1. A sample of aluminium has a mass of 54.0 g. What is the mass of the same number of magnesium atoms?

(At. wt. Al = 27, Mg=24) [MOL 1.9.3 (E1)]

,Y;qfefu;e ds ,d uewus dk nzO;eku 54.0 g gSaA eSXuhf'k;e ijek.kqvksa dh leku la[;k dk nzO;eku D;k
gksxk \
(ijek.kq Hkkj Al = 27, Mg=24) [M]
(A) 12 g (B) 24 g (C*) 48 g (D) 96 g.
54
Sol. Mole of Al = =2
27
 mass of Mg = 2 × 24 = 48 gm

54
Al ds eksy = =2
27
 Mg dk nzO;eku = 2 × 24 = 48 gm

5. 64 g of an organic compound has 24 g carbon and 8 g hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. The empirical
formula of the compound is
64 g dkcfuZd ;kSfxd ftlesa 24 g dkcZu vkSj 8 g gkbMªkstu rFkk 'ks"k vkWDlhtu gSA ;kSfxd dk ewykuqikrh
lw=k gksxk %
(A*) CH4O (B) CH2O (C) C2H4O (D) None (dksbZ ugha)
Sol. C H O
mass 24 8 32
24 8 32
moles
12 1 16
ratio 2 8 2
Simple integer ratio 1 4 1
Hence empirical formula is CH4O

11. 2K + 2 + 22 HNO3  2HO3 + 2KO3 + 22NO2 + 10H2O [M-

2]
If 3 mole of K & 2 moles 2 are reacted with excess of HNO3. Volume of NO2 gas evolved at NTP is
2K + 2 + 22 HNO3  2HO3 + 2KO3 + 22NO2 + 10H2O
;fn K ds 3 eksy rFkk 2 ds 2 eksy HNO3 ds vkf/kD; ls fØ;k djrs gSA ekud rki o nkc (NTP) ij NO2
dk izkIr vk;ru Kkr djksA
(A*) 739.2 Lt (B) 1075.2 Lt (C) 44.8 Lt (D) 67.2 Lt
Sol. KI is limiting reagent
 3 mole of KI will give 33 mole of NO2 according to stoichiometry.
28. A 5L vessel contains 2.8 g of N2 . When heated to 1800 K , 30% molecules are dissociated into atoms.
(A*) Total no. of moles in the container will be 0.13
(B*) Total no. of molecules in the container will be close to 0.421 × 1023.
(C) Total no. of moles in the container will be 0.098.
(D) All of these are correct.
Sol. (A) and (B) Explanation : 30% of molecule dissociated N2  2N
2 .8 70
Amount of N2 left = × = 0.1 × 0.7 = 0.07
28 100
(in moles)
30
No. of moles of N atoms formed = 2 × × 0.1 = 0.06
100
(A) Total no . of moles = 0.07 + 0.06 = 0.13
 (B) Total number of molecules = 0.07 ×6.023 × 1023 = 4.2 × 1022 molecule = 0.421 × 1023
Q We have to calculate molecule of nitrogen not atoms.
8. The elements A and B form a compound that contains 60% A and 40% B by mass. The atomic mass of B
is twice that of A. Find the empirical formula of the compound.
Ans. A3B

Elements Atomic mass % Relative No. of atoms Simple ratio Simplest whole no.
Sol.
A x 60 60/x 3 3
B 2x 40 40/2x = 20/x 1 1

 empirical formula A3B

10. A 3 : 2 molar ratio mixture of FeO and Fe2O3 react with oxygen to produce a 2 : 3 molar ratio mixture of FeO
and Fe2O3. Find the mass (in g) of O2 gas required per mole of the initial mixture.
Ans. 2g
Sol. From one mole of initial mixture, some FeO must have reacted with oxygen and got converted into Fe2O3.
4FeO + O2  2Fe2O3

3 2
Initial moles
5 5

3 2 x
Final moles –x +
5 5 2
But, final moles ratio is 2 : 3.

3 
  x
5  2
 2 x
=
3
  
5 2

1
 x=
4

1
 Moles of FeO reacted = x =
4

1 1
 Moles of O2 required = (x) = = 0.0625
4 16
 Mass of O2 required = 0.0625 × 32 = 2 g

15. Potassium super oxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate O2. If a reaction vessel contains
0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O, what is the limiting reactant ? How many moles of oxygen can be
produced?
2KO2 + 2H2O  2KOH + H2O2 + O2
Ans. H2O limiting reagent, 0.05 mol of O2.

Sol. 2KO2 + 2H2O  2KOH + H2O2 + O2

Initial mole 0.15 0.1 0 0 0
final mole (0.15 – 0.1) 0 0.1 0.05 0.05
 moles of O2 = 0.05
16. A fluorine disposal plant was constructed to carryout the reactions : [E]
1
F2 + 2NaOH  O + 2NaF + H2O
2 2
2NaF + CaO + H2O  CaF2 + 2NaOH
As the plant operated, excess lime was added to bring about complete precipitation of the fluoride as CaF2.
Over a period of operation, 1900 kg of fluorine was fed into a plant and 10,000 kg of lime was required. What
was the percentage utilisation of lime ? [ At mass F = 19 ], [Lime : CaO]
fuEu vfHkfØ;kvksa dks djkus ds fy, ,d ¶yksjhu foltZu IykUV yxk;k x;k gS :
1
F2 + 2NaOH  O + 2NaF + H2O
2 2
2NaF + CaO + H2O  CaF2 + 2NaOH
 tSls gh IykUV vkWijsV fd;k tkrk gS] rks CaF2 ds :i esa ¶yksjkbM ds iw.kZ vo{ksi.k ds fy, pwus ds vkf/
kD; dks blesa feyk;k x;kA vkWijs'ku dh vof/k ds nkSjku] IykUV esa ¶yksjhu ds 1900 kg Hkjs x;s rFkk pwus
ds 10,000 kg dh vko';drk FkhA pwus dk fdruk çfr'kr dke esa fy;k x;k \ [ijek.kq nzO;eku F = 19
], [pwuk : CaO]
Ans. 28 %
1
Sol. F2 + 2NaOH  O + 2NaF + H2O
2 2
Mole 50 × 103 2[50 × 103]
2NaF + CaO + H2O  CaF2 + 2 NaOH
2× [50 × 103] 50 × 103 Mole
Weight of lime (CaO) = 50 × 103 × 56
= 2800 kg.
Feed amount of lime = 10,000
2800
% Utilisation = × 100 = 28%
10,000

20. Calcium phosphide (Ca3 P2) formed by reacting calcium orthophosphate (Ca3 (PO4)2) with magnesium was
hydrolysed by water. The evolved phosphine (PH3) was burnt in air to yield phosphorus pentoxide (P2 O5).
How many grams of magnesium metaphosphate would be obtained, if 19.2 g of magnesium were used for
reducing calcium phosphate (At. wt. Mg = 24, P = 31)
[F]
Ca3 (PO4)2 + Mg  Ca3P2 + MgO
Ca3 P2 + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + PH3
PH3 + O2  P2 O5 + H2O
MgO + P2O5  Mg(PO3)2
magnesium metaphosphate
dSfY'k;e vkFkksZQkWLQsV (Ca3 (PO4)2) rFkk eSXuhf'k;e dh fØ;k lscuk;s x;s dSfY'k;e QkWLQkbM (Ca3 P2)
dks ty }kjk ty&vi?kfVr fd;k tkrk gSA fu"dkflr QkWLQhu (PH3) dks ok;q esa tykdj QkWLQksjl isUV
vkWDlkbM (P2 O5) dh yfC/k gksrh gSA eSXuhf'k;e esVkQkWLQsV ds fdrus xzke izkIr gksxsa \ ;fn dSfY'k;e
QkWLQsV dks vipf;r djus ds eSXuhf'k;e ds 19.2 g dke esa fy, x;sA (ijek.kq Hkkj Mg = 24, P = 31)
Ca3 (PO4)2 + Mg  Ca3P2 + MgO
Ca3 P2 + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + PH3
PH3 + O2  P2 O5 + H2O
MgO + P2O5  Mg(PO3)2
eSXuhf'k;e esVkQkWLQsV
Ans. 18.2 gram
Sol. Balance chemical equations are :
Ca3 (PO4)2 + 8Mg  Ca3P2 + 8MgO
Ca3 P2 + 6H2O  3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3
2PH3 + 4O2  P2 O5 + 3H2O
MgO + P2O5  Mg(PO3)2
moles of magnesium used = 0.8 moles
moles of MgO formed = 0.8 moles
moles of Ca3 P2 formed 0.1 moles
moles of PH3 formed = 0.2 moles
moles of P2O5 formed = 0.1 mole (limiting reagent)
moles of Mg(PO3)2 = 0.1 moles
mass of Mg(PO3)2 = 18.2 gram
Ans. 18 gram
25. 92 gm mixture of CaCO3 , and MgCO3 heated strongly in an open vessel. After complete decomposition of
the carbonates it was found that the weight of residue left behind is 48 g. Find the mass of MgCO3 in
grams in the mixture.
[F]
CaCO3 ,oe~ MgCO3 ds 92 g feJ.k dks mPp rki ij [kqys chdj esa xeZ fd;k tkrk gSA dkcksZusVksa ds iw.kZ
fo;kstu ds ckn cps vo'ks"k dk Hkkj 48 g gS] rks feJ.k esa MgCO3 dk Hkkj ¼xzke esa½ Kkr djksA
Ans. 42 g.
Sol. Let x be the mass of CaCO3 hence mass of MgCO3 = 92 – x
CaCO3 + MgCO3
x 92  x
100 84
CaO + CO2 CaO + CO2
x 92  x
100 84
mass of residue = 48 g
x 92  x
 × 56 + × 40 = 48
100 84

x 92  x 6
 + =  x = 50
100 84 7
 mass of MgCO3 = 92 – 50 = 42 gm.

38. A piece of Al weighing 27 g is reacted with 200 ml of H2SO4 (specific gravity = 1.8 and 54.5 % by weight)
After the metal is completely dissolved 73 gm HCl is added and solution is further diluted to 500 ml solution
then find the concentration of H+ ion in mol/litre.
[J]
27 g Hkkjokys Al ds VqdM+s dh H2SO4 ds 200 ml ds lkFk fØ;k djkbZ tkrh gSA (fof'k"V ?kuRo = 1.8 rFkk
Hkkj dk
54.5 %) /kkrq dks iw.kZ :i ls ?kksyus ds i'pkr 73 gm HCl dks feyk;k tkrk gS rFkk foy;u dks fQj 500
ml foy;u rd ruq fd;k tkrk gS] rks eksy@yhVj esa H+ vk;u dh lkUnzrk Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 6M
1.8  54.5  10
Sol. Molarity of H2SO4 = = 10
98
2Al + 3H2SO4  Al2 (SO4)3 + 3H2
1 moles 2 moles
(limiting)
Moles of H2SO4 left = 2 – 1.5 = 0.5 moles
moles of HCl added = 2 moles
final volume of the solution = 500 ml
moles of H+ ion = 3
concentration of H+ ion = 6 M
Comprehension # 3
The concentrations of solutions can be expressed in number of ways; viz : mass fraction of solute (or mass
percent), Molar concentration (Molarity) and Molal concentration (molality). These terms are known as
concentration terms and also they are related with each other i.e. knowing one concentration term for the
solution, we can find other concentration terms also. The definition of different concentration terms are
given below :
Molarity : It is number of moles of solute present in one litre of the solution.
Molality : It is the number of moles of solute present in one kg of the solvent
 moles of solute
Mole Fraction = moles of solute  moles of solvent

If molality of the solution is given as 'a' then mole fraction of the solute can be calculated by

a a  Msolvent
Mole Fraction = ; =
1000 (a  Msolvent  1000 )
a
Msolvent
where a = molality and Msolvent = Molar mass of solvent

We can change : Mole fraction  Molality  Molarity

7. 60 gm of solution containing 40% by mass of NaCl are mixed with 100 gm of a solution containing 15% by
mass NaCl. Determine the mass percent of sodium chloride in the final solution.
(A*) 24.4% (B) 78% (C) 48.8% (D) 19.68%
Total mass of solute 60  0.4  100  0.15
Sol. % (w/w) of = Total mass of solution =  100 = 24.4%.
60  100

8. What is the molality of the above solution.

(A) 4.4 m (B*) 5.5 m (C) 24.4 m (D) none
Sol. Mass of solute = 60 × 0.4 + 100 × 0.15 = 24 + 15 = 39 gm
Mass of solvent = 160 – 39 = 121 gm
 39 
 
 58 .5 
Molality = = 5.509 = 5.5 m.
121  10 3

9. What is the molarity of solution if density of solution is 1.6 gm/ml

(A) 5.5 M (B*) 6.67 M (C) 2.59 M (D) none
Sol. Mass of solute = 39 gm
160
Volume of solution = = 100 ml
1 .6

 39 
 
 58.5 
 Molarity = = 6.67 M
100  10 3
33.*_ A + B  A3B2 (unbalanced)
A3B2 + C  A3B2C2 (unbalanced)
Above two reactions are carried out by taking 3 moles each of A and B and one mole of C. Then which
option is/are correct ?
(A) 1 mole of A3B2C2 is formed (B*) 1 2 mole of A3B2C2 is formed
(C) 1/2 mole of A3B2 is formed (D*) 1 2 mole of A3B2 is left finally

Sol. 3A + 2B  A3B2

initial mole 3 3 0
final mole 0 3–2 1

A3B2 + 2C  A3B2C2

initial mole 1 1 0
 1 1
final mole 1– 0
2 2

3A + 2B  A3B2
27. What is the quantity of water that should be added to 16 g. methanol to make the mole fraction of methanol
as 0.25 :
(A*) 27 g. (B) 12 g. (C) 18 g. (D) 36 g.
Sol. Let wg water in added to 16 g CH3OH
16  1000 500
molality = =
W  32 W

500 x A  1000 0.25  1000

= (1  x )m = W = 27 gm.
W A B 0.75  18
3. A photon of 300 nm is absorbed by a gas and then emits two photons. One photon has a wavelength 496
nm then the wavelength of second photon in nm is :
(A*) 759 (B) 859 (C) 959 (D) 659
Sol. Eabsorbed = Eemitted
hc hc hc
 = + .
300 496 
  = 759 nm
5. An electron, a proton and an alpha particle have kinetic energies of 16E, 4E and E respectively. What is the
quantitative order of their de-Broglie wavelengths ?
(A*) e > p =  (B) p =  = e (C) p > e >  (D)e >  > p

h h h h
Sol. e = = 2  1/ 1837mp  16E , p = 2mpKE p = 2mp  4E .
2m eKE e

h h
 = 2m KE  = 2  4mp  E

 e > p =  .
17. Photons of equal energy were incident on two different gas samples. One sample containing
H-atoms in the ground state and the other sample containing H-atoms in some excited state with a
principal quantum number ‘n’. The photonic beams totally ionise the H-atoms. If the difference in the kinetic
energy of the ejected electrons in the two different cases is 12.75 eV. Then find the principal quantum
number ‘n’ of the excited state.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D*) 4
Sol. KE1 = Ephoton – BE n = 1
KE2 = Ephoton – BEn = n
1 1
KE2 – KE1 = BEn = 1 – BEn = n = 13.6 Z2  2 – 2  = 12.75 (given).
1 n 
 n2 = 16 or n = 4.
BE : Binding energy.
26. In a H-like sample, electrons make transition from 4th excited state upto 2nd state. Then
(A) 10 different spectral lines are observed
(B*) 6 different spectral lines are observed
(C*) number of lines belonging to the balmer series is 3
(D*) Number of lines belonging to paschen series is 2.
42. In a hydrogen like sample two different types of photons A and B are produced by electronic transition.
Photon B has it’s wavelength in infrared region. If photon A has more energy than B, then the photon A may
belong to the region
(A*) ultraviolet (B*) visible (C*) infrared (D) None
7. An element undergoes a reaction as shown : -
x + e–  x – energy released = 30.87 eV
If the energy released, is used to dissociate 12 g of H2 molecules, equally into H+ and H*, where H* is an
excited state, in which the electron travels a path length equal to four times it’s debroglie wavelength.
Determine the least amount (in moles) of ‘x’ that would be required.
Given: I.E. of H = 13.6 eV/atom
Bond energy of H2 = 4.526 eV/molecule.
Ans. 6
Sol. x + e–  x–
energy released = E.A1 + E.A2 = 30.87 eV/atom
Let no. of moles of X be a
 a × Na × 30.87 = 6 × Na × 4.526 + 6 × Na ×13.6 + 6 × Na × 12.75  a = 6 moles

8. A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate an electron in an atom within a distance of
0.1Å.
What is the uncertainity involved in the measurement of its velocity?
[Mass of electron = 9.1 x 1031 kg and Planck’s constant (h) = 6.626 x 1034Js)
h h
Sol. x × p = or x × mv =
4 4
h 6.626  10 34 J s
v = =
4   x  m 4  3.14  0.1 10 10 m  9.11 10 31kg
= 0.579 × 107 ms–1 (1 J = 1 kgm2s–2) = 5.79 × 106 ms–1

9. 1st excitation Potential of a hypothetical hydrogen like sample is 15 volt. If all the atoms of the sample are
65
in 2nd excited state then find the K.E. in eV of the electron ejected if a photon of energy eV is supplied
9
to this sample.
Ans. 5
3
Sol. 15 eV = 13.6 Z2 x
4
 13.6 Z2 = 20 eV

13.6Z 2 20
Energy of 2nd excited state = – 2 = eV
3 9

65 20 45
 K.E. of electron = – = = 5 eV
9 9 9
Comprehension # 1
In the photoelectric effect the electrons are emitted instantaneously from a given metal plate, when it is
irradiated with radiation of frequency equal to or greater than some minimum frequency, called the threshold
frequency. According to planck's idea, light may be considered to be made up of discrete particles called
photons . Each photon carries energy equal to h. When this photon collides with the electron of the metal,
the electron acquires energy equal to the energy of the photon. Thus the energy of the emitted electron is
given by :
 1
h = K.Emaximum + P. E. = mu2 + PE
2
If the incident radiation is of threshold frequency the electron will be
emitted without any kinetic energy i.e. h0 = PE
1
 mu2 = h – h0
2
A plot of kinetic energy of the emitted electron versus frequency of the
incident radiation yields a straight line given as
1. A beam of white light is dispersed into its wavelength components by a Quartz prism and falls on a thin
sheet of potassium metal. What is the correct decreasing order of maximum kinetic energy of the electron
emitted by the different light component.
(A) blue > green > orange > yellow (B*) violet > blue > orange > red
(C) yellow > green > blue > violet (D) orange > yellow > blue > violet
Sol. As the frequency of incident radiations increases, the kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons increases.
Decreasing order of   Violet > Blue > Orange > Red
 Decreasing order of KE of photoelectrons  Violet > Blue > Orange > Red

2. A laser producing monochromatic light is used to eject electron from the sheet of gold having threshold
frequency 6.15 x 1014 s–1 which of the following incident radiation will be suitable for the ejection of electron
:
(A) 1.5 moles of photons having frequency 3.05 × 1014 s–1
(B) 0.5 moles of photon of frequency 12.3 × 1012 s–1
(C*) One photon with frequency 5.16 × 1015 s–1
(D) All of the above
Sol. The interaction between photon and electron is always one to one for ejection of photoelectrons,
Frequency of incident radiations > threshold frequency
 5.16 x 1015 > 6.15 x 1014
3. The number of photoelectrons emitted depends upon :
(A*) The intensity of the incident radiation
(B) The frequency of the incident radiation
(C) The product of intensity and frequency of incident radiation
(D) None of these
Sol. The number of photoelectrons emitted depend on the intensity or brightness of incident radiation.