VIBRATION ANALYSIS FOR CBM

BASIC CONCEPTS – UNIT 2

BY DIBYENDU DE
 VIBRATION MONITORING

Degrees of Freedom?

Degrees of Freedom determines the direction

in which we measure vibration
Measurement direction - Horizontal,
Vertical, Axial.
MEASUREMENT DIRECTION - HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL,
AXIAL.

Horizontal Vertical

Instrument
Axial
CONCEPT OF PHASE - 1

Masses C and D are in sync or

are in-step

That is they move together

Hence the masses are vibrating

in phase
CONCEPT OF PHASE – 2

While Mass X is now at the upper

limit

Mass Y is at the neutral position and

moving downwards towards the
lower limit

Hence Masses X & Y are moving 90

degrees out of phase
CONCEPT OF PHASE – 3

While Mass A is now at the upper

limit

Mass B is at the lower limit

Hence Masses A & B are moving 180

degrees out of phase
UNITS OF VIBRATION

Displacement in Velocity in
Acceleration in
Microns or Mils mm/sec or
meter/sec^2 or ‘g’
1mil = 1/1000 inch inch/sec

Frequency in CPM
or Hz
Hz x 60 = CPM
 Vibration

Mass, Stiffness, Space

Energy
Natural Frequency Motion
Strain d
Kinetic v
Force a Time
Low

Medium
frequency
High
Spike Energy
Overall Signatures
Time wave form Envelope
Orbit Cepstrum
Patterns

Faults = Unbalance, Misalignment, Bearings, Product defect etc

VIBRATION - CAR ANALOGY

Low Frequency
Long period (T)
High displacement
Average Velocity
Low Acceleration
Medium Frequency
Medium period (T)
Average displacement
Average Velocity
Average Acceleration

High Frequency
Short period (T)
Low displacement
Average Velocity
High Acceleration
VIBRATION
Displacement: Acceleration:
Sensitive to low Sensitive to high
frequencies. frequencies.
Good guide for imbalance, Good for rolling element
& other low frequency faults. bearing damage.

Velocity:
Has average sensitivity throughout the frequency range.
Reasonably sensitive to imbalance, misalignment, looseness and
rolling element bearing damage.
EXERCISE – CHOOSE APPROPRIATE PARAMETER
• Anti friction Bearings – velocity and acceleration
• Gears
• Journal Bearings
• Bush Bearings
• Pump casing
• VFD shaft
• Thrust bearing
• Pipes and fluid flows
EXERCISE – CHOOSE APPROPRIATE PARAMETER &
DIRECTION

• Motor
• Pump
• Cooling Tower Fan
• On steel and concrete structures
• Foundations
• Slow speed anti-friction bearing
• Vibrating Screen
• Steam Turbines
EXERCISE - FAILURE MODES – PARAMETER?
Pitting of anti-friction bearings
Wear out and/or clearances of journal bearings
Lubrication starvation
Unbalance, misalignment, looseness
Screw wear out and shear of extruders
Leakage of mechanical seals
Gear teeth sheared from root
Cavitation
Cracks in shafts
Cracks in structures
EXERCISE – THINK OVER THE QUESTIONS
• Which is the weakest bearing?
• Which direction is the weakest?
• What might be the failure modes? BEARING 6219 BEARING
& NU219
• What would be the parameters? NU219
BEARING
NU320
BEARING
6320

• What is the most important direction

• What would be the most important
technique?
• What would define the health of the
machine? FAN
BLOWER ASSEMBLY
THANK YOU FOR COMPLETING UNIT 2
CONTACT: FOR FACILITATED TRAINING
DIBYENDU DE, EMAIL ID: DDE337@GMAIL.COM