pH pH

Indicator name
color color
0.0 2.0
Malachite green oxalate
green green-blue
0.0 2.6
Brilliant green
yellow green
0.0 3.0
Eosin yellowish
yellow green fluoresc.
0.0 3.6
Erythrosine B
yellow red
0.1 2.3
Methyl green
yellow blue
0.1 2.7
Methyl violet
yellow violet
0.2 1.0
Picric acid
colourless yellow
0.2 1.8
Cresol red
red yellow
0.8 2.6
Crystal violet
yellow blue/violet
1.2 2.8
m-Cresol purple
red yellow
1.2 2.8
Thymol blue
red yellow
1.2 2.8
p-Xylenol blue
red yellow
1.4 2.4
Eosin, bluish
colourless pink fluoresc.
1.4 3.2
Quinaldine red
colourless pink
2.8 4.7
2,4-Dinitro phenol
colourless yellow
2.9 4.0
4-(Dimethylamino) azobenzol
red yellow/orange
3.0 4.6
Bromochlorophenol blue
yellow blue/violet
3.0 4.6
Bromophenol blue
yellow blue/violet
3.0 5.2
Congo red
blue yellow/orange
3.1 4.4
Methyl orange
red yellow/orange
3.8 5.4
Bromocresol green
yellow blue
4.0 5.8
2,5-Dinitrophenol
colourless yellow
4.3 6.3
Alizarin sulphonic acid
yellow violet
 4.4 6.2
Methyl red
red yellow/orange
4.8 6.4
Chlorophenol red
yellow purple
5.0 8.0
Litmus
red blue
5.2 6.8
Bromocresol purple
yellow purple
5.2 6.8
Bromophenol red
orange/yellow purple
5.4 7.5
4-Nitrophenol
colourless yellow
5.7 7.5
Bromoxylenol blue
yellow blue
6.0 7.6
Bromothymol blue
yellow blue
6.4 8.2
Phenol red
yellow red/violet
6.6 8.6
3-Nitrophenol
colourless yellow/orange
6.8 8.0
Neutral red
blue/red orange/yellow
7.0 8.8
Creosol red
orange purple
7.1 8.3
1-Naphtholphthalein
brownish blue/green
7.4 9.0
m-Cresol purple
yellow purple
8.0 9.6
Thymol blue
yellow blue
8.0 9.6
p-Xylenol blue
yellow blue
8.2 9.8
Phenolphthalein
colourless red/violet
9.3 10.5
Thymolphthalein
colourless blue
9.4 14.0
Alkali blue
violet pink
10.0 12.1
Alizarin yellow GG
bright yellow brown/yellow
11.5 13.0
Indigo carmine
blue yellow
11.6 13.0
Epsilon blue
orange violet
12.0 13.0
Titan yellow
yellow red

Cell Parts and Their Functions

Nucleus
- Large Oval body near the centre of the cell.
- The control centre for all activity.
- Surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Nucleoplasm
- is the protoplasm in the nucleus.
- contains genetic material ---> CHROMOSOMES (DNA)

Nucleolus
- is found in the nucleus.
- contains more genetic information (RNA)

Cell Membrane
- the outer boundary of the cell.
- it separates the cell from other cells.
- it is porous ---> allows molecules to pass through.

Cell Wall ( Plant Cells Only )

- non living structure that surrounds the plant cell.
- protects + supports the cell.
- made up of a tough fibre called cellulose.

Cyto Plasm
- cell material outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane.
- clear thick fluid.
- contains structures called organelles.

Vacuoles
- are clear fluid sacs that act as storage areas for food, minerals, and waste.
- in plant cell the vacuoles are large and mostly filled with water. This gives the plant support.
- in animal cells the vacuoles are much smaller.

Mitochondria
- power house of the cell.
- centre of respiration of the cell.
- they release energy for cell functions.

Chloro Plasts ( Plant cells only )

- contains a green pigment known as chlorophyll which is important for photosynthesis.

Ribosomes
- tiny spherical bodies that help make proteins.
- found in the cyto plasm or attached to the endo plasmic reticulum.

Endo Plasmic Reticulum ( ER )

- systems of membranes throughout the cyto plasm.
- it connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.
- passageway for material moving though the cell.

Golgi Bodies
- tube like structures that have tiny sacs at their ends.
- they help package protein.
Lysosomes
- " suicide sacs "
- small structures that contain enzymes which are used in digestion.
- if a lysosome were to burst it could destroy the cell.

Difference of Eukaryotic Cell and Prokaryotic Cell

1. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, bound by a double membrane. Prokaryotic cells
have no nucleus. The purpose of the nucleus is to sequester the DNA-related functions of
the big eukaryotic cell into a smaller chamber, for the purpose of increased efficiency.
This function is unnecessary for the prokaryotic cell, because its much smaller size means
that all materials within the cell are relatively close together. Of course, prokaryotic cells
do have DNA and DNA functions. Biologists describe the central region of the cell as its
"nucleoid" (-oid=similar or imitating), because it's pretty much where the DNA is
located. But note that the nucleoid is essentially an imaginary "structure." There is no
physical boundary enclosing the nucleoid.

2. Eukaryotic DNA is linear; prokaryotic DNA is circular (it has no ends).

3. Eukaryotic DNA is complexed with proteins called "histones," and is organized into
chromosomes; prokaryotic DNA is "naked," meaning that it has no histones associated
with it, and it is not formed into chromosomes. Though many are sloppy about it, the
term "chromosome" does not technically apply to anything in a prokaryotic cell. A
eukaryotic cell contains a number of chromosomes; a prokaryotic cell contains only one
circular DNA molecule and a varied assortment of much smaller circlets of DNA called
"plasmids." The smaller, simpler prokaryotic cell requires far fewer genes to operate than
the eukaryotic cell.

4. Both cell types have many, many ribosomes, but the ribosomes of the eukaryotic cells are
larger and more complex than those of the prokaryotic cell. Ribosomes are made out of a
special class of RNA molecules (ribosomal RNA, or rRNA) and a specific collection of
different proteins. A eukaryotic ribosome is composed of five kinds of rRNA and about
eighty kinds of proteins. Prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of only three kinds of
rRNA and about fifty kinds of protein.

5. The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is filled with a large, complex collection of organelles,
many of them enclosed in their own membranes; the prokaryotic cell contains no
membrane-bound organelles which are independent of the plasma membrane. This is a
very significant difference, and the source of the vast majority of the greater complexity
of the eukaryotic cell. There is much more space within a eukaryotic cell than within a
prokaryotic cell, and many of these structures, like the nucleus, increase the efficiency of
functions by confining them within smaller spaces within the huge cell, or with
communication and movement within the cell.