Beams Formulae Page 1 of 4

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Formulae_Index
Nomenclature

Stress/Strain Formulae

Basic Definitions

Note: For more detailed stress & strain notes refer to webpage Stress & Strain

Strain = Change in length (dL)over original length (L)

e = dL / L

Stress = Force (F) divided by Area withstanding Force (A)

σ=F/A

Young's Modulus E = Stress ( σ ) / Strain(e). This is a property of a material

E=σ/e

Bending

General Formula for Bending

A beam with a moment of inertia I and with Young's modulus E will have a bending stress f at a distance from the Neutral
Axis (NA) y and the NA will bend to a radius R ...in accordance with the following formula.

M/I=σ/y=E/R

Important note
W and w as used below for beam concentrated load, total load and uniform distributed load are assumed to be in units of force i.e.
Newtons If they are provided in units of weight i.e kg then they should be converted into units of force by mutliplying by the gravity
constant g (9.81)

Simply Supported Beam . Concentrated Load

Simply Supported Beam . Uniformly Distributed Load

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Beams Formulae Page 2 of 4

Cantilever . Concentrated Load

Cantilever . Uniformly Distributed Load

Fixed Beam . Concentrated Load

Fixed Beam . Uniformly Distributed Load

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Beams Formulae Page 3 of 4

Torsion /Shear

Poisson's Ratio = ν = (lateral strain / primary strain )

Shear Modulus G = Shear Stress /Shear Strain

G = τ / γ = E / (2 .( 1 + ν ))

General Formula for Torsion

A shaft subject to a torque T having a polar moment of inertia J and a shear Modulus G will have a shear stress q at a
radius r and an angular deflection θ over a length L as calculated from the following formula.

T/J=G.θ/L=τ/r

Pressure Vessels - Thin Walled Cylinders

For a thin walled cylinder subject to internal pressure P the circumferential stress = p_c.

This stress tends to stretch the cylinder along its length. This is also called the longitudinal stress.

p_c = P . d / ( 4 . t )

For a thin walled cylinder subject to internal pressure P the tangential stress = p_t
This stress tends to increase the diameter). This is also called the hoop stress.

p_t = P . d / ( 2 . t )

The above two formulae are only valid if the ratio of thickness to dia is less than 1:20

Pressure Vessels - Thick Walled Cylinders

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Beams Formulae Page 4 of 4

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Last Updated 13/02/2010

http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Form/Stress_Strain.html 8/27/2010