DFDF

beam-columns members
beam-columns
Durgesh C. Rai
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur
Limit state for beam-columns
• Limit state of strength

– Limit state of flexure and shear
• Yielding, elastic behaviour and local
buckling
• Global buckling including LTB
2
General
behaviour
3
Introduction
• Beam-columns are subjected to combined

bending and compression
– Elastic & inelastic Flexural Buckling and LTB and local
buckling
• Design process deals with
– beam-columns with uniaxial and bending, and
considers
• cross-section checks on laterally restrained members
• overall buckling on laterally restrained members
• lateral torsional buckling on laterally unrestrained
members
4
Introduction…
• Design process deals with

– beam-columns with uniaxial bending, and considers
• cross-section checks on laterally restrained members
• overall buckling on laterally restrained members
• lateral torsional buckling on laterally unrestrained
members
– biaxial bending is also introduced
Beam-columns in uniaxial bending
• Beam-columns
bending about x
the major axis P
only
L
Lateral ψM
restraints
z
M
y
P
Column deflects in zx plane only
6
Beam-columns in uniaxial bending
• Behaviour is characterised by a load-

deflection curve
• The theoretical response depends on the
assumptions – e.g., linear elastic or
plastic behaviour
• Behaviour can be compared with
– beams (no axial load)
– columns (no bending)
Elastic response
• Rate of deflection PN
increases with load Loading
M,N
Linear
L near elastic beam
b am M
M,P
• This is due to the Elastic critical axial load (M=0) v
bending effect of PNcrcr
the axial load on a M
deforming member
N
• The curve is Elastic Beam-column P
interaction
asymptotic to the
critical load in
compression
O In-plane deflection v
8
Inelastic response
• The rate of
deflection
increases Loading
(P,M)
M,N
v
initially with
Plastic behaviour of
load Mpl beam(P=0)
(N=0) M
• The axial load NP
effectively (P,M)
(N,M) max
reduces the
plastic moment
capacity of the First yield
section
O In-plane deflection v
• Beyond peak
load the curve
descends
9
General yielding
10
Cross-sectional behaviour
Class 1 and 2 cross-sections

• If overall buckling does not occur, the
cross-section can develop full plasticity
• Various combinations of bending
moment M and axial load P can cause
this ranging from
– P=0, M=Mp , the full plastic moment, to
– M=0, N=Py, the squash load.
11
Cross-
Cross-sectional behaviour…
behaviour…

• The precise relationship between M and
P depends on the shape of the section
and the position of the neutral axis.
– For example for I sections the neutral axis may be
in the web or flange
12
Cross-
behaviour…
b
• Neutral axis in web fy
(Eq1)
P =2fytwyn tw
tf
P
NM
yn
M=fybtf(h-tf)+fy{(h-2tf)2/4-yn2}tw h
y y
M MN
P, M
NM, MN according to Eq. (1)
• Neutral axis in flange –fy

(Eq 2)
(a) yn < (h – 2tf) / 2
P=fy{tw(h-2tf)+2b(tf-h/2+yn)}
M=fyb(h/2-yn)(h-yn}tf
b fy
tf
P
NM
tw
y y MN
h
M
yn
P, M
NM, MN according to Eq. (2)
–fy
(b) yn > (h – 2tf) / 2
13
Cross-
behaviour…

• IS800 provides simplified relationships
– For example, for welded I and H sections:
⎡ ⎛ n − a ⎞2 ⎤
M ndy = M dy ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ≤ M dy where n ≥ a
⎣⎢ ⎝ 1 − a ⎠ ⎦⎥
M ndz = M dz (1 − n ) 1 − 0.5a ≤ M dz
n = N N d and a = ( A - 2btf ) A ≤ 0.5
– for standard I and H sections:
for n ≤ 0.2 M ndy = M dy
for n > 0.2 M ndy = 1.5M dy (1 − n )( n + 0.6 )
M ndz = 1.11M dz (1 − n ) ≤ M dz
14
EC3 Cross-
behaviour…

• EC3 provides simplified relationships
– MNyRd = Mpl.y(1-n)(1-0,5a) but ≤ Mpl.yRd (eq 3)
where n=NSd/Npl.Rd and a=(A-2btf)/A ≤ 0,5
• Further simplifications are made for common

cross-section shapes
• For example, for I sections:
– major axis bending - MN,y = 1,11 Mpl.y(1-n)
– minor axis bending - MN,z = 1,56 Mpl.z(1-n)(0,6+n)
15
Cross-
behaviour…
• The simplified relationships are quite precise
N / Npl
1,0 Plastic neutral axis

Iyn
0,8 Centroidal axis
0,6
IS 800 (Cl. 9.3.1.2)
0,4 Neutral axis
in flange
0,2 Exact Eqs. (1)/(2)
EC3 approx. Eq. (3) Neutral axis
in web
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 M / Mpl
16
Strength of Columns
• P-M Interaction of I-sections
P/Py AISC
AISCApproach
Approach
1.0
Idealised
Idealised
P/Py+(M/1.18Mp)≤1.0
0.5
Actual
Actual
0.15
M/Mp
0 0.5 1.0
17
Cross-
Cross-sectional behaviour …
Class 3 cross-sections
• Class 3 sections are restricted to elastic
behaviour
• The failure criterion is first yield.
• This occurs at the point of maximum
compresive bending
• Maximum stress is σc + σb
• First yield occurs when fyd = σc + σb
18
Cross-
Cross-sectional behaviour …
Class 4 cross-sections
• Class 4 sections are liable to local
buckling prior to attaining first yield
• Reduced section properties are used for
calculating stresses
• These are based on effective widths for
slender compression elements
σc + σb ≤ fyd
19
Member
Instability
20
Overall stability
In addition to Cross-sectional behaviour

the Overall stability must also be
considered
– Cl.9.3.2 deals with section strength
– Cl. 9.3.2 is for overall member strength based on
instability considerations
21
Overall stability …
• The total N or P
moment in a M
M
beam-column y
x
may be
onsidered as
the sum of
v Nv M
L
– primary
M oment
moment M d2v
=EI –––
– secondary dx 2
moment Nv
M
M
N
22
Overall stability -
Elastic analysis
• The maximum deflection, vmax, and moment, Mmax,
is related to the Euler critical load PEy by
M π N
v max = sec −1
N 2 PEy
π N
M max = M sec
2 PEy
23
First order approximation

• Consider 1st order deflection (due to end
moments alone) and moment amplified by
1/(1-N/PEy)
• Then:
ML2 1
v max =
8 EI y 1 − N / PEy
1
M max = M
1 − N / PEy
24
Comparison of exact and approximate forms

N / P
Ey
1, 0
0, 8 A p p r o xi m a ti o n –
E q s . ( 7) a n d ( 8)
E x a c t f or m o m e nt – E q. ( 5 )
0, 6
E x a c t f o r d e fl e c ti o n – E q . ( 4 )
0, 4
0,2
v M
m ax m ax
– – – –– – – – – or – – – – –
M L2 / 8 E I M
y
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
25
• The maximum elastic stress σmax can be written:
M max
σ max = σ c + σ b
M
• The condition for maximum elastic stress equal
to fy then becomes
σc σb
+ = 1,0
fy f y (1 − N / PEy )
26
relationship between σc, σb and λ
σc / fy
• Solved for
different values 1,0
of σc and σb and
a range of
slenderness
ratios
Slenderness
Increasing
increasing
Slenderness σb / fy
0 1,0
27
Modification to allow for

buckling under pure axial load
• According to this as σb → 0, σc → fy
• It must be therefore be modified to allow for buckling
under pure axial load
• This is given by the Euler stress σEy
PEy π 2 EI y π2 E
σ Ey = = =
A AL2 λ2y
28
σc / fy
• Combining the 1,0
equation for σEy / fy
σmax = fy and
the Euler σEy / fy
stress gives
modified
interaction σEy / fy
curves
Slenderness
increasing
σb / fy
0 1,0
29
Code Approach
• The treatment in EC3 and IS 800 is based
on the above approach
• Treatment is modified to account for
practical conditions such as initial out-
of-straightness and residual stresses
• Expressed as forces and moments rather
than stresses
• Allows for less severe bending patterns
30
EC3 Overall Stability …
• Expressed as interaction equations

between NSd and MySd
• Includes χy the column buckling
reduction factor
• Includes a factor β to account for bending
moment distribution
• Different expressions for different
classes of cross-section
31
EC3 rules for Class 1 & 2 sections
N Sd kyM ySd
+ ≤1
χ y Af y W ply f y
μ y N Sd
ky = 1− … but … k y ≤ 1,5
χ y Af y
μ y = λ (2 β My − 4 ) +
W pl , y
− 1… but … μ y ≤ 0,9
Wel , y
32
EC3 rules for Class 3 & 4 sections

• Class 3 sections
– as above with Wply replaced by Wely
• Class 4 sections
– use effective section Aeff, Weff.y
– additional eccentricity included to allow for
shift of neutral axis due to local buckling
33
Laterally unrestrained beam-

beam-columns
• Beam-columns can buckle x

by deflecting laterally and N
twisting (as normal beams)
• Column deflects in zx L
plane ψM
• Column then buckles by z
– deflecting in yx plane and
– twisting about x axis
M
• May be elastic or after
y
some yielding (inelastic) N
34
Lateral-torsional behaviour
Load Load
(1) E lastic buckling (1) E lastic buckling
(2) Inelastic buckling (2) Inelastic buckling
F irst yield
O ut-of-plane deform ation In-plane deflection
(a) O ut-of-plane behav iour (b) In-plane behav iour
35
Laterally unrestrained beam-

beam-columns
• Different approaches of varying complexity

– 3-dimensional analysis in biaxial bending is extremely
complex
– For Bi-axial bending including LTB
– EC3
• French-Belgian Method
Theoretically superior
Difficult to use
• Austrian-German Method
Easy to use
– IS 800
• Uses Austrian-German Method
36
Overall member stability
• IS 800 Relations including LTB

P Cmy M y M
+ Ky + K LT z ≤ 1.0
Pdy M dy M dz
P Cmy M y C M
+ 0.6 K y + K z mz z ≤ 1.0
Pdz M dy M dz
K y = 1 + ( λy − 0.2 ) ny ≤ 1 + 0.8ny ;
K z = 1 + ( λz − 0.2 ) nz ≤ 1 + 0.8nz ;
0.1λLT ny 0.1ny
K LT = 1 − ≥ 1−
( CmLT − 0.25) ( CmLT − 0.25)
37
Overall member stability
• kLT depends on
– the level of axial load
– the member slenderness λc
– the pattern of primary moments - cm
• The maximum value of kLT is 1.0
38
Overall member stability …
Table 18: Equivalent uniform moment factors Cmy, Cmz and CmLT [ Cl. 7.1.2.1 ]
Cmy , Cmz and CmLT

Moment diagram Range
Uniform Loading Conc. Load
M ψM -1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 0.6 + 0.4ψ ≥ 0.4
(-)Mh ψMh 0 ≤ αs ≤ 1 -1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 0.2 + 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 0.2 + 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4
(+) Ms 0≤ψ≤1 0.1 - 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 -0.8 αs ≥ 0.4

-1 ≤ αs ≤ 0
-1 ≤ ψ ≤ 0 0.1 (1- ψ) - 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 0.2 (1- ψ)-0.8 αs ≥ 0.4
αs = Ms/Mh ψ = -1 0.2 - 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 0.2 - 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4
(+) Ms 0 ≤ αs ≤ 1 0.095 - 0.05αh

-1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 0.90 + 0.10αh
0 ≤ αh ≤ 1 0.95 + 0.05αh
0.095 + 0.05αh
0≤ψ≤1 0.90 + 0.10αh
0.95 + 0.05αh
-1 ≤ αs ≤ 0
(+) Mh ψMh
-1 ≤ αh ≤ 0 1≤ψ≤0 0.95 + 0.05αh (1+2 ψ) 0.90 + 0.05αh(1+2 ψ)
αh = Mh/Ms ψ = -1 0.95 - 0.05αh 0.90 - 0.10αh
For members with sway buckling mode, the equivalent uniform moment factor Cmy = Cmz = 0.9
39
Biaxial bending - cross-

cross-sections checks
• Local cross-section checks

– For Class 1 and 2
α1 α
⎛ My ⎞ ⎛ Mz ⎞
2
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1.0
⎝ M ndy ⎠ ⎝ M ndz ⎠
Should it be
Mnd or Md ?
– For Class 3
• A conservative approach for Class 1
and 2
N My Mz
+ + ≤ 1.0 N = A f γ
N d M dy M dz d g y m0
40
EC3 Biaxial bending - cross-
cross-sections checks
• If overall checks use a reduced equivalent

moment factor, β < 1, local cross-section checks
are necessary
{MySd/ MNyRd}α + {MzSd/ MNzRd}β ≤ 1
where α and β depend on type of section
• A simpler, conservative, approach is

NSd/ NplRd + MySd/ MNyRd + MzSd/ MNzRd ≤ 1
41
EC3 Biaxial bending of beam-

beam-columns
• Adopts a semi-empirical approach

consistent with rules for uniaxial bending,
eg for class 1 & 2 sections:
N Sd k y M y S d kz M z S d
+ + ≤1
χ min Af y W ply f y W plz f y
42
uniaxial bending of beam-
beam-columns
AISC
• Single equation for yielding,

buckling and LTB
43
Biaxial bending of beam-

beam-columns
AISC
• Single equation for yielding,

buckling and LTB
44
Design of
Column under
Biaxial Bending and
Axial Force
Durgesh C. Rai
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur
45
Design Problem
• Lateral-torsional buckling of a column
considering
— Bi-axial bending
— Compression
46
Data and Initial Analysis
• Material Properties and Loads
5
f y := 250 MPa E := 2 ⋅ 10 MPa γ m0 := 1.1
P := 620 kN M z := 202 kN ⋅ m M y := 7.16 kN ⋅ m
L c := 4.6 m
• Required Section
– Convert Moment to Axial Load
Assume d := 500⋅mm b := 200⋅mm
Mz My 3
P eq := P + 2 ⋅ + 7.5 ⋅ = 1.696 × 10 ⋅ kN
d b
Peq
2
Areqd := = 135.72 ⋅ cm
0.5 ⋅fy
47
Example: Biaxial bending and LTB of column…

column…
• First trial section

– ISMB 500 @ 86.9 kg/m
– Material Properties
2
a := 156.21 cm h := 500mm bf := 180mm
3
Zez := 1808.7 cm 3
Zpz := 2074.67 cm tw := 10.2mm
4
Izz := 45218 cm 4
Iyy := 1369.8 cm tf := 17.2mm
rzz := 202.1 mm ryy := 35.2mm

hf := h − tf = 482.8 ⋅ mm
• Section classification
– Compact/Plastic
• Plastic section modulus about y-y direction
tw tw ⎛b ⎞
(
Z py := 2 h − 2 ⋅ t f ⋅ ) 2
⋅ + 2 ⋅2⎜ ⋅ tf ⋅
4 ⎝2
b
⎟ = 356.11 ⋅ cm
4⎠
3
48
column…
• Design bending strength

– Low shear condition
fy
Mpy := Zpy ⋅ = 80.934 ⋅ kN ⋅ m Section 8.2
γ m0
Mdy := Mpy = 80.934⋅kN ⋅m No LTB
fy
M pz := Z pz ⋅ = 471.516 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
γ m0
– Assume effective length factor for LTB as 1

– LLT = Lc = 4.6 m
– c1 = 1.879 [Triangular BMD about z-z, K = 1.0, Table 42]
49

column…
– Elastic Lateral Buckling Moment

0.5
⎡⎢ 2⎤
⎥
⎛ LLT ⎞
2 ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
π ⋅ E ⋅ I yy ⋅ h f ⎢ 1 ⎜ ryy ⎟ ⎥ Cl. 8.2.2.1
M cr := c 1 ⋅ 1+ ⎜ ⎟ = 836.674 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
2 ⎢ ⎥
(
2 L LT ) ⎢
⎢
20 ⎜
⎜
hf
⎟
⎟
⎥
⎥
tf
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
• Design moment about z-z axis

⎛ Zpz ⋅ fy ⎞
λ LT := ⎜ ⎟ = 0.787 α LT := 0.21
⎜ M cr ⎟
⎝ ⎠
φ LT := 0.5
⎣ LT LT (
⎡1 + α ⋅ λ − 0.2 + λ 2⎤ = 0.872
LT ⎦ )
1
χ LT := = 0.803
2 2 Mdz := χ LT ⋅ Mpz = 378.558 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
φ LT + φ LT − λ LT
50
First Trial
• Checking Section Strength
a ⋅ fy 3
Nd := Nd = 3.55 × 10 ⋅ kN
γ m0
Cl. 9.3.1
P
n := n = 0.175
Nd
d 80 9
Mndy := Mdy Mndy = 80.934 ⋅ kN ⋅ m (for n < 0.2)
Mndz := 1.11Mdz ⋅ ( 1 − n) = 346.817 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
α 1c := 5 ⋅n α 1 := ( )
max 1.0 , α 1c = 1
Table 17
α 2 := 2
51

column…
– For plastic/compact section

α1 α2
⎛ My ⎞ ⎛ Mz ⎞ < 1, Hence, OK
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = 0.428
⎜ M ndy ⎟ ⎜ M ndz ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
– Try conservative relation

P My Mz
+ + = 0.797 < 1, Hence, OK
Nd Mdy Mdz
• Criteria for section strength (Cl. 9.3.1) appears to be

too conservative
– Accounts for LTB
52
column…
• Using appropriate criteria for section strength

Mnpy := Mpy Mnpy = 80.934 ⋅ kN ⋅ m (for n < 0.2 )
M npz := 1.11 M pz ⋅ ( 1 − n ) = 431.981 ⋅ kN ⋅ m
α1 α2
⎛ My ⎞ ⎛ Mz ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 0.307 < 1, Hence, OK
⎜ M npy ⎟ ⎜ M npz ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
P My Mz
+ + = 0.692 < 1, Hence, OK
Nd Mpy Mpz
53

column…
• Design Axial Strength about “z-z”

– Buckling class ‘a’
α z := 0.21 (Table 7; IS 800-2007)
– Effective length factor for sway in plane of frame

K Lz := 2.0
2
⎛ K Lz ⋅ L c ⎞
fy ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ r zz ⎟
λ z :=
⎝ ⎠ = 0.512 Cl. 7.1.2
2
π ⋅E
φ z :=
⎣ (
0.5 ⎡1 + α z ⋅ λ z − 0.2 ) + λ z 2 ⎤⎦ = 0.664
54
column…
– Design axial strength

1
χ z := = 0.92
0.5 3
⎛φ 2 2 ⎞ P dz := fcdz ⋅ a = 3.268 × 10 ⋅ kN
φ z + − λz
⎝ z ⎠
P
fy n z := = 0.19
f cdz := χ z = 209.184 ⋅ MPa P dz
γ m0
– Interaction factor
(
K zl := 1 + λ z − 0.2 ⋅ n z = 1.059 )
Cl. 9.3.2.2
K zm := 1 + 0.8 ⋅ n z = 1.152
(
K z := min K zl , K zm )= 1.059
55

column…
• Design axial strength about “y-y”

– Buckling class ‘a’
α y := 0.34 (Table 7; IS800-2007)
– Effective length factor for non-sway in the direction

perpendicular to the frame (y-y axis for column)
K Ly := 1.0
2
⎛ KLy ⋅Lc ⎞
fy ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
Cl. 7.1.2
⎜ ryy ⎟
λ y :=
⎝ ⎠ = 1.471
2
π ⋅E
φ y :=
⎣ ( ⎦ )
0.5⎡1 + α y ⋅ λ y − 0.2 + λ y ⎤ = 1.797
2
56
column…
– Design axial strength

1 3
χ y := = 0.353
0.5 Pdy := fcdy ⋅ a = 1.254 × 10 ⋅ kN
⎛ 2
φ y + φ y − λy
2⎞
⎝ ⎠
P
fy ny := = 0.494
fcdy := χ y = 80.282 ⋅ MPa Pdy
γ m0
– Interaction factors
(
K y1 := 1 + λ y − 0.2 ⋅ n y = 1.628 )
K ym := 1 + 0.8 ⋅ n y = 1.396 Cl. 9.3.2.2
(
K y := min K y1 , K ym = 1.396 )
57

column…
• Bending about “z-z” axis

[Sway mode in plane of the frame]
Cmz := 0.9
– Lateral torsional buckling Table 18

λ LT = 0.787
ψ mLT := 0 Traingular BMD
CmLT := 0.6 + 0.4 ψ mLT = 0.6 [Table 18]
– I nteraction factors
0.1 ⋅ny 0.1 ⋅λ LT ⋅ny

KLT1 := 1 − = 0.859 KLTm := 1 − = 0.889
CmLT − 0.25 CmLT − 0.25
(
KLT := max KLT1 , KLTm = 0.889 )
58
column…
• Bending about “y-y” axis

– Flexure
α h := 0
[No Sway, Parabolic BMD with ah = 0]
Table 18
Cmy := 0.95 − 0.05α h Cmy = 0.95
• Checking overall member strength

Cl. 9.3.2.2 BS 5950
⎛ P ⎞ ⎛⎜ Cmy ⋅My ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ Mz ⎞
( )
⎟ = 1.086 3
⎜ P ⎟ + ⎜ Ky ⋅ M + KLT ⋅ P d := min P dy , P dz = 1.254 × 10 ⋅ kN
⎟ ⎜ M ⎟
⎝ dy ⎠ ⎝ dy ⎠ ⎝ dz ⎠
⎛ P ⎞ ⎛⎜ My ⎞ ⎛ Mz ⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎛ P ⎞ ⎛⎜ Cmy ⋅My ⎞ ⎛ C ⋅M ⎞
⎟ + ⎜ K ⋅ mz z ⎟ = 0.769
⎜ P ⎟ + ⎜ 1.5 ⋅ M ⎟ + ⎜ M ⎟ = 1.055
⎜ P ⎟ + ⎜ 0.6Ky ⋅ M ⎟ ⎜ z ⎝ d⎠ ⎝ py ⎠ ⎝ pz ⎠
Mdz ⎟
⎝ dz ⎠ ⎝ dy ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
59
60
61

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beam-columns members

Limit state for beam-columns

• Limit state of strength

• Beam-columns are subjected to combined

• Design process deals with

Beam-columns in uniaxial bending

• Behaviour is characterised by a load-

Class 1 and 2 cross-sections

Class 1 and 2 cross-sections

• Neutral axis in flange –fy

(b) yn > (h – 2tf) / 2

Class 1 and 2 cross-sections

Class 1 and 2 cross-sections

• Further simplifications are made for common

• The simplified relationships are quite precise

1,0 Plastic neutral axis

In addition to Cross-sectional behaviour

First order approximation

Comparison of exact and approximate forms

• The maximum elastic stress σmax can be written:

relationship between σc, σb and λ

Modification to allow for

• Expressed as interaction equations

EC3 Overall Stability …

EC3 rules for Class 1 & 2 sections

EC3 rules for Class 3 & 4 sections

Laterally unrestrained beam-

• Beam-columns can buckle x

(1) E lastic buckling (1) E lastic buckling

(2) Inelastic buckling (2) Inelastic buckling

(a) O ut-of-plane behav iour (b) In-plane behav iour

Laterally unrestrained beam-

• Different approaches of varying complexity

• IS 800 Relations including LTB

Overall member stability

Cmy , Cmz and CmLT

M ψM -1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 0.6 + 0.4ψ ≥ 0.4

(-)Mh ψMh 0 ≤ αs ≤ 1 -1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 0.2 + 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 0.2 + 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4

(+) Ms 0≤ψ≤1 0.1 - 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 -0.8 αs ≥ 0.4

(+) Ms 0 ≤ αs ≤ 1 0.095 - 0.05αh

Biaxial bending - cross-

• Local cross-section checks

• If overall checks use a reduced equivalent

• A simpler, conservative, approach is

EC3 Biaxial bending of beam-

• Adopts a semi-empirical approach

• Single equation for yielding,

Biaxial bending of beam-

• Single equation for yielding,

P := 620 kN M z := 202 kN ⋅ m M y := 7.16 kN ⋅ m

Example: Biaxial bending and LTB of column…

• First trial section

rzz := 202.1 mm ryy := 35.2mm

• Design bending strength

Mdy := Mpy = 80.934⋅kN ⋅m No LTB

– Assume effective length factor for LTB as 1

Example: Biaxial bending and LTB of column…

– Elastic Lateral Buckling Moment

• Design moment about z-z axis

Mndz := 1.11Mdz ⋅ ( 1 − n) = 346.817 ⋅ kN ⋅ m

Example: Biaxial bending and LTB of column…

– For plastic/compact section

– Try conservative relation