PAGE 1
INTRODUCTION - HISTORY OF FMTTI
The ministry of agriculture and farmer’s welfare has
organized four testing centers in India
1. CFMTTI (BUDNI MP -1958)
2. NRFMTTI (MISAR HARYANA – 1963)
3. SRFMTTI (GARADINNE AP – 1983)
4. NERFMTTI( BISWANTH CHARIALLI ASSAM – 1990)
The mandates of the institute has started for the development of human
resources on farm machinery. The objectives of the center is to evaluate
and certify the operation of tractors and other farm machinery and
implements.
PAGE 2
LANDMARKS IN CFMTTI JOURNEY
PAGE 3
VISIT TO THE TRACTOR MUSEUM
SI NO YEAR INVENTION
TRACTOR MAINTAINENCE
PAGE 4
Maintenance of tractor is done to reduce failures, save operating cost
prevent accident , improve working condition by minimizing wear and tear.
FUNCTIONS OF MAINTENANCE CHECKUP
Inspection and checkup
Cleaning
Servicing
Periodical case adjustments (1000 hours )
Record keeping and analysis (log book maintenance)
Storage
LOG BOOK
Date, timing hours, actual hours , progressive hours , type of operation,
fuel oil consumption in litre s, breakdown (IFANY)
PROCESSING IN CHECKUP
Clean the tractor
A. Pre checking ( External)
B. Post checking (Internal)
Fuel check up
Oil check up
Cooling system
Air pressure
Fan belt tension
Air cleaning system
To check the free play of clutch & brake
To check all the nuts
To check the battery level (33% acid 66%distilled water)
PROCEDURE
FUEL SYSTEM
PAGE 5
1. Keep the fuel clean
2. Change the fuel filter periodically as recommended by the manufacturer
3. Prevent leaks which waste fuel
4. Always top up the fuel tank after closing the work
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
1. Keep the starting motor of the engine in working condition
2. Check and top up battery with distilled water and maintain the desired
electrolyte density
3. Clean the battery terminals periodically
COOLING SYSTEM
1. Check and adjust fan belt tension
2. Check the radiator with clean coolant
3. Keep the radiator screen clean
LUBRICATING SYSTEM
1. Keep the right amount and right grade of oil in the system (SAE 20W14
for lubrication SAE 19 for transmission and hydraulic & SAE 20 for
mechanical steering )
NOTES
FUEL SAVING TIPS
PAGE 6
Park the tractor under the shade whenever it is possible
Point the diesel tank to avoid leakage
Replace fuel filter, after finishing of working hours
Maintain speed limit
Check Tyre pressure
Use proper implement according to tractor Hp.
FUEL FILTER
primary filter- 5-7microns (250 hours) - COTTON
Secondary filter - 3-5 microns (500hours)- PAPER
HITCHING OF TRACTOR
It is of three types
Mounted - primary and secondary tillage implements
Semi mounted - harrows and seed drill
Trailed - tipper etc
PRACTICAL SESSION
PAGE 7
TESTING , EVALUATION, AND CERRTIFICATION OF
TYPE OF TEST
COMMERCIAL TEST
CONFIDENTIAL TEST
VARIANT TEST
BATCH TEST
PAGE 8
1. PTO performance test (IS 12036)
2. Drawbar performance (IS 12226)
3. Hydraulic performance ( IS 12224)
SAFETY TEST
1. Braking performance (IS 12061)
2. Location of centre of gravity (IS 10743)
3. Turning ability (IS 11859)
4. Safety tests (IS 12239)
COMFORT AND ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS
1. Noise level (IS 12180)
2. Mechanical vibration ( IS 5994)
3. Smoke level ( IS 12062)
4. Operators field of vision ( IS 11442)
MISCLLANEOUS TESTS
1. Air cleaner oil pull over test ( IS 5994)
2. Field And Haulage test ( IS 9253)
3. Component/ assemblage inspection ( IS 5994)
PTO TEST
PAGE 9
To find out the characterists of tractor at pto shaft for full engine engine
speed range in regard to power and torque characteristics and
corresponding fuel consmuption under the following ambient conditions
NATURAL AMBIENT
1. Max power search
2. Two hour max power
3. Test at full load condition and varying condition
4. Varying load at rated engine speed
5. Varying load at standard PTO speed
6. Smoke level
HIGH AMBIENT TEST
1. Test at full load and varying speed
2. Two hour maximum power
3. Oil and water consumption
PTO Power (kw) = PTO Shaft torque (Nm)* PTO speed (rpm)
Dyanamometer constant
PRESENTATION RESULTS
PAGE 10
The data shall be reported in tabular form for each test condition. If also
presented in graphical form (which is optional ) the following , covering the
full range of engine speed tests shall be included.
. Power as function of speed
. Torque as function of speed
. Fuel consumption as a function of speed
. Specific fuel consumption as function of power
DRAWBAR PERFORMANCE TEST
To determine the input power utlization of tractor for draft work on a
standard concrete test track under unballasted and ballasted condition. The
loading device is a computer controlled load car.
The following tests are conducted
1. Varying load/speed test - Maximum pull in each gear with a limiting
factor at 15% wheel slip and 12kph in lower gears and engine stalling in high
gears. Under ballasted and ballasted condition
2. Ten hours test - five hours test
A. Maximum pull on 15% wheel slip and another
B. Five hour test at 75 % of pull at maximum power in gear normally used
in field operation.
PAGE 11
TEST track - leveled concrete surface 0.8km circumference oval shape
Hitch height - adjustment device on loadcar to maintain straight line of
pull
Load cell - 75KN drawbar pull capacity
Coupling - tractor linkage drawbar connecting with front tow hook of
load car
Drawbar height - vertical distance between ground level and centre of
linkage drawbar pin
Fifth wheel - to measure distance coverage for travelling speed and
wheel slip calculation
Eddy current dyanomometer
General of loadcar
Blower for dyanamometer
SELECTION OF HEIGHT
The line of pull should be horizontal
Hmax= 0.8 *W*Z
F
Drawbar pull*Actual tractor forward speed
Drawbar power (kw)=
3.6
HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE
PAGE 12
To find out the maximum static vertical force which can be exerted by the
hydraulic lifts at the lower hitch point and at a point 610mm to the rear of
the hitch point on a standard frame
Relief valve performance
Hydraulic pump performance
Lifting capacity test at lower hitch point
Lifting capacity test at standard frame
Ability to maintain the load
RELIEF VALVE PERFORMANCE
This test is intended to test the performance of the relief valve and its
characteristics present in the pump. In this test we find out the pressure at
which relief valve opens and the pressure at which the relief valve fully
opens.
SAFETY TEST
Braking performance
Location of centre of gravity
Turning ability
Safety tests as per CMVR
PAGE 13
Un ballasted condition ballasted condition
At 25 km/hr cold condition hot condition
At 35 km/hr At 25 km/hr At 25 km/hr
At 35 km/hr At 35 km/hr
PAGE 14
The stability of tractor depends on the location of centre of gravity which
is determined through a method of weight transfer by lifting it from the
front side
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENT OF THE OPERATOR SEAT
LENGTH OF SEAT ; the base of the seat must be at an angle of 75 (+or-)4.5
with the horizontal. The back rest must be at an angle of 10 (+or-)5 with the
vertical and its length at least to be 260mm. The height of sip from the foot
rest must be at the most 630mm.
PEDAL LOCATION
The position of the clutch and brake and foot accelerator from the SIP is
mainly dependent on the angle between the operator upper and lower leg.
The lengthwise distance must be less 355-700mm while the height wise
distance must be between 380-620mm
Steering wheel location ; the position of the steering wheel relative SIP is
mainly dependent on the upper arms to the torso and the angle between
the upper arm and lower arm
The steering wheel diameter is affected by the seating position steering
wheel diameter and the force required to turn the wheel. The steering
wheel must be in the range of 0-40 cm.
The minimum vertical distance from the SIP to top of the silencer is 800mm
TURNING ABILITY
PAGE 15
The aim of the test is to measure the turning ability and clearance diameter
and clearance diameter of the unballasted tractor with and without brakes
is to determine the extent of width of the headland required for field
operation.
COMFORT AND ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS
NOISE LEVEL TEST
Measured in open on a concrete test track , both ambient and at the
operators ear level position and should not exceed 85 & 88 db and 92 & 96
respectively
VIBRATION TEST
The amplitude of mechanical vibration (VD & HD) is measured on
assemblies , components and controls etc which affect the performance of
the operator.
The tractor is unballasted , inflated for fieldwork and parked on standard
concrete surface. The operator seat is loaded with a 75 kg mass. The test is
conducted under no load conditions and at 86% of maximum PTO power at
rated engine speed
The limiting factors is 100 microns.
VISBILITY
Keeping the operator eye level at 760mm the invisible area is determined
around the tractor. The furrow points of the tractor should be visible to
operator from normal sitting position ie within 100mm
AIR CLEANER OIL PULL OVER TEST
PAGE 16
the air cleaner is filled to 5 % in excess over the specified volume of oil. The
engine then operated at full governed speed for 15 minutes. This shall be
followed by sudden acceleration and deceleration made every 30 sec for 15
minutes the loss in mass of oil is determined. The test are conducted in
following two positions
Level
15 tilt on force/sideways
FIELD AND HAULAGE PERFORMANCE TEST
35 hours filed test with plough and Rotavator under dry land conditions
15 hours filed tests under wetland conditions
40 km haulage test with loaded trailer
PAGE 17
The engine ,transmission brakes front axle etc are dismantled to assess the
wear against initial and discard limits specified by the manufacturer. The
electrical components are checked against casual defects
TILLAGE AND PLOUGHING OPERATION
Mechanical manipulation of soil carried out for the purpose of nutriting
crops
OBJECTIVES OF TILLAGE
To obtain deep seed bed for suitable crop types
To add humus and fertility to soil by covering the vegetation
To destroy and prevent weeds
To increase water absorbing capacity
To aerate the soil for germination of seeds
TYPES OF TILLAGE
Primary tillage
Secondary tillage
TYPES OF TILLAGE ON SOIL BASIS
Minimum tillage
Strip tillage
Rotary tillage
Mulch tillage
Combined tillage
PRIMARY TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
PAGE 18
Mould board plough (dry land)
Disk plough
Chisel plough
Subsoiler
SECONDARY TILLAGE EQUIPMENTS
Disk harrows
Cultivators
Rotavator or rotary tiller
PAGE 19
MOULD BOARD PLOUGH PRATICAL
It cuts and inverts the soil
during operation
PARTS OF PLOUGH
Landslide
Share
Share point
Frog
Mould board
ADJUSTMENTS OF MOULD BOARD PLOGH
HORIZONTAL SUCTION
It is the maximum clearance between
the land side and a horizontal plant
touching point of share at its gunnel side
and heal of land side (Fig. 4).
This suction helps the plough to cut the
proper width of furrow slice
VERTICAL SUCTION
It is the maximum clearance under the land side and the horizontal
surface when the plough is resting on a horizontal surface in the working
position. It helps the plough to penetrate into the soil to a proper depth
PAGE 20
DISC PLOUGH
The disc plough is designed to
work in all types of soil for
basic functions such as soil
breaking, soil raising, soil
turning and soil mixing.
it is used open the new fields
and to process the stony
areas.
TILT ANGLE
Tilt angle - It is the angle at which the plane of the cutting edge of the disc
is inclined to a vertical line. The tilt angle varies from 15° to 25° for a good
plough.
DISC ANGLE
It is the angle at which the plane of the cutting edge of the disc is inclined
to the direction of travel. Usually the disc angle of good plough varies
between 42° to 45°
PAGE 21
NOTES
SELECTION OF MATCHING PLOUGH
DRAFT = Size of plough *depth of plough *soil resistance
Dbhp= draft * speed / 270
SOIL RESISTANCE
Sandy loam - 0.3
Sandy soil - 0.2
Silt loam - 0.35- 0.5
Clay soil - 0.4-0.6
SOWING
Crop planting refers to placing of seeds in soil with respect of under
optimum soil temperature and moisture condition
Broadcasting
Dippling
Seed dropping behind the plough
Drilling
Hill dropping
Check rowing
Transplanting
PAGE 22
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINE
TYPES OF ENGINE
PAGE 23
ENGINE - AND ITS COMPONENTS
ENGINE is a device which converts
chemical energy into mechanical
energy by the use of fuel
CYLINDER BLOCK
The cylinder block, is generally a single unit
made from cast iron. In a liquid-cooled diesel,
the block also provides the structure and rigid
frame for the engine's cylinders, water coolant
and oil passages, and support for the crankshaft
and camshaft bearings
FOUR STROKE
Suction
Compression
Power
Exhaust
PAGE 24
BORE AND STROKE
CRANK SHAFT
A crankshaft is a shaft driven by a
crank mechanism, consisting of a
series of cranks and crank pins to
which the connecting rods of an
engine are attached. It is a
mechanical part able to perform a
conversion between reciprocating
motion and rotational motion
CAM SHAFT
A camshaft is the element of an internal
combustion engine the purpose of which is
to open and close the valves. Working in
conjunction with the crankshaft, the
camshaft rotates at half the speed of the
crankshaft in a 4-stroke engine cycle and at
the same speed in a 2-stroke engine.
PAGE 25
PISTON
The engine consists of a fixed cylinder and a
moving piston. The expanding combustion
gases push the piston, which in turn rotates
the crankshaft. After the piston compresses
the fuel-air mixture, the spark ignites it,
causing combustion. The expansion of the
combustion gases pushes the piston during
the power stroke.
PISTON RINGS
A piston ring is an expandable split ring used
to provide a seal between the piston an the
cylinder wall. Piston rings are commonly
made from cast iron. Cast iron retains the
integrity of its original shape under heat,
load, and other dynamic forces
CONNECTING ROD
A connecting rod, also called a con rod, is a rigid
member which connects a piston to a crank or
crankshaft in a reciprocating engine. Together
with the crank, it forms a simple mechanism that
converts reciprocating motion into rotating
motion.
PAGE 26
INLET AND EXHAUST VALVES
The inlet valves seal the intake port , through which
the air flows into the combustion chamber and
exhaust valve control the flow of combustion gases
and let them stream out after the combustion cycle.
CYLINDER COVER
PAGE 27
A valve timing diagram is a graphical representation of the opening and
closing of the intake and exhaust valve of the engine, The opening and
closing of the valves of the engine depend upon the movement of piston
from TDC to BDC.
PAGE 28
ENGINE HANDELLED
DISMANTLE STEPS
Rocker arm box
Air intake and and exhaust system
Fuel tank
Cylinder head
Fuel injector
Head gasket
Cylinder block & cylinder liner
Timing gear
Governing system
Connecting rod
Crankshaft
Oil pump lubrication system
All these parts where dismantled and studied
PAGE 29
TYPES OF CLEARANCE
Bumping clearance
Bumping clearance is the space between the top of
the piston and the cylinder head of an air
compressor. This clearance is an important aspect of
the compressors and should be as less as practically
possible to improve the volumetric efficiency of the compressor
Tappet clearance
It is the space between top of the valve
stem and rocker arm.It's purpose is to
allow for some mechanical expansion and
lengthening of the valve stem and engine
push rods as the engine warms up
Fuel time setting
The fuel timing of inlet is set by the setting process of timing gears
Oil clearance
The oil clearance is the gap between the inside
diameter of an installed bearing and the
outside diameter of the crankshaft or camshaft
journal. The clearance is measured 90 degrees
to the bearing parting line, which is the thickest
part of the bearing
PAGE 30
SIDE CLEARANCE BETWEEN CRANKCASE AND CONNECTING ROD
PAGE 31
HORSE POWER
Unit of power , rate of doing work .
LOW IDLE SPEED
Minimum speed required to operate the engine
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is the percentage of heat energy
that is transformed into work.
BRAKE HORSE POWER
Brake horsepower is the horsepower of an engine measured by the degree
of resistance offered by a brake, that represents the useful power that the
machine can develop. For an electric motor, brake horsepower is the
mechanical horsepower available at the shaft at specified rpm and full load
current.
HORSE POWER
The power an engine produces is called horsepower.
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
The volumetric efficiency ηv [-] is defined as the ratio between the actual
(measured) volume of intake air Va [m3] drawn into the cylinder/engine
and the theoretical volume of the engine/cylinder Vd [m3], during the
intake engine cycle
PAGE 32
MECHANICAL EFFIECIENCY
Mechanical efficiency, is the parameter that gives the effectiveness of an
engine in transforming it's input energy to output energy
FIRING ORDER
The firing order is the sequence of power delivery of each cylinder in a
multi-cylinder reciprocating engine.
PAGE 33
TRACTOR SYSTEM & COMPONENTS
1. Power generating system
Fuel
Lubrication
Coolant
Air intake and exhaust
Governing
2. Power transmission system
Clutch
Gear
Differential
3. Power control system
Brake
Steering
4. Electrical system
5. Hydraulic system
PAGE 34
POWER GENERATING- FUEL SYSTEM
The fuel in the fuel tank is allowed to flow
through the pipeline to water separator
where the water is separated, water enters
into the fuel tank due to condensation
process happens inside the fuel tank due to
empty spaces. Then the fuel is allowed to
flow through the sediment bowl where the
dust particles are sediment ed in the bowl.
Then fuel passes to the primary filter (5-7 microns) dust particles are
removed which is made up of (cloth) and to secondary filter (3-5 microns)
dust particles are removed made up of (paper). Then the fuel pump is
pumped by FIP pump to the injector where it gets pressurized up to
211kg/cm2 . The overflowed fuel is passed to the fuel tank
FUEL INJECTION PUMP AND INJECTOR
PAGE 35
The fundamental principle is as the engine speed increases the flyweighs
flung outwards as soon as the centrifugal force exceeds the force of the
spring. As the engine speed decreases the force diminishes until the force
extended by the governor spring finally exceeds it and flyweighs swings
inward again. The governor maintains all speeds steadily including idle and
maximum speed.
PAGE 36
Air from the atmosphere is passed through the
precleaner of the air filter where the dust
particles of large micron is removed and thus air
passes through the inlet manifold and to inlet
port and to inlet valve where the air and fuel is
mixed in the proper ratio. After the completion
of suction, compression , power exhaust strokes
the air passed through the exhaust valve and
then to muffler and to the atmosphere , the muffler reduces the noise level
of the smoke.
INTAKE SYSTEM
1. Air cleaner
2. Inlet manifold
3. Intake port
4. Inlet valve
AIR CLEANER IS OF TWO
TYPES DRY TYPE AIR CLEANER
1. Wet type
2. Dry type
TYPES OF CHARGER USED IN
TRACTOR
1. Super charger
2. Turbo charger
LUBRICATION SYTEM
PAGE 37
1. Splash lubrication system
A hole is drilled through the connecting rod
cap through which the oil passes to the
bearing surface. Oil pockets are provided to
catch the splashed oil over all the main
bearings and also the cam shaft bearings.
From these pockets oil passes to the
bearings through drilled hole. The surplus
oil dripping from the cylinder flows back to
the oil sump in the crank case.
2. Combination of both splash and forced
Splash and pressure lubrication system
is combination of splash and pressure
system as shown in below figure. In this
system, the lubricating oil is supplied by
a pump under pressure to main and
cam shaft bearings. the oil is also
directed in the form of spray from
nozzle or splashed by a scoop or dipper
on the big end to lubricate bearings at the big end of the connecting rod,
crank pin, gudgeon pin, piston rings and cylinder.
PAGE 38
In pressurized lubrication system, the
lubricating oil is supplied by a pump
under pressure to all parts requiring
lubrication as shown in below figure.
The oil under the pressure is supplied to
main bearings of the crank shaft and
camshaft. Holes drilled through the
main crank shaft bearings journals,
communicate oil to big end bearing and
small end bearings through the hole drilled in the connecting rod. a
pressure gauge is provided to confirm the circulation of oil to various parts.
COOLANT SYTEM
1. Air cooled
2. Water cooled
TYPES OF OPERATION
1. Direct
2. Direct or non return
3. Hopper feed system
4. Thermosyphon
5. Forced circulation system
PAGE 39
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
POWER TRAIN
flywheel - POWER STORE
Transmission is a speed reducing
mechanism, equipped with
several gears. It may be called a
sequence of gears and shafts,
through which the engine power
is transmitted to the tractor
wheels. The system consists of various devices that cause forward and
backward movement of tractor to suit different field condition. The
complete path of power from the engine to the wheels is called power train.
CLUTCH - is a device used to connect and disconnect the engine power
to the transmission part. Clutch transmit the power by means of friction
between driving member and the driver member.
TYPES OF CLUTCH
PAGE 40
IMPORTANT PARTS OF CLUTCH
Pressure plate
Clutch plate
Springs
Release fingers
PAGE 41
Sliding gear transmissions contain simple arrangements spur gears and
shafts. Usually contain input shaft and output shaft held parallel to each
other in housing or case. Third shaft called idler shaft reverses power to
output shaft. Idler shaft held parallel to input shaft.
Sliding spur gears arranged to mesh to provide changes in speed or
direction. One pair gears provides each forward speed. In each gear pair,
one gear on input shaft, the other on output shaft. They transmit the power
by sliding.
CONSTANT MESH GEAR BOX
These gears are always in mesh. Usually the gears are helical in shape. The
transmission is put into operation by engagement of shifting couplings,
which slide along the splines on the counter-shaft and the output shaft of
the gear box
SYNCHRONIZE GEAR BOX
In the system, the gearbox is of constant mesh
type, in which all gears are always in mesh but only
one of these meshed pairs of gears is locked to the
shaft on which it is mounted at any one time, the
others being allowed to rotate freely; thus greatly reducing the skill
required to shift gears. These systems that will automatically "mesh" while
changing gears.
PAGE 42
Differential: Differential unit is a special arrangement of gears to permit
one of the rear wheels of the
tractor to rotate slower or faster
than the other. While turning the
tractor on a curved path, the inner
wheel has to travel lesser the
tractor to move faster than the
other at the turning point. The
output shaft coming from the gear
box is provided with a bevel pinion
at the end of the shaft. The bevel pinion is in mesh with a large bevel wheel
known as crown wheel.
The main functions of crown wheel assembly are:
(i) to transmit power through right angle drive to suit the tractor wheels.
(ii) to reduce the speed of rotation.
The differential unit consists of:
differential casing
differential pinion
crown wheel
half shaft and
bevel gear.
Differential lock: Differential lock is a device to join both half axles of the
tractor so that even if one wheel is under less resistance, the tractor comes
out from the mud etc as both wheels move with the same speed and apply
equal traction.
FINAL DRIVE
PAGE 43
Final drive: Final drive is a gear reduction unit in the power trains between
the differential and the drive wheels. Final drive transmits the power finally
to the rear axle and the wheels. The tractor rear wheels are not directly
attached to the half shafts but the drive is taken through a pair of spur gears.
Each half shaft terminates in a small gear, which meshes with a large gear
called bull gear. The bull gear is mounted on the shaft, carrying the tractor
rear wheel. The device for final speed reduction, suitable for tractor rear
wheels is known as final drive mechanism.
TYPES OF REDUCTION
Bevel and pinion
Inboard reduction
Hub reduction
Epicyclic reduction
PAGE 44
The system, governing the angular
movement of front wheels of a tractor is
called steering system. This system steering
wheel minimizes the efforts of the operator
in turning the front wheel with the
application of leverages. The different
components of the system are
steering wheel
steering shaft
steering gear
pitman arm (drop arm)
drag link
steering arm
tie rod and
king pin.
STEERING GEOMETRY
PAGE 45
FRONT WHEEL ALIGNMENT
The front wheels must be in correct alignment in
order to ensure easy steering, to give directional
stability of the vehicle and to minimize Tyre wear.
Front wheel alignment is obtained through
accurately setting of the following factors:
Caster
Camber
Kingpin inclination
Toe-in
Toe-out
BRAKE
PAGE 46
Brake is used to stop or slow down the motion of a tractor. It is mounted
on the driving axle and operated by two independent pedals. Each pedal
can be operated independently to assist the turning of tractor during the
fieldwork or locked together by means of a lock.Brake can be classified as:
Mechanical brake
Internal expanding shoe type
External contracting shoe type
Disc type
Hydraulic brake.
Disc brake:
PAGE 47
Two actuating discs have holes drilled in each disc in which steel balls are
placed. When the brake pedal is depressed, the links help to move the two
discs in opposite directions. This brings the steel balls to shallow part of the
holes drilled in the disc. As a result, the two discs are expanded and braking
discs are pressed inbetween the discs and the stationary housing. The
braking discs are directly mounted on the differential shaft which ultimately
transfers the travelling effect to the differential shaft.
Hydraulic brake:
Hydraulic brake system is based on
the principle of Pascal's law. The
brake fluid which is usually a
mixture of glycerine and alcohol is
filled in the master cylinder (Fig. 9).
When the pedal is depressed, the
piston of the master cylinder is
forced into the cylinder and the
entire system turns to a pressure
system. Immediately, the piston of the wheel cylinder slides outward which
moves the brake shoes to stop the rotating drum. When the pedal is
released, the return spring of the master cylinder moves the piston back to
its original position, causing a sudden pressure drop in the line. The
retracting springs of the brake shoe bring them back to their original
position. Thus the piston of the wheel cylinder returns back.
PAGE 48
It is a mechanism in a
tractor to raise, hold or
lower the mounted or
semi-mounted equipment
by hydraulic means.
Working principle:
The working principle of
hydraulic system is based on Pascal's law. This law states that the pressure
applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
The basic components are:
Hydraulic pump
Hydraulic cylinder and piston
Hydraulic tank
Control valve
Safety valve
Hose pipe and fittings and
Lifting arms.
Relief valve
PAGE 49
B. Closed centre system
Operation: The hydraulic pump draws up oil from the oil reservoir and
sends it to the control valve under high pressure. From the control valve,
the oil goes to the hydraulic cylinder to operate the piston, which in turn,
raises the lifting arms. The lifting arms are attached with implements. The
hydraulic pump is operated by suitable gears, connected with engine. There
are two types of arrangements for storing hydraulic oil in the system :
There is a common oil reservoir for hydraulic system and the
transmission system in some tractors
There is a special tank for hydraulic oil. It is separate from' the
transmission chamber.
TYPES OF PUMPS USED IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
ELECTRIC SYSTEM
PAGE 50
The electric system in a tractor is used to provide a electric power to start,
horn , lights etc
COMPONENTS OF BATTERY
1. Battery
primary battery (non rechargable)
secondary battery (rechareable)
Battery container- polypropelene
Positive plate- lead peroxide( brown)
Negative plate - lead (grey)
Plate seperator - acid proof rubber
Plate connector - lead
Cell connector - lead
Electrolyte - H2So4+ distilled water =40+60
Battery cover - polypropelene
Vent plug - ventilation
GENERATOR
PAGE 51
The basic principle at work here is that
electricity produces magnetism.
Conversely, magnetism produces
electricity. If a current-carrying coil of
wire is placed around a bar of steel, the
bar will become magnetized. The more
turns of wire and the stronger the
current, the more powerful the
magnet.
ALTERANATOR
Generators produce Direct Current. Alternator
produces an A.C. that in turn must be rectified or
converted into D.C. and then stored in a battery.
SOLENOID SWITCH
An idle starter solenoid can
receive a large electric current
from the car battery and a
small electric current from the
ignition switch. ... This causes
the starter solenoid to close a
pair of heavy contacts, thus relaying a large electric current through
the starter motor, which in turn sets the engine in motion.
TRACTOR HITCH
PAGE 52
Implements are needed to be hitched properly for efficient and safe
operation of the tractor. Implements can be;
Trailed
Semi mounted and
Mounted.
Implements can be hitched in two ways:
DRAWBAR HITCH: Drawbar is a device by which the pulling power of the
tractor is transmitted to the trailing implements. It consists of a crossbar
with suitable holes, attached to the lower hitch links. It is fitted at the
rear part of the tractor.
THREE POINT LINKAGE It is a combination of three links, one is upper
link and two are lower links, the links articulated to the tractor and the
implements at their ends in order to connect the implement to the
tractor.
PTO (POWER TAKE OFF)
PTO is used transmit the engine power to agricultural operation
Dependent PTO (single clutch )
Independent PTO (Double clutch)
Semi in dependent PTO(Dual clutch)
ACCORDING TO WORK
Economic PTO
Standard PTO
Multispeed PTO
IRRIGATION
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Types of irrigation
PLANT PROTECTION
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The equipment used to protect the plant from pest, insects are called as
plant protection equipment.
Methods of plant protection
Agro technical method
Biological method
Chemical method
Mechanical method
EQUIMENTS USED
COMBINE HARVESTOR
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The modern combine harvester, or simply combine, is a versatile machine
designed to efficiently harvest a variety of grain crops. The name derives
from its combining three separate harvesting operations—reaping,
threshing, and winnowing—into a single process.
PARTS OF COMBINE
The driving of combine and its operation has performed by each students
during training period
CONCULSION
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The training on farm tractor and its units at CFMTTI , provided a practical
knowledge on the operation , maintainence , testing procedures of tractor
and its farm implements
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