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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: ______________________________ Section: _________________Score: ________________
Subject: _____________________________ Teacher: _____________________ Date: ____________

Activity Title

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Learning Targets

 select relevant literature

 Cite relevant literature using standard style (APA, MLA or Chicago Manual of Style).
 Synthesize information from relevant literature.
 Write coherent review of literature.
 Follow ethical standards in writing related literature.
 Illustrates and explain conceptual framework.
 Define terms used in the study.
 Presents written review of related literature and conceptual framework.

Learning Concepts

THE IMPORTANCE OF RELATED THEORIES AND CONCEPTS

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK – can be thought of as a map or travel plan (Sinclair, 2007).
The following questions have been adapted from Slevin and Basford (1999: 298):
What do I know about the phenomenon that I want to study?
What types of knowledge are available to me (empirical, non-empirical, tacit, intuitive, moral or
ethical)?
What theory will best guide my teaching-linked research?
4. Is this theory proven through theory-linked research?
5. What other theories are relevant to this practice?
6. How can I apply these theories and findings in practice?
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK – is the researcher’s idea on how the research problem will have to be
explored.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Focus on numerous investigations on how the Specific direction by which the research will
phenomena occur. have to be undertaken.

SAMPLE THEORITICA-CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

ENGAGEMENT TO SOCIAL NETWORKING: CHALLENGES AND OPPURTUNITIES TO EDUCATORS
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PURPOSES OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES –involves the critiquing and evaluating of what other
researchers have done in relation to the problem to be studied whether these studies affirmed or
negate the subject under study.
LITERATURE – “written works collectively, especially, those enduring importance, exhibiting creative
imagination and artistic skill which are written in a particular period, language, and subject (Funk &
Wagnalls Dictionary, 1976 as cited in Calmorin.)
1. The format of a review of literature may vary from discipline to discipline and from
assignment to assignment.
2. Review of related studies is equally important to the review of related literature.

Pautasso (2013) enumerated ten simple rules for writing a literature review:
1. Define the topic and audience.
2. Search and re-search the literature.
3. Take note notes while reading.
4. Choose the type of review you wish to write.
5. Keep the review focused, but make if of broad interest.
6. Be critical and consistent.
7. Find a logical structure.
8. Make use of feedback.
9. Include your own relevant research.
10. Be up-to-date in your review of literature and studies.

WHAT, WHERE, AND HOW TO FIND INFORMATION

 List down all the important variables which you need in your study.
 Investigate the question stated.
 Check the population you want to include in your study, Conduct a library research. Examine
all the materials.
 Know how to write citation where you can include the author.
 Review the synthesize these findings that support or reject your hypothesis or research
questions.
 Use online computers to find researcher.
 Synthesize the review literature.
 In books, for example:
 Look over the table of contents and circle those you think are relevant in your project.
 Index of textbooks –gives specific page locations of key ideas in the book .
 Glossary –lists and defines key terms.
 Bibliography –is a listing of resources an author has used or recommends.

TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Argumentative Review
This form examines literature selectively.
2. Integrative Review
This is considered a form of research that reviews critiques and synthesizes representative
literature.
3. History Review
The purpose of historical review is to systematically examine past events.
4. Mythological Review
It reviews method of analysis provides a framework of understanding at different levels.
5. Systematic Review
The purpose of a systematic review is to attain conclusion regarding the chosen topic.
6. Theoretical Review
The purpose of this form is to examine the body of theory that has accumulated in regard
to an issue.

FUNCTIONS OF REVIEW LITERATURE AND STUDIES

1. To provide justification of the study.

2. To identify gaps, problems and needs or related studies.
3. To provide rationale of the study as well as the reason of conducting the study.
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4. To have basis that will be used to support findings on the study.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MATERIALS CITED

Samo (2010) enumerated the difference characteristics of the literature and studies to be cited in the
present study:
The materials must be as recent as possible, may be 10 years back.
Materials must be as objective and as possible. unbiased.
Materials must be relevant to the study.
Coherence principle must be observed in writing literature review.

CITATION STYLE GUIDE

REFERENCING- is a method used to demonstrate to the readers that you have conducted a thorough
and appropriate literature search, and reading.
DIFFERENT CITATION STYLES:
1. APA (American Psychological Assosciation). APA is an author/date- based style.
2. MLA (Modern Language Association). MLA is most often applied by the arts and humanities
particularly in USA.
3. Harvard- very similar to APA. It is the most well used referenciing style in the UK and
Australia.
4. Vancouver- mainly used in medical and scientific papers.
Chicago and Turabian- two separate styles but are very similar just like Harvard and APA. This are
widely used in hitory annd economics.

IN-TEXT CITATION
Direct quotation – use quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers.
Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that “language involves attaching meaning to symbols”
(p.188). Alternatively, “language involves attaching meaning to symbols” (Samovar & Porter, 1997,
p.188)

Indirect Quotation/Paraphrasing- no quotation marks.

Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar &
Porter, 1997).
Citations from a secondary source.
As Hall (1977) asserts, “culture also defines boundaries of different groups
(as cited in Samovar & Porter,1977, p. 14)

APA FORMAT:
REFERENCING: Last Name, Initial of the Author’s First Name. (Year). Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
IN-TEXT CITATION:
(Last Name of the author, Year) or Last name of the author (Year)
MLA FORMATING AND STYLE GUIDE
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
1. if the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, only cite the page number.
2. if the author’s name is not mentioned in the sentence, cite both the name and the page
number.
3. font and capitalization must match that in the reference list.
long quotations (more than 3 lines) should be indented

4. if you are citing more than one reference at the same point in a document, separate the
references with a semicolon (example: Faltado1110; Pogoy 101).
5. if the work has no author, use the title.
6. if you are citing two works by the same author, put a coma after the author’s name and add
the title words. (Boholano, “Fractality” 23) to distinguish between them in the in-text
citation. Do this when citing each of the sources throughout the piece of writing.
7. If two authors have the same surname, use their first initial (H. Boholano 65)
Example 1: (MLA)
Smith, John. Deconstructing Colonialism: the discourse of the Empire, 1837-1898.
Bloomington, IL: Illinois Wesleyan UP, 1998.
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Example 1: (APA)
Smith, J. (1998). Deconstructing Colonialism: the discourse of the Empire, 1837-1898.
Bloomington, IL: Illinois Wesleyan University Press.

HARVARD REFERENCING GUIDE

Harvard is a style of referencing primarily used by university students, to cite information sources.
• It is the preferred referencing style for many disciplines of study at the University of Western
Australia.
• It is an author-date referencing style.
• IN-TEXT CITATIONS- are used when directly quoting or paraphrasing a source.
• REFERENCE LISTS- are located at the end f the work and display full citations for sources used
in assignment.

USING THE VANCOUVER REFERENCING STYLE

1. Arrange your list chronologically
2. Number all references
3. List the first 6 authors followed by “et al.” If there are more than 6 authors.
4. Use official abbreviations for titles of journals (if available)
CHICAGO STYLE CITATION
Two basic documentation systems:
a. Notes and bibliography
b. Author-date
Choosing between the two depends of the subject matter and the nature of sources cited.

RESEARCH ETHICS
“Ethical writing is clear, accurate, fair and honest” as mentioned by Kolin (2002).
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL PRACTICE
1. Obtained informed consent from participants.
2. There should be no pressure on individuals to participate.
3. Respect individual autonomy.
4. Avoid causing harm Maintain anonymity and confidentiality
5. Take particular care in research with vulnerable groups.

PLAGIARISM
• Most widely recognized and one of the most serious violations of the contract between the
reader and the writer (Roig, 2002).
• Using someone’s words or ideas, and passing them off as your own.
TWO MAJOR TYPES:
• PLAGIARISM OF IDEAS
• PLAGIARISM OF TEXT

Exercises: Give it a try!

IDENTIFY WHAT CITATION STYLE IS USED.

1. Smith, J. (1998). Deconstructing Colonialism: the discourse of the Empire, 1837-1898.

Bloomington, IL: Illinois Wesleyan University Press.
2. Smith, John. Deconstructing Colonialism: the discourse of the Empire, 1837-1898.
Bloomington, IL: Illinois Wesleyan UP, 1998.
3. Holt, DH 1997, Management principles and practices, Prentice-Hall, Sydney.
4. Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York:
Penguin.