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Que 1. What Structural components are found in muscles? What do these components have
to do with muscle performance?

Ans: The components of muscles are large number of muscles fiber approximately 0.004 in
diameter and ranging in length from 0.2 to 5.5 in depending on the size of muscles. This fibers
are typically bound together in bundles by connecting issue with extends to the end of the
muscles and assist in fumbly attach in the muscles and muscles fibers to the born. These
bundles are penetrated by tiny blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the muscles
fiber as well as by small nerve ending that carry electrical impulse from the spinal code and
brain.

Que 2: Explain the elements of static and dynamic muscles performance with the sliding
filament theory.

Ans: There are two types of filaments which are thick filaments, comprised of long protein
with molecular heads called myson and thick filaments comprise of global protein called acting.
The two types of filaments are interlaced giving raised to the started appearance and alternate
name. These allow the muscles to contract as a filament slide over one another. Which occurs
as molecular bridge or bond are firm broken and reform between the myosin heads and action
globules. These sliding filaments theory explained how the muscles length can change from
proximately fifty percent of its resting length or contracted length at proximately the midpoint
in the normal range of complete contraction to 180 percent of its resting length as complete
extension.

Que 3: Describe the diff types of muscles fiber and related their properties to muscles
performance.

Ans : The types of fibers approximately 0.004 in diameter and ranging in length from 0.2 to 5.5
in depending on the size of muscles. Each muscles fiber is further subdivided into smaller
myofibrils and ultimately into the protein filaments that provide the contractile mechanism.

This fibers are typically bound together in bundles by connecting issue with extends to the end
of the muscles and assist in fumbly attach in the muscles and muscles fibers to the born. This
bundle are penetrated by tiny blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the muscles
fiber as well as by small nerve ending that carry electrical impulse from the spinal code and
brain.

Que 4 :Why does the change in the number of active motor units not result in change in
proportional muscles tension?

Ans: The central nervous system tends to recruit the active motor units selectively by increasing
size as higher muscle forces are needed .The initial motor units recruited are small insides, with
few muscles fibers and low produce forces. However, since these are small and low in tension ,
the change in force production from one to two or more motor units recruited is very gradually.

Que 5: What does the EMG measure? How is EMG interpreted?

Ans: The electrical activity of muscles, termed Electromyograms is useful measure of local
muscles activity. Such as activity measure by placing recording electrodes on the skin surface
over the muscles of interest then modifying the processing to the amplitude and frequently of
the signal for amplitude analysis. The signal is typically rectified and smooth. The result has
reasonably linear relationship to the muscles force exerted the frequency approach involves
digitizing the signal and performing the fast Fourier transform analysis to yield of frequency
spectrum. As the muscles begins to fatigue muscles activities shift from high frequency to the
low frequencies. Also the EMG amplitude tends to increase with fatigue for given level of
exertion.

Que 7: What viewing distance would you recommend for a seated operator working at a
computer terminal?

Ans: The location of the primary visual target should be optimized with respect to the human
operator. The normal line of sight is roughly about 15 degree below the horizontal, and primary
visual field is roughly defined as a cone plus or minus 15 degree in arc centered on the line of
sight. The implication is that within this area, no head movements are needed and eye fatigue is
minimized.

Q8. Define and give examples of the 17 fundamental motions, or therblings.

Ans : The 17 fundamental motions are as below

1.| Reach-Motion of empty hand to or from object; time depends on distance moved;
usually preceded by release and followed by grasp
 2.| Move-Movement of loaded hand; time depends on distance, weight,and type of move:
usually preceded by grasp and followed by release or position
3.| Grasp- Closing fingers around an object; begins as the figures contact the object and
ends when control has been gained; depends on type of grasps; usually preceded by
reach and followed by move
4.| Release- Relinquishing control of object, typically the shortest of the therblings
5.| Preposition-positioning object in predetermined location for later use; usually occurs in
conjunction with move, as in orienting a pen for writing
6.| Use-manipulating tool for intended use; easily detected, as it in advances the progress
of work.
7.| Assemble-Bringing too mating parts together; usually preceded by position or move;
followed by release.
8.| Disassemble-Opposite of assemble, separating mating parts; usually preceded by grasp
and followed by move or release.
9.| Search-Eyes or hands groping for object; begins as the eyes move in to locate an object,
10.|Select-Choosing one item from several; usually follows search.
11.|Position- Orienting object during work; usually preceded by move and followed by
release .
12.|Inspect- Comparing object with standard, typically with sight, but could also be with the
other senses.
13.|Plan-Pausing to determine next action, usually detected as a hesitation preceding
motion.
14.|Unavoidable Delay- Beyond the operators control due to the nature of the operation,
e.g. left hand waiting while right hand completes along a reach.
15.|Avoidable delay-Operator solely responsible for ideal time ,e.g. coughing
16.|Rest of Overcome Fatigue- Appears periodically, not every cycle, depend on the physical
work load.
17.|Hold- One hand supports object while other does useful work.

] 
Que 1: What seat width would accommodate 90 percent of adults?

Ans-The seat width accommodate for 90 percent adults are greater than or equal to 18.2 cm.

Que 2: Compare and contrast the three different design strategies.

Ans-The three diff design strategies are design for extremes ,design for adjustability and design
for the average.
Design for extremes implies that a specific design feature is a limiting facture in determining
either the max or min value of population variable that will be accommodated. e.g. clearances,
such as a doorway or an entry opening into a storage tank

Design for adjustability is typically used for equipment or facilities that can be adjustated to
feet a wider range of individuals. e.g. Chairs, tables and desks and tool supports are devices
that are typically adjusted to accommodate to the worker population.

There are certain situations where design for the average would be impractical or too costly to
include adjustability for all fitures. E.g. most industrial machine tools are too large and too
heavy to include height adjustability for the operator.

Que 3: Explain how a Proper work surface height would be determined?

Ans: The work surface height would be determined by a comfortable working posture for the
operator. This means that the upper arms are hanging down naturally and the elbows are
flexed at 90 degree so that the fore arms are parallel to the ground. The elbow height becomes
the proper operation or work surface height. If the work surface is too hifh, the upper arms are
abducted, leading to shoulder fatigue.

Que 4: What are the most critical features in a good ergonomics chair? Which should be
adjustable?

Ans: When a person is standing erect, the lumber portion of the spine curves naturally inwards,
which is term as lordosis. However as a person seats down, the pelvis rotates backward,
flattening the lordotis curve and increasing pressure on the disk in the vertebral column
therefore ire is term as a critical features in a good ergonomics chair.

Adjustable approach is to preventing flattening of the lordotic curve is to reduce pelvis rotation
by maintaining a large angle between the torso and thighs, via a forward tilting seat which
means that is a shape maintain by astronauts in the weightless environment of space.

Que 5: What is the principle behind the design of a saddle seat?

Ans: To reduce pelvic rotation by maintaining a large angle between the torso and thighs by a
forward tilting seat. This type of seat may put additional stress on the knees. The addition of
pommel with the forward slopping seat, forming a saddle like seat, may be a better overall
approach as it eliminates a need for knee supports and still allows for back supports.

Que 6: What is Lordosis and how does it relate to a lumbar pad?

Ans: When a person is standing erect, the lumber portion of the spine curves naturally inwards,
which is term as lordosis.
When person seats down the pelvis rotates backward, flattening the lordotic curve an
increasing the pressure on the disk of the vertebral column of the spine so that it is important
to provide lumber support in the form as outward bulge direction the seat back, which is
directly related to lumber pad placed at belt level.

Que 7: What is the principle behind antifatigue mats?

Ans: The principle of antifatigue mats is to allow small muscles contraction in the legs, forcing
the blood to move and keeping it from tending to pool in the lower extremities.

Que 8: What is the principle behind the proper layout of bins, parts, and tools on a work
surface?

Ans: Every Motion, a distance is involved. The greater the distance the larger the muscular
effort, control, time. It is therefore important to minimize distances. Normal working area in
the horizontal plane on the right hand includes the area circumscribed by the arm below the
elbow when it is moved in an arc pivoted at the elbow.

The time required performing both of the transport therbligs reach and move is directly
proportional to the distance that the hands must move in performing these therbligs. Utilizing
bins, components can be continuously brought to the normal work area, thus eliminating long
reaches to get these supplies.