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1
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India
2
Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and
Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl- 796015, Mizoram, India
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
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could be focused by these magnetic fields, absorption of electrons in the material, due to
allowing for simple lens designs. Later this the thickness and composition of the material.
theory was extended by Hans Busch in his At higher magnifications complex wave
work published in 1926, who showed that the interactions modulate the intensity of the
lens maker's equation, under appropriate image, requiring expert analysis of observed
assumptions, could be applicable to electrons. images. Alternate modes of uses of the TEM
(nobelprize.org) allows the observation of modulations in
chemical identity, crystal orientation,
In 1928, at the Technological University of electronic structure and sample induced
Berlin Adolf Matthias, Professor of High electron phase shift as well as the regular
voltage Technology and Electrical absorption based imaging.
Installations, appointed Max Knoll to lead a
team of researchers to advance the CRO Components of TEM
design. The team consisted of several Ph.D.
students including Ernst Ruska and Bodo von An electron source: From the top down, the
Borries. TEM consists of an emission source, which
may be a tungsten filament, or a lanthanum
This team of researchers concerned hexaboride (LaB6) source (Egerton, 2005). For
themselves with lens design and CRO column tungsten, this will be of the form of either a
placement, which they attempted to optimize hairpin-style filament, or a small spike-shaped
to obtain the parameters which could to allow filament. LaB6 (Lanthanum hexaboride)
for construction of better CROs, as well as the sources utilize small single crystals. By
development of electron optical components connecting this gun to a high voltage source
which could be used to generate low (typically ~100-300 kV) the gun will, given
magnification (nearly 1:1) images. In 1931, sufficient current, and begins to emit electrons
the group successfully generated magnified either by thermionic or field electron emission
images of mesh grids placed over the anode into the vacuum. This extraction is usually
aperture. The device used two magnetic lenses aided by the use of a Wehnelt cylinder. Once
to achieve higher magnifications, arguably the extracted, the upper lenses of the TEM allow
first electron microscope. In that same year, formation of the electron probe to the desired
Reinhold Rudenberg, the scientific director of size and location for later interaction with the
the Siemens Company, had patented an sample (Rose, 2008).
electrostatic lens electron microscope
(Rudenberg, Reinhold, 1931). Thermionic Gun
Electron beam
A Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
utilizes energetic electrons to provide Electromagnetic lenses: Electron lenses are
morphologic, compositional and designed to act in a manner emulating that of
crystallographic information on samples. At a an optical lens, by focusing parallel rays at
maximum potential magnification of 1 some constant focal length. Lenses may
nanometer, TEMs are the most powerful operate electrostatically or magnetically. The
microscopes. TEMs produce high-resolution, majority of electron lenses for TEM utilize
two-dimensional images, allowing for a wide electromagnetic coils to generate a convex
range of educational, science and industry lens. For these lenses the field produced for
related applications. At smaller the lens must be radially symmetrical, as
magnifications, TEM image contrast is due to deviation from the radial symmetry of the
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 743-747
magnetic lens causes aberrations such as electrons move, with shorter wavelength and
astigmatism, and worsens spherical and the greater the quality and detail of the image.
chromatic aberration. Electron lenses are
manufactured from iron, iron-cobalt or nickel The lighter areas of the image represent the
cobalt alloys, such as Permalloy (Orloff, places where a greater number of electrons
1997). These are selected for their magnetic were able to pass through the sample and the
properties, such as magnetic saturation, darker areas reflect the dense areas of the
hysteresis and permeability. object. These differences provide information
on the structure, texture, shape and size of the
Vacuum chamber sample. To obtain a TEM analysis, samples
Two Condensers need to have certain properties. They need to
Sample stage be sliced thin enough for electrons to pass
Phosphor or fluorescent screen through, a property known as electron
Computer for imaging transparency. Samples need to be able to
withstand the vacuum chamber and often
A Transmission Electron Microscope require special preparation before viewing.
functions under the same basic principles as
an optical microscope. In a TEM, electrons The steps of sample preparation include
replace photons, electromagnetic lenses dehydration, sputter coating of non-conductive
replace glass lenses and images are viewed on materials, cryo-fixation, embedding in hard
a screen rather than through an eyepiece. resins, sectioning and staining for contrast
protection of samples.
TEM imaging
TEM applications
A Transmission Electron Microscope
produces a high-resolution, black and white A Transmission Electron Microscope is ideal
image from the interaction that takes place for a number of diverse fields such as life
between prepared samples and energetic sciences, nanotechnology, medical, biological
electrons in the vacuum chamber. Air needs to and material research, forensic analysis,
be pumped out of the vacuum chamber, gemology and metallurgy as well as industry
creating a space where electrons are able to and education.
move. The electrons then pass through
multiple electromagnetic lenses. These TEMs provide topographical, morphological,
solenoids are tubes with coil wrapped around compositional and crystalline information.
them. The beam passes through the solenoids, The images allow the researchers to view
down the column, makes contact with the samples on a molecular level, making it
screen where the electrons are converted to possible to analyze structure and texture.
light and form an image. The image can be
manipulated by adjusting the voltage of the This information is useful in the study of
gun to accelerate or decrease the speed of crystals and metals, in addition to industrial
electrons as well as changing the applications.
electromagnetic wavelength via the solenoids.
The coils focus images onto a screen or TEMs can be used in semiconductor analysis
photographic plate. During transmission, the and the production and manufacture of
speed of electrons is directly correlated with computer and silicon chips.
the electron wavelength; the faster the
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 743-747
Technology based companies use TEMs to TEMs offer the most powerful magnification,
identify flaws, fractures and damages to potentially over one million times or more
micro-sized objects; this data can help fix
problems and/or help to make a more durable, TEMs have a wide-range of applications and
efficient product. can be utilized in a variety of different
scientific, educational and industrial fields
Colleges and universities can utilize TEMs
for research and studies. TEMs provide information on the element
and compound structure
Although electron microscopes require
specialized training, students can assist Images are high-quality and detailed
professors and learn TEM techniques.
TEMs are able to yield an insight of the
Students will have the opportunity to observe surface features, shape, size and structure
a nano-sized world in incredible depth and
detail (Fig. 1). They are easy to operate with proper training
Advantages Disadvantages
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