See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/260796692

A Comprehensive 3D Analysis of Polymer Flow through a Conical Spiral

Extrusion Die

Article  in  Fibers and Polymers · January 2014

DOI: 10.1007/s12221-014-0084-4

CITATIONS READS
2 787

5 authors, including:

K.  Kirkkopru  O. Yilmaz

Istanbul Technical University Yildiz Technical University
31 PUBLICATIONS   116 CITATIONS    13 PUBLICATIONS   14 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Emre Kısasöz Faruk Guner

Arven Giresun University
1 PUBLICATION   2 CITATIONS    6 PUBLICATIONS   30 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Complete characteristics of turbomachines View project

Designing Smale Scale Wind Turbines View project

All content following this page was uploaded by O. Yilmaz on 26 April 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Fibers and Polymers 2014, Vol.15, No.1, 84-90 DOI 10.1007/s12221-014-0084-4

A Comprehensive 3D Analysis of Polymer Flow through a Conical Spiral

Extrusion Die
Oktay Yilmaz*, Emre Kisasöz1, F. Seniha Guner1, Cagri Nart, and Kadir Kirkkopru
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University,
Istanbul 34437, Turkey
1
Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University,
Istanbul 34469, Turkey
(Received February 6, 2013; Revised May 16, 2013; Accepted May 22, 2013)

Abstract: Several restrictions which are related to extruder machinery and nature of process material exist in the design of
plastic extrusion dies. To this respect, it is very important to consider design criteria and limitations in order to operate
extrusion dies at desired production rate and temperature. In the current study, flow field characteristics through a conical
spiral mandrel die are analysed in detail by 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The effects of operating
conditions such as production rate and temperature on pressure drop through the spiral mandrel die and the occurence of melt
fracture are investigated. The temperature dependent viscosity versus shear rate data for grade QB79P (CarmelTech)
polypropylene (PP) melt under study are measured by use of rotational and capillary rheometers. Stress terms in the
momentum equations are modeled by Generalized Newtonian Fluid (GNF) Model. For this, Bird-Carreau Model is employed
as the viscosity model for the polymer melt. 3D CFD analyses provide comprehensive data and understanding with regard to
flow behaviour through complex extrusion dies.
Keywords: Conical spiral mandrel die, Polymer extrusion, CFD, Generalized newtonian fluid model

Introduction help mixing of polymer melt. Number of layers in a coextrusion

Spiral mandrel dies which are used in coextrusion heads
offer some benefits to the manufacturers in the plastics
industry. Spiral mandrel dies provide good thickness uniformity
with a broad range of processing parameters (raw material,
throughput and temperature), short residence times (chemical
property or colour changes), low pressure drop and good
thermal control in film, sheet and pipe production. They
eliminate the weld lines due to spider legs, which support the
mandrel in the annular die of conventional dies. For this
purpose, spiral grooves are typically machined in the mandrel.
The spiral grooves distribute the melt circumferentially to
increase the uniformity of the velocity at the die exit and
Figure 1. The conical spiral mandrel die under investigation.
*Corresponding author: yilmazo@itu.edu.tr
process can be increased by adding identical conical spiral
mandrel die geometries such as the one in Figure 1, con-
secutively. Therefore, diameter of a coextrusion head which
consists of conical spiral mandrel dies is smaller than that of
a coextrusion head which consists of cylindrical spiral
mandrel dies. Coat-hanger dies can be employed in conical
spiral dies in order to distribute the polymer melt uniformly
through the entrance section of spiral grooves. The conical
spiral mandrel die shown in Figure 1 can be split into three
sections. The first section is the pre-distribution system
which consists of cylindrical and rectangular channels. The
second one is the coat-hanger type distributor and the last
one is the spiral die section. Design of the distribution
system is crucially important in order to provide uniform
flow through the spiral die inlet. Thus, the spiral die at the
last section can be operated with maximum performance in
terms of balanced velocity distribution at the die exit.
Researches on coat-hanger dies [1-4] and spiral dies [5-11]
have been performed for several decades. In these early
studies, flow inside the spiral and coat-hanger die was
analyzed by one dimensional or two dimensional simplified
approaches. These approaches can be divided into two groups.
The analytical approaches are used for the optimization of
extrusion die geometries in the first group [2-4]. The polymer
melt flow in extrusion dies is generally slow and is of laminar
character. Therefore, one dimensional flow (lubrication
approximation) through the rectangular and circular channels
can be assumed. Mathematical expressions for the extrusion
die geometries such as distribution channel form of a coat-
hanger die are obtained by use of analytical approaches. In

84
Polymer Flow through a Conical Spiral Extrusion Die
the second group of design methods, electrical network
approach is employed for obtaining flow distribution in
extrusion dies [1,6,7,9]. In this method, flow channels of
extrusion die are divided into control volumes and analytical
expressions in [18,20] are used for flow through these
control volumes which have simple shapes such as circular
and rectangular. Flow distribution through extrusion dies can
be determined by solving the resultant system of equations.
The die performance can be optimized by changing the
geometric parameters until satisfactory flow distribution is
achieved. Analytical approaches and electrical network methods
are both relatively easy and fast methods to implement die
design. Hence, these techniques are still very useful for the
preliminary die design. However, a full three-dimensional
simulation of flow in spiral mandrel dies is required for an
accurate analysis and obtaining flow field characteristics in
detail. In contrast to analytical and other simplified approaches,
nonisothermal processes and some rheological characteristics
of polymer melts such as viscoelasticity, elongational viscosity
can be considered in CFD simulations [12-15]. Zatloukal et
al. [12] performed CFD simulations for a flat spiral mandrel
die. When the viscoelastic properties of the polymer melt are
included in numerical simulations, velocity distribution at
the die exit is not changed. Hence, Zatloukal et al. [12]
concluded that incorporating only shear thinning behavior of
the polymer melt used in their study is satisfactory from the
point of view of velocity distribution at the die exit.
Skabrahova et al. [13] studied effects of non-symmetrical
inputs of temperature and mass flow rate prior to the spiral
die on velocity and temperature distribution at the die exit.
The die performance was affected negatively from feeding
of the spiral die entrance non-uniformly. Sun and Gupta [14]
carried out finite element method (FEM) simulations for
polymer melt flow through a cylindrical spiral mandrel die
with star distribution system. In their study, the effects of
elongational viscosity on flow field characteristics were
analyzed. It was concluded that including the elongational
viscosity of polymer melt in CFD simulations resulted in an
increase in pressure drop through the die. On the other hand,
velocity distribution was not affected. Wanli and Xinhou
[15] analyzed the effects of some geometric parameters of a
coat-hanger die on the die performance with respect to exit
velocity distribution and residence time by non-isothermal
CFD simulations. Huang et al. [16] performed FEM simulations
for a coat-hanger die which was designed by using an
analytical method introduced in literature [2]. It is shown
that the analytical design method was successful in terms of
flow balancing at the die exit. Nevertheless, stagnation zones
in the die and the process material effect on the flow
uniformity could only be predicted by CFD simulations.
In the present study, the effects of production rate and
temperature on the design of the conical spiral die in Figure 1
are investigated by FEM simulations with respect to maximum
pressure to be supplied by extruder and limit shear stress for
Fibers and Polymers 2014, Vol.15, No.1 85
melt fracture. A comprehensive analysis is carried out on the
flow field characteristics through the die in terms of low
limit of wall shear rate, upper limit of shear stress, flow
uniformity inside the die and pressure drop through the die
which are the crucial restrictions for the design of spiral
mandrel dies.
Materials
A polypropylene random copolymer QB79P from CarmelTech
with a melt flow rate (MFR) of 0.28 g/10 min (230 oC, 2.16 kg)
was used in the present work to investigate the flow field
characteristics in the conical spiral mandrel die. The density
was measured by capillary rheometer according to ASTM
D3835-08 standard for the PP melt and by Archimedes'
principle according to ASTM B962-08 standard for the solid
PP. The densities of the material at room temperature, 210 oC,
230 oC, 260 oC are 910, 790, 783 and 772 kg/m3, respectively.
Shear viscosity versus shear rate data for the polymer melt
were measured by use of an Anton-Paar Physica MCR 301
model rotational rheometer with a 25 mm diameter parallel
plate geometry and a capillary rheometer using capillary dies
of 10, 20 and 25 mm lengths with 1 mm diameter hole for
three temperature values. The Bagley and Rabinowitsch
corrections [17] are applied to the capillary rheometer raw
viscosity data. The Bird-Carreau viscosity model (equation
(10) parameters of the material are given in Table 1.
η0
η(γ· ) = ------------------------------------
- (1)
[ 1 + ( λγ· ) ]
n ( 1−n )/2
Here η and γ· are shear viscosity in Pa.s and shear rate in
sec-1, respectively. η0, λ and n are zero shear viscosity in
Pa.s, relaxation time in sec and dimensionless power-law
index of polymer melt, respectively.
Die Geometry
The geometric parameters of the spiral die section in
Figure 1 and Figure 2 are determined by use of analytical
method suggested by Rauwendaal [7]. The curvature of the
spiral die is neglected in this method. Flow is assumed to be
isothermal and polymer melt viscosity obeys the power law
model. Flow through the spiral die is split into two parts. The
first part flows through spiral groove and the second part
flows through annular channel as flow leaks from spiral
grooves. It is assumed that these two split flows do not affect
each other at the interface. Flow through the spiral groove is
Table 1. The Bird-Carreau model parameters of the polymer melt
210 oC 230 oC 260 oC
ηo (Pa) 42655 33916 18587
λ (s) 2.13 2.71 2.08
n (−) 0.328 0.370 0.390
86 Fibers and Polymers 2014, Vol.15, No.1
Figure 2. Section drawing of the conical spiral mandrel die.
assumed to be pressure flow in a rectangular channel of
height H and width W with use of a shape factor. Flow through
the annular channel is a pressure flow in slit channel. Pressure
is assumed to be constant at the plane perpendicular to the
spiral die axis. Flow distribution through the die can be
calculated by use of analytical expressions in a step-wise
manner along spiral grooves. Spiral die design is optimized
by solving the flow problem iteratively with the change of
geometric parameters until satisfactory die performance is
achieved.
The die has 12 equally spaced spiral grooves with φ=15 o
helix angle at the beginning of the spiral, which gradually
increases along the spiral. The winding angle of the spiral
grooves is 180 o. Initial spiral groove height Ho is 12 mm and
spiral groove width W is 8 mm. Initial annular channel
thickness δo is 2 mm and this increases through the die
linearly with an angle of β=1 o. Half cone angle α of the
conical spiral mandrel die is 30 o.
The geometric parameters of the coat-hanger type distributors
in Figure 1 are optimized by an inverse design technique
which involves electrical network approach [1] for the flow
paths in the distributor. Four coat hanger dies are used to
distribute the polymer melt to the spiral die. The die land
thickness h is 4 mm and the die land length at the die center
yo is 50 mm. The coat-hanger die has rectangular distribution
channels. The outer diameter D of the conical spiral mandrel
die is 500 mm.
Numerical Simulations
CFD simulations are carried out by use of PolyFlow [21],
a commercially available widely used package as in [22],
which uses finite element method. The mesh generated for
the flow domain of the conical spiral mandrel die is depicted
in Figure 3. A cylindrical annular channel with 50 mm
length is added to the spiral mandrel die exit in order to
obtain fully developed flow at the die exit. The computational
domain is divided into numerous sub-volumes in order to
mesh with hexahedral elements. A few complex sub-volumes
Oktay Yilmaz et al.
Figure 3. The computational domain for the conical spiral mandrel
die.
are meshed by tetrahedral elements. Thus, it was achieved a
decrease in mesh number and computational time and an
increase in computational accuracy. The computational domain
has 367112 cells in total with hexahedral dominant elements,
providing good mesh quality. Flow in the conical spiral
mandrel die is incompressible, as it is the case for most of
the polymer extrusion processes where pressure is lower
than 350 bar [19] and flow is of laminar character due to the
very low velocity of polymer melt (Reynolds Number <<1).
Due to the very high viscosity of the polymer melt, inertial
and gravitational forces are negligible and this yields a
balance between viscous and pressure forces. CFD simulations
are performed for isothermal conditions assuming that die
temperature is controlled at a fixed value of 230 oC. Stress
terms in the momentum equations are modeled by Generalized
Newtonian Fluid (GNF) Model [20]. For this, Bird-Carreau
Model in equation (1) is employed as the viscosity model for
the polymer melt. The governing equations of the flow are
given below.
∂vi
------- = 0 (2)
∂xi
∂τ
∂p- -------
------ = ij- (3)
∂xi ∂xj
τ = η(γ· )γ·
ij ij (4)
Here, η is the viscosity function in equation (1) and γ· ij is
the strain-rate tensor components. vi, p and τij are velocity
components in m/sec, hydrostatic pressure in Pa and stress
tensor components in Pa, respectively. The flow has fully-
developed conditions at inlet and exit boundaries in CFD
simulations. No-slip boundary conditions are applied at the
Polymer Flow through a Conical Spiral Extrusion Die Fibers and Polymers 2014, Vol.15, No.1 87

Table 2. The mass flow rates through the conical spiral mandrel die
in CFD simulations
.
Mass flow rate, m (kg/h)
29.2
58.5
87.7
116.9
146.1
175.4
204.6
233.8

die walls. Mass flow rates to be supplied to the conical spiral

mandrel die are given in Table 2.

Results and Discussion

Analysis of Flow Field in the Conical Spiral Mandrel Die

A CFD simulation for a specific process condition is
performed in order to evaluate in detail the flow field variables
in the conical spiral mandrel die specifically designed for
use in a coextrusion die in order to produce three-layered
pipes. Each conical spiral mandrel die forms one layer of the
pipe. The pipe diameter and thickness will be 32 mm and
3.6 mm, respectively. Each layer of the pipe will have the
same thickness. In this case, mass flow rate for one layer is
116.9 kg/h for a 20 m/min pipe production rate. Process
temperature is set as 230 oC for a typical process temperature
in PP pipe production.
The streamlines through the spiral mandrel die are shown
in Figure 4. It can be seen from this figure that the polymer
melt is distributed to the spiral die inlet by coat-hanger dies.
Mixing effects of the spiral die can be observed, as the
polymer melt has angular velocity component in the spiral
Figure 4. Stream lines through the spiral mandrel die.
Figure 5. The velocity vectors (a) from coat-hanger distributor
through the spiral die section (b) from spiral die section.
die section. The velocity vectors in spiral grooved die are
shown in Figure 5. After the coat-hanger die transferred the
polymer melt to the spiral die section, large amount of the
fluid particles is in the spiral grooves initially. Towards the
exit of the spiral die, the spiral groove height decreases and
thickness of the annular channel increases. As a result, some
fluid particles leak from spiral grooves to the annular
channel steadily. All fluid particles flow along the main flow
direction after the spiral die. There is an interaction between
the flow in annular channel and the flow in spiral groove as
seen in Figure 5, this phenomenon can not be taken into
account in analytical methods [5-7] used for solving flow
distribution in spiral dies. The material flow are entirely in
the main flow direction between two spiral grooves in the
annular channel.
The deviation of the local velocity from the mean velocity
with respect to the angular position in the annular channel at
the spiral die exit is shown in Figure 6. The maximum
deviation of the local velocity at the spiral die exit is about
±1 %. The analytical method suggested in [7] and adapted
for the present die calculated maximum deviation about
±2.5 % from the mean velocity at the spiral die exit. The rest
of the die (die land) after the spiral can eliminate the
deviations from the mean velocity at the spiral die exit up to
10 % [8]. Hence, it can be said that the analytical method
used for the design of the conical spiral die is successful for
providing uniform velocity distribution at the die exit.
Figure 7 depicts the contours of velocity magnitude and
88 Fibers and Polymers 2014, Vol.15, No.1
Figure 6. Deviation of the local velocity at the spiral die exit with
respect to the average velocity at this cross section.
Figure 7. Contours of (a) resultant velocity and (b) shear rate at the
spiral die cross section which is parallel to the main flow direction.
shear rate in spiral die cross section. Both of these variables
have similar variations in the flow domain. The magnitudes
of the variables in spiral grooves are relatively low due to
wider cross section. Between two spiral grooves in the
annular channel, the shear rate and velocity are relatively
high due to narrower cross section. As the diameter of the
conical spiral die and depth of the spiral grooves decrease in
the main flow direction, shear rate and velocity continuously
increase in magnitude. The shear rate in spiral mandrel die
walls is desired to be greater than 5 sec-1. Providing wall
shear rates over the low limit (5 sec-1) is vitally important for
filled polymer melts which have yield stresses to start flowing.
In the case of very small shear rates, the residence time of
the material through the die will be long and polymer melt
may be thermally degraded leading to change in its chemical
Oktay Yilmaz et al.
Figure 8. Pressure distribution through the conical spiral mandrel
die.
structure and colour [19]. The minimum shear rate takes
place in the first spiral groove as seen in Figure 7 and its
value is around 8 sec-1. Therefore, consideration of low limit
of shear rate is necessary in the design process of spiral dies.
Pressure distribution inside the flow domain of the conical
spiral mandrel die is depicted in Figure 8. As the flow cross
sectional area of the die decreases towards the end of the die,
pressure gradient increases. The pressure drop through the
die head should not exceed the extruder maximum pressure
in order to operate the die at the specified production rate
and process temperature. Pressure drop from inlet to the exit
of the coat-hanger die in Figure 1 are calculated 18.52 bar by
electrical network method [1] and 20.74 bar by CFD. Pressure
drop from spiral groove beginning to spiral groove end is
estimated 49.78 bar by analytical method [7] and computed
42.29 bar by CFD. The interface between spiral grooves and
annular channel in spiral die section from which flow leaks
is assumed to be solid wall in the analytical method [7] for
spiral die. Hence, analytically estimated pressure drop through
the spiral die is larger than that computed by CFD.
Malekzadeh et al. [11] reported that Rauwendaal’s method
[7] solution agrees well with FEM results for pressure drop
through a flat spiral die. Analytical approaches and electrical
network methods seem indispensable tools for predicting die
performances expeditiously.
When the polymer melt is exposed to shear stresses above
a certain critical limit at the die walls, especially along the
die land close to the die exit, the plastic material leaves the
die exit having irregular or wavy surfaces. This phenomenon
is called melt fracture in the literature [19]. The melt fracture
limit is mainly dependent on the processed polymer. However,
this limit can be increased by adding plasticizers [19]. In the
Polymer Flow through a Conical Spiral Extrusion Die Fibers and Polymers 2014, Vol.15, No.1 89

Figure 10. The characteristic curves of the conical spiral mandrel

die when it is operated by PP (QB79P).

∆P = Rm·
n
(5)
Here, n is the power-law index of the polymer melt for
shear viscosity at process temperature as seen in Table 1. R
is the flow resistance of the spiral mandrel die and is
Figure 9. Shear stress distribution at the die walls. dependent on the die geometry, the process material and
temperature. This relation is of the same form as that for the
simple shaped dies such as circular, slit or annular channels
present study, melt fracture limit of the PP (grade: QB79P) is
as suggested in [18]. The pressure drop is proportional nearly
determined by capillary rheometer measurements and its
one third power of the flow rate. For process temperature of
value is 112000 Pa. The shear stress distribution at the die
210 oC, when the mass flow rate is increased from 29.2 kg/h
walls is shown in Figure 9. The wall shear stresses in the
to 233.8 kg/h, the pressure drop through the die increases
blue-circled regions (around the spiral die exit and corners in
from 101 bar to 202 bar. This is only two times increase in
the flow domain) in Figure 9 exceed the melt fracture limit
the pressure drop against 8 times increase in the flow rate. In
of the PP under study. The wall shear stress values of
contrast, pressure increase will be 8 times for an 8 times
complex flow channels such as corners cannot be calculated
increase in flow rate in laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid.
with analytical approaches several of which can be found in
This is very beneficial for the point of view design of the
[18] developed for the design of extrusion dies. Hence, CFD
plastic extrusion dies because pressure drop does not change
analyses are to be carried out in order to examine the flow
too much in a broad range of production rates.
field characteristics of polymer melts in complex flow channels.
The maximum shear stress at the die walls is given for
Besides, the wall shear stresses are relatively high in the
various mass flow rates and the processing temperatures in
annular channel between spiral grooves due to smaller cross
Table 3. The risk of flow instability increases for low
sections in Figure 9. High wall shear stresses at walls can
temperatures and high mass flow rates as can be seen from
only be reduced by decreasing the production rate or increasing
CFD simulation results in Table 3. As the temperature decreases,
the die temperature for an existing die design, but in this
the viscosity of the polymer melt and resulting maximum
case production cost increases. Thus, the cross sections of
the die should be determined carrefully, in order to operate Table 3. Maximum wall shear stress through the die for different
the die at the desired temperature and production rate process temperatures and mass flow rates
without having any process limitations.
Maximum wall shear stress (Pa)
The Effects of Extruder and Process Material Limita- Mass flow rate (kg/h) 210 oC 230 oC 260 oC
tions on Operating Conditions of Extrusion Dies 29.2 085316 063300 42358
CFD simulations are performed for different mass flow 58.5 109060 082827 56325
rates given in Table 2 and for temperatures of 210, 230 and 87.7 125130* 096303 66229
260 oC. The throughput-pressure drop curves of the conical 116.9 137618* 107304 74064
spiral mandrel die are shown in Figure 10 for different 146.1 148265* 116546* 80979
temperatures. Power-law model are fitted for each experimental 175.4 157952* 124537* 87099
data set and the related model parameters are given in Figure 204.6 165320* 132046* 92350
10. The relation between the pressure drop through the conical 233.8 173296* 138604* 97172
spiral mandrel die and mass flow rate is of the following
*Maximum wall shear stress exceeds the limit shear stress for melt
form. fracture.
 90 Fibers and Polymers 2014, Vol.15, No.1
wall shear stress increase. Therefore, the die must be operated
with a high temperature in order to reach high production
rates. In this case, operating cost increases due to increasing
energy consumption for additional heating. Consequently,
designing of flow channels of the spiral mandrel die by taking
into consideration of material property (melt fracture) is of
critical importance for extrusion with desired production rate
at a specific processing temperature.
Conclusion
Low limit of wall shear rate, upper limit of shear stress,
flow uniformity at the die exit and pressure drop through the
die are crucial design criteria for plastic extrusion dies. The
flow field characteristics of a conical spiral mandrel die are
investigated in detail by a CFD simulation in the current
study. In contrast to analytical techniques, CFD analyses for
material flow in complex extrusion dies provide extensive
data and understanding related to design limitations. CFD
analyses can predict the flow shape at intricate sections such
as stagnation and intersecting zones in extrusion dies which
cannot be configured by analytical approaches as pointed
out in [12,16]. CFD data can be used in the design process of
extrusion dies for further modifications. This may prevent a
die operating at off-design conditions which causes increase
in production costs of plastic products. To this respect, during
design process of an extrusion die, preliminary die design is
to be carried out by use of analytical approaches subject to
process conditions. Then, revisions on die geometry must be
made according to detailed analyses of CFD simulation results.
Yet, analytical methods are employed successfully for the
design and optimization of extrusion dies in literature.
Malekzadeh et al. [11] reported that Rauwendaal’s method
[7] and CFD results from literature [12] for a flat spiral die
showed good agreement in terms of pressure drop through
the die and velocity distribution at the die exit. Huang et al.
[16] optimized a coat-hanger die for uniform flow at the die
exit by use of an analytical method introduced in [2] and the
die performance is validated by CFD.
Likewise, pressure drop values estimated by the adapted
analytical approach suggested in [7] for spiral die and by
electrical network method [1] for coat-hanger die agree
satisfactorily with those of CFD results in the current study,
though analytical and electrical network methods do not
yield detailed information about complex flow structures.
The relation between pressure drop and mass flow rate in
the conical spiral mandrel die is of the same form as that for
the simple shaped dies such as circular, slit or annular channels
for the polymer melt rheological properties of which are
modeled by Generalized Newtonian Fluid Model. Unlike in
laminar flow of Newtonian fluids, there is no substantial
increase in pressure drop against considerable increase in
flow rate for the polymer melt flow in the conical spiral die.
This allows operation of extrusion dies in a broad range of
View publication stats
Oktay Yilmaz et al.
production rates with relatively small changes in extruder
power.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of
Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology of the
Turkish Republic and Mir R&D Ltd. Co., through grant
number: 00309.STZ.2008-2.
References
1. M. L. Booy, Polym. Eng. Sci., 22, 432 (1982).
2. Y. Matsubara, Polym. Eng. Sci., 19, 169 (1979).
3. H. H. Winter and H. G. Fritz, Polym. Eng. Sci., 26, 543
(1986).
4. J. D. Reid, O. H. Campanella, C. M. Corvolan, and M. R.
Okos, Polym. Eng. Sci., 43, 693 (2003).
5. P. Saillard and J. F. Agassant, Polym. Proc. Eng., 2, 37
(1984).
6. J. Vlcek, V. Kral, and K. Kouba, Plast. Rub. Proc. Appl., 4,
309 (1984).
7. C. Rauwendaal, Polym. Eng. Sci., 27, 186 (1987).
8. J. Perdikoulias, J. Vlcek, and J. Vlachopoulos, Adv. Polym.
Tech., 10, 111 (1990).
9. A. Limper and H. Stieglitz, SPE ANTEC Tech. Papers, 1, 1
(1998).
10. H. Higuchi and K. Koyama, Int. Polym. Proc., 18, 349
(2003).
11. M. Malekzadeh, F. Goharpey, and R. Foudazi, Int. Polym.
Proc., 23, 38 (2008).
12. M. Zatloukal, C. Tzoganakis, J. Perdikoulias, and P. Saha,
Polym. Eng. Sci., 41, 1683 (2001).
13. P. Skabrahova, J. Svabik, and J. Perdikoulias, SPE ANTEC
Tech. Papers, 1, 305 (2003).
14. Y. Sun and M. Gupta, Adv. Polym. Tech., 25, 90 (2006).
15. W. Han and X. Wang, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 123, 2511
(2012).
16. Y. Huang, C. R. Gentle, and J. B. Hull, Adv. Polym. Tech.,
23, 111 (2004).
17. C. W. Macosko, “Rheology: Principles, Measurements and
Applications”, 1st ed., pp.237-252, Wiley-VCH, New
York, 1994.
18. W. Michaeli, “Extrusion Dies for Plastics and Rubber:
Design and Engineering Computations”, 3rd ed., pp.156-
207, Hanser, Münich, 2003.
19. C. Rauwendaal, “Polymer Extrusion”, 4th ed., pp.175-179,
Münich, Hanser, 2001.
20. D. G. Baird and D. I. Collias, “Polymer Processing: Principles
and Design”, 1st ed., pp.20-23, Wiley-Interscience Publication,
New York, 1998.
21. PolyFlow, http://www.polyflow.be.
22. J. Sienz, A. Goublomme, and M. Luege, Comput. Struct.,
88, 610 (2010).