Ижевский государственный технический университет имени М.Т.

Калашникова
2019 – Ижевск , Россия

Digital Signal
Processing
Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University
M. A. Alkkad
Ph.D. Institute of Informatics and Computer Engineering

Ibrahim I. N.
Specialist Ph.D. Student- Department of Mechatronic Systems

2019 – Ижевск/Izhevsk
Introduction
• DSP systems such as cell phones and high-speed modems have become an integral part of
our lives.
• In general, sensors generate analog signals in response to various physical phenomena that
occur in an analog manner (that is, in continuous time and amplitude). Processing of
signals can be done either in the analog or digital domain. To perform the processing of an
analog signal in the digital domain, it is required that a digital signal is formed by sampling
and quantizing (digitizing) the analog signal.
• Hence, in contrast to an analog signal,
a digital signal is discrete in both time
and amplitude.
• The digitization process :
is achieved via an analog-to-digital (A/D)
converter.
• The field of DSP involves the
manipulation of digital signals in order to
extract useful information from them.
Introduction- Signals
• signal is a function that carries information about a phenomenon. In
electronics and telecommunications, it refers to any time varying voltage,
current or electromagnetic wave that carries information. A signal may also
be defined as an observable change in a quantity.
• Signals can be categorized in various ways. The most common distinction is
between discrete and continuous spaces that the functions are defined over,
for example discrete and continuous time domains.
• Analogue signal processing is achieved by using analogue components such
as:
• Resistors.
• Capacitors.
• Inductors.
• The inherent tolerances associated with these components, temperature,
voltage changes and mechanical vibrations can dramatically affect the
effectiveness of the analogue circuitry.
Introduction- Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

Reference:

Sections 2.1 - 2.5 of

John G. Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing:
Principles, Algorithms, and Applications, 4th edition, 2007
Elementary Discrete-Time Signals
Signal Symmetry
Signal Symmetry
Simple Manipulation of Discrete-Time Signals
DSP- Digital Signal Processor
• With DSP it is easy to: • High frequency signals
• Change applications.
• Correct applications.
• Update applications.
• Additionally DSP reduces:
• Noise susceptibility.
• Chip count.
• Development time.
• Cost.
• Power consumption.
cannot be processed
digitally because of two
reasons: We can say that we have a real-
• Analog to Digital time application if:
Waiting Time  0
Converters, ADC cannot
work fast enough.
• The application can be
too complex to be
performed in real-time.
Digital Signal Processing Hands-On Lab Course
• WHY DIGITAL: The main reason is that digital processing allows programmability:
The same processor hardware can be used for many different applications by simply changing the
code residing in memory.
Another reason is that digital circuits provide a more stable and tolerant output than analog
circuits—for instance, when subjected to temperature changes.
In addition, the advantage of operating in the digital domain may be intrinsic. For example, a linear
phase filter or a steep-cutoff notch filter can easily be realized by using digital signal processing
techniques, and many adaptive systems are achievable in a practical product only via digital
manipulation of signals. In essence, digital representation (zeroes and ones) allows voice, audio,
image, and video data to be treated the same for error tolerant digital transmission and storage
purposes.
• Thus, the main objective of this course is to provide a block-based or system-level programming
approach in DSP lab courses. The block-based programming environment chosen is LabVIEW™.
• LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a graphical programming
environment developed by National Instruments (NI), which allows high-level or system-level
designs.
• It uses a graphical programming language to create so-called Virtual Instruments (VI) blocks in an
intuitive flowchart-like manner.
• A design is achieved by integrating different components or subsystems within a graphical
framework. LabVIEW provides data acquisition, analysis, and visualization features well suited for
DSP system-level design.
DSP lab course
Options for digital signal processing.
• All our work to date has been
carried out using DSPs
developed by Wojtek Skulski.

• Commercial options for the

advanced laboratory include the
100 MHz PCI-5112 from National
Instruments.

Note: the onboard processing capabilities

are critical in this application.
Digital signal processing: preserves information,
increases flexibility, reduces cost.
• Traditional approach:
• Hardware signal processing and
trigger generation before
digitization.
• Information preserved:
• Pulse height
• Integrated charge
• Time of arrival
• Different detectors require
different signal processing
hardware.
• DSP approach:
• Digitization first, followed by
signal processing either in the
processor, off-line, or both.
• Information preserved is
determined by the user (e.g.
entire waveform, pulse height,
time of arrival)
Implementing DSP in the advanced laboratory (example)

Data file

Experiment
DSP

LabVIEW
Laboratory
Off-line data analysis
ROOT, OBERON (free)
Physics Results MATLAB, Mathematica,
LabVIEW