Ch 4 notes

 Prokaryotes: no membrane bound compartments. Simple structure.

 Eukaryotes: More complex, DNA enclosed in membrane bound nucleus,

integral membranes form organelles.

Prokaryotes:

 Bacteria: small cells, very abundant in environment and our bodies, majority

not harmful to humans, some cause disease

 Typical bacteria structure: cytoplasm, nucleoid region, ribosomes(inside);

cell wall, glycocalyx(traps water, gives protection, evade immune system),

and appendages(pilli, flagella) (outside plasma membrane).

 Archaea: Small cells, less common, often found in extreme environments.

Eukaryotic

 Nucleus: holds DNA.

 Compartmentalized functions

 Organelles: compartments in cell that have specific structure and function.

 Variety: differs between cells, species, and specialized cell types.

Cells

 Cells surface area to volume ratio= Membrane to cytoplasm

 Plasma membrane: boundary between cell and extracellular environment.

 Cytosol: region of eukaryotic cell outside the cell organelles, but inside

plasma membrane.

 Cytoplasm includes everything inside the plasma membrane.

 Cytoskeleton: network of three types of protein filaments

  Microtubules: Made up of tubulin, assemble and disassemble spontaneously,

Involved in moving material, maintaining cell shape, can be major structural

component of cilia and flagella, involved in cell division

 Intermediate filaments: Tough fibrous proteins (keratin), stable once formed,

anchor organelles, maintain cell shape

 Actin filaments (microfilaments): made of actin, involved in contraction, cell

movement, cell shape, spontaneously assemble and disassemble.

Endomembrane system:

 Nucleolus: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structural component of ribosome

 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): network of membranes form flattened, fluid

filled tubules or cisternae.

 Rough ER: has ribosomes attached to its surface, protein synthesis

 Smooth ER: lipid and carbohydrate synthesis.

 Golgi: export things out or transport them in of cell. Secretion, processing,

and protein sorting.

 Lysosomes: contain acid hydrolases (hydrolysis). Many different enzymes to

break down macromolecules.

 Autophagy: recycling of worn out organelles through endocytosis.

 Vacuoules- different functions varying on cell types and environment, plant

cells contain central vacuole for storage and support, contractile and

phagocytic vacuoles in protists for expelling water and degradation in white

blood cells.
 Peroxisomes- catalyze certain reactions (break down molecules by removing

hydrogen or adding oxygen).

 Ribosomes- rRNA and proteins, function is protein synthesis

Semiautonomous Organelles:

 Mitochondria and chloroplasts

 Able to grow and divide to reproduce themselves

 Not completely autonomous because it depends on the cell for synthesis

of internal components.

 Mitochondria: cell respiration and ATP synthesis, outer and inner

membrane (intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix). Contains

own DNA, divides by binary fission.

 Chloroplasts- home of photosynthesis, uses light energy to produce

glucose, have an outer and inner membrane space ( intermembrane space

and thylakoid membrane)