JAÉN - PERÚ
2018
𝐸𝐶𝑈𝐴𝐶𝐼𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑆 𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐼𝐴𝐿𝐸𝑆
𝐸𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒚′, 𝒚′′, … 𝒚𝒏 ) = 𝟎
𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑨𝑺
𝒅𝒏 𝒈
𝟐) = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚 , 𝒚" … . . 𝒚(𝒏 − 𝟏))
𝒅𝒙𝒏
¿ 𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒆𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝑬. 𝑫. 𝑶?
𝑶𝑱𝑶 𝑬. 𝑫. 𝑶
𝑬. 𝑫. 𝑫. 𝑷
𝒚 =? 𝒚 = 𝑭(𝒙)
E.D.O
E.D.D.P
EJEMPLO
𝑵𝒐 𝒆𝒔 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒐 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒂
𝐄𝐣𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐨 𝐍° 𝟎𝟏
𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒓 𝒒𝒖𝒆 ∶
𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟓𝒙)
𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒
𝒚′′ + 𝟐𝟓𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸. 𝐷. 𝑂
𝑦´´ + 25𝑦 = 0
𝟎=𝟎
𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒓 𝒒𝒖𝒆
𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒕
02. y=𝒙 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒕
𝒕
Es solución de:
𝒙𝒚′ = 𝒚 + 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙
𝒙 ʹ
𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒕
𝒚′ = ( 𝑥. ∫ 𝒅𝒕 )
𝟎 𝒕
𝒙 𝒙 ʹ
′
𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒕
𝒚 = (𝑥)ʹ ∫ 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑥 . (∫ 𝒅𝒕 )
𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝒕
𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒏( 𝟎)
𝑦′ = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒙. . (𝒙)ʹ − . (𝟎)ʹ
𝟎 𝒕 𝒙 𝟎
𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒕
𝑦′ = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙
𝟎 𝒕
→ 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜
𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒕 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒕
𝑥(∫𝟎 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙)= 𝑥 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙
𝒕 𝒕
𝒙 𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒕
𝑥∫ 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝑥 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙
𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝒕
𝟓)𝒔𝒊 = 𝒚´ = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒆𝟐𝒙
𝒂)𝒚 = 𝒆𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒆𝟐𝒙
𝑏. )𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑦 = −1 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 1)
1 1 1 1
= [ − ]
(𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 1) 2 𝑦 − 1 𝑦 + 1
1 𝐴 𝐵
= −
(𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 1) 𝑦 − 1 𝑦 + 1
1 1
A = 𝑦+1 y=1 =2
1 −1
B = 𝑦−1 y= -1 = 2
1 1 1
∫[ − ] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑦−1 𝑦+1
1 𝑦−1
𝑙𝑛 [ ]=𝑥+𝑐
2 𝑦+1
𝑦−1
ln |𝑦+1|= 2x + 2c
𝑦−1
ln | |
𝑒 𝑦+1 = 𝑒 2x+2c
𝑦−1
| | = 𝑒 2c . 𝑒 2x
𝑦+1
𝑦−1
= 𝑐. 𝑒 2x
𝑦+1
𝑦 − 1 = 𝑦𝑐𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦𝑐𝑒 2𝑥 = 1 + 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦(1 − 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥 ) = 1 + 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦= 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
1 − 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥
b) (−1)ʹ = (−1)2 − 1
0=0
𝟔) 𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒓 𝒒𝒖𝒆
−𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒆 𝟐 𝒆𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟐𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝟎𝒕𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒆𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏
−𝟏 −𝒙
𝒚¨ = ( )𝒆 𝟐
𝟐
𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒂 𝑬𝑫𝑶
−𝟏 −𝒙 −𝒙
𝟐 [( ) 𝒆𝟐 ]+𝒆𝟐 =𝟎
𝟐
−𝒙 −𝒙
−𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆 𝟐 = 𝑶
∫ ℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 3𝑥+2𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥
separando variables
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦
e integrando
1 𝑒 3𝑥
− 2 𝑒 −2𝑦 + 𝑐 = 3
la solución general es
𝑒 3𝑥 1
+ 2 𝑒 −2𝑦 = c
3
1
𝑑𝑦
Ejemplo 2. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 3 (1 + 𝑥 2 )−2 ; con 𝑦(0) = 1
2x
𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
2√1 +𝑥 2
1 d(1 +𝑥 2 )
=2 √1 +𝑥 2
haciendo u =1 + 𝑥 2
du= 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
obtenemos
1 du
=2
√𝑢
1
𝑦 −2 1 (1 +𝑥2 )2
e integrando =2 1 +𝑐
−2
2
solucion general es
1
− 2𝑦 2 = √1 + 𝑥 2 + c
Cuando 𝑥 =0 , 𝑦 =1
1
− 2x1 = √1 + 02 + c
3
luego C = − 2
La solucion particular es
1 3
− 2𝑦 2 = √1 + 𝑥 2 − 2
1 1
ln │2 + 𝑦 2 │ = 2 ln │4 + 𝑥 2 │+ ln│c│ ( se multiplica por 2)
2
ln │2 + 𝑦 2 │= ln │4 + 𝑥 2 │+ ln│c│
𝑦 2 + 2 = 𝑐(𝑥 2 + 4)
Solución general
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ −𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑦 −1
= cos (𝑥) + c
−1
1
= − cos (𝑥) + c
𝑦
−1
𝑦 = cos (𝑥) +c
tan (𝑦) = (2 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 3 . c
𝑑𝑦 π
Ejercicio 4. . 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑦 , 𝑠𝑖 𝑦 ( 2 ) = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑦 ln(𝑦) 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝑥)
1
( )𝑑𝑦 1
y
∫ ln(𝑦) = 2 ∫ cos(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
csc[csc(𝑥)−cot(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛 │ ln(𝑦) │ = ∫ csc(𝑥)−cot(𝑥)
− csc(𝑥).cot(𝑥)+𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛 │ 𝑙𝑛 (𝑦) │ = ∫ csc(𝑥)−cot(𝑥)
π π
ln( 𝑒 ) = [ csc ( 2 ) − cot ( 2 )]. 𝑐
ln ( 𝑒 ) = [1 – 0 ]. 𝑐
Solución particular
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦+3𝑦−𝑦−3
Ejercicio 5. = 𝑥y−2𝑥+4y−8
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥(𝑦+3)−( 𝑦+3)
= 𝑥(y−2)+4(y−2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑦+3)( 𝑥+1)
=
𝑑𝑥 (y−2)(x+4)
y+3−5 x+4−5
( ) 𝑑𝑦 = ( ) 𝑑𝑥
y+3 x+4
y+3 5 x+4 5
(y+3 − y+3) 𝑑𝑦 = (x+4 − x+4) 𝑑𝑥
5 5
∫ (1 − y+3) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (1 − y+4) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 − 5 ∫ y+3 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 5 ∫ y+4
𝑦+3 5
𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 = 𝑒 ln(│𝑥−4│ .𝑐)
multiplicamos antilogaritmo y cancelamos
𝑦+3
𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 = │ 𝑥+4 │5 . 𝑐
Ejercicio 6. 𝑥 2 y ′ = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑦(−1) = −1
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦(1 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (1−𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 1 1
∫ = ∫(𝑥 2 − 𝑥)
y
1
𝑙𝑛│𝑦│ = − 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛│𝑥│ + 𝑐
1
𝑙𝑛│𝑥│ + 𝑙𝑛│𝑦│= c − 𝑥
1
𝑙𝑛│𝑥𝑦│ = c − 𝑥
Cuando 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −1
1
𝑙𝑛│(−1)(−1)│ = 𝑐 − (−1)
𝑙𝑛│1│= c+1
0 = c+1
-1= 0
1
𝑙𝑛│𝑥𝑦│ = −1 − 𝑥
1
𝑙𝑛│𝑦│ = − 𝑥 − ln(𝑥) − 1
𝑑𝑦
Ejercicio 7. - −𝑦 2 = −9
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
-= 𝑦 2 − 9 P.V.I
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2 −9
1 1 1
6
∫ [𝑦−3 − 𝑦+3
] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 5
[𝑙𝑛│ y+4 │] = 𝑥 + 𝑐 lo multiplico x 6
6
y−3
𝑙𝑛│ y+3 │ = 6𝑥 + 𝑐
−3
𝑙𝑛│ │ = 6(0) + 𝑐
3
𝑙𝑛│1│ = 𝑐
0= c
y−3
𝑙𝑛│ y+3 │ = 6𝑥 lo multiplico x el antilogaritmo
y−3
𝑙𝑛│ │
𝑒 y+3 = 𝑒 6𝑥
y−3
│ y+3 │ = 𝑒 6𝑥
y<3
y-3<0
y−3
-│ y+3 │ = 𝑒 6𝑥
y−3
= −𝑒 6𝑥 solución singular
y+3
b) 𝑦 = 3
𝑑𝑦
- −𝑦 2 = −9
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(3)
− (3)2 = −9
𝑑𝑥
−9 = −9 si es verdad
1
c) 𝑥 = 3 , y =1
−2 1
𝑙𝑛│ │ = 6 (3) + c
4
1
𝑙𝑛│ 2 │= 2 + c
1
c = 𝑙𝑛 (2) −2
y−3
𝑙𝑛│ │ 1
𝑒 y+3 = 𝑒 6𝑥 + ln(2) − 2
1
y−3
│ y+3 │= 𝑒 6𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑙𝑛 (2) . 𝑒 −2
y−3 1
│ y+3 │ = 𝑒 6𝑥 . 𝑒 −2
2
y−3 1
= - 2 𝑒 −2 . 𝑒 6𝑥
y+3
y =1<3 ⁄ y-3<0
y−3 y−3
│ y+3 │ = −(y+3)
Ejercicio 8. Se suministran bacterias como alimento a una población de
protozoarios a una razón constante u. Se ha observado que las bacterias son
devoradas a una tasa proporcional al cuadrado de su cantidad. Si c(t) es la
cantidad de bacterias en el instante t, hallar la E.D, determinar c(t) en función de c
(0). ¿Cuál es la concentración de equilibrio de las bacterias, es decir, cuando c′(t)=
0?
bacterias
b
u
k𝑐 2
𝑑𝑐
: Aumeto diminucion de bacterias en el tiempo “t”
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑐
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎 − 𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎
𝑑𝑐
= 𝑢 − 𝑘𝑐 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑐
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑢−𝑘𝑐 2
𝑑𝑐
2 = 𝑑𝑡
√𝑢 −(√𝑘 . 𝑐)2
𝑑𝑐
[√𝑢−√𝑘 . 𝑐] [√𝑢+√𝑘 . 𝑐]
= 𝑑𝑡
1 1 1
2√𝑢
∫ [√𝑢+√𝑘 . 𝑐 + ] 𝑑𝑐 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
√𝑢−√𝑘 . 𝑐
1 −1 −√𝑘 1 √𝑘
[ ∫ 𝑑𝑐 + ∫ 𝑑𝑐] = 𝑡 + 𝐴
2√𝑢 √𝑘 √𝑢−√𝑘 . 𝑐 √𝑘 √𝑢+√𝑘 . 𝑐
1 −1 1
[ 𝑙𝑛│√𝑢 − √𝑘 . 𝑐│ + 𝑙𝑛│√𝑢 + √𝑘 . 𝑐│ ] = 𝑡 + 𝐴
2√𝑢 √𝑘 √𝑘
1 √𝑢+√𝑘 . 𝑐
[ 𝑙𝑛│ │]= 𝑡+𝐴
2√𝑘𝑢 √𝑢−√𝑘 . 𝑐
√𝑢+√𝑘 . 𝑐
𝑙𝑛│ │ = 2√𝑘𝑢 𝑡 +𝐴
√𝑢−√𝑘 . 𝑐
√𝑢+√𝑘 . 𝑐0
𝑙𝑛│ │ = 2√𝑘𝑢 (0) +𝐴
√𝑢−√𝑘 . 𝑐0
√𝑢+√𝑘 . 𝑐0
𝑙𝑛│ │ =𝐴
√𝑢−√𝑘 . 𝑐0
√𝑢+√𝑘 . 𝑐0 √𝑢+√𝑘 . 𝑐0
𝑙𝑛│ │ 𝑙𝑛│ │
𝑒 √𝑢−√𝑘 . 𝑐0 = 𝑒 2√𝑘𝑢 . 𝑒 √𝑢−√𝑘 . 𝑐0
√𝑢 > √𝑘 𝑐
𝑢 > 𝑘 𝑐2
√𝑢+√𝑘 . 𝑐 √𝑢+√𝑘 . 𝑐0
= ( ) 𝑒 2√𝑘𝑢 .𝑡
√𝑢−√𝑘 . 𝑐 √𝑢−√𝑘 . 𝑐0
ECUACIONES HOMOGÉNEA
𝒅𝒚
II) = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒅𝒙
𝒇(𝜆𝒙, 𝜆𝒚) = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝑦
1.- (𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥 )) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
M(x, y) = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( )
𝑥
𝜆𝑦
M(𝜆x, 𝜆y) = 𝜆𝑦 + 𝜆𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( )
𝜆𝑥
𝑦
M(𝜆x, 𝜆y) = 𝜆 (𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( ))
𝑥
𝑛
m = (𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑦
𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( )) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 (𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥 ))
= → 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
(𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥 ))
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
(𝜆𝑦 + 𝜆𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥 )) 𝜆 (𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥 ))
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = =
𝜆𝑥 𝜆𝑥
𝑑𝜇
𝑥 + 𝜇 = 𝜇 + cot(𝜇)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜇
𝑥 = cot(𝜇)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑥
=
cot(𝜇) 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎 𝑛(𝜇) 𝑑𝜇 =
𝑥
−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜇 𝑑𝑥
−∫ 𝑑𝜇 = ∫
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜇 𝑥
−𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜇| = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑐
0 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜇| + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑐
0 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜇. 𝑥. 𝑐|
𝑒 0 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜇.𝑥.𝑐|
1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜇. 𝑥. 𝑐
1
1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ] . 𝑥. 𝑐
𝑥
𝒅𝒚
2.- (𝒙 + √𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒚 , 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟏
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑥 + √𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦
𝜆𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) =
𝜆𝑥 + √𝜆𝑦 2 − 𝜆𝑥𝜆𝑦
𝜆𝑦 𝜆𝑦 𝜆𝑦
= = =
𝜆𝑥 + √𝜆2 (𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝜆𝑥 + 𝜆√𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝜆(𝑥 + √𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦
= = = +
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= + √1 − …….𝐼
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= = = … … 𝐼𝐼 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑦
1 + √(𝑥 ) − (𝑥 )
𝑥+ 𝑥
𝑥
= 𝜇 → 𝑥 = 𝑦𝜆
𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝜇
= (𝑦𝜇) = .𝜇 +
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜇
=𝜇+ .𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝜇 𝑑𝜇 𝑑𝑦
𝜇+ = 𝜇 + √1 − 𝜇 = =
𝑑𝑦 √1 − 𝜇 𝑦
1
1 𝑑𝑦 (1 − 𝜇)2
−1 ∫(1 − 𝜇)3 (−1)𝑑𝜇 =∫ =− = ln|𝑦| + 𝐶
𝑦 1
2
𝑥
−2√1 − 𝜇 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝐶 = −2 √1 − = 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝐶
𝑦
1
−2 √1 − = 𝑙𝑛|1| + 𝐶
1
0= 0+𝐶 → 𝐶 = 0
2
𝑥
(−2 √1 − ) = (𝑙𝑛|𝑦|)2
𝑦
𝑥
4 (1 − ) = 𝑙𝑛2 |𝑦|
𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
3.- (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solución
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = (xcos ( ) − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) − 𝑥
= 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )
𝑦
𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) − 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )
𝜆𝑦
𝜆𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝜆𝑥 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑦) − 𝑥
𝜆𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = = 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜆𝑦 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝜆𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑥
𝜆𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) − 𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )
𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) − 1
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝜇
=𝜇 =𝜇+
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ejem:
Primer caso:
𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 (𝟐)
{
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − = 𝟎
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2 = 0
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5 = 0
3𝑥 − 3 = 0
𝑥=1 𝑦=2
𝑥 = 1 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑(1 + 𝑢)
| 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 = 2+𝑣 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑢
ℷ𝑣 − ℷ𝑢 𝑢−𝑣
𝑓(ℷ𝑢, ℷ𝑣) = = = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣)
ℷ𝑢 + 2ℷ𝑣 ℷ + 2𝑣
𝑓(ℷ𝑢, ℷ𝑣) = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣)
𝑢
𝑑𝑣 −1
= 𝑣 𝑣
𝑑𝑢 1 + 2𝑢
𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 2𝑢
=
𝑑𝑢 𝑣−4
𝑢
𝑑𝑣 +2
= 𝑣 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 − ( )
𝑣
𝑢
=𝐴 𝑢 = 𝐴. 𝑈
𝑣
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝐴
= (𝐴. 𝑈) = 𝐴 + 𝑈
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝐴 𝐴−1
𝐴+𝑈 =
𝑑𝑢 𝐴 + 2𝐴
𝑈𝑑𝐴 −1 − 2𝐴
=
𝑑𝑢 1 + 2𝐴
(1 + 2𝐴) −𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝐴 =
(1 + 2𝐴2 ) 𝑢
1 √2 1 4𝐴 −𝑑𝑢
[ ( 2 ) + ( )] 𝑑𝐴 =
√2 1 + (√2𝐴) 2 1 + 2𝐴2 𝑢
1 √2 𝑑𝐴 1 4𝐴
∫ + ∫ 𝑑𝐴 − ℓ𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐
√2 1 + (√2𝐴) 2 2 1 + 2𝐴 2
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(√2𝐴) + ℓ𝑛|1 + 2𝐴 2 | + ℓ𝑛|𝑢| = 𝑐
√2 2
1 𝑦−2 𝑦−2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 (√2 ( )) + 1 + 2 ( ) + ℓ𝑛|𝑥 − 1| = 𝑐
√2 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
√2 1
𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(√2 𝐴) + ℓ𝑛|1 + 2𝐴 2 | + ℓ𝑛|𝑢| = 𝑐
√2 2
√2 𝑦−2 1 𝑦−2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [√ 2 ( )] + ℓ𝑛 |1 + 2 ( ) | + ℓ𝑛|𝑥 − 1| = 𝑐
√2 𝑥−1 2 𝑥−1
2
𝑦−2 (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2(𝑦 − 2)
√2 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [√ 2 ( )] + ℓ𝑛 | | + ℓ𝑛|𝑥 − 1|2 = 𝑐
𝑥−1 (𝑥 − 1)2
2
𝑦−2 (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2(𝑦 − 2)
√2 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 [√ 2 ( )] + ℓ𝑛 | 2
. (𝑥 − 1)2 | = 𝑐
𝑥−1 (𝑥 − 1)
√2(𝑦 − 2)
ℓ𝑛|(𝑥 − 1)2 + 2(𝑦 − 2)2 | = −√2 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝑥−1
√2(𝑦−2)
2 +2(𝑦−2)2 | −√2 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛( )
𝑒 ℓ𝑛|(𝑥−1) =𝑒 𝑥−1
𝑋−1
√2 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛( )
2
(𝑥 − 1) + 2(𝑦 − 2) = 𝑒 2 √2(𝑦−2 .
E.D.O EXACTAS
¡Exactas!
а𝑓 а𝑓
Tq: dz = а𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥+ а𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)dy
а𝑓
(x, y) = N (𝑥, 𝑦)
а𝑦
1. (tan𝑥 - sen𝑥 seny) d𝑥 + cos𝑥cos𝑦 dy = 0
M (𝑥, 𝑦) N (𝑥, 𝑦)
а𝑓
[𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦] = −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
а𝑦
а𝑓
[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦] = −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
а𝑥
¡Exacta!
а𝑓
∫ а𝑥 = ∫(tan𝑥 − sen𝑥seny)𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
f (𝑥,y)= ∫ [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑔 ∫ −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
а𝑓
(𝑥, 𝑦) = cos(𝑦) . cos(𝑥) + 𝑔′ (𝑦) = cos(𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
а𝑦
∫ 𝑔′ (𝑦) = ∫ 0
𝑔′ (𝑦) = 𝑐
а
[𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥] = 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
а𝑦
а
[2ysen𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑙𝑛𝑦] = 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
а𝑥
¡Si es exacta!
*Cálculo de g (y)
а
(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑔′ (𝑦) = 2𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + ln(𝑦)
а𝑦
𝑔′ (𝑦) = ln(𝑦)
𝑑𝑔
= ln(𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
∫ d𝑔 = ∫ ln(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
g(𝑦)= ∫ ln(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
u = ln(𝑦) ∫ dv = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
du= v=y
𝑦
𝑑𝑦
g(𝑦) = y ln│y│− ∫ −𝑦
𝑦
g(𝑦) = y ln│y│-y + c
Solución general
*Cálculo de c x = 0, y = e
e–e+c=0
c=0
𝑦 2 sen𝑥 - y𝑥 3 - 𝑥 2 + lny – y + c = 0
Solución particular
1
3. M (x, y) dx + (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 =0
а𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) а 1
= а𝑥 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
а𝑦
а𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫[y(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) + 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥
а𝑦
1
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2
𝑦2 𝑦
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) . + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑔(𝑥)
2
1 −1
𝑥
4. (𝑦 2 . 𝑥 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2 +𝑦
1 −1
а𝑁 а
(𝑥, 𝑦) = [𝑦 2 . 𝑥 2 + x (𝑥 2 + 𝑦)−1]
а𝑥 а𝑦
1 −1
А𝑁 1
(𝑥, 𝑦)= . 𝑦 2 . 𝑥 2 − 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)−2
а𝑥 2
−1 −1
а𝑁(𝑥,𝑦) 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[2 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)−2 ]𝑑𝑥
а𝑥
−1 −1
1 1
N(𝑥, 𝑦)= 2 𝑦 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)−2 (2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
−1
1 𝑥2 1 (𝑥 2 +𝑦)−1
N(𝑥, 𝑦)= 2. 𝑦 . 2 1 − +c
2 −1
2
𝑥 1
N(𝑥, 𝑦)=√𝑦 + 𝑥 2 +𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥)
а а 2 а
[2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ] = 2𝑥 [𝑦 ] + 𝑒 𝑥 [y]
а𝑦 а𝑦 а𝑦
= 2𝑥(2𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 (1)
= 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥
а
[2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 1] = 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥
а𝑥
а𝑓
∫ (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
а𝑥
*Calculo de 𝑔(𝑥)
а
(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑔′(𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
а𝑦
𝑔′(𝑦) = −1
𝑑𝑔
(𝑦) = −1
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑔 = ∫ −𝑑𝑦
𝑔(𝑔) = −𝑦 + 𝑐
f(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐
FACTORES DE INTEGRACIÓN
Es Exacto
𝜕 𝜕
(𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦))
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
→ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒
DIFERENCIAL
𝑑𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓´(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑 (arctan 𝑥) = arctan(𝑥) + 𝑐
1 + 𝑥2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Ejemplo
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 5 − 2
𝑑𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 25𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥. 𝑦) = (𝑥, 𝑦) + (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥, 𝑦) + (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑥
EXACTOS
𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕
= = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀
(𝑦) = 1
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁
(𝑥) = 1
𝜕𝑥
∫ 𝑑 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 0
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥𝑦) = . 𝑦 + 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Ejemplo 1
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕
(𝑦) = 1
𝜕𝑦
𝜕
= (−𝑥) = −1
𝜕𝑥
1
𝑓𝑖:
𝑦2
1 1
. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦2 𝑦2
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑦2
1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦
𝜕 1 𝜕 −1
( )= (𝑦 −1 ) = 𝑦 −2 = 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑦
𝜕 −𝑥 −1 𝜕 −1
( 2 ) = 2 . (𝑥) = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑓 𝑓𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
( =
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) (𝑔(𝑥))2
𝑓 𝑔𝑑𝑓 − 𝑓𝑑𝑔
𝑑( ) =
𝑔 (𝑔)2
𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑( ) =
𝑦 (𝑦)2
𝑥
(𝑦 ) = 𝐶
1 1
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑦
0 1
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑚 1
( )=0
𝜕𝑛 𝑥
𝜕𝑁 1
(− ) = 0
𝜕𝑥 4
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑥𝑦
𝑥
∫[ln ( )] = ∫ 0
𝑦
𝑥
𝑥 𝑑 (𝑦)
𝑑[ln ( ) = 𝑥
𝑦 (𝑦 )
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑 [ln ( )] = ( ) [ ]
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦2
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦
𝑥
ln ( ) = 𝐶
𝑦
1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦2
𝜕 𝑦 1. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑦(2𝑦) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 2 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
[ ]= = = 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝜕 𝑥 −1(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (−𝑥)(𝑥2) −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
[− ]= = = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
Exacta
𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑑 [𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )] = ∫ 𝑐 → = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 𝑒
𝑦 𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 (
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑦^2 𝑦) 𝑥
= = = 𝑑. [𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )]
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑦
(𝑦) + 1 1 + (𝑦)
TEOREMA
𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓. 𝐼
𝜕 𝜕
[𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)] = [𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)]
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
→ 𝑢[ − ]=𝑁 = −𝑀
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Demostración
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑢
𝑢 +𝑀 =𝑢 +𝑁
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑢[ − ]=𝑁 −𝑀
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑢 𝑀 𝜕𝑢
𝑢[ − ] = 𝑁[ − ]
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑁 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝑁 𝜕𝑢
𝑁[ − ]=
𝜕𝑦 𝑀 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑁[ + ] −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −𝑀 [ + ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝑁 𝑑𝑢
−𝑀 [ − ]=
𝜕𝑦 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑁 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −𝑀
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= +
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢
= . +
𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑀 𝑑𝑦
− =
𝑁 𝑑𝑋
𝑁 𝑑𝑥
− =
𝑀 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
=[ − ] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) , =[ − ] 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑢
∫ = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ln|𝑢| = ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑐
𝑢 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑝. 𝑖 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Ejemplos
𝑑𝑦
1.(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥, 𝑜 ≤ 1 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑋) = {
−𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 1, 𝑦(𝑜) = 𝑜
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 2 .𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 +1
2𝑥
∫( 2−1 )𝑑𝑥 2 +1|
𝑓. 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 1
𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝐹(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)−1 [𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑥2
(𝑥 2 + 1)−1 [ + 𝑐] , 0 ≤ 1
2
𝑦=
2 −1
𝑥2
(𝑥 + 1) [ + 𝑐] , 0 ≥ 1
{ 2
𝑦(1) = (1)[0 + 𝑐] = 0
𝑐=0
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)−1. 2 = 2(𝑥 2 +1)
Ejercicio 1
𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥, 𝑜 ≤ 1 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
−𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 1 , 𝑦(𝑜) = 𝑜
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑓. 𝑖 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
2
+ 2
𝑦=
(1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
+ 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
2𝑥
)𝑑𝑥 2
𝑓, 𝑖 = 𝑒 ∫(1+𝑥2 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|1+𝑥 | = 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑[(1 + 𝑥 2 ). 𝑦] = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦
={
∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 1
𝑥2
+ 𝑐1 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦 = 2 2
−𝑥
{ 2 + 𝑐2 , 𝑥 ≥ 1
Calculo de 𝑐1
02
(1 + 𝑥 2 ). 0 = + 𝑐1
2
𝑐1 = 0
Calculo de 𝑐2
𝑥2 −𝑥 2
1 𝑐
2 2 2
𝑥2 1
lim ( ) =
𝑥−1 2 2
−1
𝑓(1) = + 𝑐2
2
1 −1
= + 𝑐2
2 2
1 = 𝑐2
𝑥2
+ 𝑐1 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
2
(1 + 𝑥 )𝑦 = 2
−𝑥 2
{ 2 + 𝑐2 , 𝑥 ≥ 1
𝑥2
,0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
2(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑦=
−𝑥 2 1
2
+ 2
,𝑥 ≥ 1
{ 2(1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑥 + 1
Ejercicio 2
dy y
= , y(5) = 2
dx y − x
Solución
𝑑𝑥 𝑦−𝑥
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
= =
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1
= (𝑦 ) 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦
1
∫(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑓. 𝑖 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑦+1|𝑦|𝑦 = 𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝑥
+𝑥 =𝑦
𝑑𝑦
[1. 𝑥]
𝑑 =𝑦
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
22
𝑥𝑦 = +𝑐 5.6
2
22
5(2) = +𝑐
2
10 = 2 + 𝑐
10 − 2 = 𝑐
8=𝑐
𝑦2
𝑥𝑦 = +8
2
𝑠. 𝑝
Ejercicio 3
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑓. 𝑖 = 𝑒 −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
2 𝑑𝑦 2 2
𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑑[𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑦] ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
2 2
∫ 𝑑 (𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑦) = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑦 = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 (−2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = (−2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
∫ 𝑑𝑣 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (−2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
2 2 2 2
𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛. 𝑒 −𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛. 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐
2
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐. 𝑒 −𝑥
2
lim 𝑦 = lim (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐. 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑐 = 0
𝑥−∞ 𝑥−∞
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
Ejercicio 4
𝑦 𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑥 ∞
𝑎≤𝑌≤𝑏
= 𝑒 −√ 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 −𝑠𝑒𝑛√𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥
𝑒 −√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 −√𝑥 𝑦 = ( ) 𝑒 −√𝑥
𝑥 √𝑥 2√𝑥
−𝑠𝑒𝑛√𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥
𝑑[𝑒 −√𝑥 . 𝑦] = ( ) 𝑒 −√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 √𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑 (𝑒 −√𝑥 . 𝑦) = ∫(−𝑠𝑒𝑛√𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥) (𝑒 −√𝑥 . ( )) 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥
−1 −1
𝑒 −√𝑥 . 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛√𝑥. 𝑒 −√𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 𝑒 −√𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 √𝑥 2√𝑥
−1
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −√𝑥 (2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√
1
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛√𝑥 (2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑒 −√𝑥
√
−1 −1
𝑒 −√𝑥 . 𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛√𝑥. 𝑒 −√𝑥 ( ) + cos √𝑥 𝑒 −√𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛√𝑥 𝑒 −√𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥 2√𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥+c 𝑒 √𝑥
MODELOS MATEMÁTICOS
𝑣2=8𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑚
50𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 ℎ2 0
0
6 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑚
0.5𝑘𝑔/𝑠𝑎𝑙
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜
X (t)
F
LEY
Ǝ = 𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑎 − 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑒 . 𝑣𝑒− 𝑐𝑠 . 𝑣𝑠
𝑑𝑥
Concentración
0.5𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑥 0.5𝑘𝑔 8𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑥(𝑡) 6𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑒 = 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 = 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 . − (50+2𝑡)𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑚
Litros
ℎ2 𝑜 0.5kg
Condiciones iniciales
𝑑𝑥 6𝑥
= 4 − 50+2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 6
+ (50+2𝑡) 𝑥 = 4
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑓(𝑡). 𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
2
f. i = e3 ∫(50+2t)dt
3
𝑓. 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|50+2𝑡|
𝑓. 𝑖 = (50 + 2𝑡|3
𝑑𝑥
(50 + 2𝑡)3 𝑑𝑡 + 6(50 + 2𝑡)2 𝑥 = 5(50 + 2𝑡)3
𝑑
[(50 + 2𝑡)3 . 𝑥] = 4(50 + 2𝑡)3
𝑑𝑡
(50+2𝑡)4
(50 + 2𝑡)3 𝑥 = +𝑐
2
𝑡=0 , 𝑥=5
504
503 . (5) = +𝑐
2
504
𝑐 = 503 (5) − 2
50
𝑐 = 503 [5 − ]
2
𝑐 = 503 (−20)
𝑐 = −250. 104
𝑐 = −25𝑥105
(50+2𝑡)4
(50 + 2𝑡)3 𝑥 = − 25𝑥103
2
25𝑥105
25 − 50.502
1 100 .1000
25 − 2 . 25 00
t 0 1 2 --
x(t) 5
2.
𝐶1 = 0.5𝑘𝑔/𝐿𝑡
6𝐿𝑡
f 𝑣𝑒 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
50 litros
5kg (sal)
6𝐿𝑡
𝑣𝑆 =
𝑚𝑖𝑛
t= tiempo total (mínimo)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐𝑒 . 𝑣𝑒 − 𝑐𝑠 . 𝑣𝑠
𝑑𝑡
Concentración de salida
𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎
𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑘𝑔
= =
50(6 − 6)𝑡 50 𝑙𝑡
3
𝑑𝑥 0.5𝑘𝑔 6𝐿𝑡 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑘𝑔 6𝐿𝑡
= . − .
𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 50 𝐿𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛
25
𝑑𝑥 3𝑘𝑔 3 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑘𝑔
= −
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 25 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑥(𝑡)
=3−
𝑑𝑡 25
𝑑𝑥 75 − 3 𝑥(𝑡)
=
𝑑𝑡 25
𝑑𝑥 3(25 − 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑡 25
−1𝑑𝑥 3
−∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
25 − 𝑥 25
3
−𝑙𝑛|25 − 𝑥| = 𝑡+𝑐
25
3
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 25| = − 𝑡+𝑐
25
3
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥−25| = 𝑒 −25𝑡+𝑐
3
|𝑥 − 25| = 𝑒 𝑐 . 𝑒 −25𝑡
𝟑
|𝒙 − 𝟐𝟓| = 𝑨. 𝒆−𝟐𝟓𝒕
¨solución general¨
Condición inicial
5 = 𝑨. 𝒆𝟎 + 𝟐𝟓
𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝑨
𝑨 = −𝟐𝟎
𝟑
𝑥(𝑡) = −20𝒆−𝟐𝟓𝒕 + 𝟐𝟓
¨¨solución particular¨¨
𝟑
𝑥(𝑡) = 25 − 20𝒆−𝟐𝟓𝒕
𝟐𝟎
= 𝟐𝟓 −
𝒆∞
𝟐𝟎𝟎
= 𝟐𝟓 −
𝒆
= 𝟐𝟓
𝒙(𝒕)
𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝟓𝟎
𝟑
25 − 20𝒆−𝟐𝟓𝒕
𝒄(𝒕) = = 𝟎. 𝟑
𝟓𝟎
𝟑
25 − 20𝒆−𝟐𝟓𝒕 = 15
𝟑
10 = 20𝒆−𝟐𝟓𝒕
1 𝟑
= 𝒆−𝟐𝟓𝒕
2
1 𝟑
ln ( ) = 𝑙𝑛 (𝒆−𝟐𝟓𝒕 )
2
1 𝟑
ln ( ) = − 𝒕 + 𝑙𝑛(𝒆)
2 𝟐𝟓
𝟐𝟓 1 −1
𝒕 = ln ( )
𝟑 2
𝟐𝟓
𝑡= 𝒍𝒏(𝟐)
𝟑
LEY DE ENFRIAMIENTO DE NEWTON
𝑇(𝑓)
𝑇 = 0 , 𝑡(0) = 1000 𝐶
𝑇 = 10𝑚𝑖𝑚𝑇(10) = 700 𝑐
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜
𝑡𝑎 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎
T (t)
T (t)
1000 T (x) =
700
250
10 T
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑡0 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 25)
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘𝑇 − 𝑘(25)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
− 𝑘𝑇 = −25𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑓. 𝑖 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑇
𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑇 = −25𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑇
[𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 . 𝑇] = −25𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑡
T(t) = 25 + c 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 S. g
CALCULO DE K Y C
100 = 25 + 𝑐 𝑒 0
75 = c
70 = 25 + 𝑐 𝑒 10𝑘
45075 𝐸10𝐾
45
= 𝐸10𝐾
75
3
ln (5) = ln(𝑒 10𝑘 )
3 ln(𝑐)
ln (5) = 10𝑘 𝑡
1 3
k = 10 . 𝑙𝑛 (5)
𝑘 = −0.05108
𝑇(𝑡) = 25 + 75 𝑒 −0.05108𝑡
lim 𝑇(𝑡) = 25
𝑡−∞
1000
250
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑠)
𝑡 = 0 ; 𝑡𝑎 = 70°𝐹
𝑡(0) = 200°𝐹
𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Tasa de te
𝑇(1) = 190°𝐹
𝑇 = 2°
𝑇(𝑡) = 150°𝐹
LEY
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 70)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘𝑇 − 70𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
− 𝑘𝑇 = −70𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
+ 𝑝(𝑡). 𝑇 = 𝑄(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑓𝑖 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑇 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑇
𝑑𝑇
𝑒 −𝑘𝑇 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑇 𝑘. 𝑇 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑇 − 70𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
𝑒 −𝑘𝑇 − 𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑇 . 𝑇 = −70𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑇
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 −𝑘𝑇
[𝑒 . 𝑇] = −70𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑇
𝑑𝑡
𝑇(𝑡) = 70 + 𝑐. 𝑒 𝑘𝑇
¨¨solución general¨¨
CALCULO DE C Y K
𝑇(𝑐) = 70 + 𝑐𝑒 0 = 200
𝑐 = 130
𝑇(1) = 70 + 130𝑒 𝑘 = 190
130𝑒 𝑘 = 120
12
𝑒𝑘 =
13
𝑘)
12
𝑙𝑛(𝑒 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
13
12
𝑘𝑙𝑛(𝑒) = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
13
12
𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
13
𝑘 = −0.0800427
CALCULO DE ¨¨t¨¨
130𝑒 −0.0800427𝑡 = 80
8
𝑒 −0.0800427𝑡 =
13
8
𝑙𝑛(𝑒 −0.0800427𝑡 ) =
13
8
−0.0800427𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛(𝑒) = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
13
8
𝑙𝑛 (13)
𝑡=
−0.0800427
𝑡=𝑜 200𝑔𝑟
M0 M (t)
t = tiempo(en años)
M(t)cantidad de materia(mr)
M (t)
𝑀0
𝑀0
2
𝑣𝑚
𝑑𝑀
𝑙𝑒𝑦: = 𝑘. 𝑀
𝑑𝑡
𝑡=𝑂
𝑚(0) = 𝑀0
𝑑𝑀
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑀
𝑑𝑀
∫ = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑚
𝑙𝑛|𝑚| = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑀| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝑐
𝑀(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑐 . 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
M(t) = Aekt
Calculo A y K
t = 0 M(0) = M0
200 = A e0 = 0
A = M0
M(t) = M0 ekt
VIDA MEDIA
𝑀0
= 𝑀0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
2
𝑀0
𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑀(𝑡) = 2
1
2
= 𝑒 𝑘(𝑉𝑚)
1
𝑙𝑛 (2) = 𝑙𝑛[𝑒 𝑘.𝑉𝑚 ]
ln(1⁄2)
𝑘= 𝑉𝑚
ln(1⁄2)
[ ]𝑡
𝑀(𝑡) = 𝑀0 𝑒 𝑉𝑚
𝑀0
𝑀0
2
0 𝑉𝑚
𝑅 = 𝐾𝑉
𝑚𝑔
D.C.L
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑅
𝑑𝑣
𝑚. = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑚 + 𝑘𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑘
+ ( )𝑣 = 𝑔
𝑑𝑥 𝑚
𝑘 𝑘
.𝑣 .𝑡
∫ 𝑑 [𝑒 𝑚 ] = ∫ 𝑔 𝑒 𝑚 𝑑𝑡
𝑘𝑡 𝑘
𝑒 𝑚 : 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑔 𝑒 𝑚 .𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑘𝑡 𝑘
𝑔𝑚 𝑘 𝑡
𝑒𝑚 𝑣 ∫ 𝑚 𝑒 𝑚 𝑑𝑡
𝑘
𝑘 𝑘
𝑔𝑚
𝑒 𝑚.𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑘
−𝑘𝑡
𝑔𝑚
𝑉(𝑡) = +𝑐−𝑒 𝑚
𝑘
𝑐. 𝑖: 𝑡 = 0 , 𝑣(0) = 𝑣0
𝑔𝑚
𝑣0 − + 𝑐 = −𝑒 0
𝑘
𝑔𝑚
𝑣0 − =𝑐
𝑘
𝑇(𝑡) = 25 + 75 𝑒 −0.05108𝑡
lim 𝑇(𝑡) = 25
𝑡−∞
1000
250
DESINTEGRACION RADIACTIVA
100mg 97mg
X(t)
6 horas 24 horas
DATOS
𝑡 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒(ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘. 𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑡 = 24 → 𝑥(24)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘. 𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑥
𝑙𝑛|𝑥| = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑙𝑛|𝑥| = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
¨solución general¨
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝑐
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| = 𝑒 𝑐 . 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
|𝑥| = A. 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
x(t) = A. 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
¨solución general¨
CALCULO DE A Y K
100 = 𝐴. 𝑒 0
100 = 𝐴
97 = 100. 𝑒 6𝑘
97
= 𝑒 6𝑘
100
𝑙𝑛(0.97) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑒 6𝑘 )
6𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛(0.97)
𝑙𝑛(0.97)
𝑘= = −0.005076
6
𝑥(24) = 88.53𝑚𝑔
5000
𝑥(𝑡)
5000
− 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑡 = 𝑉. 𝐼(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑠)
𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑡 = 0 ; 𝑥(0) = 1
𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑡 = 4 ; 𝑥(4) = 50
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘. 𝑥(5000 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘. 𝑑𝑡
𝑥(5000 − 𝑥)
1
∫[ ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑥(5000 − 𝑥)
𝐴 𝐵
∫[ + ] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 5000 − 𝑥
1 1
𝐴= ∕𝑥=0 =
5000 − 𝑥 5000
1 1
𝐵= /𝑥=500 =
𝑥 5000
1 1
∫[ 5000 + 5000 ] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑥 5000 − 𝑥
1 1 −1
∫[ − ] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
5000 𝑥 5000 − 𝑥
1
[𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 𝑙𝑛|5000 − 𝑥|] = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
5000
1 𝑥
𝑙𝑛 [ ] = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
500 5000 − 𝑥
𝑥
ln[5000−𝑥] = 5000𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑥
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|5000−𝑥| = 𝑒 𝑘 . 𝑒 5000𝑘𝑡
𝑥
= 𝐴. 𝑒 5000𝑘𝑡
5000 − 𝑥
𝐴. 𝑒 5000𝑘𝑡
500
𝑥= 𝐴. 𝑒 5000𝑘𝑡
1 𝐴. 𝑒 5000𝑘𝑡
5000𝑘𝑡 +
𝐴. 𝑒 𝐴. 𝑒 5000𝑘𝑡
5000
𝑥(𝑡) =
𝐵. 𝑒 −5000𝑘𝑡 + 1
¨¨solución general¨¨