Government Polytechnic Pune-16

(An Autonomous Institute of Govt. of Maharashtra)

A
Project Report
ON
Interfacing of LED, ADC, STEPPER MOTOR with 8051
Microcontroller
Submitted By:

MR.ANIKET MADHUKAR WAIKAR (1402066)

Academic Year: 2016-17
Under Guidance of

PROF. MRS. S. P. PHADNAIK

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Government Polytechnic, Pune-16

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 Government Polytechnic Pune-16
(An Autonomous Institute of Govt. of Maharashtra)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that

MR.ANIKET MADHUKAR WAIKAR (1402066)

Of the final year diploma in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING have successfully completed their project in

Interfacing of LED, ADC, STEPPER MOTOR with 8051

Microcontroller
During the prescribed time period in the academic year 2016-17
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment for award of
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(PROF.MRS.S.P.PHADNAIK)
Project Guide

(PROF.MRS.M.A.CHIGTERI) (PROF.MR.NANDANWAR)
H.O.D PRINCIPAL

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have a great pleasure in presenting this project report on

Interfacing of LED, ADC, STEPPER MOTOR with 8051

Microcontroller
and to express my deep regard towards those who have offered their
valuable time and guidance of my hours need.
I would like to express my sincere and whole hearted thanks to my
project guide PROF.MRS.S.P.PHADNAIK MADAM for contributing
valuable time, knowledge, experience and providing constant guidance
to me in making this project a success.
We sincerely thank our H.O.D.PROF.M.A.CHIGTERI MADAM for her
support and encouragement during a project completion.
I am also glad to express my thanks to my parents and friends for their
constant inspiration and encouragement.
Finally, before ending I would like to express once again my gratitude
and thanks to all those who are involved directly and indirectly in
making my project a success.

THANKING YOU.

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CONTENT:

1. Acknowledgment 3
2. Introduction to 8051 Microcontroller 5
 8051 Pin diagram and Description
 8051 Internal Architecture
3.LED Interfacing With 8051 Microcontroller 9
 Circuit Principle
 Circuit Diagram
 Circuit Component
 Circuit Design
 How to operate?
 Circuit Applications
4. ADC Interfacing With 8051 Microcontroller 12
 Circuit component
 ADC 0804
 LCD
 Circuit Diagram
 Circuit Description
 Working
 Output Analysis
5. Stepper motor Interfacing With 8051 Microcontroller 17
 Stepper Motor Control using Microcontroller
Circuit Principle
 Circuit Components
 Stepper Motor Control using 8051
Microcontroller Circuit Design
 How to Operate this Stepper Motor
Driver Circuit?
 Stepper Motor Control Applications
6. PCB Design 21
7. PCB Circuit Diagram 23
8.Advantages & Disadvantages 24
9. Program Code 25
10.Conclusion 37
11.Referance 38

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 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
A micro controller is an integrated circuit or a chip with a processor and other support devices
like program memory, data memory, I/O ports, serial communication interface etc integrated
together. Unlike a microprocessor (ex: Intel 8085), a microcontroller does not require any
external interfacing of support devices. Intel 8051 is the most popular microcontroller ever
produced in the world market.

Introduction :
Intelfirst produced a microcontroller in 1976 under the name MCS-48, which was an 8 bit
microcontroller. Later in 1980 they released a further improved version (which is also 8 bit),
under the name MCS-51. The most popular microcontroller 8051 belongs to the MCS-51 family
of microcontrollers by Intel. Following the success of 8051, many other semiconductor
manufacturers released microcontrollers under their own brand name but using the MCS-51 core.
Global companies and giants in semiconductor industry like Microchip, Zilog, Atmel, Philips,
and Siemens released products under their brand name. The specialty was that all these devices
could be programmed using the same MCS-51 instruction sets. They basically differed in support
device configurations like improved memory, presence of an ADC or DAC etc. Intel then
released its first 16 bit microcontroller in 1982, under name MCS-96

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8051 Pin Diagram &Description:

For describing pin diagram and pin configuration of 8051, we are taking into consideration a 40
pin DIP (Dual inline package). Now let’s go through pin configuration in detail.

Pin-40: Named as Vcc is the main power source. Usually its +5V DC.

Pins 32-39: Known as Port 0 (P0.0 to P0.7) – In addition to serving as I/O port, lower order
address and data bus signals are multiplexed with this port (to serve the purpose of external
memory interfacing). This is a bi directional I/O port (the only one in 8051) and external pull up
resistors are required to function this port as I/O.

Pin-31:-ALE Address Latch Enable is used to demultiplex the address-data signal of port 0 (for
external memory interfacing.) 2 ALE pulses are available for each machine cycle.

Pin-30:- EA/ External Access input is used to enable or disallow external memory interfacing. If
there is no external memory requirement, this pin is pulled high by connecting it to Vcc.

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Pin- 29:- PSEN or Program Store Enable is used to read signal from external program memory.

Pins- 21-28:- Known as Port 2 (P 2.0 to P 2.7) – in addition to serving as I/O port, higher order
address bus signals are multiplexed with this quasi bi directional port.

Pin 20:- Named as Vss – it represents ground (0 V) connection.

Pins 18 and 19:- Used for interfacing an external crystal to provide system clock.

Pins 10 – 17:- Known as Port 3. This port also serves some other functions like interrupts, timer
input, control signals for external memory interfacing RD and WR, serial communication signals
RxD and TxD etc. This is a quasi bi directional port with internal pull up.

Pin 9:- As explained before RESET pin is used to set the 8051 microcontroller to its initial
values, while the microcontroller is working or at the initial start of application. The RESET pin
must be set high for 2 machine cycles.

Pins 1 – 8:- Known as Port 1. Unlike other ports, this port does not serve any other functions.
Port 1 is an internally pulled up, quasi bi directional I/O port.

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8051 Internal Architecture:

The system bus connects all the support devices with the central processing unit. 8051 system
bus composes of an 8 bit data bus and a 16 bit address bus and bus control signals. From the
figure you can understand that all other devices like program memory, ports, data memory, serial
interface, interrupt control, timers, and the central processing unit are all interfaced together
through the system bus. RxD and TxD (serial port input and output) are interfaced with port 3.

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 LED Interfacing with 8051
Light Emitting Diodes are the mostly commonly used components in many applications. They
are made of semiconducting material. This is the basic interfacing of LEDs to the 8051 family
microcontrollers.

Circuit Principle:
The main principle of this circuit is to interface LEDs to the 8051 family micro controller.
Commonly, used LEDs will have voltage drop of 1.7v and current of 10mA to glow at full
intensity. This is applied through the output pin of the micro controller.

Circuit Diagram:

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Circuit Components:
 AT89C51 microcontroller.
 8 LEDs – D1 to D8.
 8 Resistors – R1 to R8.
 Crystal oscillator.
 2 Capacitors – C1 and C2.

Circuit Design:
The circuit mainly consists of AT89C51 microcontroller. AT89C51 belongs to the family of
8051 microcontroller. It is an 8-bit microcontroller. This microcontroller has 4KB of Flash
Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory and 128 bytes of RAM. This can be
programmed and erased maximum 1000times. It has two 16 bit timers/counters. It supports
USART communication protocol. It has 40 pins. There are four ports are designated as P0, P1,
P2, P3. In this circuit, LEDs are connected to the port P0. Port P0 will not have internal pull- ups,
while the other ports have internal pull-ups. The controller is connected with external crystal
oscillator to pin 18 and 19 pins. Crystal pins are connected to the ground through capacitors of
33pf.Light Emitting Diodes are the semi-conductor light sources. Commonly used LEDs will
have a cut-off voltage of 1.7V and current of 10mA. When an LED is applied with its required
voltage and current it glows with full intensity. The Light Emitting Diode is similar to the normal
PN diode but it emits energy in the form of light. The colour of light depends on the band gap of
the semiconductor. The following figure shows “how an LED glows?”

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Thus, LED is directly connected to the AT89C51 microcontroller. The negative terminal of the
LED is connected to the ground through a resistor. Value of this resistor is calculated using the
following formula.

R= (V-1.7)/10mA, where V is the input voltage.

Generally, microcontrollers output a maximum voltage of 5V. Thus the value of resistor
calculated for this is 330 Ohms. Thus this can be connected either to the cathode or anode of the
LED.

How to Operate?
 Initially, burn the code into the microcontroller.
 Now, connect the LEDs to the port0 of the microcontroller.
 Switch on the circuit.
 Thus one can observe LEDs glowing.
 Now, switch off the circuit.

Circuit Applications:
 LEDs are widely used in many applications like in seven segments.
 They are used in dot matrix displays.
 They can be used for street lights.
 They are used as indicators.
 They can be used in traffic lights.

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 ADC Interfacing with 8051

ADC is the Analog to Digital converter, which converts analog data into digital format; usually
it is used to convert analog voltage into digital format. Analog signal has infinite no of values
like a sine wave or our speech, ADC converts them into particular levels or states, which can be
measured in numbers as a physical quantity. Instead of continuous conversion, ADC converts
data periodically, which is usually known as sampling rate. The major advantage, of using ADC
is that, we noise can be efficiently eliminated from the original signal and digital signal can
travel more efficiently than analog one. That’s the reason that digital audio is very clear, while
listening.

Components :
 8051 Microcontroller (AT89C51)
 ADC 0804
 16x2 LCD
 Resistor (1k,10k)
 POT(10k x4)
 Capacitor(10uf,1000uf)
 Bread board or PCB
 11.0592 MHz Crystal
 Power
 Connecting wires

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ADC 0804:
ADC0804 is an 8 bit successive approximation analogue to digital converter from National
semiconductors. The features of ADC0804 are differential analogue voltage inputs, 0-5V input
voltage range, no zero adjustment, built in clock generator, reference voltage can be externally
adjusted to convert smaller analogue voltage span to 8 bit resolution etc. The pin out diagram of
ADC0804 is shown in the figure below.

ADC receives analog signal from the source. This analog signal is received from one of the 8
input channels of ADC0804. Then this signal is processed accordingly and converted to
corresponding digital signal. This signal is then sent to the microcontroller and the output is
displayed using LCD

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LCD:
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is very commonly used electronic display module and having a
wide range of applications such as calculators, laptops, mobile phones etc. 16×2 character lcd
display is very basic module which is commonly used in electronics devices and projects. It can
display 2 lines of 16 characters. Each character is displayed using 5×7 or 5×10 pixel matrix.

16×2 Character LCD.

LCD can be interfaced with microcontroller in 4 Bit or 8 Bit mode. These differs in how data is
send to LCD. In 8 bit mode to write a character, 8 bit ASCII data is send through the data lines
D0 – D7 and data strobe is given through E of the LCD. LCD commands which are also 8 bit are
written to LCD in similar way.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Circuit Description:
Circuit of “Interfacing ADC0808 with 8051” is little complex which contains more connecting
wire for connecting device to each other. In this circuit we have mainly used AT89C51 as 8051
microcontroller, ADC0804, Potentiometer and LCD.A 16x2 LCD is connected with 89C51
microcontroller in 4-bit mode. Control pin RS, RW and En are directly connected to pin P2.0,
GND and P2.2. And data pin D4-D7 is connected to pins P2.4, P2.5, P2.6 and P2.7 of
89C51.ADC0804 output pin are directly connected to port P1 of AT89C51. P3.2.ALE (Address
latch enable), SC (Start conversion), EOC (End of conversion), OE (Output enable) and clock
pins are connected at P3.3, P3.4, P3.5, P3.6 and P3.

Working:
In this project we have interfaced three channels of ADC0804. And for demonstration we have
used three variable resistors. When we power the circuit then microcontroller initialize the LCD
by using appropriate command, gives clock to ADC chip, selects ADC channel by using address
line and send start conversion signal to ADC. After this ADC first reads selected ADC channel
input and gives its converted output to microcontroller. Then microcontroller shows its value at
Ch1 position in LCD. And then microcontroller changes ADC channel by using address line.
And then ADC reads selected channel and send output to microcontroller. And show on LCD as
name Ch2. And like wise for other channels.

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Output Analysis:
As ADC 0808 is an 8-bit ADC, so the numbers of steps is 256. Correspondingly the step size
(smallest change that can be detected by an ADC) becomes equal to

5/256=19.53mV

So, the smallest change in voltage that can be detected by the ADC is 19.53mV.

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 Stepper Motor Control using 8051
Microcontroller
A stepper motor is a brushless and synchronous motor which divides the complete rotation into
number of steps. Each stepper motor will have some fixed step angle and motor rotates at this
angle. Here the interfacing of stepper to 8051 and ULN 2003 is explained. It has many
applications in the field of robotics and mechatronics. The total rotation of the motor is divided
into steps. The angle of a single step is known as the stepper angle of the motor. There are two
types of stepper motors Unipolar and Bipolar. Due to the ease of operation unipolar stepper
motor is commonly used by electronics hobbyists. Stepper Motors can be easily interfaced with a
microcontroller using driver ICs such as L293D or ULN2003.

Stepper Motor Control using Microcontroller Circuit Principle:

The main principle of this circuit is to rotate the stepper motor step wise at a particular step
angle. The ULN2003 IC is used to drive the stepper motor as the controller cannot provide
current required by the motor.

Stepper Motor Control using 8051 Microcontroller Circuit Diagram:

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Circuit Components:
 AT89C51 micro controller
 ULN2003A
 Stepper Motor
 Crystal
 Resistor
 Capacitor

Stepper Motor Control using 8051 Microcontroller Circuit Design:

The circuit consists of AT89C51 microcontroller, ULN2003A, Motor. AT89c51 is low power,
high-performance, CMOS 8bit, 8051 family microcontroller. It has 32 programmable I/O lines. It
has 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable memory. An external crystal oscillator is
connected at the 18 and 19 pins of the microcontroller. Motor is connected to the port2 of the
microcontroller through a driver IC.

The ULN2003A is a current driver IC. It is used to drive the current of the stepper motor as it
requires more than 60mA of current. It is an array of Darlington pairs. It consists of seven pairs
of Darlington arrays with common emitter. The IC consists of 16 pins in which 7 are input pins,
7 are output pins and remaining are VCC and Ground. The first four input pins are connected to
the microcontroller. In the same way, four output pins are connected to the stepper motor.

Stepper motor has 6 pins. In these six pins, 2 pins are connected to the supply of 12V and the
remaining are connected to the output of the stepper motor. Stepper rotates at a given step angle.
Each step in rotation is a fraction of full cycle. This depends on the mechanical parts and the
driving method.

Similar to all the motors, stepper motors will have stator and rotor. Rotor has permanent magnet
and stator has coil. The basic stepper motor has 4 coils with 90 degrees rotation step. These four
coils are activated in the cyclic order. The below figure shows you the direction of rotation of the
shaft. There are different methods to drive a stepper motor. Some of these are explained below.

Full Step Drive: In this method two coils are energized at a time. Thus, here two opposite coils
are excited at a time.

Half Step Drive: In this method coils are energized alternatively. Thus it rotates with half step
angle. In this method, two coils can be energized at a time or single coil can be energized. Thus it
increases the number of rotations per cycle. It is shown in the below figure.

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How to Operate this Stepper Motor Driver Circuit?
 Initially, switch on the circuit.
 Microcontroller starts driving the stepper motor.
 One can observe the rotation of the stepper motor
 The stepper motor has four wires. They are yellow, blue, red and white. These are
energized alternatively as given below.
 In full step driving, use the following sequence

 To drive the motor in half step angle, use the following sequence

Stepper Motor Controller Circuit Advantages:

 It consumes less power.
 It requires low operating voltage.

Stepper Motor Control Applications:

 This circuit can be used in the robotic applications.
 This can also be used in mechatronics applications.
 The stepper motors can be used in disk drives, matrix printers, etc.

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20
PCB DESIGN :

21
22
PCB CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

23
ADVANTAGES:
 Interfacing of stepper motor requires less power & at low operating voltage.
 Components are chip.
 This system is easy to handling.
 Operation is easy for understanding.

DISADVANTAGES:
 System is costly.
 To change the direction of stepper motor we have to change the program code.

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Program code:

R LCALL init

R LCALL measure_temp

SETB led

MOV R7,#032H

MOV R6,#00H

R LCALL _msdelay

CLR led

MOV R7,#032H

MOV R6,#00H

R LCALL _msdelay

R LCALL stepper

SJMP ?C0001

; FUNCTION main (END)

; FUNCTION adcconv (BEGIN)

CLR WRbar

R LCALL L?0028

SETB WRbar

0007 ?C0004:

JB INTRbar,?C0004

000A ?C0005:

SETB RDbar

R LCALL L?0028

CLR RDbar

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MOV R4,P1

CLR A

E LCALL ?C?FCASTC

R MOV adc+03H,R7

R MOV adc+02H,R6

R MOV adc+01H,R5

R MOV adc,R4

RET

; FUNCTION adcconv (END)

; FUNCTION L?0028 (BEGIN)

0000 L?0029:

MOV R7,#05H

MOV R6,#00H

; FUNCTION _msdelay (BEGIN)

;---- Variable 'time' assigned to Register 'R6/R7' ----

;---- Variable 'i' assigned to Register 'R4/R5' ----

CLR A

MOV R5,A

MOV R4,A

0007 ?C0007:

CLR C

MOV A,R5

SUBB A,R7

MOV A,R4

SUBB A,R6

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JNC ?C0013

;---- Variable 'j' assigned to Register 'R2/R3' ----

CLR A

MOV R3,A

MOV R2,A

0011 ?C0010:

INC R3

CJNE R3,#00H,?C0026

INC R2

0016 ?C0026:

CJNE R2,#04H,?C0010

CJNE R3,#0FBH,?C0010

001C ?C0009:

INC R5

CJNE R5,#00H,?C0027

INC R4

0021 ?C0027:

SJMP ?C0007

0023 ?C0013:

RET

; FUNCTION _msdelay (END)

; FUNCTION _lcdcmd (BEGIN)

R MOV value,R7

R LCALL lcdready

R MOV ldata,value

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CLR rs

CLR rw

SETB en

MOV R7,#01H

MOV R6,#00H

R LCALL _msdelay

CLR en

0017 ?C0014:

RET

; FUNCTION _lcdcmd (END)

; FUNCTION _lcddata (BEGIN)

R MOV value,R7

R LCALL lcdready

R MOV ldata,value

SETB rs

CLR rw

SETB en

MOV R7,#01H

MOV R6,#00H

R LCALL _msdelay

CLR en

0017 ?C0015:

RET

; FUNCTION _lcddata (END)

; FUNCTION lcdready (BEGIN)

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SETB busy

CLR rs

SETB rw

0006 ?C0016:

JNB busy,?C0018

CLR en

MOV R7,#01H

MOV R6,#00H

R LCALL _msdelay

SETB en

SJMP ?C0016

0016 ?C0018:

RET

; FUNCTION lcdready (END)

; FUNCTION _datawrt_str (BEGIN)

R MOV y,R3

R MOV y+01H,R2

R MOV y+02H,R1

;---- Variable 'k' assigned to Register 'R7' ----

MOV R7,AR5

R LCALL _lcdcmd

R LCALL lcdready

000E ?C0019:

R MOV R3,y

R MOV R2,y+01H

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R MOV R1,y+02H

E LCALL ?C?CLDPTR

0017 6020 JZ ?C0021

R LCALL lcdready

R MOV R3,y

R MOV R2,y+01H

R MOV R1,y+02H

E LCALL ?C?CLDPTR

MOV R7,A

R LCALL _lcddata

R LCALL lcdready

MOV A,#01H

R ADD A,y+02H

R MOV y+02H,A

CLR A

R ADDC A,y+01H

R MOV y+01H,A

SJMP ?C0019

0039 ?C0021:

RET

; FUNCTION _datawrt_str (END)

; FUNCTION conv (BEGIN)

R MOV R6,adc1

R MOV R7,adc1+01H

MOV R4,#00H

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MOV R5,#0AH

E LCALL ?C?SIDIV

R MOV dec1,R5

R MOV R6,adc1

R MOV R7,adc1+01H

MOV R4,#00H

MOV R5,#0AH

E LCALL ?C?SIDIV

R MOV adc1,R6

R MOV adc1+01H,R7

MOV R4,#00H

MOV R5,#0AH

E LCALL ?C?SIDIV

R MOV dec2,R5

R MOV R6,adc1

R MOV R7,adc1+01H

MOV R4,#00H

MOV R5,#0AH

E LCALL ?C?SIDIV

R MOV adc1,R6

R MOV adc1+01H,R7

MOV R4,#00H

MOV R5,#0AH

E LCALL ?C?SIDIV

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R MOV dec3,R5

R MOV R6,adc1

R MOV R7,adc1+01H

MOV R4,#00H

MOV R5,#0AH

E LCALL ?C?SIDIV

R MOV dec4,R7

R MOV A,dec1

R MOV asc1,A

R MOV A,dec2

ORL A,#030H

R MOV asc2,A

R MOV A,dec3

ORL A,#030H

R MOV asc3,A

R MOV A,dec4

ORL A,#030H

R MOV asc4,A

RET

; FUNCTION conv (END)

; FUNCTION measure_temp (BEGIN)

MOV R3,#0FFH

R MOV R2,#HIGH ?SC_0

R MOV R1,#LOW ?SC_0

MOV R5,#081H

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R LCALL _datawrt_str

MOV R7,#0C6H

R LCALL _lcdcmd

R LCALL adcconv

R MOV R7,adc+03H

R MOV R6,adc+02H

R MOV R5,adc+01H

R MOV R4,adc

E LCALL ?C?CASTF

R MOV adc1,R6

R MOV adc1+01H,R7

R LCALL conv

R MOV R7,asc3

R LCALL _lcddata

R LCALL L?0029

R LCALL _msdelay

R MOV R7,asc2

R LCALL _lcddata

R LCALL L?0029

R MOV R7,asc1

R LCALL _lcddata

MOV R7,#05H

MOV R6,#00H

R LJMP _msdelay

; FUNCTION measure_temp (END)

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; FUNCTION init (BEGIN)

CLR led

; SOURCE LINE # 215

CLR s1

CLR s2

CLR s3

CLR s4

MOV R7,#038H

R LCALL _lcdcmd

MOV R7,#0CH

R LCALL _lcdcmd

MOV R7,#01H

R LCALL _lcdcmd

MOV R7,#06H

R LCALL _lcdcmd

SETB INTRbar

MOV P1,#0FFH

SETB RDbar

SETB WRbar

MOV R3,#0FFH

R MOV R2,#HIGH ?SC_16

R MOV R1,#LOW ?SC_16

MOV R5,#082H

R LCALL _datawrt_str

MOV R3,#0FFH

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R MOV R2,#HIGH ?SC_30

R MOV R1,#LOW ?SC_30

MOV R5,#0C2H

R LCALL _datawrt_str

MOV R7,#0F4H

MOV R6,#01H

R LCALL _msdelay

MOV R7,#01H

R LJMP _lcdcmd

; FUNCTION init (END)

; FUNCTION stepper (BEGIN)

SETB s1

CLR s2

CLR s3

SETB s4

MOV R7,#032H

MOV R6,#00H

R LCALL _msdelay

CLR s1

SETB s2

SETB s3

CLR s4

R LCALL _msdelay

CLR s1

SETB s2

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CLR s3

SETB s4

R LCALL _msdelay

SETB s1

CLR s2

SETB s3

CLR s4

R LJMP _msdelay;

FUNCTION stepper (END)

36
CONCLUSION:
Microcontroller are widely used in electronic gadgets and are one of the key elements in
developing any project and thus this project used 8051 microcontroller and will help in teaching
about interfacing of ADC with the 8051 microcontroller to display the analog value of input into
the digital form on the LCD display.

In this project, we gives the analog input to the ADC0804 so then it converts it into the
digital form and the digital value is displayed on the LCD. In the interfacing of LED with 8051
the given led are glows as per the program is loaded. Speed control of stepper motor is done by
using the ULN2003A. So that stepper motor can be running in two conditions half step drive and
full step drive.

This project report contains the circuit diagram and its analysis along with the
microcontroller programming for help. IN this project LED, ADC and STEPPER MOTOR
interfacing with the ATMEL AT89C51 was studied.

Thus we have successfully made a LED glowing, ADC converter, and stepper motor to
run in different conditions.

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REFERENCES:
[1] S.K, Mandal, “Digital Electronics Principles and Applications,” 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2011.

[2] PredkoMyke., “Programming and Customizing the 8051 Microcontroller, TATA McGraw
Hill Production”, January 1999, Second Edition.

[3] ADC 0808/0809 8-bit µP compatible A/D converters with 8-channel Multiplexer, National
Instruments, October 1999 Revised March 2013.

[4] Kenneth J. Ayala., “The 8051 Microcontroller: Architecture, Programming, and

Applications”, Thomson Delmer Learning, July 2004, Third edition.

[5]www.circuitstoday.com

[6]www.8051projects.com

[7] www.engineersgarage.com

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