (which now dominate the local scene) to bigger ventures
promising fatter portfolios.

„‟It‟ s time to concentrate on „‟serious players‟‟ one MPI official said. Under this policy,
the ministry expects to license and commitm ent‟‟ o f each undertaking.
 5
1

Suggested Translation: NGÖÔØI KHOÅ NG LO À VA

Ø OCUOÄC

Co ân g cu o äc ñ o å im ô iù ô û VieätNam ñ a õ m ô ûñöôø n g cho hôn 20 t y û ñ o â la ñ a àu tö tröï c tie á p c u û an ö ô ù c

ngoaøiñ o å v a ø o n eà n kinh te á n ö ô ù cn aø y.Löôïng voá n ñ a à u tö ñ a õ phaàn n a ø o la ø m thay ñ o å ib o ä m a ë t n eàn
kinh t e á VieätNam. Cho d u ønaêm 1996, v o ánñ a à utö ñ o åv a ø oVieätNam c o ùve û chaä m laïi, nhöng nhìn
chung ñ aà u tö n ö ô ù cngoaøi v a ã n tie á p tuïc taêng.Ñaø i Loan v a ø Haø n Q uoác,v ô ù ikhaí naêngñ aà u tö d o ià
d a ø ov a ã nñang d a ã nñ aà utrong lónh vö ïc n a ø ytaïi V ie ät Nam. Ca ù cquoácgia chaâu a â uth ö ôøng thích ñ a à utö
v a ø ocaù cxí ng ieäp v ö ø av a øn h o ûn eâ nv a ã ntoû ra kha ù l uùng tuù n gkhi quyeátñ ònh nhöõnhkhoaûnñ a à utö l ôùn,
ngöôïclaïi, caù cn ö ô ù cchaâ u A Ù-Th a ù iBình Döông laïi c h u ùtroïng v a ø ocaù cd ö ï a ù nl ôùn trò g ia ùtrieäu ñ o âla.

Trong so á 33 d öï a ù nv ô ù ito ån gso á v o ánhôn 100 tri e äu ñ o âla ñöôïccaá p giaáypheù pthaùngtö v ö ø aro à ithì
20 d ö ï a ù nth u oäc v e à caù c co ân gty Ch aâ uA Ùt ö øÑaø iLoan, Haø n Q uoác,Nhaä t Ba û nv a øcaù c n ö ô ù ctrong
kh o ái ASEAN.

Mô ù iñ aâ y Bo ä K e á Hoaïch – Ñaà u tö cho b ieát khoaûng 2,5 t y û ñ o â la ñöôïc ñ aà u tö sa é p ñöôïc Chính

phuûVieätNam p h e âduyeättrong v a ø ithaùngt ôùi. N eáucaùc d ö ï a ù nnaèmtrong so á v o án n o ù itre â n ñöôïc phía
VieätNam caá p giaáy p h eùp thì toå n g so á v o á n ñ a à u tö trong naêm nay se õ ñaït 4,4 t æ ñ o â la vöôït 2/3 k e á
hoaïch naêm 1996.

Ca ù c ta ä p ñoa ø n quoác t e á trong ñ o ù c o ù ca û DEAWOO v a ø HYUNDAI c u û a Ha ø n Q uoác,CHINFONG

vaø VEDAN c u û aÑaø iLoan TELSTRA c u û aUcs KINNEVIK v a ø COMVIK c u û aTh u yï Ñ ieån,v a ã ncoi
Vieät Nam nhö moä t ‘’con vòt ñ e û röt ù ng va ø n g’ñ a‘ à yh ö ù a h e ïn va øì thv eá v a ã ntie á ptuïc ro ù tv o á n
v a ø o nàn e kinh te á ñang ô û giai ñoa ïn chuyeåntie á p n aø y.H ieännay Daewoo v a ã n d aã n ña à u danh sa ù c h
ca ù cnhaø ñ a à utö taïi VieätNam v ô iù t oång so á v o á nkhoaûng520 trieäu ñ o âla thuoä c 10 d ö ï a ùn ñang thöïc thi,
trong ñ o ùc o ùm o á thôïp ñ oàngkhai th a ù cd aà u v a ø khí ñ o tá, m o ätxöôûngla é p ra ù p o â t oâ, m o ä tn h a øm a ù ysa û n
x u aát h aø nñgieän t ö û v a øm o ättrung ta â m thöông m aïi. Co ân gtrình ña ù n gc h u ùy ù nhaátc u û aDaewoo taïi Haø
N o ä il a økhu trung ta â m thöông m aïi khoångl o àDaeha, go àmm o ä tto a øn h a øcao o cá , caù c v a ê nphoøng,m o ä t
khaùchsaïn 5sao, m o ä tkhu chung cö v ô ù icaù c caê n h o ä tie ä n nghi v a ø moä t khu b a ù nhaøng. Co â n g trình
n a ø yñöôïc Daewoo v a ø ñ oái ta ù cVieätNam, coângty ñ ieän ï t ö û Haø N o ä i(Hanel) ñ aà utö v ô ù iso á v o án177
trieäu ñoâla, döï kieán se õ ho a ø n tat ávaø o m uøa th u m naênay.

Tuy nhieân Deaha v aã n chöa p h a û il a ø d ö ï a ù n ñ a à u tö l ôùn nhaát c u û a Daewoo taïi Vieät Nam, vì v a ø o
thaùngg ieâng 1993, ta ä p ño a ø n n a ø y ñ a õ ñöôïc caá p gia á y pheù pthaønhla ä p m o ä tn h a ø m a ù ysa û n xuaátñ eø n
hình tivi taïi khu coâng ngh ieäp S a ø iÑ oàng, lie â n doanh v ô ù iñ o á ita ù c truyeàn th oáng laøHanel. Li eân
doanh n a ø ymang t eân Orion Ltd, ra ñôø isau khi vö ôït qua nhöõngthuû tuïc ca à n thie á tc u û aVieä tNam ñ e å
c u ø n gv ô ù ingöôøibaïn ñöôøngHanel, m o ä tcoângty quoácdoanh Vieät Nam, tie á p tuïc thöïc h ieän haøng
loaït d ö ï a ùn k h aù c cu û a ta äp ñ o aø n .

Cu o á in aêmngoaùi,giaùmño á cc u û aDaewoo ong Lee â Jung Seung, tuy eân b o áta ä pñoaønn a ø yd ö ï ñònh
ñaàu tö khoaûng tæ2 ñ o âla va øo Vieät Nam trong naêm 2000 vaø än
hienay ñang thöông löôïngñeå ñöïcô
 52
thöïc h ieän 20 d ö ï a ù n k h aù ctrong lónh vöïc ñ o ùn gta ø u v a ø x aâ y döïng caù c khu trung taâ m coângnghieäp.
Mo ä t thaùngsau tuy eân b o á n a ø y,Daewwoo laïi tham gia ñ aø m phaùnvôù i c o nâ g ti v ûn á taíi Haø N o ä iveà
v ieäc thie á t la ä p m o ä tmaïng lö ôùi giao th oâng coângc o nä g tre â n to aø nVieä t Nam. D öï a ù n n a ø ytrò g ia ù136
trieäu ñ o â la ñang c h ô øñöô ïc chính phuû VieätNam p h e â duyeät. Vaø ngay sau khi ñöôïc chaá p thuaän,
coân gty n a ø yse õ trang b ò la ïi h e ä th oáng giao th oâng coângcoängc u û aVieä t Nam v ô ù i4.000 ñ a à uphöông
tie ä n mùiô bao goàm caùc xe ta ûi, taõi vaø xe buyù
t n o iä ño â v alieân
ø tænh.

Tuy n hieân Haø n Q uoácv a ãn chöa p h a û il a ø quoácgia ñ a à u tö n hieàu nhaátv a ø oVieät Nam vì Ñaø i Loan
lu oân d aã n ñ a à u danh sa ù c h n a ø y,tie â u b ieåu l a ø Vedan, h ieän ñang c o ù m o á ttrung ta â m c h e á b ieán thöïc
phaåm taïi Ñ oàngNai v a ø co â n g ty p h a ù ttrieån v a ø ñ a à u tö Fei - Yeun daâng x a â y döïng m o ättrung ta â m
thöông maïi v ô ùi so á ván o 468 tri eäu ñoâla taïi thaønh phoá H oà CMinh. hí
Trong so ácaù ccoângty Ñaøi Loan, ta ä pñoaønChinfong l a øcoângti ro ù tvoá n v a ø oVieätNam nhieà u nhaátv ô ù i
hôn 420 trieä u ñ o â la trong 3 lónh vöïc chính: xi m aêng, xe m a ù y v a ø ngaân haøng. Ch u û tòch
Chinfon Shi Huang t öøng tuy eân b o á tre â n moä t t ô ø b a ù o Vieät Nam raè n g coângty n a ø y ñ a ë c b ieät c h u ù
troïng v a ø o p h a ù ttrieån c o nâ g nghieäp ñ e å khai th a ù cp h u øhôïp v ô ù ichieán löôïc p h a ù ttri eån kinh teá c u û a
Vieät Nam.

Chinfon b a é tñ a à uhoaït ñ oängô ûVieätNam t ö ø1992 v ô ù ihai d ö ïa ù nñ aà ytham voïng:Co â n gty h ö õ uhaïn c h e á
taïo coân gnghieä p v a øgia coângch eáb ieán haøngxuaátkhaåuVieätNam (VMEP) chuyeânla é pra ù pxe m aù y
Bonus, Angel va ø Magic (v ô ù it oång so á v o ná ñ aà utö l a ø 120 trieäu ñ o âla). Dö a ù nth ö ùhai v ô ù so i á váno laø
288.3 tri eäu d o âla laø nhaø m aùyû nsax u ta áxi m a ên gûôTraøng K eânh, aHû iPhoøng,tieá p sau ño ù ta , ä p ñ oa ø n n a ø y
ñ a õ thaønhla äp m oät ngaân haøng u la ø 51 trieäu ñ o âla nhaè m hoã trô ï caù cd ö ï a ù n
ô û H a ø o Näi v ô ùi so á vo án ñ aàtö
k h a ù cv e àk e áto a ù nv a øtín duïng.O Â n gShi Huang n o ùi: ‚Mu ïc ñích ñ a à utö c u û ach u ù n gt oâi taïi Vieät
Nam l a ø ñem laïi lôïi ích cho caû hai beâ n .Ca ù cd ö ï a ù nñ aà utö c h æ c o ùtrie ån voïng la â ud a ø ikhi döïa rt e â n
n g u y âen ta é c n a’’ø .y

Cho ñ e án nay coângnghie ä pv a ã nl a ølónh vöïc ñ a à utö c h u ûy e áutaïi VieätNam. Chinfon c u õ n gnhö caù cn h a ø
ñ a à utö kh aù cy ù th öùc ra á tro õ ñ ieàu n a ø y.Ñ eán cu o á ithaùng4 v ö ø aqua, t o nå g so á ñ a à utö v a ø ocoângnghieäp
ñaõ ñaït ñe án con oá s 9,5tæ ñ oâ la, so v ô ù i1,2 tæ trong lónh vöïc quantro nï g haøng thö ù hai la ø d a àkhí.
u Ñaà u
tö v e à x aâ ydöïng khaùchsaïn, v aê nphoøng, n h a øô û v a ødu lòch chieámv ò trí th ö ùhai taïi VieätNam v ô ù i6,6
t æ ñoâ la. Hie ä n nay chính phuû ñang xem x e ù tdöï a ù nx a â ydöïng m o ä ttrung ta â m thöông m aïi v a ø n h a øô û
taïi Haø N o ä itrò g ia ù2,1 t æ d o â la v a ø hy voïng se õ nhanh c h o ùng naângcao t oång lö ôïng ñ aà utö v a ø olónh
vöï c n a ø y.Ve à v ieäc caá p giaáyph eùptrong naêm 1996, Bo ä K e á Hoaïch v a ø Ñaà u Tö cho b ieát VieätNam
ñang tro nâ g ñô ïi c o ùth eâm nhöõngdö ï a ù nnhieàu trieä u ño la va ø caù c n h a øñ a à utö t ö øcaù cq u o á c gia k h a ù c
.Mo ä t quan c h ö ù cc u û a b o ä n a ø y n o ù:i ‚B a â y g iô ø l a ø luùc ñ e å chu ù n g ta quan ta â m ñ e á nnhöõng
n h a øña à utö thöïc thu ï c u õ n gnhö chaá t löông caù c d ö ï a ù n’’. O Â n gc o ø nn h a á nm aïnh ra è n gBo ä Keá
Hoaïc h – Ña à u tö ñang taäp tung la ø m chaä m laïi d o øng v o á nñ a à utö ñ o å v a ø oVieätNam nhaèm ñaït ñöôïc
n hö õn g dö ï a ù n át
to hôn, ñöôïc chuaâ n òb k y õlöôõng hôn.
 5
3

Lesson 17:

HA NOI PLANS TO DOUBLE TO GDP BY THE YEAR 2000

Ha Noi- Ha Noi is trying to nearly double its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to US$1,100 per
capita over the next five years.

The ambitious projection has been based on the current annual GDP growth rate of 11.9 per cent.
Participants at yesterday‟s Ha Noi Communist Party Conference were told if the current growth
rate continues as expected, it should reach 15 per cent by the turn of the century.

This should translate into a doubling of the GDP. The conference was also told the
traditional rural and small industry base of the capital city‟s economy had rapidly been
replaced by industrial endeavor and the trading and services industries, and that about 19 per
cent of Hanoi families could now be classified as well-off.

Last year‟s average GDP was estimated at $650 per capita compared with $470 in 1991.
The sharp rise was due to massive investments from both foreign and domestic sources
estimated as VND32, 570 (about $3.257 billion), according to a senior Ha Noi party official.

Deputy Secretary of the Ha Noi Party Committee Le Xuan Tung told participants at the
conference yesterday that part of the investment was spent on transfer of new technology
and renovating equipment in existing industrial plants. The major part of the investment,
however, was for setting up new joint ventures with foreign partners.

By the end of 1995, up to 210 foreign investment projects had been licensed to operate in Ha
Noi involving $3.3billion of prescribed capital. Of this amount $1.3billion has been consumed,
Tung said.

This has helped Ha Noi along its chosen path to restructure its economic base towards industries
and services rather than rely on its traditional agricultural and small industry underpinning.

The proportion of industries and that of trade and services in Ha Noi GDP in the 1991-
1995
period rose sharply to 33.1 per cent and 61.6 per cent respectively.

Meanwhile the agricultural share fell to just 5.3 per cent of the total GDP share, Tung said.
Tung said the change in the economic face of Hanoi was because of the sharp increase in
the annual growth rate for the past five years.

He said that a growth rate of 11.9 per cent was ensured year after year, which is almost double
the figure set for the same period by the Ha Noi Party Committee back in 1991.

Tung told participants that by the year 2000 the growth rate would reach 15 per cent per year
and
GDP per capita would be estimated at $1,100.
 5
4

By that stage the industrial share in Ha Noi GDP should reach 40 per cent, up seven per cent on
the current rate.

Five industries have been targeted as the key industries for the city, Tung said. They
include mechanical engineering and electrical equipment production; textiles, garments and
leather goods; the food processing industry electronics; and construction materials.

In the next five years Ha Noi would need up to $9 billion in investment to develop new industrial
zones, renovate existing industrial zones and build more high rise buildings in the inner city for
office space, trade centers and entertainment centers.
Hanoi has about 10 established and five new industrial zones. Many of the existing
industrial areas need intensive-investment to replace old technology, and expand their
premises for more plants.

However the deputy party secretary for Hanoi reminded participants to the conference that more
effort was needed to keep development in line with what he termed as a socialist- oriented
market economy.

Ha Noi authorities had “failed to pay due attention to the consolidation of socialist production
relationships” while the administration at all levels remained weak and “the role of the Party in
different economic and social organizations remained limited,” he said.

Tung‟s comments were supported by Party General Secretary Do Muoi, who also addressed the
conference.

The party leader told the Ha Noi conference that despite its initial success, Ha Noi
should be more aware of economic development and human resource development.

About six per cent of Hanoi‟ s population remained unemployed which, Do Muoi said,
was a challenge Ha Noi had to tackle.

Part of the solution was to set up production groups, which could be engaged in small
industries and the services industry.

Deputy Secretary Tung said that in the 1991-1995 period the number of well-to-do
families increased to nearly 19 per cent while those families classified as financially needy
dropped to about two per cent.
Suggested Translation:
Hµ Néi ®Æt kÕ ho¹ch t¨ng gÊp ®«i GDP vµo
n¨m 2000.
Hµ Néi ®ang cè g¾ng t¨ng gÊp ®«i GDP lªn 1100 ®«la MÜ trong
vßng
5 n¨m tíi.
 5
5

KÕ ho¹ch ®Çy tham väng nµy ®•îc ®•a ra trªn c¬ së 11,9% tØ

lÖ
t¨ng GDP h»ng n¨m cña thµnh phè.

T¹i §¹i héi §¹i biÓu §¶ng Bé thµnh phè Hµ Néi ®•îc tæ chøc võa
qua, c¸c ®¹i biÓu ®· ®•îc th«ng b¸o: nÕu tØ lÖ t¨ng tr•ëng vÉn
tiÕp tôc nh• dù tÝnh th× GDP sÏ ®¹t kho¶ng 15% vµo ®Çu thÕ kØ.
§iÒu ®ã cã nghÜa lµ GDP ®· t¨ng gÊp ®«i.

§¹i héi còng ®Ò cËp ®Õn vÊn ®Ò c¬ së CN nhá truyÒn thèng cña nÒn
kinh tÕ thñ ®« t¨ng nhanh bÞ thay thÕ bëi c¸c ho¹t ®éng CN vµ
nghµnh c«ng nghiÖp dÞch vô-th•¬ng m¹i. Ngoµi ra ®¹i héi cßn ®•îc
b¸o c¸o lµ kho¶ng 19% sè hé gia ®×nh ë Hµ Néi cã thÓ xÕp vµo diÖn
hé giµu.

Møc GDP b×nh qu©n n¨m ngo¸i cña thµnh phè ®•îc •íc tÝnh lµ
kho¶ng
650 ®«la. Cao h¬n so víi 470 ®«la n¨m 1991 (tèc ®é t¨ng tr•ëng
m¹nh mÏ).

Sù t¨ng tr•ëng nµy lµ kÕt qu¶ cña hµng lo¹t c¸c dù ¸n ®Çu
t•
trong n•íc vµ n•íc ngoµi •íc tÝnh vµo kho¶ng 32,570VND
(kho¶ng
3.275 triÖu USD).
Phã chñ tÞch héi ®ång Nh©n D©n thµnh phè Hµ Néi, «ng Lª Xu©n Hïng
b¸o c¸o víi ®¹i héi r»ng:

Mét phÇn cña sè vèn ®Çu t• ®· ®•îc sö dông cho qu¸ tr×nh chuyÓn
giao c«ng nghÖ, ®æi míi thiÕt bÞ trong nghµnh CN. PhÇn lín sè vèn
®Çu t• cßn l¹i ®•îc dïng vµo viÖc thiÕt lËp c«ng ty liªn doanh
víi ®èi t¸c n•íc ngoµi.

Vµo cuèi n¨m 1995 cã ®Õn h¬n 210 dù ¸n ®Çu t• n•íc ngoµi ®· ®•îc
cÊp giÊy phÐp kinh doanh trªn ®Þa bµn thµnh phè Hµ Néi víi tæng
sè tiÒn lªn tíi 3,3 tØ ®«la. ¤ng Tïng nãi trong sè ®ã lµ 1 phÇn 3
tØ ®«la ®· ®•îc sö dông.

§iÒu nµy ®· gióp Hµ Néi trong viÖc lùa chän h•íng c¬ cÊu l¹i c¬
së kinh tÕ theo h•íng CN-DV thay cho c¬ cÊu cñ víi vai trß trô
cét cña CN nhá vµ n«ng nghiÖp truyÒn thèng.

Theo lêi «ng Tïng, tØ lÖ s¶n phÈm CN, th•¬ng m¹i, dÞch vô
trong
®ã tæng s¶n phÈm quèc néi cña thµnh phè Hµ Néi giai ®o¹n
1991-
1995 t¨ng lªn ®Õn 33,1% ®èi víi c«ng nghiÖp vµ 61,6% ®èi víi
th•¬ng m¹i vµ dÞch vô.

Trong khi ®ã tØ lÖ n«ng nghiÖp l¹i gi¶m xuèng cßn 5,3%

trong tæng GDP.
 5
6

¤ng Tïng cßn nãi sö thay ®æi cña bé mÆt kinh tÕ Hµ Néi cßn nhê
vµo sù t¨ng vät cña tØ lÖ t¨ng tr•ëng h»ng n¨m cña 5 n¨m tr•íc.

¤ng nãi tØ lÖ t¨ng tr•ëng 11,9% hµng n¨m cµng ®•îc ®¶m b¶o ch¾c
ch¾n, con sè nµy cao h¬n gÊp ®«i so víi tØ lÖ ®Ò ra n¨m 1991.

¤ng Tïng b¸o c¸o víi c¸c ®¹i biÓu r»ng vµo n¨m 2000 tØ lÖ t¨ng
tr•ëng cña thµnh phè sÏ ®¹t 15% 1 n¨m. GDP •íc tÝnh ®¹t kho¶ng
1000 ®« la.

Vµo thêi ®iÓm ®ã tØ lÖ s¶n phÈm c«ng nghiÖp tæng sè GDP

cña thµnh phè Hµ Néi sÏ ®¹t 40% t¨ng 7% so víi hiÖn t¹i.

N¨m ngµnh c«ng nghiÖp ®· ®¹t ®•îc môc ®Ých trë thµnh ngµnh c«ng
nghiÖp then chèt cña thµnh phè bao gåm: ngµnh s¶n xuÊt thiÕt bÞ
®iÖn, m¸y mãc, c¬ khÝ; ngµnh dÖt; chÕ biÕn thùc phÈm; ®iÖn
tö;
vËt liÖu x©y dùng.

Trong 5 n¨m tíi Hµ Néi cÇn kho¶ng 9 tØ USD ®Ó ®Çu t• x©y dùng
ph¸t triÓn nh÷ng khu c«ng nghiÖp míi, ®æi míi c¸c khu c«ng nghiÖp
cñ, x©y dùng c¸c toµ nhµ lín ë trung t©m thµnh phè ®Ó lµm c¸c v¨n
phßng ®¹i diÖn, khu th•¬ng m¹i, khu vui ch¬i gi¶i trÝ, Hµ Néi ®·
cã kho¶ng 10 khu c«ng nghiÖp vµ 5 c¸i kh¸c ®ang ®•îc x©y dùng.

NhiÒu khu c«ng nghiÖp hiÖn nay cÇn nh÷ng kho¶ng ®Çu t• theo chiÒu
s©u ®Ó thay thÕ c¸c kÜ thuËt cñ, më réng x©y dùng nhiÒu nhµ m¸y
h¬n n÷a.
Tuy nhiªn phã bÝ th• §¶ng uû thµnh phè Hµ Néi cÇn nh¾c nhë
c¸c
®¹i biÓu r»ng cÇn ph¶i næ lùc h¬n n÷a ®Ó gi÷ v÷ng sù ph¸t triÓn
theo hìng “ nÕn kinh tÕ thÞ trêng ” theo ®Þnh hìng x· héi chñ
nghÜa.

¤ng cßn nãi “ chÝnh quyÕn thµnh phè Hµ Néi ®· thÊt b¹i trong
viÖc x©y dùng sù ®oµn kÕt c¸c quan hÖ s¶n xuÊt kinh doanh x·
héi chñ nghÜa ” . Trong khi bé m¸y hµnh chÝnh c¸c cÊp cßn yÕu
vµ “ vai trß cña §¶ng trong c¸c tæ chøc kinh tÕ x· héi kh¸c nhau
vÉn cßn h¹n chÕ ” .

Nh÷ng tham vÊn cña «ng Tïng cßn ®•îc Tæng bÝ th• §æ M•êi còng cè
thªm, «ng Tïng chØ ph¸t biÓu víi ®¹i héi r»ng:

Bªn c¹nh nh÷ng thµnh c«ng ban ®Çu Hµ Néi cßn chó ý ®Õn viÖc ph¸t
triÓn kinh tÕ vµ x©y dùng nguån nh©n lùc.
 5
7

§ång chÝ nãi 6% nh©n d©n thµnh phè Hµ Néi thÊt nghiÖp lµ mét
th¸ch thøc mµ thµnh phè cÇn ph¶i gi¶i quyÕt.

Cã thÓ lµ b»ng c¸ch lËp nªn c¸c nhãm s¶n xuÊt ®Ó tõ ®ã h×nh thµnh
c¸c c¬ së c«ng nghiÖp nhá vµ ph¸t triÓn c«ng nghiÖp dÞch vô.

§ång chÝ phã bÝ th• Lª Xu©n Tïng nãi r»ng: trong giai ®o¹n
1991-
1995 sè l•îng c¸c gia ®×nh giµu t¨ng lªn gÇn 19%. Sè hé nghÌo
gi¶m xuèng chØ cßn kho¶ng 2%.
 5
8

Lesson 18: Khai Thác Dầu tại Việt Nam

Sau khi ®Æt nhiÒu hi väng vµo viÖc khoan tróng c¸c má dÇu khÝ ë
ngoµi kh¬i ViÖt Nam, c¸c c«ng ty dÇu má khæng lå trªn thÕ giíi ®·
nhËn ra nh÷ng rñi ro. C¸i gi¸ ®Çu t• khæng lå nh•ng l¹i nhËn ®•îc
mät kho¶n lîi nhuËn cßm câi. T©m tr¹ng ®ã ®· gi¶m ®i trong sè
nh÷ng c«ng ty n•íc ngoµi tham gia triÓn l·m tr•ng bµy c¸c mÆt
hµng cña ngµnh c«ng nghÖ t¹i cuéc TriÓn l·m Dçu vµ khÝ ®èt Quèc
tÕ lÇn thø hai ë Hµ Néi.

¤ng Melchior de Matharel, Vô Tr•ëng §«ng Nam ¸ cña h·ng Total

Ph¸p ®· ph¸t biÓu : “ KÕt qu¶ kh«ng ph¶i lµ tÖ, nh•ng kh«ng
lín nh mét sè ngêi ®· hy väng. ”

NÕu sù chó ý b©y giê lµ “ khÈu hiÖu ” ®· lµm thÊt väng c¸c
c«ng
ty dÇu löa n•íc ngoµi cã thÓ t¹o nguån an ñi tõ nh÷ng kh¸m
ph¸
®Çy khÝch lÖ võa qua vÒ dÇu do c«ng ty Mitsubishi vµ c«ng ty dÇu
Petrornas Cairigali cña Malaisia, vµ vÒ khÝ ®èt cña BP, ë ngoµi
bê biÓn nam ViÖt Nam.

ViÖc th¨m dß dÇu khÝ ë thÒm lôc ®Þa ViÖt nam lµ hÕt søc khã kh¨n.
Tuy nhiªn, «ng Matherel nãi r»ng thÒm lôc ®Þa ViÖt Nam lµ mét n¬i
chøa dÇu. Sù nhiÖt t×nh cña nh÷ng ng•êi th¨m dß ®ét nhiªn suy
gi¶m vµo th¸ng 5 tr•íc khi c«ng ty dÇu BHP cña óc th«ng b¸o tr÷
l•îng dÇu ë vÞ trÝ má §¹i Hïng, 375 c©y sè ë §«ng nam thµnh phè
HCM lµ Ýt ái h¬n so víi dù trï.

T¹i vÞ trÝ nµy, BHP •íc tÝnh s¬ khëi lµ tr÷ l•îng ë ®©y kho¶ng
tõ 700 ®Õn 800 triÖu thïng dÇu, nh•ng hiÖn nay con sè Êy ®· xuèng
ë 100 ®Õn 200 triÖu thïng.
ViÖc s¶n xuÊt ®•îc dù kiÕn b¾t ®Çu vµo th¸ng tíi, ë møc khiªm
nh•êng lµ 25000 thïng mét ngµy.

§iÕu ®ã lµ “ mét ®ßn gi¸ng m¹nh” cho BHP, mét c«ng ty ®· ®Çu
t
®Õn 240 triÖu ®« la ë ViÖt Nam vµ mét nöa cña kinh phÝ nµy
®·
®•îc sö dông cho dù ¸n §¹i Hïng.
 5
9

BHP ®øn ®µu mét hiÖp héi quèc tÕ bÇu chän vµo th¸ng 4/1993 cã
tr¸ch nhiÖm triÓn khai tæng kinh phÝ 1,5 tû ®« trong lÜnh vùc
nµy. BHP chiÕm 43,75% tæng sã vèn cña HiÖp häi, Petronas chiÕm
20%, c«ng ty quèc doanh Petro-Vietnam chiÕm 15%. PhÇn 21,25% cßn
l¹i chia ®Òu cho c«ng ty Total (Ph¸p) vµ c«ng ty Sumitomo cña
NhËt.

Vµo thêi ®iÓm ®ã, chÝnh NhËt B¶n lµ kh¸ch mua hµng chÝnh cña dÇu
th« ViÖt Nam, ®· lé diÖn ®Ó cã ®•îc mät c¬ may tèt nhÊt.

C«ng ty DÇu KhÝ ViÖt nam- NhËt b¶n (JVPC), mét chi nh¸nh cña
tËp
®oµn dÇu khÝ Mitsubishi ®· th«ng b¸o trong th¸ng 6 lµ ®· cã mét
sù kh¸m ph¸ rÊt høa hÑn t¹i vÞ trÝ R¹ng §«ng.

Theo kÕt qu¶ ghi nhËn ®•îc tõ mét tõ mét giÕng dÇu th¨m dß, khu
vùc khai th¸c cã thÓ cã cïng chÊt l•îng nh• vÞ trÝ má B¹ch Hæ ë
gÇn mét ®Þa ®iÓm duy nhÊt hiÖn giê ®ang ®•îc kinh doanh
khai th¸c ë ViÖt Nam. Tr÷ l•îng cña B¹ch Hæ •íc tÝnh ë møc cao
nhÊt lµ
3000 triÖu thïng.

Nh•ng Ýt nhÊt cÇn ph¶i mét n¨m n÷a vµ cÇn ®Õn viÖc khoan dß n÷a
th× míi cã thÓ x¸c ®Þnh chÝnh x¸c ®•îc môc tiªu viÖc th¨m dß cña
c«ng ty NhËt.

Nh÷ng ng•êi bi quan th× cho r»ng cÇn ®Õn kho¶ng 5 n¨m míi ®¸nh
gi¸ ®óng vµ ®Çy ®ñ tr÷ l•îng dÇu cña ViÖt Nam.

ViÖc th¨m dß vµ khai th¸c khÝ ®èt còng chøng tá ®ã lµ mät dÞch
vô
®ang gÆp khã kh¨n, dï c¬ may ®· mØm c•êi víi víi c«ng ty BP Anh,
mét ®¬n vÞ mµ trong th¸ng 9 ®· th«ng b¸o lµ ®· ph¸t hiÖn ra hai
tói dÇu khÝ, •íc tÝnh ®¹t ®•îc 57 tû mÐt khèi ë Nam C«n
S¬n, phÝa nam thµnh phè HCM.
 6
0

C«ng ty BHP vµ c«ng ty Quèc gia Na Uy Statoil ®· mua l¹i c¸c

phÇn
®Æc nh•îng cña c«ng ty khÝ ®èt vµ dÇu khÝ quèc gia Ên §é
(ONGC)
vµo n¨m 1992.

Liªn hiÖp, víi ONGC n¾m 55% cæ phÇn, BP 30% vµ Statoil 5% ®· tiÕn
hµnh th¨m dß vµ thö nghiÖm theo mét hîp ®ång ph©n chia s¶n phÈm
víi ViÖt Nam, mét ®¬n vÞ lÇn l•ît nhËn 5% tiÒn gãp vµo, c¨n cø
trªn quyÒn lîi cña mçi ®èi t¸c Ch©u ¢u.

Suggested Translation:
Oil Exploitation in Vietnam

After getting high on the hopes of striking black gold off the shores of Vietnam, the world's oil
giants have now glumly awoken to the hazards- - the immense coot of investment and, so far, the
meager rewards.

The mood was subdued among foreign companies exhibiting their technological wares this week
at the second International Oil and Gas Fair in Hanoi.

"The results aren't bad, but they, are not as great as some had hoped, "said Melchior de
Matharel, head of Southeast Asia operations with the French firm Total.

If caution is now the watchword, disappointed foreign petroleum companies may draw comfort
from the recent. "encouraging" discoveries of oil made by Mitsubishi Oil and the Malaysian firm
Petronas Carigali, and of gas made by British Petroleum (BP), off the coast of southern Vietnam.
"Oil exploration is plainly hazardous. But the good news is that the Vietnamese basin is
oil- bearing", Matharel said. Prospectors enthusiasm was abruptly dampened last May,
when BHP Petroleum of Australia announced the reserves at the Dai Hung ("Great
Bear") site, 375 kilometers (235 miles) southeast of Ho Chi Minh City, were far smaller than
projected.

BHP initially estimated the site to contain 700 million to 800 million barrels of oil, but has now
downgraded it to 100 million to 200 million. Production is scheduled to begin neat month, at a
modest level of 25,000 barrels per day.

That was a tough -blow for BHP. It has already invested 240 million dollars in Vietnam- - and
half of it went into the first phase of the Dai Hung project.
 6
1

BHP headed an international consortium, selected in April 1993, to develop the field at a
total cost estimated at 1.5 billion dollars. BHP holds 43.75 percent of the consortium, with
Petronas holding 20 percent, and state - owned PetroVietnam 15 percent. The remaining
21.25-percent share is equally split between Total and the Japanese firm Sumitomo.

For the moment, it is the Japanese- the main buyers of Vietnam's crude oil- who appear to have
had the best luck.

The Japan Vietnam Petroleum Co. (JVPC), a branch of the Mitsubishi Oil group, announced
in
June a "very promising" discovery at the Rang Dong (:Dawn) site.

According to the results of an exploratory well, the field may be "of the same caliber"
as neighboring Bach Ho ("White Tiger") the only site now being commercially exploited
in Vietnam. Bach Ho's reserves are estimated at a maximum of :300 million barrels. But et will
take at least another year and other drillings to precisely determine the scope of the
Japanese discovery, industry experts in Hanoi cautioned.

Pessimists say it will take four to five years in all to gauge Vietnam's oil potentially.

Gas exploration and exploitation have also proven to be a risk business, although fortune has so
far smiled on British Petroleum, which announced in September the discovery of two gas
pockets, estimated to be 57 billion cubic meters (1,995 billion cubic feet), in Nam Con Son, south
of Ho Chi Minh City.
BHP and the Norwegian national company, Statoil, bought shares in the offshore
concession, held by the Indian state firm Oil and Natural Gas Co. (ONGC), in 1992.

The consortium, with ONGC holding 55 percent, BP 30 percent. and Statoil five percent,
has conducted exploration and tests under a shared - production contract with PetroVietnam,
which in turn has taken a five percent stake on the interests of each of the European partners.

Lesson 19:
C¸c nhµ xuÊt khÈu cã uy thÕ cña Trung Quèc ®ang chÜa tÇm ng¾m cña
m×nh vµo ViÖt Nam, nhËn ra n•íc l¸ng giÒng ë ph•¬ng nam nh• ®·
chÝn muåi cho mét kÕ ho¹ch qu¶ng c¸o trong viÖc mua s¾m hµng hãa
tiªu dïng vµ m¸y mãc, c¸c nhµ qu¶n lý ®iÒu hµnh Trung Quèc ®·
ph¸t biÕn nh• thÕ vµo h«m thø n¨m.

C¸c nhµ qu¶n lý Trung Quèc ®· nãi trong buæi lÔ khai m¹c héi
chî
tæ chøc t¹i Hµ Néi: “ Nhng ViÖt Nam ®· cã mét kinh
nghiÖm
 62
l©u dµi tr•íc khi nhËn ra hµng xuÊt khÈu cña m×nh vµo Trung Quèc
t¨ng lªn khi mét vµi s¶n phÈm lµ cã thÓ x©m nhËp vµo thÞ tr•êng
Trung quèc ®· më réng h¬n. ”

Kho¶ng 60 c«ng ty ë B¾c Kinh ®· tr•ng bµy nh÷ng mÆt hµng cña hä
tõ ®å ch¬i b»ng nhùa rÎ tiÒn vµ c¸c ®å trang trÝ cho ®Õn
c¸c lo¹i xe cé t¹i héi chî ë Hµ Néi, mét héi chî ®Çu tiªn triÓn
l·m c¸c mÆt hµng Trung Quèc kÓ tõ khi hai n•íc cã quan hÖ trë l¹i
víi nhau.

Jeep- B¾c Kinh, mét liªn doanh s¶n xuÊt « t« Trung-Mü, hi väng
sÏ
chen ch©n vµo thÞ tr•êng xe h¬i ®ang lín m¹nh t¹i ViÖt Nam,
nh•ng
®ang ®èi mÆt víi mät sù c¹nh tranh kh¾c nghiÖt víi thÞ tr•êng xe
h¬i NhËt B¶n ®· “ x©y phßng tuyÕn xung quanh ” ë ®©y, «ng Guo
Fengli, phã chñ tÞch c«ng ty XuÊt NhËp KhÈu ¤ t« B¾c Kinh ®· ph¸t
biÓu nh• vËy.

Theo lêi cña «ng Guo th× “ thÞ trêng ë ®©y ®ang më ra kh¸ nhanh
cho c¸c s¶n phÈm cña chóng t«i, ®Æc biÖt lµ khi gi¸ c¶ cña chóng
t«i thùc sù c¹nh tranh ®îc vìi c¸c ®èi thñ cña chóng t«i. ”

BAIEC ®ang mong muèn thiÕt lËp quan hÖ mËu dÞch víi ViÖt Nam
nh•ng còng ®ang ph¶i ®èi ®Çu víi viÖc t×m kiÕm c¸c mÆt hµng thÝch
hîp ®Ó buon b¸n, mÆc dï lµ «ng Guo nghÜ lµ cã thÓ t×m ra lêi gi¶i
®¸p cho mét vÊn ®Ò b×nh th•êng.

C«ng ty Trung Quãc dù kiÕn trao ®æi xe h¬i lÊy l•¬ng thùc, vµ sè
l•¬ng thùc nµy sÏ ®em b¸n ë Nam Trung Quèc. Tuy nhiªn hä vÉn
thÝch trao ®æi nh÷ng mÆt hµng cã gi¸ trÞ cao h¬n.

“ C hóng t«i kh«ng biÕt nhiÕu vÕ nh÷ng g× mµ ViÖt Nam mêi

chµo. ”
«ng Guo ®· nãi ®Õn ®iÒu nµy, mét quan ®iÓm ®•îc c¸c nhµ doanh
th•¬ng kh¸c nh¾c l¹i nhiÒu lÇn. Nh÷ng ng•êi n«n nãng b¸n hµng h¬n
lµ mua hµng.
 6
3

ViÖc bu«n b¸n qua biªn giíi ®· t¨ng vät kÓ tõ ngµy hai n•íc më
l¹i biªn giíi vµo n¨m 1991. Nãi mét c¸ch chÝnh thøc th×, viÖc
bu«n b¸n hai chiÒu cã gi¸ trÞ kho¶ng 500 triÖu ®« la dï cho viÖc
bu«n b¸n bÊt hîp ph¸p cã thÓ cao h¬n nhiÒu. Trung quèc ®•îc h•ëng
mät gi¸ trÞ thÆng d• to lín.

Trong chuyÕn viÕng th¨m Trung Quèc tuÇn tr•íc, Phã thñ t•íng Phan
V¨n Kh¶i kªu gäi hai bªn thay thÕ viÖc bu«n b¸n qua biªn giíi
b»ng nh÷ng tháa hiÖp chÝnh thøc gi÷a c¸c c«ng ty th•¬ng m¹i vµ
c¸c nhµ chÕ t¹o mµ c¸ch lµm nµy sÏ lµm t¨ng gi¸ cña c¸c s¶n phÈm
ViÖt Nam.

ViÖt Nam muèn ®Èy m¹nh h¬n n÷a viÖc xuÊt khÈu than vµ dÇu khÝ cho
c¸c trung t©m s¶n xuÊt ®ang bïng ph¸t ë Nam Trung Quèc, n¬i xa
nguån n¨ng l•îng cña Trung Quèc c¶ hµng ngµn c©y sè.

¤ng Phan V¨n Kh¶i cßn nhÊn m¹nh thªm vÒ gi¸ g¹o vµ c¸c mÆt hµng
thùc phÈm kh¸c vµ phÝa ViÖt Nam nhËp nhiÒu h¬n n÷a c¸c m¸y mãc
chÕ t¹o vµ c¸c c«ng nghÖ kh¸c cña Trung Quèc.

Suggested Translation:
China's powerful exporters are training their sights on, Vietnam, seeing their southern neighbor
as ripe for a boost in purchases of consumer goods and machinery, Chinese executives said here
Thursday.

But. Vietnam has a long way to go before it sees its exports to China grow as few products are
likely to break into the more developed Chinese market, the executives said at the opening of a
trade fair here.

Some 60 firms from Beijing are showing off their wares ranging from cheap plastic toys
and ornaments to off - road vehicles at the fair in Hanoi in what is the first exhibition of
Chinese goods here since the two countries began patching up their relations.

Beijing Jeep, a Sino - American auto manufacturer, is hoping to squeeze into Vietnam's growing
car market but is facing stiff competition from Japanese firms already entrenched here,
said Beijing Automotive Import Export Corp. (BAIEC) vice president Guo Fengli.
 6
4

"The market here is opening up quite quickly for our products, particularly as we are
very competitive in pricing with our rivals," Guo said.

BAIEC is looking to set up barter deals with Vietnam but is facing problems finding
suitable moods to trade although Guo thinks he may have found the answer in the humble sweet
potato.

The Chinese firm is planning to trade cars for foodstuffs that will be sold in southern China
but would prefer to exchange higher value goods.

"We don't know much about what Vietnam has to offer, "said Guo, a point repeated by
other traders who were more eager to sell than buy.

Cross border trade has boomed since the frontier was reopened in 1991.

Officially, two - way trade stands at around 500 million US dollars although the illegal frontier
trade is believed to b! much higher, with China enjoying a massive surplus.

During a visit to China last week, Deputy Prime Minister Phan Van Khai called for both sides to
replace the cross border trade with official agreements between trading companies
and manufacturers that would boost sales of Vietnamese products.,

Vietnam wants to step up exports of coal and oil to southern China's booming
manufacturing centers, which are thousands of kilometers (miles) from China's own sources of
energy.

Khai also called for more sales of rice and other food products and for Vietnam to import more
manufacturing machinery and other technology from China.

Lesson 20:
The country‟s GDP growth rate in 2000 has reached roughly 6.7%, much higher than 1999 and
the set target. The Party‟s guideline to develop the country‟s internal strength has been realized
with high determination by production and business circles, enterprises of different
economic sectors, and authorities at all levels.

The slowdown in growth rate as a result of regional financial and monetary crisis has
been stopped. Notably, the Party and the State have since early this year focused their
efforts on resolving social issues. The national programme for hunger elimination and
poverty reduction, labour and job generation, education and training, and health care are part of
the efforts.
 6
5

An impetus has been given to socio-economic growth. Many positive changes have been effected
in production and business operations of different economic entities. The country‟s
political stability, national security and public order have been firmly maintained.

Those achievements can be attributed to the untiring efforts made by the entire Party, people and
army. From the events of the past year, many valuable lessons can be drawn but the biggest one
for the leadership of the Party and the State is to count on the people and work for the people.
Only when policies and guidelines of the Party take root in practical life can they be translated
into reality.

The central Government and the local authorities have this year kept close contact with
producers and businessmen to better understand their views and aspirations. Many amendments
have been made to the guidelines and policies in a bid to simplify procedures and reduce
bureaucracy in the State‟s administrative and management apparatus.

Vietnam is still beset with many socio-economic difficulties. We have to cope with fierce
competition in overseas markets while not many changes have been effected in the structure
and quality of our export goods. Market information remains limited and economic forecasts
are far from accurate. Commercial services do not yet meet the demand and smuggling and
trade frauds have not yet been controlled. These are major challenges. It is imperative that we
generate the momentum needed to meet them and bring about a new strength and position in our
international economic relations. Only this can help us take the initiative in the process of
regional and global integration.

2001 will be the first year that the country implements resolutions passed by the Ninth
Party Congress on the socio-economic development strategy for the 2001-2010 period. The
general objective at this state is to accelerate the process of industrialization and
modernization to take the country out of an under-developed state and cement the
foundations for the Vietnam to become an industrialized country by 2020. The quality of
the people‟s material, cultural and spiritual life will be raised substantially. The institution of
socialist-oriented market economy will take its main shape. Human resources and skills,
scientific and technological capacities, infrastructure, economic potential security and
national defense will be further improved. The country‟s role and position in the international
arena will be constantly enhanced.

In the first year of the 2001-2005 five-year plan, we will have to achieve the following
main targets: in a higher and more stable economic growth rate in parallel with cultural
and social development; improved scientific and technological research and applications
to raise the competitiveness of products, sectors and the economy as a whole; improved quality
of education and training, and better health care. Greater investment will be made to
create jobs; eradicate hunger and alleviate poverty; fight social evils, drug addiction in
particular; and reduce traffic accidents.
Notes:
- The GDP growth rate: t yû leä taêng röôûng
t GDP
- the set target: muïc ite â u ñ a õ àñra
e
- The Party‟s guideline: ñöôønglo ùiá cuûa Ñaû n g
 6
6

- internal strength: n o äi löïc

- enterprises: xí nghie ä p
- economic sectors: boä phaäninh k teá, lónh vöïc kinh teá
- slowdown in growth rate: suy giaûmty ûle ä taêng röôû
t ng
- financial and monetary crisis: khuûng hoaûngti eàn teä v a ø aøi
t chính
- social issues: nhöõng vaán àñe
xaõ hoäi
- be attributed to: nhôø vaøo
- untiring efforts: nh ö õ ng no
å löïc khoâng m eät
m oûi
- take root in: b aét ng u on àtö ø
- be translated into reality: b ieán thaønh ihe änthöïc
- bureaucracy: quan lieâu
- cope with: ñöông ñaàu vôùi
- the Ninth Party Congress: Ñaïi H o äi Ñ aûn g laàn
th ö ù 9
- major challenges: nhöõngthaùch thöùc lô
toù n
- cement the foundations for: ñ a ë t nàne taûng cho
- infrastructure: cô sô û h ataà
ï ng

Suggested translation:

To á c ñ o ä taêng tröô û n gGDP ô û n ö ô ù cta trong naêm 2000 ñaït khoaûng6,7%, cao hôn nhieàu so v ô ù i
n aêm 1999 v a ø c h æ tie â u ñ a õ ñ e à ra. G iô ù isa û n xuaátkinh doanh, caù c doanh nhgieäp th u oäc nhi eàu thaønh
phaànkinh t e á cu õ n gnhö chính quyeàncaù c caá p ñ a õy ù th öùc ro õ ra ø n gv ò trí la õ nh ñaïo c u û aÑaû n gtrong vai
tro ø p h at ùtrieån no äilöïc cuûa ñaát nö ôù c.

To á cñ o äp h a ùt trieån chaä m la ïi do cu o äckhuûnghoaûngta ø ichính ti eàn teä trong khu vöïc. Ñaù n gc h u ùy ù l a ø
ngay t ö øñ a à unaêmÑaû n gv a øNhaø n ö ô ù cñ a õta ä ptrung m oïin o ä ilöïc nhaèmgia û iquyeátcaù c v aá nñeà x a õh o äi.
Trong ñ o ùv ieäc thöïc h ieän chöông trình x o ù añoí giaûmngheøo,taïo coânga ê n v ieäc la ø m cho löïc löôïng
lao ñoäng,n a âng cao h ieäu q u a ûg iaù oduï c ñ a ø otaïo v a øchaê m so ù csö ù ckho û el a øm o ä tphaàntrong n h ö õn g nå o
löïc naø y .

S ö ï taên gtröô û n gKTXH l a ø m o ätñoän glöïc m ô ùi. N h ö nõ g thay ñ o å itích cöïc ñ a õa û n hhöôûngt oát ñ e án hoaït
ñ oängkinh doanh c u û acaù c thaønhphaàn kinh teá. Sö ï o å n ñònh v e à chính tri, an ninh quoácphoø n g v a ø
tra ä ttö ï rt ò an ñaõ ñöôïc giöõ
vöõng.

S ô ûd ó ñaït ñöôïc nhöõngtha ø n hq u a ûtre â n l a øn h ô øsö ï no ã löïc khoângm eä tm o iû c u aû to a ø nÑaû n g ,to a ø nd aâ nv a ø

to aø nquaân.Chu ù n gta c o ù th e å ru ù tra nhieàu b a øi hoïc quí g ia ù t ö ø nhöõngbieán c o á trong naêm v ö ø aqua,
nhöng baøi hoïc quan rtoïng nhaá t ñaûmbaûo chosöï laõnh ñaïo cuûaaûÑng avø N haø n öùcô laø phaûi do d a â nv a ø
vì daân .Ca ù c c h u ûtröông, chính sa ù c hc u û aÑaû n g c h æ c o ù th e å trô û thaønhh ieän thöïc m o ä tkhi xuaát p haù t
t öø thöïc teá.
 6
7

Naê m nay chính quyeàn caù c caá p ñ a õ tie á p caä n v ô iù g iôùi kinh doanh nhaèm hi eåu ro õ hôn quan ñ ieåm
c u õ n gnhö y eâ u caà u c u û a ho ï. N hieàu khoaûntrong ca ù c c h u ûtröông, chính sa ù c h ñ a õ ñöôïc ñ ieàu chæ nh
nhaèmñôn giaûn ho ùa ca ù c th utuïcû haønh chính cuõng nhö naïn cöûa quyeàn rong caù
t ñ ô n òv q u aû n ù. ly

VieätNam ñang g a ë pp h a û inhieàu k h o ùkhaênv e àkinh te áx a õh o äi. Trong khi cô caá u v a øchaá tlö ôïng caù cm a ët
h aø n gx u aát khaåu c u aû n ö ô ù cta khoângthay ño å i l a ø m aáy, ch uù ngta pha û i ñ o á iñ a à u v ô ù isö ï caïn h tranh
gay g a é tv ô ù ithò tröô ø n gn ö ô ù cngoaøi.Tho ângtin v e à th ò trö ô øn gv aã n c o ø nhaïn cheá,d öï b a ù ohinh te á laïi
khoângchính x a ù cva ø khoângñaùngtin caä y .Dòch v u ï thöông m aïi chöa ñ a ù pö ù n gñöôï c nhu caà ung öô øi
d a â n ,ønaïn bu oânla ä uv a øgian la ä nthöông ma ïi v aã nñang hoaønhhaønh.Tre â n ñ a â yl a ø nhöõngthöû thaù chcô
b aû n .Vaá n ñ e à d a ë tra l a ø p h aû itaïo b ö ô ù cñ a ø caà n thie á t ñ e å ñ o ái ñ a à uv ô ù inhöõngth ö ûthaù chñ o ùvaø mang laïi
nguoànlöïc c u õ n gnhö v ò th e á m ô ù itrong quan h e ä kinh te á quoáct e á cu û amình. Ch æ ñ ieàu n a ø ym ô ùi g iuùp
chuùng ta böôùc k h ô ûi ñ aà u h oi änhaäp vaøohuk vöïc vaø th á geiôùi.

Naê m 2001 se õ l a ø naêm ña à u tie â n nöôù c ta th öïc h ie än Nghò quyeát v e à chieán löôïc p h a ù ttri eån KTXH
trong giai ñoaïn 2001-2010 ñöôïc ÑH Ñaû n g to a ø n quoác la à n thöù 9 th oâng qua. Mu ïc tie â u cô b a û n
trong giai ñoaïn n a ø yl a ø ña å y nhanh tie á n trình coângnghieäp h o ù a ,h ieän ñaïi h o aù nhaèm ñöa ñ a á tn ö ô ù c
th o aùtk h o û itình traïng k eù mp h aù ttrieån v a øthie á tla ä pm o ätn eà nta û n gvö õ n gchaé c ñ e åñ e ánnaêm2020 VN se õ
la ø m ot äquoác iga coângnghieäp. Chaátlöôïng ñôøi so á n g vat ächaát, vaên hoù a v atinh ø thaàn seõ ñaï t ñöôïc b ö ô ù c
tie á n quan troïng. Ch e áñ o ï XHCN p h a ù ttrieån theo n e ànkinh t e á th ò trö ô øn gse õ ñöôïc hình thaønh.N guoàn
nhaânlöïc v a ø ñ o ä in g u õla ø n hngheà,ñ o iä n g u õKHKT, cô sô û h aï taàng,ti eàm naêngkinh teá , an ninh q u oác
phoøngn gaøy ca ø n g ñöôïc caû i thie ä n . Vai tro ø ,v ò trí c u û a n ö ô ù cta tre â n trö ô øn gquoá c te á seõ ngayø caø n g
ñöôïc khaúng ñònh.

Vaø on aêmñ aà utie â nc u û ake á hoaïch 5 naêmt ö ø2001-2005 ch uù ngta p h a û iña ït ñöôïccaù cm uïctie â usau: t oác
ñ o ätaên gtröô û n gkinh te ácao v a øo å nñònh hôn ñi keømv ô ù isö ï p h a ù ttrieån v aê nh o ù ax a õh o ä i; caû itie á nKHCN
v a ø ö ù n g duïng v aøo v ieäc ta ê ng sö ù c caïn h tranh c u û a caù c loaïi sa û n phaå m , caù c ngaønhKT vaø to a ø nb o ä
n eà nKT; naângcao chaá t löôïng GD ÑT va ø chaê m so ù cy teá. S e õta ä ptrung ñ aà utö nhieà u hôn nhaèm taïo
coân g a ê n v ieäc laø m ,x o ù a ñ o ù igiaûm nghe ø o v a ø b a ø itrö ø teä naïn x a õ h o äi, ñ a ë c b ieät l a ø naïn nghieän m a
tuùy, cuõng nhö giaûm tai naïn giao tho âng.

Lesson 21:
H O A ÏTÑOÄ N GXUA Á TNHAÄ PKH A Å UTha
: ø n hQuaû vaø Trieån Voïn Vg ô ù i
kim ngaïchxuaátk h aåu 11,4 tri eäu USD, taêng22% so v ô ù naêm i 1998, taêng 10 la à nso v ô ù it o ác ñoâtaên
ï g
trö ô nû g c u û anaêm1998 (2,4%) v a øtình traïng nhaäpsi eâu ñöôïccaû ithieä n ñ a õla ø mcho b ö ù ctranh xuaát
nhaäpkhaåu(XNK) naêm1999 c u û an ö ô ù cta da à nsa ù n gleân trong b o iá caûnh k h o ùkhaênc u û acu o äckhuûng
hoaûngKT khu vöïc. Mo ä ttrong nhö õ n gño änglöïc chính taïo n e ânnhö õ n gchuyeånb ieán ñaùngghi nhaän
tre â nñ a â yx u aátp h a ù t ö øsö ï ñ o å im ô ù icô che á ,chính sa ù c hXNK c u û aNhaø nöoùc.Ñ o ùl a øNghò Ñònh
57/1998/CP v e à khuyeánkhích sa û nxuaáth a øng XK; m ô ûro ä n gquyeà n XNK c u û acaù c doanh
 68
nghieäp (DN) ; ch eá ñ o ä khen th ö ôûng XNK; Chính sa ù c h th ö ôûng haïn ngaïch d eä t may, c h u ûtröông
m ô ûroä ng X K ño ái ùivôLa ø ;o th a ø n h la ä p õq uh yo å rôï
t xua á t k h a å u …

Trong b ö ù ctranh t oång the å tre â n , hoaït ñ oâng XNK tænh ta ñ a õ c o ù nhöõngchuy eå n b ieán ña ù n g m öøng.
Ma ë c d u ømöa l u õ lieân tuïc la ø m su ù tgiaûmkim ngaïch hôn 1,4 trieäu USD , song naêm qua kim ngaïch
XNK c u û atænh ta ö ô ù cña ït 43,26 trieäu U SD, taêngg a à n8% so v ô ù ina ê m1998. Trong ñ o ùkim ngaïchXK
ñaït g a à n27,2 trieäu U SD, taêng11,2%; kim ngaïch NK hôn 16 tri eäu U SD, taêng2,7%. Ngoaø nhöõng i
sa û n phaåm truyeàn th oáng, Co ân g ty Th u û ysa û n tænh v a ø coâng ty XK Th u û yS a û n S oâng Höông ñ a à u tö
th eâm thie á t b ò , naângcao chaá t löôïng sa û n xu a á t,taïo th eâm m aë thaøngm ô ù iv a ø m m ô ûro ä n g th ò trö ô ø n g
XK . Be â ncaïn h caù c thò trö ô ø n gtru y e à nth o n á g nhö Nhaät, Ñaø iLo a n … Ca ù cDN ñ a õm ô ûth eâm
th ò trö ô ø n gtaïi My õ ,Th a ù iLan, La ø o …Rieâng sa û nlöôïng XK h a û isa û nñ o â n gla ïnh tre â n996 ta á n
v ô ù igiaù trò 1,35 trieäu U SD, taêng36% so v ô ù inaêm 1998. Ñaë c b ieät trong naêm qua sa û nphaåmm öïc
k h o âl oät da cu û a CoângTy Thuûy aSû n ænh t ñöôïc taëng Huy höôngC Vaø n g .

Ve à khoaùngsa û n XK, nhö õ n g b ieán ñ oäng thò tröôø ng la ø m giaûm sa û n löôïng XK c u û a quaëng Imenic,
ri eâng quaëng Zincon ñaït sa û n löôïng hôn3143 ta án, taêng 41,6% so v ô ù i na ê m 1998. Ch u û tröông
khuyeán khích kinh doanh XNK c u û a Nhaø N ö ôù ctaïo ñoän g löïc v a ø cô h o ä i cho Co â n g Ty Thöông
Ma ïi Toå n gH ôïptæ n htaêngnhanh kim ngaïchXNK baènghoaïtñoän ghaøngñ o iå haøng.Ngoaø ira, naêm
1999, v ieäc sa û nxuaáthöông v a øb o ä thöông xuaátkha å uc u û aCo ân gTy c u õ n gco ùb ö ô ù cp h a ù ttri eån m ô iù, ñaït
gia û rò
t XK hôn 0,43 rieäu
t U SD, taêng 13,4% os v ô ùi naêm 1998.

Do b ieán ñ o ïngä c u û a thò trö ô ø ng n e ân hoaït ñoäng cu û a Co ân g Ty XNK tænh v a ã n tie á p tu ïc g a ê p

p h a û inhöõngk h o ùkhaên.Naê m qua Co ân g ty c h æ ñaït kim ngaïch 11,8 tri eäu U SD, ñaït 86,1% so v ô ù i
k e áhoaïch v a øgiaûm1,2 trieäu U SD so v ô ù inaêm1998. Öu th eác u û aDN n a ø yl a øsa û nxuaátgia coân gh a øng
th u ûco ân gXK. Song naêm qua do a û n hhöô û n gc u û akhuûnghoaûngta ø ichính khu vöïc n eâ n caù c cô sô û
laâ m v a ø otình traïng k h o ùkhaên,g ia ùtrò XK cu õ n gnhö kim ngaïch NK sa û nlöôïng nguyeânlie ä u haø n ggia
coân g g iaûm g aà n 30% so v ô ù inaêm 1998. Ña â y l a ø nguyeân nhaân c h u û y eá u la ø m giaûm su ù t kim
ngaïch c u û a DN. Trong bo á i caû n h ñ o ù ,coâng ty p h a ùt trieå n vieä c thu mua XK haøngno âng sa û n .Daë c
b ieät la øv ieäc thu mua XK caù csa û np h a å mm ô ù inhö caø p h e â ,tô ta è m …b e â ncaïn h caù csa û np h a å m
khaù cnhö ô ùt, m u oái, laïc, t oûi… Hoa ït ñ o ä n gtre â nñaõ naâng cao kim ngaïch XK naêm 1999 leân 7,5
trieäu U SD, taêng 0,8tri eäu U SD so vô ùi naêm 1998.
Notes:
- kim ngaïch xuaát khaåu: export turnover
- t oác ñ o âtaêng
ï röôû
t ng: growth rate
- cuoäc khuûng hoaûng KT khu ïc:vö regional economic crisis
- ñoänglöïc: impetus
- sö ï ñ åio m ôùi cô cheá : change in mechanism
- Nghò Ñònh 57 : the Decree 57
- haïn ngaïch deät may: quota of garment
- Huy Chöông Vaø n g : Gold Medal
 6
9

Suggested translation:

EXPORT-IMPORT ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECT

With the export turnover of $11.4 million, increasing by 22% (10 times as much as that in
1998
(2.4%)) and the improvement in the limitation of trade deficit, the export-import sector of
our country is gradually enjoying favourable conditions despite the difficulties caused by the
regional crisis. One of the motives for that remarkable change originated from the reforms in the
economy mechanism as well as the State export-import policy including the 57/1998/CP
Decree of encouraging the production of encouraging the production of export goods and
broadening the export right for the businesses; the regulation for export and import reward; the
policy of garment quota reward; the decision of expanding export to Laos; and the
establishment of the export supporting fund.

In the overall picture, our province‟s activities have had encouraging changes. Despite of the fact
that continuous floods resulted in the reduction of the turnover by more than $1.4 million, the
export-import turnover of our province last year was estimated to be $ 43.26 million, increasing
by 8% in comparison with that in 1998. (export turnover was nearly $ 27.2 million, increasing by
11.2%, import turnover $ 16 million , increasing by 2.7 %). Apart from the traditional products,
the Provincial Sea Products Company and the Perfume River Sea-products Company and
the Perfume River Sea-products exporting Company have invested for more equipment, created
how to improve products and expand the export market. Along with traditional market such as
Japan, Taiwan… many business enterprises have entered those of the markets in the USA,
Thailand and Laos… In consideration only to the frozen sea-products, the yielding was over 996
tons, worth $
199835 million, increasing by over 36% in comparison with that in 1998. Particularly, the dried
squid of the Sea Product Company was rewarded with Gold Medal last year.

As far as mineral products are concerned, the market‟ s fluctuation made the export of Irenic ore
decrease. However, Zircon ore used over 3143 tons, increasing by 41.6% in comparison with that
in 1998. The state encouragement policy for export-import business has created the impetus and
opportunities for the province‟s General Commercial Company to boost up the export-
import turnover of goods-for-goods activities (barter). Moreover, in 1999 the production of
exporting joss stick and incense pulp did have a higher development, yielding over $ 0.43
million in the export value, increasing by 13,4% compared with that in 1998.
The Export-import Company‟s operation is still facing difficulties due to the
market‟ sfluctuation. Last year the Company‟s turnover was only $ 11.8 million accounting for
86.1% of the target and decreasing $ 19982 million in comparison with that in 1998.The
enterprise‟s supremacy is to produce handicraft goods for export. Many enterprises, however, had
to undergo hardship as a result of the effect of regional financial crisis. The export value
as well as the import turnover of the handicraft output decreased by nearly 30% in
comparison with that in
1998.This was the main factor leading to the fall of the enterprises‟ turnover. In this context, the
Company turned to purchasing and exporting agricultural products, especially the new
ones including coffee, silk… along with chili, salt, peanuts, garlic. That helped to make
export turnover reach $ 7.5 million, 0.8 million higher than that in 1998.
 7
0

REFERENCES

Bronte, E. 1995. Withering Heights. Oxford University Press, London UK.

Butler, O. 1993. A Good Scent From A Strange Mountain.Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge, UK.

Clark, A. 1976. The Secret Of The Andes. Penguin Group, Maryland, USA.

Grisham, J. 1999. A Time To Kill. Penguin Readers Ltd Original Publishing House, Maryland,
USA.

Hailey, A. 1999. Airport. Penguin Books, Maryland, USA.

Hawthorn, N. 2000. The Scarlet Letter. Penguin Group, Maryland, USA.

Lawrence, D. 1999. British And American Short Stories. Penguin Ltd, Maryland, USA.

London, J. 1994. The Call Of The Wild. Penguin Group, Maryland, USA.

Lowry, L. 1989. Number The Stars. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Maryland, USA.

Shelley, Mary. 1988. Frankenstein. Oxford University Press, London, UK

Spack, R. 1999. International Story. Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House, HCM City, Vietnam.

Thomson, A. 1989. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford University Press, London, UK

 CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Chapter 1: GENERAL ECONOMIC ISSUES 2

Lesson 1 2
Lesson 2 5
Lesson 3 7
Lesson 4 9
Lesson 5 11
Lesson 6 13
Lesson 7 15
Lesson 8 18
Lesson 9 22
Chapter 2: STRATEGIES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH
28
Lesson 10 28
Lesson 11 30
Lesson 12 32
Lesson 13 35
Lesson 14 38
Lesson 15 39
Lesson 16 41
Lesson 17 45
Lesson 18 49
Lesson 19 52
Lesson 20 54
Lesson 21 57

References 60
Thông tin về tác giả của giáo trình:
- Họ và tên: Nguyễn Văn Tuấn
- Sinh năm: 1963
- Cơ quan công tác: Tổ Biên-phiên dịch, Khoa Tiếng Anh, Trường Đại học Ngoại
Ngữ Huế
- Địa chỉ email: tuannguyen11863@yahoo.com

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