1044botany & Biotechnology Syllabus Final PDF

BOTANY & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Summary of courses
Study Components No. of Credits Max /

courses /course Total
Credits
1 Languages
1 English 4 3 12
2 Additional Language 2 3 6
2 Foundation Course 2 2-3 5
1 Methodology and Perspective of Biotechnology 1 3
2 Biophysics and Instrumentation 1 2
3 Complementary Courses 5 2-4 14
Biochemistry T P
1 Introduction to Biochemistry 3
2 General Biochemistry 3
3 Physiological aspects of Biochemistry 4
4 Metabolism 2
5 Practical Biochem IV (Practical of 1, 2, 3 & 4) 2
4 Core Courses 27 2-4 75

Botany 13 L P 35
1 Angiosperm Anatomy & Reproductive Botany 4
2 Phycology, Mycology, Lichenology & Plant pathology 2
3 Practical Botany I (Practical of 1 & 2) 2
4 Bryology, Pterdiology, Gymnosperms & Paleobotany 3
5 Environmental Studies and Phytogeography 3
6 Horticulture, Mushroom Cultivation & Marketing 2
7 Cell biology, Plant breeding and evolutionary biology 2
8 Practical Botany II (Practical of 4, 5,6 & 7) 2
9 Angiosperm Morphology, systematic botany 4
10 Economic botany, Ethanobotany & Medicinal botany 4
11 Plant Physiology 3
12 Genetics 2
13 Practical Botany III (Practical of 9, 10,11 & 12 ) 2
7 Biotechnology (Vocational) 14 40
1 Microbiology 1 4
2 Microbial Metabolism, Genetics & Diseases 1 3
3 Biotechniques I (Practical of 1 and 2) 2
4 Protista and Animal Diversity 1 4
5 Animal Physiology and Anatomy 1 3
6 Molecular Biology 1 3
7 Immunology 1 2
8 Biotechniques II (Practical of 4,5,6,& 7) 2
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9 Recombinant DNA Technology 1 4
10 Plant Biotechnology 1 3
11 Animal Biotechnology 1 3
12 Industrial Biotechnology 1 3
13 Environmental Biotechnology 1 2
14 Biotechniques III (Practical of 9,10,11,12 & 13) 2
8 Open / Elective Courses of Vocational Subject 2 2 4
1 Bioinformatics 1 2 -
2 Food and dairy Biotechnology 1 2
3 Genetic Engineering 1 2
4 Biostatistics 1 2
6 1 Project 4 4
Total C 120
T- Theory
P- Practical
2
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For all semesters
Question Type Total Number of Marks for Total

number of Question each Marks
Questions to be Questions
answered
Very short answer type (One 10 10 1 10
word to Maximum of 2
sentences)
Short answer (Not to exceed 12 8 2 16
one paragraph)
Short essay (Not to exceed 120 9 6 4 24
words)
Long essay 4 2 15 30
Total 35 26 80
IV. OPEN/ELECTIVE COURSES

During the programme the students have to undergo one open course and one elective courses. The
students attached to the Biotechnology department can opt one course from the Biotechnology
department as elective course and the other from any one of the other departments a s open
course. The student has to do the open course during the fifth semester and the elective
course during the sixth semester. As a b e g i n n i n g , t h e department will choose one open
course for the fifth semester and one elective course for the sixth semester depending on the faculty
and infrastructure available.
(a). Open Courses
i) Bioinformatics ii) Food and Dairy Biotechnology iii) Genetic Engineering
(b). Elective Courses
i) Bioinformatics ii) Biostatistics iii) Food and Dairy Biotechnology
V. CONTINUOUS EVALUATION
Evaluation and Grading
The Evaluation of each Course shall consists of two parts
1) Continuous Evaluation (CE)
2) End Semester Evaluation (ESE)
The CE and ESE ratio shall be 1:4 for both Courses with or without practical.
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There shall be a maximum of 80 marks for ESE and maximum of 20 marks for CE.
For all Courses (Theory and Practical), Grades are given on a 7‐point scale based on the total percentage
of mark (CE+ESE) as given below.
Criteria for Grading
Percentage of marks CCPA Letter Grade
90 and above 9 and above A+ Outstanding

80 to < 90 8 to<9 A Excellent
70 to <80 7to<8 B Very Good
60 to < 70 6to<7 C Good
50 to < 60 5to<6 D Satisfactory
40 to < 50 4to<5 E Adequate
Below 40 <4 F Failure
VI. Tests: (Max. marks 10)

For each Course there shall be one class test during a semester. Valued answer scripts shall be made
available to the students for perusal within 10 working days from the date of the test
VII. Attendance (Max.marks 5):
The allotment of marks for attendance shall be as follows:
ATTENDANCE % MARKS
Less than 75% 0 mark
75% 1 mark
76 to 80% 2 marks
81 to 85% 3 marks
86 to 90% 4 marks
Above 90% 5 marks
VIII. Assignments or Seminars: (Max. marks 5)

Each student shall be required to do one assignment or one seminar for each course. Valued
assignments shall be returned to the students. The seminars shall be organized by the teacher/teachers in
charge of CE and the same shall be assessed by a group of teachers including the teacher/ teachers in
charge of that course. Assignments/Seminars shall be evaluated on the basis of their quality. The teacher
shall define the expected quality of an assignment in terms of structure, content, presentation etc. and
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inform the same to the students. Due weight shall be given for punctuality in submission. Seminar shall
be similarly evaluated in terms of structure, content, presentation, interaction etc.
IX.A. Project/Dissertation Work:
For each First Degree Programme there shall be a Project/Dissertation work. The
Project/Dissertation work can be done either individually or by a group not exceeding five students.
However, Viva‐Voce based on the Project/Dissertation work shall be conducted individually.
The topics shall either be allotted by the supervising teacher or be selected by the students in
consultation with the supervising teacher. The report of the Project/ Dissertation shall be submitted to the
Department in duplicate before the completion of the sixth semester. There shall be no continuous
assessment for Dissertation / Project work. A Board of two Examiners appointed by the Controller of
Examination shall evaluate the report of the Project/Dissertation work. The detailed guidelines regarding
the conduct and evaluation of the Project/Dissertation will be framed by the Boards of Studies concerned.
IX.B Study Tour
Students shall also conduct a field work/field tour/study tour to any of the regional or national
scientific laboratory at which any type of scientific research in the areas of biological sciences are
carrying out. They can also visit any of the university teaching and research departments. Students are
required to interact with scientists /physicist /professors /researchers /academicians in the institute, where
they are visiting and make a comprehensive report on their visit. The interaction can be individually or as
a group mode, but the students shall submit their individual reports. The report shall contain the
following points.
1. Name of the institute visited:
2. Areas of research work carrying out in the institute:
3. Name of scientists/physicist/professors/researchers/academicians to whom they interacted:
4. Description of any major work carrying out in the institute (not less than 600 words or 2 pages):
5. Few photographs:
6. Correlation between your knowledge with this research activity:
The tour reports must be submitted along with the dissertation of the project work. Few questions can
also be asked from the tour report at the time of project viva voce.
X. EVALUATION OF PROJECT
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF DISSERTATION/PROJECT IN FDP IN BOTANY &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
As a part of study the candidate has to do a project work. The project carries 4 credits. The aim of
the Project work is to bring out the talents of students and to introduce research methodology. The work
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may be chosen from any branch of Biotechnology, which may be Experimental. Emphasis should be
given for originality of approach.
The project shall be done individually or as a group of maximum 5 students. The projects are to
be identified during the 4th semester with the help of the supervising teacher. The report of the project (of
about 30-40 pages) in duplicate shall be submitted to the department by the end of the 6th semester well
before the commencement of the examination. The reports are to be produced before the external
examiners appointed by the institution as per guidelines for valuation.
XI. EVALUATION OF PROJECT
The evaluation of the project shall be done by two external examiners according to the scheme
given below. Each candidate shall be evaluated separately. There shall be a maximum of 15 candidates
per session with two sessions per day.
The evaluation of dissertation shall be according to the scheme given below.
Component Marks
Originality of approach 9
Relevance of the topic 9

Involvement of the candidate 12
Presentation of report 45
There should be a viva voice based on the Project/ Dissertation conducted individually. The
various components to be considered in the viva-voce are given below.
Components Marks
Understanding the objective of the project work 5
Background knowledge of Project &subject 5
Knowledge on the Content 15
The grade for the Project is consolidated by combining the Grades of Dissertation submission and
the Project based viva-voce, taking in to account the weights assigned to them as shown below.
Weight
Dissertation 3
Viva-voce 1
There shall be no continuous evaluation for the project.
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XII. EVALUATION OF PRACTICAL E XAMINATION
The practical examinations for the core subject shall be conducted by the institution at the
end of semesters 2,4 and 6 with a common time table and questions set by the college. Similarly the
practical examination for the complementary course shall be conducted by the college at the end of
the 4th semester. The examiners shall be selected from a panel of experts prepared by the Controller
of Examination. There shall be t w o external examiners and one internal examiner who is not
in charge of the practical classes of respective batches. The mark sheet duly certified by the head
of the institution should be sent to the Controller of Examination of the college before the
commencement of the end semester examinations. The scheme and question paper pattern for the end
semester practical examinations will be prepared by the Chairman of the Board constituted for
conducting practical examinations.
7
Summary of the course structure and syllabus
Semester I
Course Course Title Teaching Total Total Duration of Evaluation

code hrs./week Hrs Credits Exam %
T P CE ESE
AUEN111.4 English 5 90 3 3Hrs. 20 80
AUFR111.4
AUHN111.4
AUML111.4 Additional language 5 90 3 3Hrs. 20 80
AUBB121 Methodology and Perspective of 3 54 3 3Hrs. 20 80
Biotechnology
AUBB131 Introduction to Biochemistry 3 2 90 3 3Hrs. 20 80
AUBB141 Angiosperm Anatomy and 2 2 72 4 3Hrs. 20 80
Reproductive Botany
AUBB151 Microbiology 2 1 54 4 3Hrs. 20 80
Total 25 450 20
Hour distribution: BT-3+3, BO-4, CC- 5, LC-5+5 = 25
Semester II

code hrs./week Hrs Credits Exam %
T P CE ESE
AUEN211.4 English 5 90 3 3Hrs. 20 80
AUFR211.4
AUHN211.4
Additional language
AUML211.4 5 90 3 3Hrs 20 80
AUBB221 Biophysics and Instrumentation 2 36 2 3Hrs 20 80
AUBB231 General Biochemistry 3 2 90 3 3Hrs 20 80
AUBB241 Phycology, Mycology, 3 2 90 2 3Hrs 20 80
Lichenology & Plant Pathology
AUBB24P I Practical Botany I 2 3Hrs 20 80
(Practical of AUBB141 & AUBB241)
AUBB251 Microbial Metabolism, Genetics 2 1 54 3 3Hrs 20 80
and Diseases
AUBB25P I Biotechniques I 2 3Hrs 20 80
(Practical of AUBB151, AUBB251)
Total 25 450 20
Hour distribution: BT-3+2, BO- 5, CC-5, LC-5+5 = 25
8
Semester III
Duration Evaluation
Course Course Title Teaching Total Total of %
Code hrs. hrs. Credits Exam
T P CE ESE
AUEN311.4 English 5 90 3 3 Hrs 20 80

AUBB331 Physiological aspects of 3 2 90 4 3 Hrs. 20 80
Biochemistry
Bryology, Pteridology,
AUBB341 Gymnosperms & Paleobotany 3 1 72 3 3 Hrs 20 80
AUBB342 Environmental Studies and 3 1 72 3 3 Hrs 20 80

Phytogeography
AUBB351 Protista and Animal Diversity 3 1 72 4 3 Hrs 20 80
Animal Physiology and
AUBB352 Anatomy 2 1 54 3 3 Hrs 20 80
Total 25 450 20
Hour distribution: BT-7, BO-8, CC-5, EN-5 = 25

Semester IV

code hrs. Hrs Credits Exam %
T P CE ESE
AUEN411 English 5 90 3 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB431 Metabolism 3 2 90 2 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB43P I Practical Biochem IV 2 3 Hrs. 20 80
(Practical of AUBB131,
AUBB231, AUBB331 &
AUBB431)
AUBB441 Horticulture, Mushroom 3 1 72 2 3 Hrs. 20 80

Cultivation & Marketing
AUBB442 Cell biology, Plant breeding and 3 1 72 2 3 Hrs. 20 80
evolutionary biology
AUBB44P II Practical Botany II 2 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB342,
AUBB441 & AUBB442)
AUBB451 Molecular Biology 3 1 72 3 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB452 Immunology 2 1 54 2 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB45P II Biotechniques II 2 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB352,
AUBB451 & AUBB452)
Total 25 450 20
Hour distribution: BT-7, BO-8, CC-5, EN-5 = 25

9
Semester V

hrs
Code . Hrs Credits Exam %
T P CE ESE
Angiosperm Morphology,
AUBB541 Systematic Botany 4 2 108 4 3 Hrs. 20 80
Economic Botany,Ethanobotany &
AUBB542 Medicinal Botany 4 2 108 4 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB551 Recombinant DNA Technology 3 1 72 4 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB552 Plant Biotechnology 3 1 72 3 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB553 Animal Biotechnology 2 1 54 3 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB581.a Bioinformatics
AUBB581.b Food and Dairy Biotechnology
AUBB581.c Genetic Engineering 2 36 2 3 Hrs. 20 80
Total 19 6 450 20
Hour distribution: BT-11+EC 2, BO-12 =25
Semester VI

hrs
Code . Hrs. Credits Exam %
ES
T P CE E
AUBB641 Plant physiology 4 3 126 3 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB642 Genetics 4 2 108 2 3 Hrs. 20 30
AUBB64P III Practical Botany III 2 3 Hrs. 20 80

(Practical of AU BB541,
AUBB542,
AUBB641, AUBB642 )
AUBB651 Industrial Biotechnology 3 2 90 3 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB652 Environmental Biotechnology 2 2 72 2 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB65P III
Biotechniques III 2 3 Hrs. 20 80
(Practical of AU BB551,
AUBB552,
AUBB553, AUBB651 &
AUBB652)
AUBB691.b Biostatistics
AUBB691.c Food & Dairy Biotechnology 2 36 2 3 Hrs. 20 80
AUBB653 Project in Biotechnology Tutorial 18 4 3 Hrs. 20 80
25 450 20
Hour distribution: BT-10+EC2, BO-7+6 =25

10
Total work Load in Hours
Subject Work Load in Hours

Biotech 900
Botany 900
Biochem 360
English 360
Sec.LC 180
Total 2700
11
Semester I
Foundation Course
AUBB121 Methodology and Perspective of Biotechnology
Credits 3
Contact hours- 54
Aim and Objective of the course
The aim is to introduce the modern scientific methods and to familiarize biotechnology and its
various areas. The students will be able to understand how science works. Students will learn
how to apply IT in Biological science. They will receive a general awareness about
biotechnology and its application in various fields.
Module I
Science and Scientific studies- 6 hrs
Types of Knowledge: practical, theoretical and scientific knowledge. Information. What is
science and what is not science, science vocabulary and science disciplines.
Revolution in science and technology
Experimentation in Science 10 hrs
Design and planning of experiments-hypothesis-Null and alternative hypothesis,
Experimentation, Types of Experiments, data collection, Observation and types of
observations, interpretation and deduction of results, selection of controls, necessity of units
and dimensions, Repeatability and replication of experiments, Documentation and Record
keeping in research
Module II
Overview of Information of Technology 10 hrs
Features of modern personal computers and peripherals, computer networks and Internet.
Introduction to mobile phone technology,Introduction to ATM,
Purchase technology-Licence ,Guarantee,Warrantee
Overview of Operating systems and major application software.
Data,information and knowledge
Internet as knowledge repository, Academic Search engines- PUBMED,Google scholar,
Science direct, Scopus.
Introduction to the use of IT in teaching and learning - educational softwares, INFLIBNET,
NICNET - academic services.
Module III
Social Informatics 8 hrs
IT and Society, Cyber ethics, cyber crime, security privacy issues, Overview of IT-
application in medicine, healthcare Business, Commerce , Industry, Defense, Law, crime
detection, publishing, communication, resource management, weather forecasting, education,
film and media.
12
Module IV
Origin and development of Biotechnology- 8 hrs
Introduction and definitions, Historic perspectives- biotechnology in prehistoric times,
microorganisms and fermentation, Origin of genetics, DNA and genetic Engineering,
Hybridoma technology, Beginning of modern Biotechnology
Classical and modern concepts of Biotechnology
Scope of Biotechnology- Commercial potential, Biotechnology in India and its global trends,
Major Biotechnology institutes and companies in India.
Module-V
Applications of biotechnology in various fields-

(Techniques not required-an overview of applications)
8hrs
Industrial Biotechnology- Major Products through Bioprocess and Fermentation Technology,
metabolite production-
Environmental Biotechnology- Biological fuel generation, sewage and Effluent treatment;
Medical Biotechnology- safer and cheaper medicines by biotechnology, Biopharming;
Agriculture and Forest Biotechnology-, Crop improvement through Biotechnology,
Genetically Modified crops- Herbicide tolerance, Insect resistance, Virus tolerance, other
engineered products, Genetically modified Livestock and poultry ;
Food and Beverage Biotechnology- application of biotechnology in food processing.
Module V
Safety and Ethics in Biotechnology- 4 hrs
Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), Good Laboratory Practices for Students, Quality control in
manufacturing, Good manufacturing Practices (GMP), Marketing of Biotechnology Products.
Impact of Biotechnology on Society, IPR and Patents in Biotechnology- basic concepts of IPR,
patents and copyrights, plagiarism.
Suggested Readings
1. Biotechnologies and the Public: An International Study of Policy, Media Coverage and
Public Attitudes from 1973 to 1996 (1995-1998), Helge Torqersen, Institute of
Technology Assessment.
2. Biotechnology and Ethics: A Blueprint for the Future, Daniel Callahan President,
Hastings Center, Center for Biotechnology, Northwestern University.
3. Biotechnology: Issues, Ethics and Regulations, Tina M. Prow, Communications
Specialist, Office of Agricultural Communications and Education.
4. Computers Today, Alexis Leon and Mathews Leon., Leon Vikas.
5. Conceptual Integrated science, Hewitt, Paul G, Suzanne Lyons, ohn A. Suchocki &
ennifer Yeh., Addison-Wesley.2007.
6. Cultural Boundaries of Science, Gieryn, T.F. University of Chicago Press, 1999.
7. Fundamentals of Information Technology, Alexis and Mathew Leon., Leon Vikas
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8. Introduction to Genetic Engineering & biotechn9ology, Nair, A.J., Infinity Science
Press, USA.
9. Introduction to Information Technology, V.Rajaraman., Prentice Hll.
10. Learning Computer Fundamentals., Ramesh Bangia ., Khanna Book Publishers
11. Methods for Teaching Science as Inquiry, Bass, Joel,E and et. al., Allyn & Bacon, 2009
The truth of science, Newton R.G.,
12. Patenting in Biotechnology - Part I, R. Stephen Crespi, Tibtech, Vol. 9, 117-122, 1991.
13. People’s Perception of Biotechnology, Renato Schibeci, Ian Barns.
14. Plant Biotechnology: Facts and Public Perception, D. Boulter, Department of
Biological Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
‘Phytochemistry’ (Vol. 40, No.1, pp.1-9, 1995).
15. Public Attitudes to Genetically Engineered Products, Wendy Ross, Katy Marsh, Alexi
Jackson, Jaqui Skoyles, (1998), John Innes Centre, Norwich, U.K.
16. Social issues in Science and Technology: An Encyclopedia, David E. Newton (ABC-
CLIO, Santa Barbara), 1999.
17. The Golem: What everyone should know about science, Collins H. and T.
Pinch,Cabridge University Press, 1993.
14
Semester I
Complementary Course
AUBB131 Introduction to Biochemistry
Credits 3
Total Contact Hours: 90 (Theory 54 + Practical 36)
Aim and Objective: To give basic awareness about the concepts and physical aspects in
biochemistry and to develop analytical skills in students in order to prepare them to use
instruments.
Module I 7 Hours
Structural features of water molecule, dissociation of water, ionic product of water, acids and
bases, concepts of pH, pOH, theoretical calculations of pH and pOH, dissociation of weak
acids , buffers buffer action and buffer capacity, buffers in biological system, Henderson –
Hasselbalch equation, titration curve of weak acids, simple numerical problems involving
application of this equation.
Module II 7 Hours
Solutions: Meaning of normality, molality, molarity, percentage solution, mole fraction, parts
per million, simple numerical problems from the above, fundamental principles of diffusion,
osmosis, osmotic pressure, Vant Hoff’s laws of osmotic pressure, simple numerical problems,
definition of isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions, biological importance of osmosis,
surface tension, viscosity.
Module III 6 Hours

Colloids: Definition of true solutions, suspensions, colloids and crystalloids, distinction
between lyophilic and lyophobic colloids, properties of colloids, biological significance of
colloids, emulsions and emulsifying agents, Donnan membrane equilibrium, Donnan equation
and its significance.
Module IV 6 Hours
Thermodynamics : Laws of conservation of energy _ first and second laws and its relevance in
biological system, entropy and enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, Bioenergetics- endothermic and
exothermic reactions of biological systems. Energy change in biochemical reactions. Sources
of heat limits of temperature, heat dissipation and conservation.
Module V 10 Hours
Colorimetry and Spectrophotometery: Beer-Lambert’s law, molar extinction coefficient,
colorimeter, spectrophotometer
Centrifugation: Principle of sedimentation technique, principle and procedure and application
of differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, ultra centrifugation rate zonal
centrifugation, Isopycnic centrifugation
pH meter: Principle and working.
Module VI 10 Hours
Chromatography: Principle procedure and application of paper, TLC, ion-exchange, affinity
and gel filtration chromatography.
Electrophoresis: Principle, procedure and application of zone electrophoresis- paper
electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis (native PAGE, SDS-PAGE)
15
Module VII 8 Hours
Bio-organic chemistry: (Common functional groups and their significance in biomolecules –
OH, -SH, -CHO, -C=O, -COOH, -NH2, -NH. Intra and Intermolecular interactions in
biological system: Hydrogen bond, Covalent bond, hydrophobic interaction, disulphide bond,
Peptide bonds, glycosidic bond, Phosphodiester linkage, Watson- Crick base pairings, Vander
Wall’s force. Classification of isomerism with examples.
Practical of AUBB131 36 hrs
• Weighing in Chemical balance

• Preparation of solutions -percentage, molar & normal solutions, dilution from stock
solution etc.
• Demonstration of dialysis
• Demonstration of PAGE
• Demonstration of Paper Chromatography
• Demonstration of Thin Layer Chromatography
• Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry techniques
• Verification of Beer Lambert’s law
• Verification of molar extinction coefficient of any known compound
General reactions of Carbohydrates
Qualitative analysis of Carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates-Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Xylose, Sucrose, Maltose, Starch &Dextrin
Tests- Molisch’s test, Anthrone test, Fehling’s test, Benedict’s test, Picric acid test, Barfoed’s
test, Bial’s test, Seliwanoff’s test, Iodinetest. Hydrolysis of Sucrose and Starch, Osazone test.
Quantitative Analysis of carbohydrates
Estimation of glucose by Nelson-Somogyi method
Estimation of reducing sugar by anthrone method.
Estimation of pentose by Orcinol method.
Estimation of ketose by Roe-Papedopaulose method.
Suggested Readings
1. Physical Biochemistry by David Freifelder Publisher: W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd

(September 1976)
2. A Biologist's Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry
by BryanL.Williams, Keith Wilson Hodder Education,
3. Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry by Keith M. Wilson, John M.
Walker Cambridge University Press.
4. The Tools of Biochemistry by Cooper, T. G. 1977. Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
5. Biophysical Chemistry Principles & Techniques Handbook (2003) by Avinash
Upadhyay, Kakoli Upadhyay, Nirmalendu Nath Publisher: Himalaya Publishing House.
6. Hawk’s Physiological Chemistry, Bernard L. Oser (ed) TATA McGraw Hill Publishing
Company LTD, New Delhi p 10- 15.
7. Experimental Biochemistry: A Student Companion, Beedu Sasidhar Rao & Vijay
Deshpande, I.K International Pvt. LTD, New Delhi.
8. Introductory Practical biochemistry, S. K. Sawhney & Randhir Singh (eds) Narosa
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Publishing House, New Delhi.
9. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by J. L. Jain, Sunjay Jain and Nitin Jain (2008)
Publishers: S. Chand & Co Ltd.
10. Text Book of Medical Biochemistry by MN Chatterjea and R Shinde, 3rd edition,
JAYPEE Publishers, New Delhi.
11. Introduction to Biophysics by Pranab Kumar Banerjee (2008) Publishers: S. Chand &
Company ltd ISBN: 81-219-3016-2.
12. Biochemistry: A Students survival Guide by Hiram. F. Gilbert (2002) Publishers:
McGraw-Hill
17
Semester I
Core Course
AUBB141 Angiosperm Anatomy and Reproductive Botany
Credits 3
Contact Hours 72 (T 54+P 18)
Aim and objective: The course is aimed to bring the basic concept and understanding about the
anatomy of the flowering plants and its relationship to the physiology and environmental
adaptability of the plants. It also gives a basic idea on the reproduction and development of the
flowering plants and its adaptation to suit to its environment.
Module- I
Angiosperm Anatomy 8 hrs
1. Objective and scope of plant anatomy
2. Cell wall organization - Gross structure - Primary and secondary wall pits –
plasmodesmata -microscopic and sub microscopic structures – Extra cell wall material.
Non living inclusions of the cell – Reserve food - secretary products, by products.
Module –II 15 hrs

3. Tissues – Meristems, Definition, Classification based on origin, position, growth
patterns, functions.
4. Apical meristems & theories on apical organization - Apical cell theory, Histogen
theory, Tunica -Corpus theory. Organization of root apex in dicots & monocots.
5. Permanent tissues – Definition, classification - simple, complex and secretory.
6. Tissue systems – Epidermal tissue systems-stomata, structure and functions, Ground
tissue systems & vascular tissue systems. Different types of vascular arrangements
Module III 13 hrs

7. Primary structure – Root, stem and leaf [Dicot & Monocot].
8. Secondary growth - Root and stem- cambium (structure and function) annular rings,
heart wood and sap wood, tyloses, ring porous wood and diffuse porous wood,
periderm formation-phellum, phellogen and phelloderm ; lenticels
9. Anomalous secondary growth - Bignonia, Boerhaavia, Dracaena.
Module IV
Reproductive Botany 14 hrs
1. Introduction to angiosperm embryology with special reference to Indian embryologists.
2. Micro sporogenesis - structure and functions of wall layers.
3. Development of male gametophyte - Dehiscence of anther.
4. Megasporogenesis - Development of female gametophyte - Embryo sac -
Development andtypes - Monosporic – Polygonum type, Bisporic - Allium type,
Tetrasporic – Adoxa type.
5. Pollination - Fertilization - Barriers of fertilization - Germination of pollen grains –
Double fertilization.
6. Structure of Embryo- Dicot [Capsella], Monocot [Sagittaria] Endosperm types, its
development and functions.
18
Module V
Palynology: 4hrs
Pollen structure, pollen morphology, pollen allergy - viability test for pollen grains,
Economic importance and its importance in taxonomy
Practical
Anatomy 18hrs
1. Non living inclusions - Cystolith, Raphide, Sphaero-raphide, Aleurone grains.
2. Starch grains (Eccentric, concentric, compound)
3. Simple permanent tissue – Parenchyma, Chlorenchyma , Aerenchyma , Collenchyma
and Sclerenchyma
4. Primary structure – Dicot stem: Hydrocotyle, Eupatorium.
5. Monocot stem: Grass and Asparagus.
6. Dicot root: Pea and Limnanthemum
7. Monocot root: Colocasia or any monocot root.
8. Secondary structure - Stem [Normal type]- Vernonia
9. Secondary structure - Root [Normal type]- Tinospora, Ficus, Carica papaya, or any
normal type
10. Secretory tissue: Resin canal, Nectary, Latex vessel, Lysigenous and Schizogenous
cavities. Laticifers – Articulated and non articulated.
11. Epidermal structures –Stomata.
12. Anomalous secondary thickening - Bignonia, Dracaena, Boerhaavia
13. Leaf anatomy - Dicot leaf: Ixora. Monocot leaf : Grass
Reproductive Botany
Students should be familiar with the structure of anther and embryo
(Permanent slides can be used)
Palynology
Study of pollen morphology of the following plants –Hibiscus, Vinca, Balsm, Ixora,
Crotalaria, Bougainvillea by Acetolysis method
Suggested Readings
1. Esau K. (1965) - Plant Anatomy – Wiley Eastern, New York.

2. Fahn A. (1985) - Plant Anatomy – Pergamon Press, Oxford.
3. Maheswari P. - Embryology of Angiosperms - Vikas Pub:
4. Nair PKK Palynology of Angiosperms
5. Pandey, B .P. (1997) - Plant Anatomy - S.Chand and co. New Delhi Biology - McGraw
Hill Co, New York.
6. Prasad and Prasad (1972) Out lines of Botanical Micro technique, Emkay
publishers, New Delhi Coutler E. G. (1969) Plant Anatomy – Part I Cells and
Tissues – Edward Arnold, London.
7. Vashista .P. C (1984) - Plant Anatomy – Pradeep Publications – Jalandhar
19
Semester I
Core Course Vocational
AUBB151 Microbiology
Credits- 4
Contact hours-54 (T 36 + P 18)
Aim and Objective: The course on microbiology is destined to give a thorough and basic
understanding in various aspects of classical Microbiology, which forms the basis of any
biotechnology application. Students were expected to master the major theoretical and
practical expertise from this course.
Module I
Introduction 8 hrs
Scope and history of microbiology: Pasteur’s experiments, concept of sterilization, methods
of sterilization -dry heat, wet heat or steam, radiation, chemical and filtration.
Classification of microorganisms: bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, mycoplasma, concept of

microbial species, strains; microbial cell surfaces, gram positive and gram negative bacteria,
classification of bacteria, Motility in bacteria, kinds of flagella, nutritional classification of
bacteria.
Viruses:
Viruses, phage culture, Bacteriophage, DNA and RNA phages, T4 phage, Lytic and
lysogenic cycles, Host cell adsorption and penetration, synthesis phage nucleic
acid.
Module t II
Genetic homogeneity 4 hrs
Spontaneous and induced variations in microbes,
Isolation of auxotrophs- replica plating technique and analysis of mutations in biochemical
pathways,
Microbial assays for antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents
Module III
Microbes in extreme environments 8 hrs
Thermophiles and alkalophiles, pathogenic microorganisms- bacteria, fungi, viruses,
protozoans and mycoplasma, defense mechanism against microorganisms, symbiosis and
antibiosis among microbial population, nitrogen fixing bacteria in agriculture and forestry,
photosynthetic bacteria, Role of bacteria in carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous cycle in
nature.
Module IV
Bacterial nutrition 8 hrs
Culture media – requirements of bacterial culture media, types and uses, Bacterial growth
curve, microbial metabolism, fermentation, different types of fermentation, methanogenic
bacteria.
Isolation of pure culture: Spread plate, streak plate, pour plate etc., synthetic media, simple and
complex media. Isolation of anaerobs and its culture techniques, slant culture and stab culture.
20
Module V
Industrial microbes and their uses 6 hrs
Production of food (dairy and SCP) and drugs (antibiotics such as penicillin & streptomycin),
products of fermentation, Strain improvement by enrichment mutation and recombinant DNA
technique, production of heterologous proteins of interest in microorganisms.
Module VI
Control of microorganisms 2 hrs
Physical agents, chemical agents, antibiotics and other therapeutic agents
Experiments for Microbiology Practical 18 hrs

1. Use of Microscope
2. pH Meter – Use of pH Meter, Familiarization of the instrument and Preparation Phosphate
buffers and determination of pH.
3. Sterilization and aseptic techniques-preparation and sterilization of glassware and solutions
4. Media Preparation and culturing of bacteria in Nutrient agar and nutrient broth
5.Purification techniques- streak plating method- T streaking, Quadrant, Zig Zag
6. Staining of bacteria- Gram staining, Acid fast staining, Negative staining.
7. Growth of Bacteria in liquid media: Determination of kinetics of bacterial growth
8. Microscopic tests for bacterial motility – Hanging drop method
9. Isolation of bacteria from air
10. Serial dilution of bacterial cultures and plating to find out population density of microbes
in a given soil sample-using pour plate method
11. Microbiological examination of various types of waters including commercial and
ordinary drinking water-using spread plate method
12. Antibiotics sensitivity tests – disc diffusion method
Suggested Readings
1. A Textbook of Microbiology – P. Chakraborthy, New central Book agency Pvt. Ltd,
calcutta
2. Modern concept of Microbiology – D D Kumar, S Kumar; Vikas Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
3. Introduction to Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology- A. J. Nair; Jones & Bartlett
Publishers, Boston,USA.
4. Introduction to Microbiology- J Heritage, E G V Evans, R A Killington; Cambridge
University Press.
5. Microbiology – L M Prescott, Brown Publishers, Australia
6. Principles of Biotechnology – A. J. Nair Laxmi Publications New Delhi
7. Advances in Microbiology – J P Tewari, T N Lakhanpal, I Singh, R Gupta and B
P Chanola; A P H Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
8. Microbiology: Principles and Explorations – Jacquelyn G. Black. Prentice Hall,
New Jersey.
21
Semester II
Foundation Course
AUBB221 Biophysics & Instrumentation
Credits: 2
Contact hours 36
Aim and Objectives of the Course

The aim is to introduce the physical aspects and bioenergetics of the living system and to
familiarize the principle and working of various instruments used in biotechnology
experiments. The students will be able to understand the fundamentals of biophysics and the
general instrumental techniques used in biotechnology.
Module I
Principles of thermodynamics: 4 hrs
Laws of Thermodynamics entropy and enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, bioenergetics-

endothermic and exothermic reactions of biological systems, energy change in the
biochemical reactions, heat dissipation and conservation.
Electrical properties of biological compartments: 4 hrs
Electricity as a potential signal, electrochemical gradients, membrane potential, ATP
synthesis, and chemi-osmotic hypothesis
Module II
Biophysics of Photosynthesis 5 hrs
Primary events in photosynthesis, light harvesting pigments, resonance energy transfer in
photosynthetic pigments, fluorescence and phosphorescence, absorption spectra and action
spectra of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic reaction center and accessory pigments,
light reception in microbes, plants and animals,
Module 111
Biophysics of Vision, Muscle movements and Hearing: 6 hrs
Mechanism of vision and correction of vision faults, Mechanism of muscle movements and
hearing , generation and reception of sonic vibrations, hearing aids.
Module 1V
Microscopy: 4 hrs
Principle of Microscopy, various types of Microscopy- Simple, phase contrast, fluorescence

and electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), Modern developments in Microscopy.
Module V
Basic principles and working of instruments: 7 hrs
Spectrophotometer ‐ Principle – Beer Lambert’s Law. UV, IR, Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy, Mass spectromrtry, MALDI‐TOF and NMR.
22
X-ray crystallography,
Centrifugation: principle andtypes of centrifugation. Ultracentrifugation, density
gradient centrifugation and continuous centrifugation
Chromatography: Principle, Procedures and Application of TLC, PC, Gel Filtration and
ion exchange, Affinity Chromatography, GC, HPLC
Brief account of fluorimetry,
Electrophoresis: 3 hrs
Principle of Gel electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(PAGE & SDS PAGE) and Agarose gel electrophoresis,
Two dimensional electrophoresis and isoelectrofocussing.
Isotopes and radioisotopes: 3hrs
Isotopes and radioisotopes, radiations- ionizing radiations,
Application of isotopes and radioisotopes in biological research, radioisotope tracer technique
and autoradiography.
Practicals-
Familiarizing the working of the following instruments

1. pH Meter – Use of pH Meter, Familiarization of the instrument and Preparation
Phosphate buffers and determination of pH.
2. Spectrophotometer – Familiarization of the working of the instrument , Quantitative
estimation of Sugars by Dinitrosalysilic acid and Proteins by Lowry’s Method
3. Development of absorption spectra of chlorophyll or any other biological sample
4. Electrophoresis – demonstration of PAGE and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Suggested Readings
1. A Textbook of Biophysics- R N Roy, New central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd,

Calcutta.
2. Biochemistry ., Voet,D & Voet, J.G
3. Biophysics- S.Thiruvia Raj , Saras Publications , Tamilnadu.
4. Biophysics, Volkenstein, M.V
5. Introduction to biophysical chemistry Martin
7. Lehninger’s Biochemistry , Nelson D.L and Cox, M.M., Worth Publishers, New
York
8. Molecular Biology of the gene, Watson et al.
9. Principles of Biotechnology- AJ Nair, Laxmi Publications, New delhi
23
Semester-II
AUBB231 General Biochemistry
Credits: 3
Contact Hours: 90 (T 54 + P 36)
Aim and Objective: To familiarize the students with the building blocks of living matter, the
biomolecules, their structure, components, reactions, their derivatives, biological significance
and the basic tests to identify them.
Module I 10 Hours
Chemistry of carbohydrates : Classification, optical isomerism, D and L series, epimers,
aldoses and ketoses, structural relationships of aldoses, ring structure of monosaccharides,
anomers, mutarotation, chemical reactions of glucose and fructose, glycosides, deoxy sugars,
amino sugars, sugar alcohols and sugar acids, O- acyl O-methyl derivatives of
monosaccharides, ozazone, disaccharides, structure and important properties of sucrose,
maltose, isomaltose, lactose and cellobiose, Trisaccharide (examples only), structure and
important properties of polysaccharides- starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. Qualitative
test for carbohydrates.
Module II 10 Hours
Chemistry of Lipids: Classification, fatty acids, structure and properties , reactions of fatty
acids, triglycerides- general structure and properties, acid number, Saponification number and
iodine number fats, glycerol. Acrolein test. Phospholipids- structure and function of
phosphotidyl choline and phosphotidyl ethanolamine. Sphingolipids- structure and function of
cerebrosides and gangliosides. Steroids-structure of cholesterol and ergosterol. Colour
reactions of sterols.
Module III 8 Hours

Chemistry of Amino acids and proteins: Classification of amino acids, amino acids occurring
in proteins, optical activity, UV absorption, Zwitterions, chemical reactions of amino acids,
proteins, biological significance, classification – fibrous proteins, globular proteins,
conjugated proteins, hydrolysis of proteins and separation of amino acids.
Module IV 8 Hours
Proteins: Physical properties, solubility, isoelectric point and isoelectric precipitation,
elementary study of primary secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins , colour
reactions, precipitation reactions, denaturation, oligopeptides, amino acid analysis of proteins.
Module V 8 Hours
Chemistry of Nucleic acids: Base compositions, structure of purines and pyrimidines, ribose
and deoxy ribose, nucleoside structure , nucleotides- nomenclature, structure of
polynucleotide –DNA, RNA primary structure and inter nucleotide linkage. Watson and Crick
double helix model of DNA, different types of RNA.
24
Module VI 10 Hours
Enzymes :Classification and nomenclature,general
properties,apoenzyme,holoenzyme,coenzyme, units of enzyme activity, progress curve,
effect ofenzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature and pH on reaction
velocity of enzyme catalyzed reactions. Michaelis- Menten constant, Significance of vmax and
km,enzyme affinity, Michaelis- Menten equation (Derivation not expected),Enzyme
specificity, different types , enzyme activation ,enzyme inhibition- competitive and non-
competitive , Line weaver – Burk plot, application of LB plot, allosteric regulation (Brief
study) coenzymes.
Practical of AUBB231
36 hrs
Qualitative analysis of Lipids
Fatty acids: Stearic aci/ Oleic acid.
Tests- Solubility, Translucent spot tests, Test for Unsaturation
Glycerol
Tests- Acrolein test, Borax fusion test, Solubility.
Triglycerides
Tests-Solubility, Saponification, Translucent spot test
Cholesterol
Tests- Solubility, Salkowski reaction, Liebermann-Burchard reaction
Quantitative Analysis of Lipids

Estimation of Cholesterol by Carr-Drecktor method.
Estimation of Cholesterol by Zak’s method.44
Determination of Acid Value.
Determination of Saponification value.
Determination of Iodine number of oil
Suggested Readings
1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 4th Edition by David L. Nelson
2. E.S. West, W.R. Todd, H.S. Mason and J.T. van Bruggen, A Text Book of
Biochemistry, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1974.
3. Biochemistry (2004) by Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
4. Principles Of Biochemistry (1995) by Geoffrey L Zubay, William W Parson, Dennis E
Vance Publisher: McGraw-Hill Book Company – Koga
5. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by J. L. Jain, Sunjay Jain and Nitin Jain (2008)
Publishers: S. Chand & Co Ltd.
6. Text Book of Biochemistry, 5th edition by DM Vasudevan and Sreekumar S, JAYPEE
Publishers, New Delhi,.
Deshpande, I.K International Pvt. LTD, New Delhi.
Publishing House, New Delhi.
25
Semester II
Core Course
AUBB241 Phycology, Mycology, Lichenology & Plant pathology
Credit 4
Contact hours 90 (Theory 50 + Practical 40)
Aim and Objective: To impart basic knowledge about lower plants such as algae, fungi,
Lichen and the diseases caused by these organisms in plants. This will give an account on the
life cycle, habitat, anatomy, classification and its involvement in the life cycle of other
members of living world.
Module-I 20 hrs
Phycology
1. Introduction – Range of thallus structure – Phylogenic trends – Pigments –
Reproduction –Life cycle – Classification based on F .E Fritsch
2. Salient features of the following major groups with reference to the structure,
reproduction and
life cycle of the types given below (Excluding the developmental details) –
a. Cyanophyceae – Nostoc
b. Chlorophyceae - Chlorella, Volvox, Oedogonium, Cladophora,and Chara
c. Xanthophyceae – Vaucheria
d. Bacillariophyceae – Pinnularia
e. Phaeophyceae – Sargassum
f. Rhodophyceae - Polysiphonia
Economic importance of algae
a. Role of algae in soil fertility- Fertilizer – Nitrogen fixation- Symbiosis
b. Commercial products of algae – Agar, Alginates, Carrageenin, Diatomaceous earth
c. Algae - medicinal aspects, algal blooms and red tides
Module -II 16hrs

Mycology
1. Introduction, structure, reproduction, life cycle, evolutionary trends,
Classification based on Ainsworth; Alexopoulos (1996). Modern trends of
classification
2. Distinguishing characters of different classes of fungi representing the following
genera
(Excluding Developmental details)
a. Myxomycotina -General characters.
b. Zygomycotina - Rhizopus
c. Ascomycotina
• Hemiascomycetes - Saccharomyces
• Plectomycetes - Penicillium
• Pyrenomycetes - Xylaria
26
• Discomycetes – Peziza
d. Basidiomycotina
• Teliomycetes - Puccinia
• Hymenomycetes - Agaricus
e. Deuteromycotina - Cercospora.
3. Economic importance of Fungi
Module-III
Lichenology 6 hrs
Lichens - nature of association-classification-habit and habitat- thallus morphology – internal
structure – reproduction-economic importance.
Module-IV 8 hrs
Plant Pathology
1. History of plant pathology – Classification of plant diseases on the basis of causative
organisms and symptoms – Host parasite interaction.
2. Study of the following diseases with emphasis on symptoms, disease cycle and control
measures of Leaf mosaic of Tapioca, Citrus Canker, Blast disease of Paddy, Root wilt
of Coconut
3. Brief account of the following fungicides- Bordeaux mixture, Lime sulphur, Tobacco
decoction, Neem cake & oil.
Practical
Phycolcogy 18 hrs
1. Make micro preparations of vegetative and reproductive structures of the types
mentioned in the syllabus.
2. Identify the algal specimens up to the generic level and make labeled sketches of the
specimens observed
Mycology 12 hrs
A detailed study of structure and reproductive structures of types given in the
syllabus and submission of record.
Rhizopus, Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Xylaria, Peziza. Puccinnia. Agaricus and
Cercospora
Lichenology 4 hrs
Make micropreparation of vegetative and reproductive parts of Usnea. Make sketches of
the specimens
observed.
Plant Pathology 6 hrs
1. Identify the Diseases mentioned with respect to causal organism and symptoms
2. Students should be trained to prepare the fungicide Bordeaux mixture &Tobacco
decoction.
Suggested Readings
1. Alain Durieux 2009, Applied Microbiology, Springer International Edition
2. Alexopoulos C.J & MIMS C.V 1988. Introductory Mycology, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Chapman V.J & Chapman D.J, The Algae, Macmillan.
4. Dr. G. Gunasekharan - Labortary Manual of Microbiology – New Age Pub:
5. Fritsch F. B 1945, Structure and Reproduction of Algae Vol.I & II. Cambridge
27
University Press.
6. Heritage. L. 2007, Introductory Microbiology, Cambridge University Press India Pvt
Ltd
7. Jim Deacon 2007, Fungal Biology, 4th edition, Blackwell Publishing, Ane Books Pvt.
Ltd.
8. Kanika Sharma 2009, Manual of Microbiology, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.
9. Mamatha Rao 2009, Microbes and Non flowering plants, Impact and applications;
Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.
10. R .C .Dubey & D .K .Maheswari - A text Book of Microbiology – Chand & Co:
11. Schlegel ,2008 General Microbiology , Cambridge University Press India Pvt Ltd
12. Singh V, Pandey PC and Jam D.K 1998, A Text Book of Botany for Under
Graduate Students, Rastogi Publications.
13. Singh V., Pandey P.C and Jain D.K 1998, A Text book of Botany for
Undergraduate Students, Rastogi Publications.
14. Smith G.M 1955, Cryptoganiic Botany, Vol.I McGraw Hill.
15. Vashishta B.R. 1990, Botany for Degree Students, Fungi, S.Chand & Co.
16. Vasishta B.R 1990, Botany for Degree Students, Algae, S.Chand & Co.
17. Webster J 1970, Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press.
28
Semester II
Core Course
AUBB24P I Practical Botany- I
(Practical of AUBB141 & AUBB241)
Angiosperm Anatomy and Reproductive Botany 18 Hrs

Anatomy
1. Non living inclusions - Cystolith, Raphide, Sphaero-raphide, Aleurone grains.
2. Starch grains (Eccentric, concentric, compound)
3. Simple permanent tissue – Parenchyma, Chlorenchyma , Aerenchyma , Collenchyma
and Sclerenchyma
4. Primary structure – Dicot stem: Hydrocotyle, Eupatorium.
5. Monocot stem: Grass and Asparagus.
6. Dicot root: Pea and Limnanthemum
7. Monocot root: Colocasia or any monocot root.
8. Secondary structure - Stem [Normal type]- Vernonia
9. Secondary structure - Root [Normal type]- Tinospora, Ficus, Carica papaya, or any
normal type
10. Secretory tissue: Resin canal, Nectary, Latex vessel, Lysigenous and Schizogenous
cavities. Laticifers – Articulated and non articulated.
11. Epidermal structures –Stomata.
12. Anomalous secondary thickening - Bignonia, Dracaena, Boerhaavia
13. Leaf anatomy - Dicot leaf: Ixora. Monocot leaf : Grass
Reproductive Botany
Students should be familiar with the structure of anther and
embryo (Permanent slides can be used)
Palynology
Study of pollen morphology of the following plants –Hibiscus, Vinca, Balsm,
Ixora, Crotalaria, Bougainvillea. by Acetolysis method
Phycology 18 hrs
1. Make micro preparations of vegetative and reproductive structures of the types mentioned in
the syllabus.
2. Identify the algal specimens up to the generic level and make labelled sketches of the
specimens observed
Mycology 12hrs
1. A detailed study of structure and reproductive structures of types given in the syllabus
and submission of record.
2. Rhizopus, Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Xylaria, Peziza. Puccinnia. Agaricus and Cercospora
Lichenology 4 hrs
Make micropreparation of vegetative and reproductive parts of Usnea. Make sketches of the
specimens observed.
Plant Pathology 6 hrs
1. Identify the Diseases mentioned with respect to causal organism and symptoms
2. Students should be trained to prepare the fungicide Bordeaux mixture &Tobacco decoction.
29
Semester II
AUBB251 Microbial Metabolism, Genetics and Diseases
Credits: 3
Contact hours- 54 (T 36+ P 18)
Aim and Objective: This course is designed to get an in-depth knowledge in Microbial
metabolism, microbial genetics, and microbial diseases. This knowledge is very important as
far as Biotechnology is concerned. The students are expected to master all microbial related
techniques to pursue studies in biotechnology.
Module I 12 Hrs
Bacterial Metabolism
Introduction
Bacterial cell structure and Growth - Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells, Glycocalyx,
bacterial cell membranes, bacterial cell wall, cytoplasm, spores, organs of locomotion,
chemotaxis in bacteria, ribosomes in bacteria, bacterial nucleus and chromosomes, bacterial
nucleoid.
Nutrition in bacteria- Bacterial Growth curve, Measurement of growth, factors affecting
growth of bacteria. Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms- purple sulfur bacteria
Anabolism of carbohydrates- Photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria- photosynthetic
pigments of bacteria, mechanism of photosynthesis in bacteria, carbon sources
Nitrogen Metabolism- Biological nitrogen fixation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, components
involved in the process of nitrogen fixation, Inorganic nitrogen metabolism, assimilation of
inorganic nitrogen, Nitrogen cycle.
Energy production in bacteria- Energy and ATP, aerobic respiration, Glycolysis and
tricarboxylic acid cycle, Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in Bacteria,
catabolism of other carbohydrates.
Anaerobic respiration- Fermentation, alcohol fermentation by yeasts and bacteria, lactic
acid fermentation , Methnogenic bacteria, Acetobacter and acetic acid fermentation.
Module II 12 Hrs
Bacterial genetics
Bacterial chromosome-
Transfer of genetic information in bacteria, Bacterial chromosomes- DNA, Plasmids, different
types of plasmids- non-conjugative, mobilizable plasmids, resistance plasmids
Bacterial Mutation – Spontaneous mutation, induced mutations, Repair mechanisms,
Transposable genetic elements in bacteria, overlapping genes,
Bacterial recombination:
Conjugation- Fertility factors, F+ and F- cells, F pili, High frequency recombination
Transformation- Griffith’s effect, evidence of DNA as genetic material,
Transduction- general characteristics of bacteriophages, Lambda pahage-general structure,
general multiplication in bacteria- lytic phase and lysogenic phase, bacterial recombination
through transduction.
Bacterial recombination and transferable drug resistance
30
Module III 12 Hrs
Microbial Diseases of Humans
Airborne bacterial diseases – streptococcal; diseases, tuberculosis,

Pneumococcal Pneumonia, Klebsiella Pneumonia
Foodborne and waterborne bacterial diseases- Foodborne and waterborne intoxications-
Botulism, Staphylococcal food poisoning;
Foodborne and waterborne infections- Typhoid fever, , Cholera, E.coli Diarrheas,
Brucellosis
Soilborne bacterial diseases- Anthrax, Tetanus, Leptospirosis,
Viral diseases of Humans- Pneumotropic viral diseases-Influenza, Adenoviral infections,
Rhinoviral infections, HINI
Dermatoviral diseases- Herpes simplex, chickenpox, Measles, Rubella,
Viscerotropic Viral diseases- yellow fecer, Dengu fever,
Neurotropic viral diseases- rabies, Polio
Systemic disease - Ebola
Practical 18 Hrs
1. Detection of bacterial morphology using methylene blue stain
2. Bacterial spore staining
3. Isolation and identification of E.coli from using MPN technique
4. Isolation of microorganisms from spoiled food materials
5. Isolation of starch degrading microorganisms
6. Isolation of Lactobacillus from curd and its identification
7. Isolation of yeast from fruit samples and its culturing.
8. Examination of microbial flora of the skin
9. Examination of the microbial flora of mouth.
10. Isolation and examination of Throat and nasopharyngeal cultures
11. Plaque-forming Bacteriophage
Suggested Readings
1. A Textbook of Microbiology – P. Chakraborthy, New central Book agency Pvt. Ltd,
calcutta
2. Modern concept of Microbiology – D D Kumar, S Kumar; Vikas Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
4. Introduction to Microbiology- J Heritage, E G V Evans, R A Killington; Cambridge
University Press.
5. Microbiology – L M Prescott, Brown Publishers, Australia
6. Principles of Biotechnology – A. J. Nair Laxmi Publications New Delhi
7. Advances in Microbiology – J P Tewari, T N Lakhanpal, I Singh, R Gupta and B P
Chanola; A P H Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
8. Microbiology: Principles and Explorations – Jacquelyn G. Black. Prentice Hall, New
Jersey.
31
Semester II
AUBB25P I Biotechniques- I
(Practical of BB1171 & BB1271)
Credit 2
Contact hours: 36 (Practical hours of BB1171, BB1271)
Experiments for Microbiology Practical 18 hrs
1. Use of Microscope
2. pH Meter – Use of pH Meter, Familiarization of the instrument and Preparation
Phosphate buffers and determination of pH.
3. Sterilization and aseptic techniques-preparation and sterilization of glassware and
solutions
4. Media Preparation and culturing of bacteria in Nutrient agar and nutrient broth
5. Purification techniques- streak plating method- T streaking, Quadrant, Zig Zag
6. Staining of bacteria- Gram staining, Acid fast staining, Negative staining.
7. Growth of Bacteria in liquid media: Determination of kinetics of bacterial growth
8. Microscopic tests for bacterial motility – Hanging drop method
9. Isolation of bacteria from air
10. Serial dilution of bacterial cultures and plating to find out population density of
microbes in a given soil sample-using pour plate method
11. Microbiological examination of various types of waters including commercial and
ordinary drinking water-using spread plate method
12. Antibiotics sensitivity tests – disc diffusion method
13. Experiments for Microbial Metabolism, genetics & diseases 18 hrs

14. .Detection of bacterial morphology using methylene blue stain
15. Bacterial spore staining
16. Isolation and identification of E.coli from using MPN technique
17. Isolation of microorganisms from spoiled food materials
18. Isolation of starch degrading microorganisms
19. Isolation of Lactobacillus from curd and its identification
20. Isolation of yeast from fruit samples and its culturing.
21. Examination of microbial flora of the skin
22. Examination of the microbial flora of mouth.
23. Isolation and examination of Throat and nasopharyngeal cultures
24. Isolation of Plaque-forming Bacteriophage from sewage
32
Semester-III
AUBB331 Physiological aspects in Biochemistry
Credits 4
Contact Hours: 90 (Theory 54, Practical 36)
Aim and Objective: The course is intended to introduce the student to the basics of
physiological aspects and to familiarize the students with the basics of human nutrition.
Module-I 10 Hours.
Biochemistry of Blood: Physical properties and constituents of blood, types of blood cellsRBC,
WBC, lymphocytes and platelets. Hemoglobin: Structure and function of hemoglobin, types of
hemoglobin, abnormal hemoglobin, bile pigments formation, iron metabolism-absorption and
transport. Blood clotting: Mechanism of blood clotting (Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway),
clotting factors, anticoagulants, bleeding time, clotting time, hemopoesis, - blood forming
organs, erythropoeisis, leucopoiesis. Blood groups: Classification, chemical basis for blood
group specificity.
Module-II 10 Hours.
Nutrition: Vitamins: Definition, classification- fat soluble and water soluble, source,
chemical nature (without structure) functions of vitamins. Deficiency diseases.
Nutrition: Caloric value, BMR- Carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Minerals: Outline the study
of
requirements, sources and functions of Ca, P, Mg, Na,K, Cl, I, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe.
ModuleIII 7 Hours.
Detoxification: Metabolism of foreign compounds in the liver- oxidation, conjugation,
hydrolysis, reduction, examples of each type. Liver function test. Structure of nephron,
formation of urine, renal function test, renal threshold, constituents of urine.
Module-IV 9Hours.
Respiration and Acid- Base balance: Respiration: Partial pressure of gases, chemical and
physiological events affecting the diffusion of O2 and CO2, exchange of CO2 during
respiration,
transport of gases in blood , carbonic anhydrase, chloride shift, oxygen dissociation curve,
Bohr effect. Acid Base balance: Body water balance, buffers in blood, respiratory acidosis and
alkalosis, metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
Module-V 9 Hours.
Clinical Biochemistry: Elementary study of: Diabetes-classification, blood glucose levels,
GTT, glycosylated Hb. Hypercholesterolemia-serum cholesterol levels, Hemophilia,
Arthrosclerosis-characteristics, pathophysiology, risk factors and management, Obesity-
characteristics, risk factors, classification based on BMI. Jaundice.
33
Module-VI 9Hours.
Endocrinology: Organization of endocrine system, classification and functions of adrenalin,

nor adrenalin, cortisone, Cortisol, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, Estradiol, thyroxine,
TSH, ACTH, Gonadotropin, GH, Oxytocin and vasopressin, peptide hormones.(Structure not
needed).
Practical of AUBB331 (36 Hrs)
Amino acids and Proteins

Qualitative analysis of Amino acids and Proteins
Amino acids- (any 4 amino acids)
Tests- Solubility, Ninhydrin reaction, Xanthoproteic reaction, Millons test, Morners test,
Glyoxalic acid test, Ehrlich’s test, Nitroprusside test, Lead acetate, Test for Methionine,
Aldehyde test, Sakaguchi reaction, Isatin test
Proteins
Tests-Solubility, Ninhydrin reaction, Xanthoproteic reaction, Folin’s test, Lowry’s test, Biuret
test, Heat denaturation, TCA precipitation, Alcohol precipitation.
Suggested Readings:
1. Advanced Text Book on Food and Nutrition, Vol I and II, Dr. MS Swaminathan.2nd edition.
The Bangalore Printing and Publishing Co Ltd.
2. Arthur Vander, James Sherman, and Dorothy Luciano Vander et al.: Human Physiology:
The Mechanism of Body Function, Eighth Edition © The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Deshpande, I.K International Pvt. LTD, New Delhi,
5. Human Physiology (2001) by Andrew Davies, GH Blakeley, Cecil Kidd Publisher:
Churchill Livingstone
6. Human Physiology (2001) by Bipin Kumar Publisher: Campus Books International
7. Human Physiology (2001) by KC Sawant Publisher: Dominant Publishers & Distributors
Publishing House, New Delhi,
9. Plant Biochemistry by Hans-Walter Heldt Professor Em (3ed 2004) Publisher: Academic
10. Principles Of Biochemistry, 6e (1959) by Abraham White, Philip Handler Publisher: Tata
McGraw-hill Publishing Company Limited
11. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry for Medical Students by DM Vasudevan and
Sreekumari S. 5th edition, Japee Brothers, Medical Publishers,
12. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11/e with Student Consult Access (2005) by Arthur C
Guyton, John E Hall Publisher:
34
Semester III
Core Course
AUBB341 Bryology, Pteridology, Gymnosperms & Paleobotany

Credit: 2
Contact hours: 72 (Theory 42 + Practical 30)
Aim and Objective: Students should be trained in basic botany such as lower plants like
Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, etc. to get an in-depth knowledge in the various
aspects of Biotechnology.
Module -I
Bryology 14 hrs
1. Introduction and Classification
2. Study of the habit, thallus organization, vegetative and sexual reproduction and
alternation of generation of the following types (Developmental details are not
required).
Riccia, Marchantia, Polytrichum
3. Economic Importance of Bryophytes.
Module- II 8 hrs
Pteridology
1. Introduction: General characters morphological and phylogenetic classification.
2. Study of the habitat, habit, internal structure, reproduction and life cycle of the
following types (Developmental details not required).
Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Equisetum, Adiantum and Marsilea.
Module- III 4 hrs

3. General Topics: Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes, heterospory and seed habit,
relationships of pteridophytes with bryophytes and gymnosperms, economic
importance of pteridophytes.
Module- IV 12 hrs
Gymnosperms
1. Introduction and classification of gymnosperms.
2. Study of the Habit, Anatomy, Reproduction and life cycle of the following types
(Developmental details are not required) –
Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum
3. Evolutionary trends in gymnosperms - Relationship of gymnosperm with pteridophytes
and angiosperms
4. Economic importance of gymnosperms.
Module-V
Plaeobotany 4 hrs
1. Objectives of palaeo botany. Fossil formation – Techniques of study.
2. Geological time scale. Evolutionary trends
3. Primitive land plants - Precambrian flora - Algae, Fungi and Bryophyta.
35
4. Fossil pteridophytes – Rhynia , Lepidodendron, Lepidocarpon . Fossil Gymnosperm -
Lygenopteris.
5. Applied aspects of Palaeobotany - Exploration of fossils – Exploration of fuels.
36
Practical
Bryology 8 hrs
1. Riccia – Habit - Internal structure of thallus – V. S. of thallus through archegonia,
antheridia and sporophyte
2. Marchantia –Habit- thallus T. S., thallus with Archegonial receptacle, Antheridial
receptacle,Male receptacle V .S., Female receptacle e VS., T.S . of thallus through
gemma, Sporophyte V. S.
3. Polytrichum – Habit, V. S. of archegonial cluster, V .S. of antheridial cluster,
Sporophyte V. S.
Pteridology 10 hrs
1. Psilotum: External features stem T .S., synangium T. S.
2. Lycopodium: Habit, stem T. S., stobilus V. S.
3. Selaginella: Habit, rhizophore T. S, stem T. S, axis with strobilus, V .S. of strobilus,
Megasporophyll and microsporophyll.
4. Equisetum - Habit, rhizome and stem T .S. and V. S. of strobilus.
5. Adiantum - Habit, Petiole T. S., sporophyll T. S. , prothallus
6. Marsilea - Habit, Rhizome and petiole T. S., sporocarp T.S, V. S. & R.L .S.
Gymnosperms 8 hrs
1. Cycas – seedling, coralloid root and coralloid root T. S., T. S. of leaflet and petiole,
micro and mega sporophyll, male cone V. S., micro sporophyll T. S. , entire and V.
S. of ovule.
2. Pinus - Branch of indefinite growth, spur shoot, T. S of old stem and needle R .L .S
andT. L. S. of stem, male and female cone, V .S. of male and female cone.
3. Gnetum -: Habit, stem T. S (young and mature), leaf T. S, male and female strobilus,
V. S. of male and female cone, ovule V. S. and seed.
Plaeobotany 4 hrs
1. Fossil pteridophytes – Rhynia Stem, Lepidodendron, Lepidocarpon.
2. Gymnosperm - Lygenopteris
Suggested Reading
1. Andrews H.N. (1967) - Studies on Palaeobotany – C .J. Felix.
2. Arnold C. A (1947) - Introduction to Palaeobotany - McGraw Hill Co. New
Delhi.
3. Chopra RN and P. K. – Biology of Bryophytes - Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi
4. Coutler. J. M. - and Chamberlain C. J. (1958) – Morphology of Gymnosperms -
Central Book Depot , Allahabad
5. Gupta V .K. and Varshneya U. D (1967) – An Introduction to Gymnosperms –
Kedarnath, Ramnath – Meerut.
6. Parihar N .S. – An introduction to Bryophyta - Central Book Depot. Alahabad
7. Smith G.M. (1955) - Cryptogamic Botany – Vol.II – Mc Graw Hill Co. New
Delhi
8. Sporne K. R. (1966) - Morphology of Pteridophytes - Hutchin University
Library , London
9. Sporne K. R. (1967) - Morphology of Gymnosperms - Hutchin University
Library , London
10. Vashista B. R. (1993) - Pteridophyta – S.Chand and co. New Delhi
11. Vashista B. R. (1993) Gymnosperms - S. Chand and co. New Delhi
12. Vasishta B. R. - Bryophyta - S. Chand and Co. New Delhi
37
Semester III
Core Course
AUBB342 Environmental Studies and Phytogeography
Credits 3
Contact Hours 72 (T 54+P 18)
Aim and Objective: Students should acquire a basic understanding about the structure function of the
environment and its interaction with the living systems. It will impart the geographical distribution of
plants and the impact of human intervention in the environment and the delicate balance of various
factors in the environment. It gives an idea about the various types of biodiversity and the influence of
environmental pollution on the biodiversity.
Module I 14 hrs
1. Definition- Scope and relevance to society and human environment. Need for public
awareness
Natural Resources
2. Renewable and non-renewable resources. Natural resources and associated problems.
3. Forest resources: Use and over exploitation. Deforestation, Timber extraction, mining,
dams and their effects on forests and tribal people.
4. Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, Environmental effects of extracting and using
mineral resources.
5. Water resources: Use and over exploitation of surface water and ground water, floods,
drought, conflicts over - water, dams, benefits and problems.
6. Food resources: World food problems, Changes caused by agriculture and over grazing,
effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging and salinity.
7. Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy
sources, use of alternate energy sources.
8. Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, Man induced land slides, soil
erosion and desertification.
9. Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources.
10. Equitable use of resources for sustainable life styles.
11. Ecosystems-Concept of an ecosystem- structure and function of an ecosystem-
12. Biotic and abiotic components- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
13. Ecological succession-Definition & types.
14. Food chains -Food web & ecological Pyramids.
15. Introduction- types, characteristic features, structure and functions of the following
ecosystems.
• A 1. Forest ecosystem 2. Grassland ecosystem 3. Desert ecosystem 4 .Aquatic
ecosystems- Ponds, Streams, Rivers, Oceans, Estuaries.
• B Morphological, anatomical& physiological adaptations of –Hydrophytes,
Xerophytes, Halophytes, Epiphytes, Parasites.
Module II 14 hrs
Biodiversity and its conservation
1. Introduction
2. Definition- genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.
3. Bio-geographical classification of India.
4. Value of bio-diversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and
option values.
5. Biodiversity at global, National and local levels. India as mega-diversity nation.
38
6. Hot-spots of biodiversity. Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wild life,
man-wild life conflicts.
7. Endangered and endemic species of India. Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-
situ conservation of biodiversity. Ecological niche, eco-types & ecological indicators.
Environmental pollution
1. Definition causes, effects and control measures of – 1. Air pollution 2. Water pollution
3. Soil pollution 4. Marine pollution 5. Noise pollution 6. Thermal pollution 7. Nuclear
hazards.
2. Solid waste Management: Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial
wastes.
3. Role of an individual in prevention of pollution. Pollution case studies.
4. Disaster management : Floods, earthquake, cyclone and land slides
Module III 14 hrs

Social issues and the Environment
1. From unsustainable to sustainable development. Urban problems related to energy.
Water conservation, Rain water
2. Harvesting, water shed management. Resettlement and rehabilitation of people: its
problems and concerns.
3. Environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions.
4. Climate change. Global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents
and holocaust.
5. Waste land reclamation. Consumerism and waste products.
6. Environment protection Act. Air [prevention and control of pollution] Act. Water
[prevention and control of pollution] Act. Wildlife Protection Act. Forest conservation
Act. Hill preservation Act.
7. Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation.
8. Public awareness .Forest Management.
9. Brief study of the major forests in India. Influence of forest on environment. Social
forestry.
10. Mangrove vegetation of Kerala
11. Need of protection of mangrove vegetation .National parks &wildlife sanctuaries.
Module IV 6 hrs
Human Population and the Environment.
1. Population growth, variation among nations.
2. Population explosion -Family welfare programme.
3. Environment and human health.
4. Human Rights. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Value of education. HIV/AIDS.
Women and Child Welfare.
5. Role of information technology in Environment and human health.
Module V
Phytogeography 6 hrs
Principles and vegetational types of India-tropical rain forest, sholas and
deciduous forest-sand dunes and mangroves, scrub jungle, phytogeographical regions of India.
39
Practical 18
hrs
1. Visit a local polluted site and documentation of major pollutants.
2. Study of ecological and anatomical modifications of Xerophytes, Hydrophytes,
halophytes, epiphytes and Parasites.
3. Study of plant community by quadrat method.
4. Observation and study of different ecosystems mentioned in the syllabus.
5. Determination of frequency and density constituent of plant species in a terrestrial
community through quadrate and transect (line, belt).
6. Phytogeographical regions of India.
Suggested Reading
1. Ahluwalia VK and Sunitha Malhotra 2009, Environmental science, Ane Books Pvt.
Ltd.
2. Ambasht R.S. – Text book of Plant Ecology, Students and Friends & Co.
Varanashi.
3. Chandoco.S Weaver and Clements – Plant Ecology, McGraw Hill Publications,
New York.
4. Chapman J.L. (2006) Ecology-Principles and Application. Cambridge University
Press India Pvt. Ltd
Courses, Universities Press, University Grants Commission
5. Erach Bharucha – Text book of environmental Studies for undergraduate
6. Kumaresan B. – Plant Ecology & Phytogeography – Rastrogi Pub:
7. Misra SP and Pandey SN, 2009, Essential Environmental studies, Ane Books Pvt.
Ltd.
8. Odum Eugene P – Fundamentals of Ecology, Edn. Philladephia & Saunders, Tokyo,
Toppon.
9. Periasamy, K. – Elements of Plant Ecology, (M.K. Publications).
10. Prithipal Singh 2007- An Introduction to Biodiversity. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd
11. Sharma, P.D. – Elements of Ecology (Rastogi’s Company Ltd., Publications).
12. The Geography of Flowering Plants - Good
13. Vashista P.C – Plant Ecology Edu. Vishali Publications.
14. Verma and Agarwal – Principles of Ecology, S. Chand and Co.
15. Verma, P. S. and V. K. Agrawal. 2004. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular
Biology, Evolution and Ecology. S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.
40
Semester III
AUBB351 Protista and Animal Diversity
Credits 4
Contact Hours 72 (Theory 54+Practical 18)
Aim and Objective: This course is designed in such a way to get a basic insight into the
diversity of animals and its morphological and physiological adaptations suited to their
ecosystems.
Module I
Classification of organisms 2 hrs
Two kingdom system; Three kingdom system; Four kingdom system; Five kingdom
system
Module II
Kingdom Protista 6 hrs
Taxonomic positions, general features and classification.
Salient features of the following phyla with brief note on the examples cited
Phylum Rhizopoda. eg. Entamoeba
Phylum Dinoflagellata eg. Noctiluca
Phylum Parabasalia eg. Trichonympha
Phylum Ciliophora eg. Paramecium
Phylum Apicomplexa eg. Plasmodium (Detailed study of life history and pathogenecity)
Module III
Kingdom Animalia 6 hrs
Salient features
Levels of organization: cellular, tissue, organ and
system Branches: Mesozoa, parazoa and eumetazoa
Eumetazoa: Radiata and bilateria
Bilateria : Protostomia and deuterostomia;
Acoelomata, pseudocoelomata and
eucoelomata; Schizocoela and enterocoela
Body segmentation , metamerism and pseudometamerism
Salient features of the following phyla; Classification up to classes; External features,

adaptations and economic importance of examples cited
Phylum Porifera 2 hr
Class Calcarea eg. Sycon
Class Hexactinellida
Class Demospongiae
Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata) 2 hrs

Class Hydrozoa eg. Obelia (mention alternation of generation)
41
Class Scyphozoa eg. Aurelia
Class Anthozoa eg. Sea anemone
Phylum Platyhelminthes 2 hrs
Class Turbellaria eg. Bipalium
Class Cestoda eg. Taenia solium
Class Trematoda eg. Fasciola
Phylum Nematoda 2 hrs
Class Secernentea (Phasmida) eg. Ascaris and Wuchereria
Class Adenophorea (Aphasmida) eg. Trichinella
Phylum Annelida 2 hrs

Polychaeta
Class Polychaeta eg. Nereis
Clitellata
Class Oligochaeta eg. Earthworm
Class Hirudomorpha eg. Hirudinaria
Phylum Mollusca 4 hrs

Class Aplacophora eg. Neomenia
Class Monoplacophora eg. Neopilina
Class Bivalvia (Pelecypoda or Lamellibranchiata) eg. Pearl oyster
Class Polyplacophora eg. Chiton
Class Gastropoda eg. Pila
Class Cephalopoda eg. Sepia
Class Scaphopoda eg. Dentalium
Phylum Onychophora eg. Peripatus

Phylum Arthropoda 10 hrs
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Class Merostomata eg. Limulus
Class Arachnida eg. Scorpion
Class Pycnogonida
Subphylum Mandibulata
Class Crustacea eg. Prawn (Penaeus)
Class Chilopoda eg. Scolopendra
Class Symphyla eg. Scutigeralla
Class Diplopoda eg. Spirostreptus
Class Pauropoda eg. Pauropus
Class Insecta eg. Cockroach (External characters, mouth parts;
digestive system and nervous system)
Pests of:
(1) Paddy: Leptocorisa acuta and Spodoptera mauritia
(3) Stored foodgrains: Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium
Phylum Echinodermata 4 hrs

Class Asteroidea eg. Star fish
Class Ophiuroidea eg. Brittle star
Class Echinoidea eg. sea urchin
Class Holothuroidea eg. Sea cucumber
Class Crinoidea eg. Sea lily
42
Module III
Phylum Chordata 12 hrs
Salient features of the phylum chordata; Classification upto classes; External features,
adaptations and economic importance of examples cited.
Subphylum Urochordata eg. Ascidia

Subphylum Cephalochordata eg.
Amphioxus Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Agnatha eg.
Petromyzon Superclass Pisces eg.
Scoliodon Superclass Tetrapoda
Class Amphibia: Frog (Rana) -
eg. Ichythyphis, Ambystoma (mention axolotl larva) and
Rhacophorus
Class Reptilia eg. Calotes, Draco,
Snakes: Identification of nonpoisonous and poisonous snakes
Nonpoisonous snakes eg. Lycodon,and Ptyas
Poisonous snakes eg. Naja, Viper, Bungarus and Enhydrina
Class Aves (Birds): Flightless birds. eg. Ostrich

Flying birds eg. Pigeon (morphology and
different types of feathers); Peafowl
Flight adaptations of birds
Class Mammalia
eg. Echidna, kangaroo, Bat, Loris, Whale
Adaptations of aquatic mammals
Practicals 18 Hrs
Identification and assigning the systematic position of the following specimens:
1. Protozoa - any 4.
2. Porifera - any 2.
- study of gemmules.
3. Coelenterata - any 5.
4. Aschelminthes - any 2.
- Ascaris T.S. of male and female.
5. Platyhelminthes - any 4 (adaptations of parasitic forms to be stressed)
6. Annelida - any 4.
7. Minor phyla - any 2.
8. Arthropoda - any 10 (including at least 5 insect pests of paddy/banana plant/stored food
grains and 2 beneficial insects).
9. Mollusca - any 8 (including any 2 beneficial and any 2 harmful species).
10. Echinodermata - any 5 (representing one each from five different classes).
11. Prochordates - Ascidia, Branchiostoma (Amphioxus).
12. Pisces - any 8 (including 2 cartilaginous fishes, 2 fishes with accessory respiratory
organs, 4 common food fishes).
13. Amphibia - any 3 (representing the orders Apoda, Urodela and Anura).
43
14. Reptilia - any 5 (includung at least one poisonous and one non-poisonous snake
of Kerala).
15. Aves - any 3 common birds of Kerala (based on museum specimens or field
observations).
16. Mammalia - any 5 (based on museum specimens or field observations).
Note:
Practical examinations shall give emphasis on systematics of animals. Questions on
taxonomy may be designed so as to assess the student’s knowledge in identification of
organisms and assigning the systematic position down to the prescribed taxa. Students may be
asked to arrange a miscellaneous group of animals into different taxonomic groups in chart
form mentioning the salient features of the groups.
Suggested Readings
1. Ruppert E.E., Fox R and Barnes R.D. (2004) Invertebrate Zoology. Thomson
Books/Cole. USA.
2. Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. A Manual of Zoology. Vol II
3. Jordan, E. L. and Verma, P. S. Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand and Co.
4. Jordan, E. L. and Verma, P. S. Vertebrate Zoology. S. Chand and Co.
5. Kotpal, R. L. (2002) Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates. Rastogi Publishers.
6. Kotpal, R. L. (2002) Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates. Rastogi Publishers.
7. Mayer E. (1980) Principles of Systematic Zoology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.
New Delhi.
8. Vijayakumaran Nair K, J. Jayakumar and P.I. Paul (2007) Protista and Animal
Diversity. Academica.
9. Nayar, K. K. et al. General & Applied Entomology TMH
10. Nigam S. (1978) Invertebrate Zoology. S. Nagin and Co.
11. Hickman C.P. and Roberts L.S. (1994) Animal Diversity. Wm. C. Brown, Dubuque, IA
12. Venugopal Rao et al. (2003) Integrated Insect Pest Management. Agro.
13. The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Macropedia, (1998). Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.,
Chicago.
14. Green N.P.O., et al (2000) Biological Science. Cambridge University Press.
15. Outlines of Zoology- Ekambaranatha Iyer; Chand Publications, New Delhi
16. Brusca R.C. and Brusca G.J. (1990) Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland,MA.
17. Pearse V and Pearse J, Buchsbaum M and Buchsbaum R. (1987) Living
Invertebrates Blackwell Scientific Publications, California.
18. Chandler, A.C. and Read. Parasitology.
19. Dhami, P. S. and Dhami, J. K. Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand and Co.
20. Dhami, P. S. and Dhami, J. K. Vertebrate Zoology. R. Chand and Co.
21. Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. A Manual of Zoology. Vol I
22. Invertebrate Zoology- Chand publications, New Delhi
23. Manual of Zoology – Ekambaranatha Iyer; Chand Publications, New Delhi
24. Vertebrate Zoology - Chand Publications, New Delhi
44
Semester III
AUBB352 Animal Physiology and Anatomy
Credits 3
Contact Hours 54 (T 36 + P 18)
Aim and Objective: This course will give very fundamental and essential information about
the anatomy and functioning of the various types of cell, tissues and organs in selected
model organisms.
Module I 2 hrs
Animal cell, Tissues, organs and organ systems
Module II 3hrs
Nutrition: feeding mechanisms, digestion-types of digestion, basic mechanisms of digestion,
digestive system and its function, Human digestive system
Module III 4 hrs
Respiratory system- Respiration, types of respiration, cellular respiration- oxidation of

glucose, Human respiratory system, pulmonary respiration
Module IV 5 hrs
Circulatory system: Circulation, types of circulation- open and closed circulation,
Human circulatory system, Human Heart, heart beat;
Tissue fluid, Lymphatic system-comparison of blood and lymph
Module V 5 hrs
Reproductive system- reproduction, types of reproduction- asexual, sexual and vegetative
reproduction
Human reproductive system- gametogenesis, spermatogenesis, structure of human sperm,
Oogenesis, Menstrual cycle, Human embryogenesis
Module VI 5 hrs
Excretory system: Excretion and its significance, excretory products of body,
Excretory organs of invertebrates, excretory organs of vertebrates,
Nephrones- structure and function, Kidneys –structure and function, Formation of urine,
Dialysis,
Accessory excretory organs- skin, its structure and function.
Module VII 4 hrs

Bioregulatory system : Glands, Hormones, Endocrine glands and feedback mechanism
Module VIII 5 hrs

Nervous system: Neurons- structure and function, nervous system of invertebrates and
vertebrates, Human Nervous system
Module IX 3 hrs
Skeletal and muscular system- Human skeleton and muscular system
45
Practical 18 hrs
Minor Practicals
1. Nereis - parapodium.
2. Earthworm - body setae.
3. Earthworm - coelomocytes.
4. Cockroach - mouth parts.
6. Cockroach - salivary glands.
7. Prawn - appendages.
8. Fishes - different types of scales (placoid, ctenoid and cycloid scales).
Major practicals
1. Earthworm - nervous system.
2. Cockroach- alimentary canal.
3. Cockroach - nervous system.
4. Prawn - nervous system.
Suggested Readings
1. Arthur C. Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, W.B.Suanders Co.

2. C.C. Chatterjee, Human Physiology Vol. 1 & 2 -; Medical Allied Agency
3. Chandler, A.C. and Read. Parasitology.
4. Dhami, P. S. and Dhami, J. K. Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand and Co.
5. Dhami, P. S. and Dhami, J. K. Vertebrate Zoology. R. Chand and Co.
6. Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. A Manual of Zoology. Vol II
7. Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. A Manual of Zoology. Vol I
8. HT Yost , Cellular physiology, Prentice Hall
9. John B. West, Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, William & Wilkins
10. Jordan, E. L. and Verma, P. S. Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand and Co.
11. Jordan, E. L. and Verma, P. S. Vertebrate Zoology. S. Chand and Co.
12. Kotpal, R. L. (2002) Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates. Rastogi
Publishers.
13. Kotpal, R. L. (2002) Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates. Rastogi Publishers.
14. Mayer E. (1980) Principles of Systematic Zoology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.
New Delhi.
15. Vijayakumaran Nair K, J. Jayakumar and P.I. Paul (2007) Protista and Animal
Diversity. Academica.
16. William S Hoar General and Comparative physiology, Prentice Hall
46
Semester IV
AUBB431 Metabolism
Credits: 2.
Contact Hours: 90 (Theory 54, Practical 36)
Aim and Objective: The course aims at providing an overview of energy production by
explaining the general principles of cellular energy metabolism and schematizing the different
metabolic pathways.
Module I 12 Hours
Metabolism of carbohydrates: Digestion of carbohydrates and absorption (outline study).
Glycolysis- Reactions, fate of pyruvate, regulation of glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis-reaction
pathway, reciprocal regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Cori cycle. Pentose
Phosphate Pathway- reactions, biological significance, regulation of pathway. Glycogen
metabolism-glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, control of glycogen metabolism-allosteric and
hormonal regulation. (Only pathway outlines without structures).
Module II 12 Hours
Metabolism of Lipids: Digestion and absorption of lipids (outline study).Composition and
function of bile acids,enterohepatic circulation(outline study). Scheme of β-oxidation, ATP
yield in β-oxidation (Stearate & Palmitate as examples) and regulation. Basics of ω- and α-
oxidation. Ketone body formation.
Cytoplasmic system of fatty acid biosynthesisand regulation of the pathway. Essential fatty
acids. Synthesis of Triacylglycerols (outlinestudy). Outline study of biosynthesis of cholesterol
and bile acids. Physiological functions ofphospholipids (Structure of intermediates of
metabolic pathway not required).
Module III 8 Hours

Metabolism of Aminoacids and Proteins: Zymogen activation of proteolytic enzymes of GI
tract. Digestion of proteins and absorption of amino acids-role of glutathione cycle. Reactions
involved in the metabolism of amino acids- deamination, transamination and
decarboxylationcoenzymesinvolved in these reactions. Urea cycle.
Module IV 10 Hours
Bioenergetics: Redox reactions, redox potential and free energy, mitochondrial electron
transport chain, coenzymes and prosthetic groups of respiratory chain enzymes- sites of ATP
production, P/O ratio, inhibitors of electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
chemiosmotic hypothesis (outlines only), uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Formation
of ATP- oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation. High energy compounds with structures
(ATP, ADP, Creatine phosphate, 1, 3 bisphosphoglycerate, PEP etc.). Role of high energy
phosphate groups.
Module V 12 Hours
Genetic aspects of Metabolism: DNA structure-nucleosomes, 30nm fibers and radial loops.
Prokaryotic DNA replication-DNA polymerases, replication forks, Okazaki fragments and
accessory proteins. Brief study of structure and types of RNA and their functions. Prokaryotic
47
transcription process. Genetic code-properties of genetic code. Protein biosynthesis in
prokaryotes-synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA, initiation-Shine Dalgarno sequence,
elongationaminoacyl tRNA binding, peptide bond formation, translocation followed by
termination.
36 hrs
Quantitative Analysis of Amino acids and Proteins
Estimation of Tyrosine by Folin-Lowry method.
Estimation of Protein by Biuret method.
Estimation of Protein by Folin-Lowry method.
.Quantitative Analysis of Nucleic Acids
Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method.
Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method
Demonstration experiments
Enzyme Assays
• Urease/Trypsin
• Kinetics of Urease / Trypsin (Effect of pH, substrate Concentration, enzymeconcentration and
temperature)
• Progress curve of Urease/Trypsin
• Digestion of carbohydrates – action of salivary amylase
Suggested Readings
1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 4th Edition by David L. Nelson David L.
Nelson Michael M. Cox Michael M. Cox (Author) , Publisher: W. H. Freeman; Fourth
Edition (April 23, 2004)
2. E.S. West, W.R. Todd, H.S. Mason and J.T. van Bruggen, A Text Book of
Biochemistry, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1974
3. Biochemistry (2004) by Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
4. Principles Of Biochemistry (1995) by Geoffrey L Zubay, William W Parson, Dennis E
Vance Publisher: McGraw-Hill Book Company – Koga
5. Principles Of Biochemistry, 4/e (2006) by Robert Horton H , Laurence A Moran, Gray
Scrimgeour K Publisher: Pearsarson
6. Biochemistry (2008) by Rastogi Publisher: McGraw Hill.
7. Plant Biochemistry by Hans-Walter Heldt Professor Em (3ed 2004) Publisher:
Academic.
8. Text Book of Biochemistry, 5th edition by DM Vasudevan and Sreekumar S, JAYPEE
Publishers, New Delhi.
48
Semester-IV
AUBB43P I Practical Biochemistry
(Practical of AUBB131, AUBB231, AUBB331, & AUBB431)
Credits: 2
Contact Hours: 144 (4 x 36 + 144)
Practical of AUBB131 36 hrs

• Weighing in Chemical balance
• Preparation of solutions -percentage, molar & normal solutions, dilution from stock
solution etc.
• Demonstration of dialysis
• Demonstration of PAGE
• Demonstration of Paper Chromatography
• Demonstration of Thin Layer Chromatography
• Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry techniques
• Verification of Beer Lambert’s law
• Verification of molar extinction coefficient of any known compound
General reactions of Carbohydrates
Qualitative analysis of Carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates-Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Xylose, Sucrose, Maltose, Starch &Dextrin
Tests- Molisch’s test, Anthrone test, Fehling’s test, Benedict’s test, Picric acid test, Barfoed’s
test, Bial’s test, Seliwanoff’s test, Iodinetest. Hydrolysis of Sucrose and Starch, Osazone test.
Quantitative Analysis of carbohydrates
Estimation of glucose by Nelson-Somogyi method
Estimation of reducing sugar by anthrone method.
Estimation of pentose by Orcinol method.
Estimation of ketose by Roe-Papedopaulose method.
Practical of AUBB231 36
hrs
Qualitative analysis of Lipids

Fatty acids: Stearic aci/ Oleic acid.
Tests- Solubility, Translucent spot tests, Test for Unsaturation
Glycerol
Tests- Acrolein test, Borax fusion test, Solubility.
Cholesterol
Tests- Solubility, Salkowski reaction, Liebermann-Burchard reaction
Quantitative Analysis of Lipids
Estimation of Cholesterol by Carr-Drecktor method.
Estimation of Cholesterol by Zak’s method.44
Determination of Acid Value.
Determination of Saponification value.
49
Determination of Iodine number of oil
Practical of AUBB331 ( 36 Hours)

Amino acids and Proteins
Qualitative analysis of Amino acids and Proteins
Amino acids- (any 4 amino acids)
Tests- Solubility, Ninhydrin reaction, Xanthoproteic reaction, Millons test, Morners test,
Glyoxalic acid test, Ehrlich’s test, Nitroprusside test, Lead acetate, Test for Methionine,
Aldehyde test, Sakaguchi reaction, Isatin test
Proteins
Tests-Solubility, Ninhydrin reaction, Xanthoproteic reaction, Folin’s test, Lowry’s test, Biuret
test, Heat denaturation, TCA precipitation, Alcohol precipitation.
Practical of AUBB431( 36 Hours)

Quantitative Analysis of Amino acids and Proteins
Estimation of Tyrosine by Folin-Lowry method.
Estimation of Protein by Biuret method.
Estimation of Protein by Folin-Lowry method.
.Quantitative Analysis of Nucleic Acids
Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method.
Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method
Demonstration experiments
Enzyme Assays
• Urease/Trypsin
• Kinetics of Urease / Trypsin (Effect of pH, substrate Concentration, enzymeconcentration and
temperature)
• Progress curve of Urease/Trypsin
• Digestion of carbohydrates – action of salivary amylase
Suggested Readings
Deshpande (ed), I.K International Pvt. LTD, New Delhi ISBN 81-88237-41-8.
Publishing House, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7319-302-9.
3. Standard Methods of Biochemical Analysis, S. K. Thimmaiah (Ed), Kalyani Publishers,
Ludhiana ISBN 81-7663-067-5.
4. Hawks Physiological Chemistry, Bernard L.Oser (ed).TATA McGRAW Hill
Publishing Company LTD, New Delhi.
5. ES West, WR Todd, HS Mason and JT van Bruggen. A text Book of Biochemistry,
Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1974
50
Semester IV
Core Course
AUBB441 Horticulture, Mushroom Cultivation & Marketing
Credits: 2
Contact hours: 72 (T 54+ P 18)
Aim and Objective: This course will give an idea about the application of biological science
particularly plant science in business generations and self employment. This focuses on the
horticulture, Mushroom cultivation, its marketing and also in forest depended economy and its
impact on society.
Horticulture
Module I 12 hrs
Introduction
Divisions of horticulture, Importance and scope of horticulture., Principles of garden
making, Types of pots and containers, Potting mixture and potting media – soil, sand,
peat, sphagnum moss, vermiculite, Soil types, Soil preparation, Irrigation methods,
Hydroponics Propagation methods- Cuttings, Layering – Air layering, Ground layering
(Tip, Trench and Compound)
Budding – T- budding, Grafting – Approach grafting, Bridge grafting, whip and tongue
grafting. Garden tools and implements
Manures and fertilizers- Farmyard manure, compost, vermicompost and
biofertilizers. Chemical fertilizers – NPK., Time and application of manures and
fertilizers. Foliar sprays
Module II 14 hrs
Components of Garden- Lawns and landscaping, Trees, shrubs and shrubberies, climbers and
creepers, Flower beds and borders, ornamental hedges, edges, Drives, roads, walks and
paths, Carpet beds, topiary, trophy, rockery, Conservatory or green houses
Indoor garden, Roof garden, Bonsai
Flower Arrangement- Containers and requirements for flower arrangements, Free style,
Shallow and Mass arrangement, Japanese – Ikebana, Bouquet and garland making, Dry flower
arrangement Harvesting- Methods, Storage, Marketing of Fruits, vegetables and flowers,
Preservation and processing of fruits and vegetables
Module III 10 hrs

Growth regulators in horticulture- Rooting hormones, Growth promoters, Flower
induction, Parthenocarpy
Plant protection- Common diseases of fruits and vegetable crops, Weedicides,

Fungicides, Pesticides
Practical 18 hrs
• Propagation methods- Layering, Budding and grafting
51
• Flower arrangement
Field Study: Visit to a Botanical garden under the guidance of the teacher is encouraged.
Module IV 10 hrs
Mushroom Cultivation and Marketing
History and introduction: Edible mushrooms and Poisonous mushrooms.
Systematic position, morphology, distribution, structure and life cycle of Agaricus and
Pleurotus. Nutritional value, medicinal value and advantages- types- milky, straw, button and
poisonous mushrooms
Cultivation: Paddy straw mushroom – substrate, spawn making. Methods – bed method,
polythene bag method, field cultivation.
Oyster mushroom cultivation –Substrate, spawning, pre-treatment of substrate. Maintenance of
mushroom.
Cultivation of white button mushroom – Spawn, composting, spawning, harvesting.
Module V 8 hrs
• Diseases- Common pests, disease prevention and control measures.
• Processing - Blanching, steeping, sun drying, canning, pickling, freeze drying.
• Storage – short term and long tem storage.
• Common Indian mushrooms.
• Production level, economic return, Foreign exchange from Mushroom cultivating
countries and international trade.
Field Study: Visit to a mushroom cultivating Laboratory, Collection and Identification of

Mushrooms
Suggested Readings
1. Anil Kumar Dhiman. 2003. Sacred plants and their medicinal uses. Daya publishing
house, New Delhi.
2. Arora J.S 1990, Introductory Ornamental Horticulture, Kalyani Publications
3. Bailey L.H 1901, The Standard Cyclopaedia of Horticulture Volume 1, 2 and 3,
Macmillan Publications.
4. Bose T.K and Mukerjee D 1987, Gardening in India, Oxford Book House
5. Chauhan V.S, Vegetable Production in India, RamPrasad & Sons
6. Gupta P.K. Elements of Biotechnology.
7. Harander Singh. 1991. Mushrooms- The Art of Cultivation- Sterling Publishers.
8. Indian Journal of Mushrooms. Published by I.M.G.A. Mushroom Research Laboratory.
College Agriculture, Solan
9. Kaul T N 2001. Biology and conservation of mushrooms. Oxford and IBH publishing
company N.Delhi
10. Kumar N 1989, lntroduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications
11. Manibhushan Rao K 1991, Text Book of Horticulture, Macmillan Publications
12. Pandey B P 1996. A textbook of fungi. Chand and company N Delhi.
13. Sharma P.D. 2004. Ecology and Environment. Rastogi publications, Meerut
14. Shujnrnoto, 1982, The Essentials of Bonsai, David & Charles, Newton
52
Semester IV
Core Course
AUBB442 Cell Biology, Plant Breeding and Evolutionary Biology
Credits 2
Contact hours: 72 (Theory 54 + Practical 18)
Aim and Objective: This course will provide a basic understanding in cell biology, plant
breeding and evolution, which is needed for a student of biology and can supplement in
understanding and pursuing studies in Biotechnology.
Module-I
Cell biology 30 hrs
1. History and progress of cell biology
1. Ultra structure and functions of the cell components and organelles (A brief account
only)-Cell wall; The cell membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosomes, Golgi
apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuole, Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Nucleus
3. The chromosomes- Chromosome morphology- Eukaryotic chromosomes and its
molecular organization. Chromatin - composition and structure; hetero chromatin and
euchromatin; Chemical organization .Nucleoproteins – histones and non – histones.
Nucleosome model of DNA organization.
4. Special types of chromosomes- Salivary gland, Lamp brush and B chromosomes
5. Variation in Chromosome number (Numerical aberrations)- anueploidy and Euploidy-
haploidy , polyploidy- significance
6. Variation in Chromosome structure (Structural aberrations) - deletion, duplication,
inversion and translocation; significance.
7. Mitosis and Meiosis: Transmission of genetic information - cell cycle : Significance of
mitosis and meiosis
Module - II 14 hrs
Plant breeding
1. Introduction, objectives in plant breeding.
2. Plant introduction. Agencies of plant introduction in India, Procedure of introduction -
Acclimatization - Achievements.
3. Selection - mass selection, pure line selection and clonal selection. Genetic basis of
selection methods.
4. Hybridization: Procedure of hybridization, inter generic, inter specific, inter varietal
hybridization with examples. Composite and synthetic varieties.
5. Heterosis and its exploitation in plant breeding.
6. Mutation breeding – method – achievements in India.
7. Breeding for pest, diseases and stress resistance.
Module - III
Evolutionary Biology 10 hrs
1. Progressive and Retrogressive evolution.
2. Parallel and Convergent evolution.
3. Micro and Macro evolution.
53
4. Theory of Lamarck, Wiesman and De Vries, Darwinism, Neo- Darwinism
5. Isolation, Mutation, Genetic drift, Speciation
6. Variation and Evolution – Hybridization and Evolution – Polyploidy and evolution –
Mutation and evolution.
Practical 18 Hrs
1. Study of Microscopes- different magnification of light microscopes
2. Examination of different types of cells- single celled and multicellular systems
3. Make acetocarmine squash preparation of onion root tip and to identify
different stages of mitosis
4. Determination of Mitotic Index
5. Make squash preparation of the flower buds of any of the following plants.
Rhoeo, Capsicum (To identify Meiosis)
6. Preparation of Karyotype
7. Microscopical examination and assessment of starch granules from potato,
rice, tapioca etc
8. Fixation of specimens for cytological studies, Preparation of cytological stains like
acetocarmine and safranin.
Suggested Readings
nd
1. Aggarwal SK (2009) Foundation Course in Biology, 2 Edition, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd
2. Allard RW (1960) Principles of Plant Breeding. John willey and Sons. Inc. New York
3. BD Singh (2003) Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publishers
4. Cohn, N.S. (1964) Elements of Cytology. Brace and World Inc, New Delhi
5. Darnel, J.Lodish, Hand Baltimore, D. (1991) Cell and molecular biology. Lea and
Fibiger, Washington.
6. De Robertis, E.D.P and Robertis, E.M.P (1991) Cell and molecular biology Scientific
American books.
7. Dobzhansky, B (1961) Genetic and origin of species, Columbia university Press New
York
8. Durbin (2007) Biological Sequence Analysis. Cambridge University Press India Pvt.
Ltd
9. Gerald Karp (1985) Cell biology, Mc Graw Hill company..
10. Lewin, B, (1994) Genes, Oxford University Press, New York.
11. Lewis, W.H (1980) Polyploidy. Plenum Press, New York.
12. Nicholl T (2007) An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Cambridge University Press
India Pvt. Ltd
13. Roy S.C. and Kalayan kumar De (1997) Cell biology. New central Boos Calcutta
14. Sandhya mitra,(1998)Elements of molecular biology. Macmillan, India Ltd.
15. Sharma JR (1994) Principles and Practices of Plant Breeding. Tata McGraw-Hill Pub.
Co. New Delhi
16. Sharma, A.K and Sharma a (1980) Chromosome technique Theory and practice, Aditya
Books, New York
17. Swanson, C.P (1957) Cytology and Genetics. Englewood cliffs, NewYork.
18. Taylor (2008) Biological Sciences. Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd
19. Twymann, R.M. (1998) Advanced molecular biology Viva books New Delhi.
20. Veer Bala Rastogi (2008), Fundamentals of Molecular Biology Ane Books Pvt. Ltd
54
Semester IV
Core Course
AUBB44P II Practical Botany II
(Practical of AUBB341, AUBB342,AUBB441 & AUBB442) 30hrs
30 Hrs
Bryology 8hrs
1. Riccia – Habit - Internal structure of thallus – V. S. of thallus through archegonia,
antheridia and sporophyte
2. Marchantia –Habit- thallus T. S., thallus with Archegonial receptacle, Antheridial
receptacle,Male receptacle V .S., Female receptacle e VS., T.S . of thallus through
gemma, Sporophyte V. S .
3. Polytrichum – Habit, V. S. of archegonial cluster, V .S. of antheridial cluster,
Sporophyte V. S.
Pteridology 10 hrs
1. Psilotum : External features , stem T .S . , synangium T. S .
2. Lycopodium : Habit, stem T. S. , stobilus V. S.
3. Selaginella : Habit , rhizophore T. S , stem T . S, axis with strobilus, V .S. of strobilus,
Megasporophyll and microsporophyll.
4. Equisetum - Habit, rhizome and stem T .S. and V. S. of strobilus.
5. Adiantum - Habit, Petiole T. S., sporophyll T. S. , prothallus
6. Marsilea - Habit, Rhizome and petiole T. S., sporocarp T.S, V. S. & R.L .S.
Gymnosperms
Practical 8 hrs
1 Cycas – seedling, coralloid root and coralloid root T. S., T. S. of leaflet and petiole, micro
and mega sporophyll, male cone V. S., micro sporophyll T. S. , entire and V. S. of ovule.
2. Pinus - Branch of indefinite growth, spur shoot, T. S of old stem and needle R .L .S
andT. L. S. of stem, male and female cone, V .S. of male and female cone.
3. Gnetum -: Habit, stem T. S (young and mature), leaf T. S, male and female strobilus, V.
S. of male and female cone, ovule V. S. and seed
Plaeobotany 4 hrs
1. Fossil pteridophytes – Rhynia Stem, Lepidodendron, Lepidocarpon.
2. Gymnosperm - Lygenopteris
Environmental Studies and Phytogeography 18 hrs
1. Visit a local polluted site and documentation of major pollutants.
2. Study of ecological and anatomical modifications of Xerophytes, Hydrophytes,
halophytes, epiphytes and Parasites.
2. Study of plant community by quadrat method.
3. Observation and study of different ecosystems mentioned in the syllabus.
4. Determination of frequency and density constituent of plant species in a terrestrial
community through quadrate and transect (line, belt).
5. Phytogeographical regions of India.
55
Horticulture, Mushroom Cultivation & Marketing 18 hrs
1. Familiarization and use of tools in Horticulture

2. Practice of Horticultural methods –
3. Cuttings , Layering – Air layering, Ground layering
4. Budding – T- budding, Grafting – Approach grafting, Bridge grafting, whip and tongue
grafting. , Garden tools and implements
5. Preparation of Farmyard manure, compost, vermicompost and biofertilizers.
6. Flower arrangement
7. Study of the Common Indian mushrooms- Agaricus and Pleurotus
8. methods of cultivation of selected edible mushrooms using paddy straw as substrate
Field Study: Visit to a Botanical garden under the guidance of the teacher is encouraged.
Field Study: Visit to a mushroom cultivating Laboratory
Cell Biology, Plant Breeding and Evolutionary Biology 18 Hrs
1. Study of Microscopes- different magnification of light microscopes

2. Examination of different types of cells- single celled and multicellular systems
3. Make acetocarmine squash preparation of onion root tip and to identify
different stages of mitosis
4. Determination of Mitotic Index
5. Make squash preparation of the flower buds of any of the following plants.
Rhoeo, Capsicum (To identify Meiosis)
6. Preparation of Karyotype
7. Microscopical examination and assessment of starch granules from potato,
rice, tapioca etc
8. Fixation of specimens for cytological studies, Preparation of cytological stains like
acetocarmine and safranin.
56
Semester IV
AUBB451 Molecular Biology
Credits 3
Total contact hours 72 (Theory 54 + Practical 18)
Aim and Objective: Molecular biology is basis of modern biology and biotechnology. This
course imparts a very essential foundation for the proper understanding of life at molecular
level, which is essential for further studies related to genetic engineering, immunology and
other modern applied aspects of biology.
Module I 8 hrs
Introduction
History and significant discoveries in molecular biology,
Molecular basis of life, Experiments demonstrating DNA as the genetic material,
Structure of DNA, replication of DNA – both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, enzymes of DNA
replication
Module II 8 hrs
Genes
Structure of prokaryotic gene: operon, organization of operon, prokaryotic mRNA and its
translation, polysomes.
Eukaryotic genes: structure of a gene, reading frame, and regulatory sequences, promoters and
enhancers
Module III 12 hrs

Gene expression:
Transcription- transcription products, types of RNA-mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and small nuclear
RNA (snRNA);
Eukaryotic transcription, post-transcriptional modification of mRNA,
Translation- translation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA, different stages of protein
synthesis,
Genetic code: properties of genetic code, codon assignment, start codon and termination
codons
Module IV 12 hrs
Gene regulation: prokaryotic gene regulation, regulation of operon, (lac, his and trp operon),
catabolic repression;
Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression, level of control of gene expression, transcriptional
factors, regulation of RNA processing, mRNA translation, mRNA degradation and protein
degradation control, post translational modification of proteins.
RNA silensing
Module V 8 hrs
Eukaryotic chromosomes - molecular organization, nucleosomes, Insertional elements and
57
transposons, different types of transposons.
Module VI 6 hrs
Cytoplasmic genome – mitochondrial DNA-structure and important genes chloroplast DNA –
structure, important genes and its expression.
Practical 18 hrs
Experiments for Molecular biology

1. Instruments and equipments used in molecular biology and rDNA techniques.
2. Isolation of Genomic DNA
3. Examination of the purity of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis.
4. Quantification of DNA by UV-spectrophotometer
5. Isolation and purification of plasmid DNA
6. Agarose gel analysis of plasmid DNA
7. Restriction digestion of plasmid DNA
Suggested Readings
1. Applied Molecular genetics – R L Miesfeld; Wiley.Liss , New Delhi.
2. Basic Biotechnology- A. J. Nair, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi
3. Essential molecular Biology- A practical Approach, T A Brown; Oxford, New York
4. Gene VIII- Benjamin Lewin; Offord University Press.
6. Introduction to Molecular biology- P. Paolella; Mc Graw Hill, New York
7. Molecular Biology of the gene – Watson, Baker, Bell Gann, Lewinw, Losick;
Pearson Education Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi
8. Molecular cell biology H S Bhamrah; Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
9. PCR 3 - Practical Approach – C. Simon Hearington & John J O’Leary; Oxford,
New York
10. Principles of Gene manipulation- R.W.Old & S.B. Primrose; Blackwell Scientific
Publications
58
Semester IV
Core Course
AUBB452 Immunology
Credits-2
Contact hours 54 (Theory 36+ Practical 18)
Aim and Objective: To give a basic training to the students of Biotechnology on immune
system, immunology and immunology related techniques. Training in this course will create an
interest in immunology and is essential for further studies in Biotechnology.
Module I 3 hrs
The Human Immune System: Organs and cells of immune system
Module II 6 hrs
Historical perspective of immunology:
Immune system and immunity, innate and specific or acquired immunity,
Immune system- organs, tissues and cells involved in immunity, Humoral immunity and cell
mediated immunity, antigens, antibodies, immunogens, haptens.
Module III 6 hrs

Immunoglobulins:
Antibody structure in relation to function and antigen binding: types of antibodies and their
structures: isotypes, allotypes and idiotypes.
Module IV 7 hrs
Measurment of antigen
Antibody-antigen interaction, antigen-antibody reactions, agglutination, immuno-diffusion,

immuno-electrophoresis, ELISA, RIA, production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies,
hybridoma technology,
Module V
Immunoglobulin gene 6 hrs
Genetic basis of antibody diversity; effect of T cell functions
Immunity to infections of diseases: vaccines - attenuated and recombinant vaccines,
vaccination.
Module VI 4 hrs
Antibodies in targeting therapeutic agents- therapeutic antibodies
Module VII 4 hrs

Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; Myasthenia gravis;
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Pernicious anemia,
Experiments for Immunology Practical 18 hrs

1. Immune cells –observation by staining and cell counting
59
2. Separation of immune cells from lymphoid organs of lab animals / blood.
3. Blood grouping –Determination of blood groups
4. Agglutination tests and immunological precipitation
5. Neutralization and complement fixation reaction
6. Demonstration of Radio immunoassay and ELISA
7. Demonstration of Immuno-electrophoresis
Suggested Readings
1. An Introduction to Immunology – C V Rao, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
2. Basics of Biotechnology- A J Nair; Laxmi Publications, New Delhi
3. Immunology – Joshi, Osama; AgroBotanica, New Delhi
4. Immunology – R A Goldsby, T J Kindt, B A Osborne, Janis Kuby; W H Freeman &
Company, New York
5. Instant Notes in Immunology – P M Abbas, A H Lichtman, M W Fanger; Viva
Books Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi.
7. Principle Cellular and Molecular Immunology- Jonathan M Austyn 7 Kathryn J
Wood; Oxford, New York
60
Semester IV
AUBB45PII Biotechniques II
(Practical ofAU BB351, AUBB352, AUBB451 & AUBB452)
Credits: 2
Contact Hrs: 72
(Practical Hours of the above courses)
Protista and Animal Diversity 18 hrs
Identification and assigning the systematic position of the following specimens:

1. Protozoa - any 4.
2. Porifera - any 2.
- study of gemmules.
3. Coelenterata - any 5.
4. Aschelminthes - any 2.
- Ascaris T.S. of male and female.
5. Platyhelminthes - any 4 (adaptations of parasitic forms to be stressed)
6. Annelida - any 4.
7. Minor phyla - any 2.
8. Arthropoda - any 10 (including at least 5 insect pests of paddy/banana plant/stored food
grains and 2 beneficial insects).
9. Mollusca - any 8 (including any 2 beneficial and any 2 harmful species).
10. Echinodermata - any 5 (representing one each from five different classes).
11. Prochordates - Ascidia, Branchiostoma (Amphioxus).
12. Pisces - any 8 (including 2 cartilaginous fishes, 2 fishes with accessory respiratory
organs, 4 common food fishes).
13. Amphibia - any 3 (representing the orders Apoda, Urodela and Anura).
14. Reptilia - any 5 (includung at least one poisonous and one non-poisonous snake
of Kerala).
15. Aves - any 3 common birds of Kerala (based on museum specimens or field
observations).
16. Mammalia - any 5 (based on museum specimens or field observations).
Note:
Practical examinations shall give emphasis on systematics of animals. Questions on
taxonomy may be designed so as to assess the student’s knowledge in identification of
organisms and assigning the systematic position down to the prescribed taxa. Students may be
asked to arrange a miscellaneous group of animals into different taxonomic groups in chart
form mentioning the salient features of the groups.
61
Practical ofAU BB352
Animal Physiology and Anatomy 18 hrs
Minor Practicals
1. Nereis - parapodium.
2. Earthworm - body setae.
3. Earthworm - coelomocytes.
4. Cockroach - mouth parts.
6. Cockroach - salivary glands.
7. Prawn - appendages.
8. Fishes - different types of scales (placoid, ctenoid and cycloid scales).
Major practicals
1. Earthworm - nervous system.

2. Cockroach- alimentary canal.
3. Cockroach - nervous system.
4. Prawn - nervous system.
Experiments for Molecular biology Practical 18 Hrs
1. Instruments and equipments used in molecular biology and rDNA techniques.
2. Isolation of Genomic DNA
3. Examination of the purity of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis.
4. Quantification of DNA by UV-spectrophotometer
5. Isolation and purification of plasmid DNA
6. Agarose gel analysis of plasmid DNA
7. Restriction digestion of plasmid DNA
Experiments for Immunology Practical 18 hrs
1. Immune cells –observation by staining and cell counting
2. Separation of immune cells from lymphoid organs of lab animals / blood.
3. Blood grouping –Determination of blood groups
4. Agglutination tests and immunological precipitation
5. Neutralization and complement fixation reaction
6. Demonstration of Radio immunoassay and ELISA
7. Demonstration of Immuno-electrophoresis
62
Semester V
Core Course
AUBB541 Angiosperm Morphology and Systematic Botany
Credit 3
Contact hours: 108 (Theory 62 = Practical 40)
Aim and Objective: The course is designed to give a basic awareness in systematic botany
and morphology of higher plants and the course should generate interest in students to pursue
continuous studies in systematic botany.
Module I
Morphology 10 hrs
Brief account on the various types of inflorescence including special types (Cyathium,
Verticillaster, Hypanthodium, Coenanthium and Thyrsus) with examples; floral morphology-
Flower-as a modified shoot, Flower parts, their arrangements, relative position, numeric- plan,
cohesion, adhesion, symmetry of flower, aestivation types, placentation types; floral diagram
and floral formula
Fruit types: simple, aggregate and multiple. Seeds: albuminous and exalbuminous .
Module -II 6 hrs

Systematic Botany
Definition, scope and significance of Taxonomy, Fossil Angiosperms. Historical development
of the systems of classification:
1. Artificial- Linnaeus sexual system
2. Natural - Bentham and Hooker (detailed account)
3 Phylogenetic- Engler and Prantl (Brief account only)
Module -III 6 hrs

Basic rules of Binomial Nomenclature and International Code of Botanical nomenclature
(ICBN). Importance of Herbarium, Herbarium techniques and Botanical gardens. A brief
account on the modem trends in taxonomy; Chemotaxonomy, Numerical Taxonomy,
Cytotaxonomy and Molecular taxonomy
Module -IV 40 hrs

A study of the following families with emphasis on the morphological peculiarities and
economic importance of its members (based on Bentham & Hooker’s system)
1 Annonaceae 9 Apiaceae 16 Acanthaceae 23 Poaceae

2 Nymphaeaceae 10 Rubiaceae 17 Verbenaceae
3 Malvaceae 11 Asteraceae 18 Amaranthaceae
4 Rutaceae 12 Sapotaceae 19 Euphorbiaceae
5 Anacardiaceae 13 Apocynaceae 20 Orchidaceae
6 Leguminosae 14 Asclepiadiaceae 21 Liliaceae
7 Myrtaceae 15 Solanaceae 22 Arecaceae
8 Cucurbitaceae
63
Practical 46 hrs
1. Study on various types of inflorescences with vivid record of practical work.

2. Students must be able to identify the angiosperm members included in the syllabus up
to the level of families.
3. Draw labeled diagram of the habit, floral parts, L S of flower, T S of ovary, floral
diagram, floral formula and describe the salient features of the member in technical
terms
4. Students must submit practical records, Herbarium sheets (25 Nos:) and Field book at
the time of practical examination.
5. Field trips are to be conducted for three days either as continuous or one day trips.
Suggested Readings
1. Davis, P.11. and Haywood, V.H, 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver
and Royd, London.
2. Heywood, V.H. and Moore D.M. 1984. Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy.
Academic Press, London.
3. Jeffrey, C. 1982. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge London.
4. Jones, S.B. Jr. and Luchsinger, A.E. 1986. Plant Systematics (2nd edition). McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York.
5. Kapoor LD, 2001 Hand Book of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, CRC Press New York,
Ane Books Pvt. Ltd
6. Lawrence. G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Macmillan, New York.
7. Naik, V.N. 1984. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw Hill, New York.
st
8. Nordenstam. B.., El-Gazaly, G. and Kassas. M. 2000. Plant Systematics for 21
Century
9. Pandey SN and Misra SP, 2008 Taxonomy of Angiospenus; Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.
10. Radford. A.E.1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics Harper and Row, New York.
11. Singh. G. 1999. Plant Systematics: Theory and practice Oxford & IBH Pvt, Ltd. New
Delhi.
12. Sivarajan,V.V. Introduction to the principle of plant taxonomy, Oxford and IBH
Publishing Company
13. Stace. C.A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. 2nd ed. Edward
Arnold,London.
14. Verma V, 2009 Text Book of Economic Botany; Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.
15. Woodland. D.E. 1991. Contemporary Plant Systematics. Prentice Hall, NewJersay.
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Semester V
Core Course
AUBB542 Economic Botany, Ethnobotany & Medicinal Botany
Credit 2
Contact hours 108 (Theory 72 + Practical 36)
Aim and Objective: This gives awareness about the importance of Medicinal plants and its
useful parts, economically important plants in our daily life and also about the traditional
medicines and herbs, and its relevance in modern times.
Module I 5 hrs
Economic botany
1. Study of the major crops in Kerala with special reference to their Methods of
cultivation, Botanical description, morphology of the useful part and economic
importance – Coconut and Paddy.
2. A brief account on the utility of the following plants, specifying the Binomial, family
and morphology of the useful parts. 25 hrs
Fruits & Vegetables- Banana, Jackfruit, Pineapple, citrus, Apple, Cashew, Watermelon,
Tomato, Brinjal, Common bean, Sword bean, Pumpkin, Cucumber, Snake gourd, Bitter gourd,
Ash gourd, Bottle gourd.
Cereals and millets - Wheat and Ragi

Pulses - Black gram and Bengal gram
Sugar yielding Plants –Sugar cane
Spices - Pepper and Cardamom
Beverages -Coffee
Fibre yielding plant - Cotton
Dye Yielding plants - Henna and Bixa orellana
Resins - Asafoetida
Tuber crops - Tapioca
Oil yielding Plants - Sesame and Coconut
Insecticides - Neem
Module II
Ethnobotany 20 hrs
1. Definition — importance, scope, categories and significance.

2. Study of various methods to collect Ethno botanical data.
3. Plant parts used by tribes in their daily life as food, clothing, shelter, agriculture and
medicine.
4. Study of common plants used by tribes. Aegle marmelos, Ficus religiosa,
Cynadon dactylon, Ocimum sanctum and Trichopus zeylanicus
5. Ethnobotanic aspect of conservation and management of plant resources
6. Preservation of primeval forests in the form of sacred groves of individual species
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Module III 15hrs
Medicinal botany
1. Importance and the need for its conservation- Sacred groves. Role of
ICAR,IMPB,BSI, NBGRI in conservation and cultivation of medicinal plants
2. A general account of the methodology of cultivation of medicinal plants-
Rhizome-Curcuma and Gingiber; Bulb-Allium cepa and A. sativa; Root-
Asparagus, Hemidesmis , Acorus calamus; Adhatoda vasica, Ctharanthus
roseus, Phyllanthus amarus, Andrographis paniculata; Leaves-Aloe vera,
Centella asiatica Asoka (Saraca indica) and Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri)
Aswagandha (Withania somnifera), Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina)
3. Production of herbal drugs. Extraction procedure-Adulteration of drugs
Module IV 7 hrs
1. Definition and scope of Pharmacognosy –Ancient and modern medicines -Sidha,
Ayurveda, Unani , Acupuncture, Homoeopathy and Allopathy
2. Sources of crude drugs – roots, rhizome, bulb, corm, leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and
seeds
Practical 36 hrs
1. Collection and study of economically important plants and morphology of the

useful parts.
2. Identify the economic products obtained from the plants mentioned under
Economic Botany
3. Visit a tribal area and collect information on their traditional method of treatment using
crude drugs.
4. Familiarize with at least 5 folk medicines and study the cultivation, extraction and its
medicinal application.
5. Observe the plants of ethno botanical importance in your area
6. Visit to an Ayurveda college or Ayurvedic
Suggested Readings
1. Verma V, 2009 Text Book of Economic Botany; Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.
2. Kapoor LD, 2001 Hand Book of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, CRC Press New York,
3. Davis, P.11. and Haywood, V.H, 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy,Oliver
and Royd, London.
4. K. Jain. Glimpses of Ethnobotany. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.
5. S.K. Jain, 1987. A Manual of Ethno botany. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur
6. T.E Walles. Text book of Pharmacognosy,
7. Rajiv K Sinha. Ethnobotany.
66
Semester V
AUBB551 Recombinant DNA Technology
Credits-4
Contact hours 72 (Theory 54+ Practical 18)
Module I
Introduction to gene cloning and its applications, Tools of recombinant DNA technology-
Restriction endonucleases, classification and general characteristics of endonucleases; DNA
ligase, alkaline phosphatase; and other enzymes involved in rDNA technology
Module11
Vectors, the vehicle for cloning: special features needed for a vector, Various types of cloning
vectors- plasmid cloning vectors- pBR322, Expression vectors, the pUC series, Bacteriophage
cloning vectors -phage λ cloning vectors, M13 based vectors, Phagmids and Cosmid vectors,
Artificaial Chromosomes:
Yeast Artificial vectors (YACs), Bacterial artificial Vectors (BACs), Application for YAC and
BAC,- genome sequencing Shuttle vectors for animals and plants, mammalian vectors;
Module 111
Construction of recombinant DNA, host cells, competent cells, bacterial transformation,
screening methods of transformed cells,
DNA libraries: genomic libraries and cDNA libraries, Application of genomic libraries and
cDNA libraries, Various methods of genetic transformation in eukaryotes- Direct gene transfer
and vector mediated gene transfer.
Module IV 14 hrs
Molecular hybridization techniques for genome analysis Genome analysis: RFLP, AFLP,
RAPD, Southern hybridization
PCR: Principle and applications, RT-PCR, Real Time PCR.
Nucleic acid sequencing: Principle and applications, Genome sequencing methods, Human
genome project– a brief account.
Gene expression analysis – Northern hybridization and microarrays.
Module V 2hrs
Biosafety and ethics in genetic engineering
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Practical 18 Hrs
Experiments for Practical of rDNA Technology
1. Preparation of the reagents for rDNA experiments

2. Purification of Plasmid from bacterial Cultures.
3. Electrophoresis and evaluation of plasmid DNA-pUC 18 / pBR 322
4. Estimation of plasmid DNA by UV-VIS spectrophotometer
5. Restriction Digestion of pUC 18 and analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis
6. Transformation of E. coli with pUC 18 and selection of ampicillin resistant clones
7. Extraction and purification of Genomic DNA
Suggested Readings
1. Animal cell culture- John R W Master; Oxford University Press

2. Cuture of animal cells – A manual of basic technique, R Ian Freshney; Wiley-Liss
Publication, New York.
3. Basics of Biotechnology- A. J. Nair; Laxmi Publications, New Delhi.
4. Introduction to Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Jones & Bartlett
Publishers, Boston.
5. Modern concept of Biotechnology- H D Kumar; Vikas Publishing House, Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Introduction to Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology- Nair, A. J., Jones &
Bartlett Publishers, Boston,USA
7. Biotechnology – B D SinghKalyani Publishers, New Delhi
68
Semester V
AUBB552 Plant Biotechnology
Credits 3
Contact hours 72 (T 54+P 18)
Aim: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge in the applied aspects of plant
biotechnology for the improvement of agriculture and plant based industries. It will give an
outline of plant tissue culture cell culture and plant genetic transformation methods, which
will help the students to pursue further studies in this aspects.
Module I 8 hrs
Fundamental principles of in vitro plant cultures: use of plant growth regulators,
composition of tissue culture media- media components and its functions.
Sterilization Methods - Steam sterilization, Dry sterilization, Filter sterilization,
surface sterilization of explants
Module II 8 hrs
Types of in vitro cultures
Callus cultures, cell suspension cultures, organ cultures- root cultures, hairy root
cultures, embryo cultures, anther culture;
Module III 10 hrs

Application of in vitro cultures
embryogenesis and organogenesis a brief understanding, clonal multiplication and

micropropagation- meristem culture, axillary bud and shoot tip culture, anther and
pollen culture- production of haploids and its uses;
Plant secondary metabolites production through cell, tissue and organs cultures,
Advantages and disadvantages of in vitro methods
Module IV 6 hrs
Somaclonal variation
Possible reasons of Somaclonal variations, applications of Somaclonal variations in

agriculture and Horticulture, merits and demerits of Somaclonal variation
Module V 6 hrs
Protoplast culture
Protoplast- isolation and culturing of protoplast- principle and application, regeneration

of protoplasts, protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization- selection of hybrid cells.
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Module VI 8 hrs
Genetic engineering of plants
Methods of gene transfer in plants –Physical, chemical and biological methods
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, tumor formation in plants by A. tumefaciens, application of

A. tumefaciens in plant genetic engineering, Virus mediated gene transfer in plants.
Module VII 8 hrs

Transgenic plants
Transgenic crops, Impact of transgenic plants in agriculture and Horticulture, Non

Agricultural applications of transgenic plants- Biopharming- production of therapeutic
proteins in transgenic plants, edible vaccines, disease resistant, salt tolerant, pest resistant and
stress tolerant crop and medicinal plants;,
Metabolic engineering of plants for enhanced and controlled production of plant products.
Practical 18 Hrs
Experiments for Plant Biotechnology Practical

1. Preparation of plant tissue culture medium, and sterilization, Preparation of stock
solutions of nutrients for MS Media.
2. Preparation of M S Media
3. Surface sterilization of plant materials for inoculation (implantation in the medium)
4. Development of callus cultures and its sub-culturing
5. Organogenesis- shoot regeneration, root regeneration, somatic embryogenesis
6. Micropropagation of potato/tomato/ - Demonstration
7. Familiarization of instruments and special equipments used in the plant tissue
culture experiments- Laminar Airflow chamber,
8. Protoplast isolation and culturing – Demonstration
Suggested readings
1. An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture – M K Raxdan; Oxfird & IBH Publishing
Co.Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
3. Biotechnology-Fundamentals and Application- S S Purohit and S K Mathur;
Agrobotanica, India.
5. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology- H S Chawla; Oxford & IBH publishing
Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Modern concept of Biotechnology- H D Kumar; Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
70
7. Plant biotechnology, Recent Advances- P C Trivedi; Panima Publishing Corporation,
New Delhi.
8. Plant vell, Tissue and Organ Culture- Fundamental Methods, O L Gamborg, G C
Philips; Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
9. Role of Biotechnology in Medicinal and aromatic plants- Irfan A Khan and
Atiya Khanum ; Ukaaz Publications, Hyderabad.
71
Semester V
AUBB553 Animal Biotechnology
Credits 3
Contact hours 54 (Theory 36+Practical 18)
Aim and Objective: To introduce the subject of animal biotechnology and its applications to
the students in an attractive and simple manner
Module I 6 hrs
Animal cell culture
History, animal organ, tissue and cell culture, animal cell culture techniques,
Primary cell cultures and secondary cell cultures, immortalized cell cultures, cell
lines, Media – media components and physical parameters,
Instruments and equipments needed for animal cell cultures, uses of animal cell cultures.
Module II 12 hrs
Application of Animal Cell Cultures
Characterization of cell lines,
Products of animal cell cultures- hormones (insulin, growth hormones), interferon,
t-plasminogen activator, factorVIII, Factor IX and virus cultivation;
Expression of cloned proteins in animal cells, production of vaccines in animal
cells, production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies-hybridoma technology
Module III 8 hrs

Scale up of animal cell cultures
Special bioreactors for large-scale cultivation of animal cells, anchor depended cells and
suspension cultures,
Roller bottles and spinner flasks
Module IV 10 hrs
Stem cell technology

Stem cell culture and its clinical uses, types of stem cells; gene therapy and tissue grafting;
Growth factors promoting proliferation of animal cell cultures
Preservation and maintenance of animal cell cultures- cryopreservation and transport of
animal cell cultures;
Transgenic animals and its practical uses,
Bioethics in animal cell culture, stem cell technology and transgenic animals
72
Practical 18 hrs
Experiments for Practical in Animal Biotechnology
1. Familiarization of methods, equipments and techniques of animal cell culture
2. Isolation of lymphocytes from blood
3. Cell viability assay by die exclusion method and cell counting
4. MTT assay of cells Evans blue assay of pollen grains or blood cells
5. Demonstration of ELISA technique
6. Protein purification by ion exchange chromatography from serum
Suggested Readings
1. Biotechnology-Fundamentals and Application- S S Purohit and S K Mathur;
Agrobotanica, India.
4. Culture of animal cells – A manual of basic technique, R Ian Freshney; Wiley- Liss
6. Modern concept of Biotechnology- H D Kumar; Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
73
Semester V
Open Course (vocational)
Credit 2
Contact hours: 36
Aim and Objective: This course is for biotechnology students, who are interested to know
about the methods and application of computers and bioinformatics and its contribution in the
various fields of biotechnology.
Module I:
Computers - Types of computers- Characteristic of hardware and software. Bio-chips,

computer network sending and receiving e-mail, Internet- browsing – searching biological
articles information in internet.
Introduction to Bioinformatics –Bioinformatics- definition History and evolution of
bioinformatics, Impact of bioinformatics in modern biology, Databases- various types of
databases, Biological Databases- Importance of databases in biotechnology
Module II:
Impact of bioinformatics in modern biology, uses of databases in biology – Analysis of

proteins and nucleic acid sequences – molecular modelling.
Databases- various types of databases, Biological Databases- Importance of databases in

biotechnology, NCBI, Gene bank, PubMed. etc.
Module III:
Tools (software) in Bioinformatics. Tools for sequence alignments- BLAST and Fasta.
Module IV
Genomics and Proteomics-Definitions, Application of Proteomics and genomics in
Biotechnology.
Suggested Readings
1. Introduction to Bioinformatics – V. Kothekar, Druv Publication
Publishers, Boston, USA.
3. Bioinformatics- Genomics and Post-genomics, Frederich Dardel & Francois Kepes; John
Wiley & Sons.
4.Biotechnology V. Kumaresan, Saras publication
5. A text book of biotechnology, R. C. Dubey, S. Chand Publications, New Delhi
74
Semester V
Open Course (vocational)
AUBB581.b Food & Dairy Biotechnology
Credit 2
Contact hours: 36
Aim and Objective: This course is for Biotechnology as well as non biotechnology students.
Students from other disciplines are also can undergo this course to get basic knowledge in the
application of Biotechnology in food processing, food spoilage, food preservation and dairy
industry.
Module I 8hrs
Microbes of fermented food- wheat and rice flour, Meat and fish, Breads and bakery products,
beverages-wine, beer
Microbiological contamination of foods- indicator organisms, cultural techniques, direct
methods, etc.
Module II 10hrs
Food spoilage
Module Microbes involved in food spoilage- Spoilage of Canned foods Meat and dairy
products.
Conditions of food spoilage- pH, physical structure, chemical composition, oxygen and
temperature
Chemistry of food spoilage-microbial toxins and food poisoning
Food borne diseases and its prevention
Module III 8hrs
Food Preservation- methods of food preservation, Physical & Chemical Methods, Osmotic
pressure – preserving foods in sugar and salt, chemical preservatives, Radiation as a
preservation methods
Module IV 10hrs
Microbes of Dairy industry- Dairy products, Industrial production of cheese, probiotics and
nutrition.
Microorganisms as food – fermented food, microalgae- Single cell protein, Edible amshrooms,
Textbooks
1. Food Microbiology- MR Adams and Moss
2. Food Processing- Biotechnological applications Marwah &Arora
3. Food Microbiology-William C Frazer
4. Industrial microbiology -LE Casida
75
Open course (Vocational)
AUBB581.c Genetic Engineering
Credit 2
Contact hours: 36
Aim and Objective: This course id for non biology or non biotechnology students, who are
interested to know about the methods and application of genetic engineering and its contribution
in the various fields of biotechnology.
Module I
Introduction to gene cloning and its applications,
Tools of recombinant DNA technology-
Restriction endonucleases, classification and general characteristics of endonucleases;
Other enzymes used in the recombinant DNA technique- DNA ligase, alkaline phosphatase;
Module II
Vectors, the vehicle for cloning: special features needed for a vector,
Various types of cloning vectors- plasmid cloning vectors- pBR322,
Expression vectors, the pUC series,
Module III
Construction of recombinant DNA, host cells, competent cells, bacterial transformation,
screening methods of transformed cells,
DNA libraries: genomic libraries and cDNA libraries. Application of genomic libraries and
cDNA libraries.
Module IV
PCR: Principle and applications
Nucleic acid sequencing: Principle and applications, Genome sequencing methods, Human
genome project– a brief account.
Suggested Reading
2. Cuture of animal cells – A manual of basic technique, R Ian Freshney; Wiley- Liss
4. Introduction to Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Boston.
5. Modern concept of Biotechnology- H D Kumar; Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
6. Introduction to Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology- Nair, A. J., Jones & Bartlett
7. Biotechnology – B D SinghKalyani Publishers, New Delhi
76
Semester VI
Core Course
AUBB641 Plant Physiology
Credit 4
Contact Hours 108 (Theory 72 + Practical 36)
Aim: To give basic information on plant physiology and the related biochemical and
biophysical aspects to the students of Biotechnology. This course will equip the students to
understand the functions of the plant system on biophysical and biochemical approach.
Module I 3 Hrs
Introduction to plant physiology- Physiological processes, their significance other
applications
Module II 10 Hrs
Water relations of Plants
Water absorption
a. Importance of water to plants- the physical and chemical properties of water.
b. Organs of absorption—root and root hairs.
c. Membranes- permeable, differentially permeable and impermeable.
d. Physical aspects of absorption, imbibition, diffusion and osmosis.
e. Plant cell as an osmotic system, osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, wall pressure
and diffusion pressure deficit, water potential osmotic potential, pressure potential
matrix potential Plasmolysis and its significance.
f. Mechanism of absorption of water—active and passive absorption -root pressure.
Ascent of Sap
Vital theories.
Physical theories—Cohesion—tension theory.
Loss of water from plants:
a. Transpiration- cuticular, lenticular and stomatal mechanism.
b. Factors affecting transpiration
c. Significance of transpiration.
d. Guttation.
e. Water stress and its physiological significance.
Module III 6 Hrs

Mineral Nutrition
Gross chemical analysis of plant-—Essential and non-essential
elements Criteria of essentiality of elements, Essential elements: major
end minor. Role of essential elements their deficiency diseases.
Culture methods: Solution culture, Sand culture, Hydroponics, Aeroponics, Foliar
77
nutrition Soil as source of nutrients
Mechanism of mineral absorption
(a) Passive absorption -ion exchange -Donnan equilibrium.
(b) Active absorption — Carrier concept
Module IV 10 Hrs
Enzymes
1 .Structure- coenzymes, cofactor
2. Properties
3. Nomenclature
4. Classification - IUB system
5. Enzyme action
6. Competitive inhibition and non competitive inhibition
Module V 10 Hrs
Photosynthesis
1. Significance and general equation
2. Photosynthetic apparatus and pigment systems-chromatographic techniques for the
separation of photosynthetic pigments
3. Raw materials of photosynthesis
4. Mechanism
a) Light reaction
i) Radiant energy and its effects on chlorophyll pigments
ii) Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
iii) Source of oxygen liberated
iv) Hill reaction
b)Dark reaction
i) Trace the path of carbon in photosynthesis
ii) Calvin cycle
iii C3 and C4 plants. CAM plants.
iv) Photorespiration
v) Factors affecting photosynthesis. Law of limiting factors
Module VI 8 Hrs.
Respiration
1. Definition and general equation
2. Significance
3. Respiratory substrates
4. Mechanism-Glycolysis, Kerb’s cycle, terminal oxidation
5. Oxidative pentose phosphate path way
6. Factors affecting respiration
7. Anaerobic respiration-Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
8. Energy relations — aerobic and anaerobic respiration
9. Respiratory quotient and its significance
78
Module VII 8 Hrs.
Nitrogen metabolism
1. Source of nitrogen
2. Nitrification, Denitrification and Ammonification
3. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
4. Rotation of crops
5. Nitrogen Cycle
Module VIII 6 Hrs.

Fat metabolism
1. Definition and significance of fat
2. Types of fatty acids - Synthesis of fatty acids
3. Synthesis of glycerol from Dihydroxy acetone phosphate
4. Synthesis of fat
5. Fat breakdown
6. Cholesterol and its importance
Module IX 4Hrs
Translocation of solutes
1. Pathway of organic solutes
2. Mechanism of pholem transport
3. Mass flow hypothesis
4. Protoplasm streaming theory
Module X 5 Hrs
Growth and Development
1. Definition
2. Dormancy and germination of seeds.
3. Phases of growth -measurement and factors affecting growth.
4. Differentiation, morphogenesis and senescence.
5. Growth Hormones —Auxins, Gibberellins, Kinins, Abscissic acid, Ethylene and their
practical applications
6. Photoperiodism
7. Vernalization
Module XI 5 Hrs
Plant Movements and Stress Physiology
Tropic and nastic movements, Circadian rythm
General account on Stress physiology (brief study) -
Practicals 36 Hrs
1. Water potential of onion peel, Rheo peel by plasmolytic method
2. Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography
Demonstration Experiments
79
1. Thistle funnel experiment
2. Tissue tension
3. Root Pressure
4. Suction force due to transpiration
5. Foliar transpiration by using bell jar
6. Transpiring surface - 4 leaf experiment
7. Potometer — Farmer and Ganong’s,
8. Water balance — Relation between transpiration and absorption.
9. Evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis
10. Necessity of chlorophyll, CO2 and light in photosynthesis
11. Measurement of photosynthesis.
12. Simple respiroscope
13. Resperometer of R.Q.
14. Anaerobic respiration
15. Fermentation
16. Geotropism and phototropism — Klinostàt
17. Hydrotropism
18. Measurement of growth — Arc and Liver Auxonometer
Textbooks
1. Devlin & Witham – Plant Physiology, C B S publishers.

2. Devlin R.M (1979) Plant Physiology
3. Dieter Hess;(1975):Plant physiology
4. Jain .V.K(1996) Fundamentals of Plant Physiology
5. Kochhar P. L . & Krishnamoorthy H. N . – Plant Physiology. Atmaram & Sons
Delhi, Lucknow.
6. Kumar & Purohit – Plant Physiology - Fundamentals and Applications,
Agrobotanical publishers
7. Malic C. P. & Srivastava A. K .– Text book of Plant Physiology Kalyani Publishers
New Delhi.
8. Noggle G R & Fritz G J (1991) Introductory Plant physiology, Prentice Hall of India.
9. Pandey S.N. & Sinha B. K. (1986) – Plant physiology, Vikas publishing House-
New Delhi.
10. Salisbury.F.B and Ross.C.W(2006): Plant Physiology 4e, Wadsworth
publishing company
11. Sundara Rajan S . – College Botany Vol.IV, Himalaya publishing House.
12. William G. Hopkins – Introduction to Plant Physiology John Wiley & Sons, New
York.
80
Semester V1
Core Course
AUBB642 Genetics
Credits 4
Contact Hours: 126 (Theory 90 + Practical 36)
Aim and Objective: This course is supposed to supplement the basic knowledge in genetics in
general and Mendelian genetic in particular. This is essential to study the various branches of
biology like molecular biology and gene technology.
Module:I
Classical Genetics 34hrs
1. Mendelian Genetics- Mendel and his experiments, Mendel’s success, Mendelian principles,
Mendelian ratios, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, back cross and test cross
2. Genetics after Mendel- Modified Mendelian ratios; Incomplete dominance -Flower color
in Mirabilis ; Interaction of genes- Comb pattern in poultry. 9:3:3:1. Epistasis - Recessive.
Coat color in mice. 9:3:4; Dominant epistasis. Fruit colour in summer squash. 12:3:1;
Complementary genes. Flower color in Lathyrus 9:7; Duplicate gene with cumulative
effect. Fruit shape in summer squash. 9:6:1; Duplicate dominant genes in shepherd’s purse.
15:1; Inhibitory factor. Leaf color in Paddy. 13:3
3. Multiple alleles-General account. ABO blood group in man. Rh factor. Self sterility in
Nicotiana.
4. Quantitative characters- General characters of quantitative inheritance, polygenic
inheritance; Skin color in man, ear size in Maize.
Module II 32 hrs
5. Linkage and crossing over- Linkage and its importance, linkage and independent
assortment. Complete and incomplete linkage.Crossing over – a general account, two point
and three point test cross. Determination of gene sequence. Interference and coincidence.
Mapping of chromosomes.
6. Sex determination- Sex chromosomes, chromosomal basis of sex determination XX- XY,
XX-XO mechanism. Sex determination in higher plants (Melandrium album) Genic balance
theory of sex determination in Drosophila. Sex chromosomal abnormalities in man.
Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome. Sex linked inheritance. Eye color in Drosophila,
Hemophilia in man. Y- Linked inheritance.
7. Extra nuclear inheritance- General account, maternal influence. Plastid inheritance in
Mirabilis. Shell coiling in snails, kappa particle in Paramecium.
Module-III
Molecular Genetics 18 hrs
1. DNA as genetic material- Structure of DNA; A, B and Z forms of DNA, satellite and
repetitive DNA
2. Replication of DNA, Circular and helical DNA. Semi conservative model, experimental
support, Meselson and Stahl experiment. Enzymology of replication: topoisomerase,
helicase, primase, polymerase and ligase. DNA repairing mechanism.
3. RNA structure- Properties and functions of tRNA, mRNA and rRNA. Genetic code.
4. Synthesis of protein: Transcription, translation -Central dogma-reverse transcription
5. Concept of gene-Units of a gene, cistron, recon, muton; Types of genes- House keeping
genes (constitutive genes), Luxury genes (non constitutive genes), interrupted genes (Split
genes) - introns, overlapping gene.
81
6. Transposable genetic elements- General account, Characteristic, Transposons (jumping
genes), Cellular oncogenes (general account only).
Module IV
Population Genetics 6hrs
1. Population genetics – Systems of mating and their genetic effects. Hardy Weinberg law
and its applications. Factors affecting gene frequencies – mutation, migration, selection,
genetic polymorphism and selection. Genetic drift, founder effect, genetic load.
Practical 36hrs
Work out problems in
1. Monohybrid cross (Dominance and incomplete dominance)
2. Dihybrid cross (Dominance and incomplete dominance)
3. Gene interactions (All types of gene interactions mentioned in the syllabus)
a. Recessive epistasis 9: 3: 4.
b. Dominant epistasis 12: 3: I
c. Complementary genes 9: 7
d. Duplicate genes with cumulative effect 9: 6: 1
e. Inhibitory genes 13: 3
f. Duplicate dominant gene 15: 1
g. Comb pattern in poultry 9:3: 3:1
4. Linkage and crossing over
5. Two point and three point crosses
6. Construction of genetic map.
Suggested Reading
1. Aggarwal SK (2009) Foundation Course in Biology, 2nd Edition, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd
2. Dobzhansky, B (1961) Genetic and origin of species, Columbia university Press New York
3. Durbin (2007) Biological Sequence Analysis. Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd
4. Gardner,E.J and Snustad,D.P(1984) Principles of Genetics. John Wiley, New York.
5. Gupta P. K. – Genetics (Rastogi publications).
6. Gupta, P. K. Genetics, Rastogi Publications.
7. John Ringo (2004) Fundamental Genetics. Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd.
8. Lewin, B, (1994) Genes, Oxford University Press, New York.
9. Lewis, W.H (1980) Polyploidy. Plenum Press, New York.
10. Nicholl T (2007) An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Cambridge University Press
India Pvt. Ltd
11. Sharma, A.K and Sharma a (1980) Chromosome technique Theory and practice, Aditya
Books, New York
12. Swanson, C.P (1957) Cytology and Genetics. Englewood cliffs, NewYork.
13. Taylor (2008) Biological Sciences. Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd
14. Veer Bala Rastogi (2008), Fundamentals of Molecular Biology Ane Books Pvt. Ltd
82
Semester VI
Core Course
AUBB64P III Practical Botany III
(Practical of AU BB541, AUBB542, AUBB641 & AUBB642)
Practical of AU BB541
Angiosperm Morphology and Systematic Botany 40hrs
1. Study on various types of inflorescences with vivid record of practical work.

2. Students must be able to identify the angiosperm members included in the syllabus up
to the level of families.
3. Draw labeled diagram of the habit, floral parts, L S of flower, T S of ovary, floral
diagram, floral formula and describe the salient features of the member in technical
terms
4. Students must submit practical records, Herbarium sheets (25 Nos:) and Field book at
the time of practical examination.
5. Field trips are to be conducted for three days either as continuous or one day trips.
1 Annonaceae 9 Apiaceae 16 Acanthaceae 23 Poaceae
2 Nymphaeaceae 10 Rubiaceae 17 Verbenaceae
3 Malvaceae 11 Asteraceae 18 Amaranthaceae
4 Rutaceae 12 Sapotaceae 19 Euphorbiaceae
5 Anacardiaceae 13 Apocynaceae 20 Orchidaceae
6 Leguminosae 14 Asclepiadiaceae 21 Liliaceae
7 Myrtaceae 15 Solanaceae 22 Arecaceae
8 Cucurbitaceae
Economic Botany, Ethanobotany & Medicinal Botany 36 hrs
1. Collection and study of economically important plants and morphology of the

useful parts.
2. Identify the economic products obtained from the plants mentioned under
Economic Botany
3. Visit a tribal area and collect information on their traditional method of treatment
using crude drugs.
4. Familiarize with at least 5 folk medicines and study the cultivation, extraction
and its medicinal application.
5. Observe the plants of ethno botanical importance in your area
6. Visit to an Ayurveda college or Ayurvedic Research Institute / Hospital
83
Plant Physiology 36 Hrs
1. Water potential of onion peel, Rheo peel by plasmolytic method
2. Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography
Demonstration of the following Experiments

1. Thistle funnel experiment
2. Tissue tension
3. Root Pressure
4. Suction force due to transpiration
5. Foliar transpiration by using bell jar
6. Transpiring surface - 4 leaf experiment
7. Potometer — Farmer and Ganong’s,
8. Water balance — Relation between transpiration and absorption.
9. Evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis
10. Necessity of chlorophyll, CO2 and light in photosynthesis
11. Measurement of photosynthesis.
12. Simple respiroscope
13. Resperometer of R.Q.
14. Anaerobic respiration
15. Fermentation
16. Geotropism and phototropism — Klinostàt
17. Hydrotropism
18. Measurement of growth — Arc and Liver Auxonometer
Genetics 36hrs
Work out problems in
1. Monohybrid cross (Dominance and incomplete dominance)
2. Dihybrid cross (Dominance and incomplete dominance)
3. Gene interactions (All types of gene interactions mentioned in the syllabus)
a. Recessive epistasis 9: 3: 4.
b. Dominant epistasis 12: 3: I
c. Complementary genes 9: 7
d. Duplicate genes with cumulative effect 9: 6: 1
e. Inhibitory genes 13: 3
f. Duplicate dominant gene 15: 1
g. Comb pattern in poultry 9:3: 3:1
4. Linkage and crossing over
5. Two point and three point crosses
6. Construction of genetic map.
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Semester VI
AUBB651 Industrial Biotechnology
Credits: 3
Contact Hours: 90 (T 54 + P 36)
Aim and Objective: The students will be introduced to the industrial application of
Microbiology and Bioprocess technology in Biotechnology through this course. Students
should be trained to understand commercial importance of biotechnology through its industrial
aspects.
Module I 8hrs
Industrial Microbiology
Microbes in industry- Industrially important microorganisms, screening and isolation,

industrially important enzymes and chemicals, Industrial production of enzymes and
chemicals, Microbial production of antibiotics (Penicillin), vitamins( B12), amino acids
( glutamic acid and lysine) and other organic acids ( Citric acid and acetic acid).
Module II 16 hrs
Fermentation
The biological process of fermentation- various types of fermentation , alcohol fermentation,

Respiration vs Fermentation – Important products of fermentation. Fermentation as an
industry, selection of industrial microorganisms for specific products and reactions,
Laboratory scale biological process- scale up of biological reactions in to bioprocess;
Bioreactors-types of bioreactors / Fermentors, Bioreactors for bacteria and yeast cells,
Fermentors for plant cell cultures and animal cell cultures,
Module III 12 hrs

Upstream Processing
Media for fermentation, media sterilization and media aeration, pH, temperature, batch
fermentation, continuous fermentation, chemostatic cultures, fermentation by immobilized
cells and enzymes;
Down stream processing
Down stream processing and product recovery, Different physical and chemical methods for
the separation of fermentation products;
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Module IV 8 hrs
Agricultural waste and food industry wastes as the substrate for fermentation, solid state
fermentation; production of single cell proteins, microbial production of enzymes;
Module V 6 hrs
Food Biotechnology
Microorganism in food spoilage, types of spoilage, canning, microbes in the spoilage of canned
foods, principles of preservation of foods, Hazardous effect of food spoilage, mycotoxins;
Microbial processing Foods- Confectionery, Fermented foods,
Dairy industry 4 hrs
Microbes in dairy industry, dairy products; microbial processing of foods- enzymes in
food processing
Practicals
Experiments for Industrial Biotechnology Practical 36 hrs
1. Preparation of media and sterilization for alcohol fermentation by yeast.
2. Preparation of Ethyl alcohol from glucose by Yeast fermentation- separation of
ethanol by distillation (demonstration)
3. Growth Curve of bacteria or yeast cultures in nutrient broth
4. Isolation of microorganisms from spoiled food and identification
5. Isolation of organisms from curd/ milk and fermentation of lactose
6. Demonstration of setting laboratory fermentor- basic features, purpose, procedure
and application- Demonstration of running a laboratory fermentor.
Suggested Reading
1. Modern Concept of Biotechnology- H D Kumar; Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
2. Food Processing – Biotechnolgical Applications- S S Marwaha & J K Arora, Asiatech
Publishers Inc., New Delhi
3. Food Microbiology- M R Adamas & M O Moss; Panima Publishing Corporation, New
Delhi.
Publishers, Boston, USA.
5. Industrial Microbiology – A H Patel, Panima Publishing House New Delhi.
6. Fermentation technology- Whittaker,
7. Fundamentals of Microbiology, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Boston, USA.
86
Semester VI
AUBB652 Environmental Biotechnology
Credits: 2
Contact hours 72 (T 36 + P 36)
Aim and Objective: This course is aimed to bring an enthusiasm on environmental protection
and it should give the contribution of biotechnology techniques to keep the environment clean
and healthy. As well it should highlight the economic aspects and bioprocess technology in the
application of biotechnology in protecting the environment from pollution.
Module I 4 hrs
Introduction
Ecosystem, Biodiversity, Types of ecosystem and biosphere;
Module II 5 hrs
Pollution: sources of pollution, general characteristics of domestic wastes, community
wastes, agricultural wastes, effect of solid waste in the environment
Module III 5 hrs

Water pollution
Organic load in aquatic systems, BOD and COD, microbial quality of water, drinks and food
Use of biotechnology in the treatment of municipal wastes and hazardous industrial effluents
Module IV 10 hrs Bioremediation: Microbial degradation of pesticides, herbicides and other
toxic chemicals in the environment,
Biological control of pests and insects,

Biopesticides- Bacillus thuringiensis, bioherbicides;
Application of biotechnology in the production of biofertilizers and nitrogen fixation
– nitrogen fixing microorganisms, mycorrhiza
Module V 4 hrs
Renewable and non renewable energy resources: conventional fuels and their environmental
impacts (fire word, animal oils, coal, petroleum)
Module VI 5 hrs
Non-conventional energy sources
Biomass: utilization of biomass as energy source– application of microbes in production of
fuels from biomass- biogas and methanogenic bacteria, microbial hydrogen production,
87
production of methanol, ethanol and other types of chemicals from biomass and agricultural
wastes, the gasohol experiment
Solar energy converter, hopes from photosynthetic pigments, vegetable oils as engine fuels,
energy crops-jojoba;
Possibility of plant based petroleum industry and cellulose degradation for combustible fuels
Module VII 3 hrs

Bioleaching
Enrichment of ores by microorganisms (bioaccumulation and biomineralisation);
Bio-assessment of environmental quality
Practical
Experiments for Environmental Biotechnology 36 hrs
1. Microbiological assessment of drinking water- water from well, river, water supply
department and packaged drinking water
2. Isolation of microbes from the environment- from air, soil, floor of the lab, from
water.
3. Assessment of organic load in aquatic systems and factory effluent- Determination
of BOD and COD.
4. Biogas production by methanogenic bacteria or by mixed culture.
5. Isolation of nitrogen fixing bacteria from leguminous plants
6. Determination of NP and K in biofertilizers
Suggested readings
1. Environmental Biotechnology - Alan Scragg; Longman, England

2. Biotechnology fundamentals and applications – Purohit & Mathur; Agrobotanica,
India
3. Biotechnology – B D Singh; Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi
4. Biological waste water treatment 2nd Edition- Grady C P L
5. Biological Conservation – Spellergerg I F
6. Environmental issues and Options – Mishra C.
7. Biodiversity- Status and Prospects- Pramod tandon etal Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi
8. Ecology 2nd Edn, Subrahmanyam N S, Sambamurty V.S.S; Narosa Publishing
House.
88
Semester VI
AUBB653III Biotechniques III
(Practical of AUBB551,AU BB552, AUBB553,AU BB651 & AUBB652)
Credit: 2
Contact hours: 126
(Practical Hours of above courses)
Practical of BB1571
Experiments for Practical of rDNA Technology 18 Hrs
1. Preparation of the reagents for rDNA experiments

2. Purification of Plasmid from bacterial Cultures.
3. Electrophoresis and evaluation of plasmid DNA-pUC 18 / pBR 322
4. Estimation of plasmid DNA by UV-VIS spectrophotometer
5. Restriction Digestion of pUC 18 and analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis
6. Transformation of E. coli with pUC 18 and selection of ampicillin resistant clones
7. Extraction and purification of Genomic DNA
Practical of BB1572
Experiments for Plant Biotechnology Practical 18 hrs
1. Preparation of plant tissue culture medium, and sterilization, Preparation of stock
solutions of nutrients for MS Media.
2. Preparation of M S Media
3. Surface sterilization of plant materials for inoculation (implantation in the medium)
4. Development of callus cultures and its sub-culturing
5. Organogenesis- shoot regeneration, root regeneration, somatic embryogenesis
6. Micropropagation of potato/tomato/ - Demonstration
7. Familiarization of instruments and special equipments used in the plant tissue culture
experiments- Laminar Airflow chamber,
8. Protoplast isolation and culturing – Demonstration
Experiments for Practical in Animal Biotechnology 18 hrs
1. Familiarization of methods, equipments and techniques of animal cell culture
2. Isolation of lymphocytes from blood
3. Cell viability assay by die exclusion method and cell counting
4. MTT assay of cells Evans blue assay of pollen grains or blood cells
5. Demonstration of ELISA technique
6. Protein purification by ion exchange chromatography from serum
89
Experiments for Industrial Biotechnology Practical 36 hrs
1. Preparation of media and sterilization for alcohol fermentation by yeast.
2. Preparation of Ethyl alcohol from glucose by Yeast fermentation- separation of
ethanol by distillation (demonstration)
3. Growth Curve of bacteria or yeast cultures in nutrient broth
4. Isolation of microorganisms from spoiled food and identification
5. Isolation of organisms from curd/ milk and fermentation of lactose
6. Demonstration of setting laboratory fermentor- basic features, purpose, procedure and
application- Demonstration of running a laboratory fermentor.
Experiments for Environmental Biotechnology 36 hrs
1. Microbiological assessment of drinking water- water from well, river, water supply
department and packaged drinking water
2. Isolation of microbes from the environment- from air, soil, floor of the lab, from
water.
3. Assessment of organic load in aquatic systems and factory effluent- Determination
of BOD and COD.
4. Biogas production by methanogenic bacteria or by mixed culture.
5. Isolation of nitrogen fixing bacteria from leguminous plants
6. Determination of NP and K in biofertilizers
90
Semester VI
Elective Course (Vocational)
Credit 2
Contact hours: 36
Aim and Objective: This course is for biotechnology students, who are interested to know about
the methods and application of computers and bioinformatics and its contribution in the various
fields of biotechnology.
Module I 10 hrs
Computers - Types of computers- Characteristic of hardware and software. Bio-chips, computer

network sending and receiving e-mail, Internet- browsing – searching biological articles
information in internet.
Introduction to Bioinformatics –Bioinformatics- definition History and evolution of
bioinformatics, Impact of bioinformatics in modern biology, Databases- various types of
databases, Biological Databases- Importance of databases in biotechnology
Module II: 14hrs
Impact of bioinformatics in modern biology, uses of databases in biology – Analysis of

proteins and nucleic acid sequences – molecular modelling.
Databases- various types of databases, Biological Databases- Importance of databases in

biotechnology, NCBI, Gene bank, PubMed. etc.
Module III: 4hrs
Tools (software) in Bioinformatics. Tools for sequence alignments- BLAST and Fasta.
Module IV 8hrs
Genomics and Proteomics-Definitions, Application of Proteomics and genomics in
Biotechnology.
Suggested Readings
1. Introduction to Bioinformatics – V. Kothekar, Druv Publication
2. Introduction to Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology- A. J. Nair; Jones & Bartlett Publishers,
Boston, USA.
3. Bioinformatics- Genomics and Post-genomics, Frederich Dardel & Francois Kepes; John
Wiley & Sons.
4.Biotechnology V. Kumaresan, Saras publication
5. A text book of biotechnology, R. C. Dubey, S. Chand Publications, New Delhi
91
Semester VI
AUBB691.a Biostatistics
Credit 2
Contact hours: 36
Module I
Introduction 2hrs
Biostatistics - definition - statistical methods - basic principles.
Data handling in science and Biostatistics 10 hrs
Documentation of experiments – Nature and types of Data- significance of statistical methods in
biological investigations,
Sampling techniques, methods of sampling, collection of data; primary and secondary data,
classification and tabulation, graphical and diagrammatic representation,
Module 11 10hrs
Measures of central tendency –Mean, Mode, Median. geometric mean - merits &
demerits.
Measures of dispersion –Range, Quartile deviation, Mean deviation, Standard deviation,
Standard error, Variance.
Distribution patterns-Normal distribution, Binomial distribution- basic concepts.
Module 111 14hrs
Correlation and Regression-basic concepts
Basic idea of significance test, hypothesis testing- Chi-square test, Student t-test- basic concepts,
level of significance, confidence level.
Reference Texts
1. An Introduction to Biostatistics: A Manual for studies in Health Sciences., P. Sundar Rao, and
J.Richard., Prentice Hall .
2. Statistics in Biology, Vol. I Mc Graw hill. New York.Bliss C J K(1967)
3. Statistics for Biologists, Cambridge Univ, Press, Cambridge. Campbell R C (1974
4. Daniel (1999) Biostatistics (3rd edition) Panima Publishing, Compotation. Daniel (1999)
92
Semester VI
AUBB691.c Food & Dairy Biotechnology
Contact hours: 36
Aim and Objective: This course is for Biotechnology as well as non biotechnology students.
Students from other disciplines are also can undergo this course to get basic knowledge in the
application of Biotechnology in food processing, food spoilage, food preservation and dairy
industry.
Module I 8hrs
Microbes of fermented food- wheat and rice flour, Meat and fish, Breads and bakery products,
beverages-wine, beer
Microbiological contamination of foods- indicator organisms, cultural techniques, direct
methods, etc.
Module II 10hrs
Food spoilage
Module Microbes involved in food spoilage- Spoilage of Canned foods Meat and dairy products.
Conditions of food spoilage- pH, physical structure, chemical composition, oxygen and
temperature
Chemistry of food spoilage-microbial toxins and food poisoning
Food borne diseases and its prevention
Module III 8hrs
Food Preservation- methods of food preservation, Physical & Chemical Methods, Osmotic
pressure – preserving foods in sugar and salt, chemical preservatives, Radiation as a preservation
methods
Module IV 10hrs
Microbes of Dairy industry- Dairy products, Industrial production of cheese, probiotics and
nutrition.
Microorganisms as food – fermented food, microalgae- Single cell protein, Edible mushrooms,
Textbooks
1. Food Microbiology- MR Adams and Moss
2. Food Processing- Biotechnological applications Marwah &Arora
3. Food Microbiology-William C Frazer
4. Industrial microbiology -LE Casida
93
AUBB653 Project Work
An independent project or dissertation work has to be carried out by each student during
the V or VI semester under a faculty member of the institute within the college or outside
the college, duly certified by the Head of the Department and supervising teacher, has to be
submitted for evaluation at the time of examination in VI semester.
Tutorial Hours 18 hours
Industrial visit
A brief report on an Industrial visit carried out by each student during the V or VI semester to
any one of the near by Industry with special emphasis on the biotechnology
(Dairy/Pharma/Tissue culture/Fermentation Unit/ Research Laboratory) duly certified by the
Head of the Department and supervising teacher, has to be submitted for evaluation at the time of
examination in VI semester.
94

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BOTANY & BIOTECHNOLOGY

Study Components No. of Credits Max /

4 Core Courses 27 2-4 75

For all semesters

Question Type Total Number of Marks for Total

IV. OPEN/ELECTIVE COURSES

90 and above 9 and above A+ Outstanding

VI. Tests: (Max. marks 10)

Less than 75% 0 mark

Above 90% 5 marks

VIII. Assignments or Seminars: (Max. marks 5)

Relevance of the topic 9

Course Course Title Teaching Total Total Duration of Evaluation

Hour distribution: BT-3+3, BO-4, CC- 5, LC-5+5 = 25

Course Course Title Teaching Total Total Duration of Evaluation

Hour distribution: BT-3+2, BO- 5, CC-5, LC-5+5 = 25

AUEN311.4 English 5 90 3 3 Hrs 20 80

AUBB342 Environmental Studies and 3 1 72 3 3 Hrs 20 80

Hour distribution: BT-7, BO-8, CC-5, EN-5 = 25

Course Course Title Teaching Total Total Duration of Evaluation

AUBB441 Horticulture, Mushroom 3 1 72 2 3 Hrs. 20 80

Hour distribution: BT-7, BO-8, CC-5, EN-5 = 25

Course Course Title Teaching Total Total Duration of Evaluation

Hour distribution: BT-11+EC 2, BO-12 =25

Course Course Title Teaching Total Total Duration of Evaluation

AUBB642 Genetics 4 2 108 2 3 Hrs. 20 30

AUBB64P III Practical Botany III 2 3 Hrs. 20 80

Hour distribution: BT-10+EC2, BO-7+6 =25

Subject Work Load in Hours

Applications of biotechnology in various fields-

Module III 6 Hours

Practical of AUBB131 36 hrs

• Weighing in Chemical balance

General reactions of Carbohydrates

Qualitative analysis of Carbohydrates.

1. Physical Biochemistry by David Freifelder Publisher: W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd

Module –II 15 hrs

Module III 13 hrs

1. Esau K. (1965) - Plant Anatomy – Wiley Eastern, New York.

Classification of microorganisms: bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, mycoplasma, concept of

Experiments for Microbiology Practical 18 hrs

Aim and Objectives of the Course

Laws of Thermodynamics entropy and enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, bioenergetics-

Biophysics of Vision, Muscle movements and Hearing: 6 hrs

Principle of Microscopy, various types of Microscopy- Simple, phase contrast, fluorescence

Familiarizing the working of the following instruments

1. A Textbook of Biophysics- R N Roy, New central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd,

Module III 8 Hours

Quantitative Analysis of Lipids

Module -II 16hrs

3. Economic importance of Fungi

Angiosperm Anatomy and Reproductive Botany 18 Hrs

Microbial Diseases of Humans

Airborne bacterial diseases – streptococcal; diseases, tuberculosis,

13. Experiments for Microbial Metabolism, genetics & diseases 18 hrs

Endocrinology: Organization of endocrine system, classification and functions of adrenalin,

Practical of AUBB331 (36 Hrs)

Amino acids and Proteins

AUBB341 Bryology, Pteridology, Gymnosperms & Paleobotany

Module- III 4 hrs

Module III 14 hrs

Salient features of the following phyla; Classification up to classes; External features,

Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata) 2 hrs