Rahmati A
Sumber: WHO operational protocol diphtheria, jurnal tracheostomy: epidemiology,
indications, timing, techniques and outcomes, tracheostomy a surgical guide, mims
Tatalaksana Kasus Difteri
• Difteri respiratory
1. Antitoxin therapy (DAT): Administer as soon as possible
§ DAT: merupakan equin serum (serum dari kuda), yang mempunyai efektifitas
tinggi dan merupakan gold standard treatment difteri
§ DAT harus diberikan secara immediately untuk probable case w/ respiratory
diphtheria (sore throat, low grade fever + kehadiran adherent membrane di
tonsils, pharynx dan nose) yang ditegakan melalui klinis. Tidak menunggu hasil
lab
§ Toxin diphtheria yang masuk ke dalam sel tidak akan terpengaruh oleh DAT.
Makanya harus diberikan asap untuk cegah komplikasi
§ Lakukan tes sensitiasi (besredka test) untuk resiko kecil reaksi alergi thdp
serum kuda (0.6% anaphylaxis) untuk semua kandidat pasien
§ Wanita hamil tidak diberikan DAT
§ DAT harus diberikan dalam keadaan monitor yang ketat, dan jika diperlukan
dengan intervensi medis apabila tersedia
§ Jumlah antitoxin yang diberikan bervariasi. Larger amount -> direkomen untuk
orang dekan extensive pseudomembrane, neck swelling, systemic signs and
with longer interval since onset. Dosis anak dan dewasa sama. Jangan
mengulangi dosis yang sama
§ Apabila avabilitas terbatas, berikan range dosis lebih rendah
§ Setelah pemberian, monitor adverse event anaphylaxis (rapid onset), febrile
reaction (20-60 menit), serum sickness (tanda2: fever, maculopapular skin
rashes atau urticarial dalam bentuk mild (90%), lainnya arthritis, arthralgia,
lymphadenopathy. Terjadi 7-10 hari setelah eksposure pertama, dengan range
5-25 hari)
§ Kalo terjadi anaphylaxis, STOP infusin. Call for help.
3. Admission Criteria/patient disposition
§ INDIKASI. pasien dengan diagnose probable/confirm diphtheria + severe
symptoms -> membutuhkan admisi ke fasilitas yang dapat menangani
komplikasi respiratori dan sistemik dan dapat melalukan isolasi selama 48 jam.
§ Contoh: national hospital, tipe 2 dan 3 Field hospital (fasilitas untuk inpatient
dan surgical, kemampuan untuk menyediakan high level nursing care,
experienced medical and/or infectious disease doctors, bersama dengan
spesialis anastesi dan surgical)
§ PATIENT DIPOSITION. Pasien dengan probable diphtheria namun mild
symptoms tetap membutuhkan isolasi 48 jam, namun bisa discharged dalam
48 jam treatment apabila klinis sudah mulai membaik.
§ Tipe Isolasi antara isolasi cohort vs individual perlu dipertimbangkan pada
fasilitas tsb (dimana cross infection ke pasien tanpa diphtheria bisa tjd pada
mixed wards) dan perlu dipertimbangkan juga flow didalam fasilitas tsb
dimana seharusnya baiknya memilih flow fasilitas yang sudah bisa
merancangkan pasiennya untuk boleh memulangkan pasiennya lebih awal dan
admisi ke lower level isolation dalam 48 jam untuk pasien dengan medical
reasons untuk tetap di rumah sakit, dengan resiko kecil untuk menginfeksi
pasien lainnya dalam 2 hari treatment
§ Dipertimbangkan pula co-location severe dan mild pateitns, dimana baiknya
terdapat kriteria dan metode rujukan
§ Semua intial phase of admission (48 jam) membutuhkan review tiap 2-4 jam
dan observasi dekat, khususnya untuk anak masih kecil.
4. Supportive treatment
§ Monitor patient secara dekat
1. Kondisi pasient, khususnya keadaan respiratory harus dipantau sering, at
least 2-4 jam, dilihat apakah terdapat tanda respiratory distress akibat
development airway obstruction/aspiration. Yang harus dicek lainnya:
vital signs dan pulse oximetry.
2. Monitor fungsi cardiac dengan ECG untuk melihat abnormalitas dan
aritmia jantung.
Complication:
PP Obat Erythromycin
Macrolides, topical antibiotics, eye anti-infectives & antiseptics
MOA: Erythromycin inhibits protein synthesis by irreversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal
subunit thus blocking the transpeptidation or translocation reactions of susceptible
organisms resulting in stunted cell growth.
Indications & dosage:
Adult :
PO Resp tract infections; Skin and soft tissue infections; Susceptible infections 1-2 g/day,
in 2-4 divided doses. Max: 4 g/day. Prophylaxis of streptococcal infections in patients w/
evidence of rheumatic fever or heart disease 250 mg bid. Acne 250 mg/day. Max: 500 mg
bid.
IV Susceptible infections As erythromycin lactobionate: 15-20 mg/kg/day. Max: 4 g/kg/day.
May be given as a continuous or 6-hrly intermittent infusion over 20-60
min. Ophth Treatment and prophylaxis of ophth infections As 0.5% oint: Apply approx 1 cm
length to the affected eye(s) up to 6 times/day. Topical/Cutaneous Acne As 2-4%
gel/soln/oint: Apply onto affected areas 1-2 times/day.
Administration: Should be taken on an empty stomach. Best taken on an empty stomach at
least ½ hr & preferably 2 hr before meals.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity. Patient receiving astemizole, terfenadine, cisapride,
pimozide, ergotamine or dihydroergotamine.
Special precautions: Patient w/ prolonged cardiac repolarisation and QT interval,
uncorrected hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia, clinically significant bradycardia,
myasthenia gravis. Hepatic impairment. Pregnancy and lactation.
Pregnancy category: B
Adverse drug reactions: Abdominal pain and cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,
stomatitis, heartburn, anorexia, melaena, pruritus ani, reversible mild acute pancreatitis,
hepatic dysfunction, prolongation of QT interval, ventricular arrhythmias, urticaria, skin
eruptions, rash, bilateral hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, venous irritation, thrombophlebitis.
Potentially Fatal: Pseudomembranous colitis, infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS),
bacterial superinfection from prolonged use.
Drug Interactions: Rhabdomyolysis w/ or w/o renal impairment w/ HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitors (e.g. simvastatin). Increased risk of colchicine toxicity. Increased sedation w/
triazolobenzodiazepines and related benzodiazepines (e.g. alprazolam, midazolam).
Theophylline may decrease and cimetidine may increase erythromycin concentration.
Hypotension, bradyarrhythmia and lactic acidosis w/ Ca channel blockers (e.g. verapamil,
amlodipine, diltiazem). Increased systemic exposure of sildenafil. Increased or prolonged
adverse effects w/ ciclosporin, carbamazepine, tacrolimus, alfentanil, disopyramide,
rifabutin, quinidine, methylprednisolone, cilostazol, vinblastine and bromocriptine.
Increased risk of digoxin toxicity. Increased bleeding w/ oral anticoagulants.
Potentially Fatal: QT prolongation, cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular
fibrillation, torsades de pointes w/ cisapride, pimozide, astemizole or terfenadine. Acute
ergot toxicity w/ ergotamine and dihydroergotamine.
Overdosage: Symptoms: Hearing loss, severe nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Management: Gastric lavage and general supportive measures.
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption: Variable and unreliable due to instability in gastric acid. Food may reduce
absorption of the base or the stearate. Time to peak plasma concentration: 1-4 hr.
Distribution: Widely distributed into body tissues and fluids. Crosses the placenta and
enters breast milk. Plasma protein binding: 70-75% (as the base), 95% (as the propionate
ester).
Metabolism: Partly metabolised in the liver by CYP3A4 isoenzyme via N-demethylation to
inactive, unidentified metabolites.
Excretion: Via faeces and urine (as unchanged drug). Plasma half-life: 1.5-2.5 hr.