CIV 321
CIV 321
Prepared by:
D S
Dr. Samer Al
Al-Martini,
M ti i P P. E
Eng.
1
Mix Design
• Mixture proportioning refers to the process of determining
the quantities of concrete ingredients, using local materials,
t
to achieve the specified characteristics of the concrete
hi th ifi d h t i ti f th t
including: (1) acceptable Workability of the freshly mixed
concrete; (2) acceptable Strength of the hardened
concrete; (2) acceptable Strength of the hardened
concrete, (3) acceptable Durability and (4) Economy.
• Before a concrete mixture can be proportioned, mixture
Before a concrete mixture can be proportioned, mixture
characteristics are selected based on the intended use of
the concrete, the exposure conditions, and the size and
shape of building elements.
2
Water‐Cementing Materials Ratio
• The
The water
water‐cementing
cementing materials ratio is simply the
materials ratio is simply the
mass of water divided by the mass of cement
material.
material
• the first step in proportioning a concrete mixture is
the selection of the appropriate water cementing
the selection of the appropriate water‐cementing
materials ratio for the durability and strength
needed.
needed
• The water‐cementing materials ratio selected for
mix design must be the lowest
i d i t b th l t value required to
l i dt
meet anticipated exposure conditions.
• Tables 9‐2 shows requirements for various exposure
conditions. 3
Water‐Cementing Materials Ratio
• Water‐cementing materials ratio should be selected on the
basis of concrete compressive strength.
• Table 7.3 and Table 9‐3 can be used to select a water‐
cementing materials ratio for concrete exporure (Table 7‐
3) and for compressive strength (Table 9 3)
3) and for compressive strength (Table 9‐3).
4
Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregates
• The maximum size that can be used depends on
factors such as the size and shape of the concrete
member to be cast, the amount and distribution of
reinforcing steel in the member, and the thickness
of slabs.
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Air Content
• Entrained air must be used in all concrete that will
be exposed to freezing and thawing.
• Air entrainment is accomplished by adding an air
Air entrainment is accomplished by adding an air
entraining admixture at the mixer.
• Recommended air contents are shown in Table 7‐6.
Recommended air contents are shown in Table 7 6
6
Slump
• Workability
Workability is a measure of how easy
is a measure of how easy or difficult it is to
or difficult it is to
place, consolidate, and finish concrete.
• For conventional concrete, the slump is the vertical
, p
measurement between the surface of the deformed
concrete cone and the top of metallic slump cone; for
flowable concrete the slump flow is the horizontal diameter
of the circle of concrete.
• An approximate value can be selected from Table 9‐6 for
i l b l df bl f
concrete consolidated by mechanical vibration.
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Water Content
• The water content of concrete is influenced by a number of factors:
aggregate size, aggregate shape, aggregate texture, slump, water to
cementing materials ratio, air content, cementing materials type and
cementing materials ratio, air content, cementing materials type and
content, admixtures, and environmental conditions.
• The use of rounded aggregates will reduce water dema
• On the other hand, aggregate angularity, and a decrease in the
proportion of coarse aggregate to fine aggregate
increase water demand
increase water demand.
• The approximate water contents in Table 9‐5 and Fig. 9‐4, used in
proportioning, are for angular coarse aggregates (crushed stone).
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Water Content
Fig. 9-4. Approximate water requirement for various slumps and crushed
aggregate sizes for (left) non-air-entrained concrete and (right) air-entrained
concrete.
concrete
9
Water Content
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Adjusting water content based on
th h
the shape of Aggregate
fA t
• The amount of mixing water required to produce a cubic meter of
concrete of a given slump is dependent on the shape and the
maximum size and amount of coarse aggregate. Larger sizes
minimize the water requirement and thus allow the cement content
q
to be reduced. Also, rounded aggregate requires less mixing water
than a crushed aggregate in concretes of equal slump.
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Cement Content
• The cement content is usually determined from the
content is usually determined from the
selected water‐cement ratio and water content.
• Minimum cement
Minimum cement requirements serve to ensure
requirements serve to ensure
satisfactory strength, durability and workability.
• However, excessively large amounts of cement should
However excessively large amounts of cement should
be avoided to maintain economy in the mixture.
• For workability
For workability and durability, the quantity
and durability the quantity of cement
of cement
to be used should be not less than shown in Table 9‐7.
•
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Compressive Strength
• The specified compressive strength, f’c at 28 days is the
strength used in the design of reinforced concrete
members.
• The average strength (fcr’) is the average strengths of three
samples taken from the concrete mix (batch) and it is
expected to be equal to or more than the specified
t dt b lt th th ifi d
compressive strength, f’c plus an allowance to account for
variations in materials; variations in methods of mixing,
in materials; variations in methods of mixing
transporting, and placing the concrete; and variations in
making, curing, and testing concrete cylinder specimens.
g g g y p
• Thus, the average strength is the strength required in the
mix design. Tables 9‐1 and 9‐2 show strength requirements
for various exposure conditions.
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Average Compressive Strength
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Average Compressive Strength for
Less than 15 tests
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Modification of Standard Deviation
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Absolute Volume Method
• Absolute
Absolute volume, involves use of relative density
volume involves use of relative density
values for all the ingredients to calculate the
absolute volume each will occupy in a unit volume
absolute volume each will occupy in a unit volume
of concrete.
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Typical Density of Portland Cement
Portland cement
density is
3.15
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Example Problem 7.1
• The design engineer specifies a concrete strength of
31 MPa (45psi). Determine the required average
compressive strength for:
• (a) a new plant for which s is unknown
( ) p
• (b) a plant for which s=3.6 Mpa for 17 test results
• (c) a plant with extensive history of producing
(c) a plant with extensive history of producing
concrete with s=2.4MPa
• (d) a plant with extensive history of producing
(d) l ih i hi f d i
concrete with s= 3.8 Mpa.
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Example Problem 7.2
• C
Concrete is required for a 250 mm retaining wall
t i i df 250 t i i ll
that will be subject to frequent wetting by fresh
water. The concrete specified is 28 MPa. The
t Th t ifi d i 28 MP Th
density of the fine aggregate is given as 2.75
( / 3)and that of the coarse aggregate is 2.65
(g/cm ) d th t f th t i 2 65
(g/cm3). The fineness modulus of the fine aggregate
i 2 8 Th
is 2.8. The concrete is air entrained. The unit dry‐
t i i t i d Th it d
rodded mass of coarse aggregate is 1682 kg/m3,
with maximum size of 40 mm. Air content is to be
ith i i f 40 Ai t ti t b
5% and the slump is to be 75 to 100 mm.
• Find: 1) Absolute volume & mass of fine aggregate
2) Masses for a trial batch using 10kg of cement 23
Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
31
(Severe exposure)
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35
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Summary:
Water = 117.82 Kg
Cement= 335 kg
Wet Coarse Aggregates: 1128 *1.015 = 1145 kg
Wet Fine Aggregates= 649.4*1.04 = 675.3 kg
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