nawili I.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

Tavi

2 Sromis mwarmoebluroba da SefardebiTi

upiratesoba: rikardos modeli

am TavSi Tqven gaecnobiT:

 SefardebiTi upiratesobis koncefcias;

 saerTaSoriso vaWrobis rikardos models
erTfaqtorian ekonomikaSi;
 SefardebiTi upiratesobis mravalsaqonlian models;
 SefardebiTi fasis Camoyalibebas saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis Semdeg;
 saerTaSoriso vaWrobidan sargeblis miRebas;
 SefardebiTi upiratesobis araswor aRqmas;
 SefardebiTi upiratesobis Teoriis daSvebebsa da
SezRudvebs.

5
nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

Sesavali

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi qveynebis monawileoba ganpirobebulia ori ZiriTadi mi-

zeziT:
_ qveynebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. am gansxvavebis safuZvelze maT SeuZli-
aT miiRon sargebeli, Tuki awarmoeben imas, rac yvelaze ukeTesad SeuZliaT;
_ qveynebi ewevian ekonomias, rac ganpirobebulia warmoebis masStabis zrdiT.
anu, Tu calkeuli qveyana awarmoebs mxolod gansazRvruli asortimentis produqcias,
maSin is SeZlebs daamzados TiToeuli saxis saqoneli didi raodenobiT da ufro efeq-
tianad, vidre yvela produqtis sakuTari ZalebiT warmoebis SemTxvevaSi.

2.1. SefardebiTi upiratesobis koncefcia

magaliTi: pirobiTad davuSvaT, rom msoflioSi ori qveyanaa: A da B. A qveyanas Se-

uZlia 10 aTasi tona xorblis warmoeba da masze daxarjuli resursebi sakmarisia 100
aTasi kompiuteris sawarmoeblad. e.i. 10 aTasi tona xorblis alternatiuli danaxar-
jia 100 aTasi kompiuteri. xorblis nacvlad kompiuterebi rom ewarmoebina am qveyanas,
100 aTasi kompiuteris alternatiuli danaxarji gautoldeboda 10 aTasi tona xor-
bals. davuSvaT, arsebobs B qveyana, romelsac SeuZlia 10 aTasi tona xorblis warmoeba
da masze daxarjuli resursebi sakmarisia mxolod 30 aTasi kompiuteris sawarmoeblad.
e. i. B qveyanaSi 10 aTasi tona xorblis warmoebis alternatiuli danaxarjia 30 aTasi
kompiuteri.
maSasadame, erTi da igive raodenobis resursebis daxarjvisas, A qveyanaSi SesaZle-
belia ufro meti kompiuteris warmoeba, vidre B qveyanaSi. anu, 10 aTasi tona xorblis
alternatiuli danaxarji A qveyanaSi 100 aTasi kompiuteria, B qveyanaSi ki _ 30 aTasi
kompiuteri.
alternatiul danaxarjebSi gansxvaveba qmnis imis SesaZleblobas, rom msoflio
warmoeba gadanawildes urTierTxelsayrelad: A qveyanas SeuZlia Sewyvitos xorblis
moyvana da gamoTavisuflebuli resursebi gamoiyenos kompiuterebis sawarmoeblad, B
qveyanas ki SeuZlia kompiuterebis industriidan resursebi gadaitanos xorblis moy-
vanaze. Tu es ganxorcielda, bunebrivia, produqciis gamoSvebaSi moxdeba cvlilebebi,
rac asaxulia cxrilSi 2.1.
cxrili 2.1.
hipoTezuri cvlilebebi warmoebaSi
xorbali, aTasi tona kompiuterebi, aTasi
cali
A qveyana -10 +100
B qveyana +10 -30
sul 0 +70

axla vnaxoT Sedegi: msoflioSi mohyavT imdenive xorbali, rac adre, magram gai-
zarda kompiuterebis warmoeba. amgvarad, msgavsi cvlilebebi, romelic gulisxmobs A
qveyanis resursebis koncentracias kompiuterebis gamoSvebaze, B qveynisas ki _ xor-
blis moyvanaze, zrdis ekonomikuri ,,Rvezelis~ saerTo moculobas. es ukanaskneli, Ta-
vis mxriv, gulisxmobs im SesaZleblobas, rom ganapirobos yvela adamianis cxovrebis
donis amaRleba.

6
 nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

saerTaSoriso vaWroba uzrunvelyofs msoflio warmoebis zrdas imiT, rom xels

uwyobs calkeuli qveynis specializacias im saqonlis warmoebaze, romelSic qveyana
flobs SefardebiT upiratesobas. qveyana flobs SefardebiT upiratesobas konkretu-
li saqonlis warmoebaSi, Tu mocemuli saqonlis warmoebis alternatiuli danaxarji,
romelic gamoxatulia sxva saqonliT, am qveyanaSi ufro dabalia, vidre sxva qveyanaSi.
Cvens magaliTSi B qveyanas SefardebiTi upiratesoba aqvs xorblis moyvanaSi, A
qveyanas ki _ kompiuterebis warmoebaSi. cxovrebis done SesaZlebelia amaRldes orive
qveyanaSi, Tu B qveyana gaiTvaliswinebs xorblis miwodebas sakuTar qveyanasTan erTad
A qveyanis bazrisaTvis, A qveyana ki awarmoebs kompiuterebs B qveyanis bazrisaTvisac. am-
gvarad, SefardebiTi upiratesobisa da saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba davas-
kvnaT: or qveyanas Soris vaWrobam SeiZleba sargebeli moutanos TiToeul maTgans, Tu
orive mimarTavs im saqonlis eqsports, romelSic SefardebiTi upiratesoba aqvs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom es daskvna gakeTebulia potenciuri SesaZleblobebis fargleb-
Si. msoflio realoba gacilebiT rTulia. saerTaSoriso warmoeba da vaWroba ganisaz-
Rvreba sabazro moTxovnilebebiT, romelic damokidebulia moTxovnisa da miwodebis
faqtorebze. arsebobs Tu ara raime safuZveli, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobis potenciu-
ri sargebeli realizebuli iqneba? qveynebi namdvilad mimarTaven im saqonlis warmoe-
bas, romelSic SefardebiTi upiratesobas floben? qveyanaTaSorisi vaWroba namdvi-
lad warimarTeba ise, rom yvela qveyanam naxos sargebeli?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa ufro Rrma analizis Catareba. am TavSi
Cven ganvixilavT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis models, romelic SeimuSava ingliselma eko-
nomistma david rikardom1. man jer kidev XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Semoitana samecniero
brunvaSi SefardebiTi upiratesobis cneba. modelma, romelsac safuZvlad udevs daS-
veba imis Sesaxeb, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobas ganapirobebs mxolod qveyanaTa gansxva-
vebebi Sromis mwarmoeblurobaSi, miiRo rikardos modelis saxelwodeba.

2.2. erTfaqtoriani ekonomika

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis dasaxasiaTeblad saWiroa SemovitanoT SefardebiTi upi-

ratesobis cneba. warmovidginoT, rom gvaqvs ekonomika (romelsac samamulos vuwo-
debT), sadac mxolod warmoebis erTi faqtoria da or saqonels (Rvinos da yvels) awar-
moeben. Semdeg TavebSi gavafarTovebT analizs da ganvixilavT models, romelSic moq-
medebs ramdenime faqtori, miuxedavad imisa, rom am SemTxvevaSic ganxiluli iqneba
mxolod ori saqoneli _ Rvino da yveli. samamulo ekonomikis teqnologia SeiZleba
davaxasiaToT yovel dargSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis doneebiT, romelic gamoxatu-
lia erT erTeul nawarmze Sromis danaxarjiT (zRvruli SromiTi danaxarjiT), e.i. saa-
Tebis raodenobiT, romlebic aucilebelia erTi funti yvelis an galoni Rvinis sawar-
moeblad. magaliTad, erTi funti yvelis sawarmoeblad saWiroa 1 sT samuSao dro, erTi
galoni Rvinis sawarmoeblad ki _ 2 sT. drois danaxarjebi erTi erTeuli Rvinisa da
erTi erTeuli yvelis sawarmoeblad aRvniSnoT Sesabamisad αLW da αLC simboloebiT. ase-
Ti hipoTezuri ekonomikis saerTo resursi, e.i. SromiTi danaxarjebis mTliani raode-
noba aRvniSnoT L-iT.

2.2.1. sawarmoo SesaZlebloba

1
david rikardo (1772-1823) _ ingliseli ekonomisti, klasikuri ekonomikuri skolis erT-
erTi fuZemdebeli; mTavari naSromi _ politikuri ekonomikisa da dabegvris safuZvlebi
(Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817).

7
nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

nebismier ekonomikas SezRuduli resursebi gaaCnia. maSasadame, arsebobs misi sa-

warmoo SesaZleblobis zRvari. ekonomika yovelTvis dgas alternativebis winaSe _ er-
Ti saqonlis warmoebis gasazrdelad unda daTmos meoris gamoSveba. grafikulad es
kompromisi aisaxeba sawarmoo SesaZleblobis zRvarze (PF wrfe 2.1 naxazze), romelic
gamoxatavs Rvinis da yvelis warmoebis SesaZleblobebs.

Rvinis warmoeba
samamulo ekonomikaSi,
QW , galoni

mrudis daxris absoluturi

sidide tolia yvelis
alternatiuli Rirebulebisa,
romelic gamoxatulia RviniT

yvelis warmoeba
r
samamulo ekonomikaSi,
Qc ,funti
nax. 2.1. samamulo ekonomikis sawarmoo SesaZleblobis zRvari

SenacvlebiTi danaxarjebis mudmivobis pirobebSi sawarmoo SesaZleblobis

zRvars sworxazovani forma eqneba. Cven SegviZlia am xazis ZiriTadi wertilebi aviRoT
Semdegnairad: Tu Q QW aris Rvinis warmoeba Cvens ekonomikaSi da Q Qc yvelis warmoeba, ma-
Sin Rvinis sawarmoeblad aucilebeli Sromis raodenoba iqneba αLWQW, yvelis sawarmoeb-
lad aucilebeli Sromis raodenoba ki _ αLCQC. sawarmoo SesaZlebloba ganisazRvreba
ekonomikaSi arsebuli resursebiT, e.i. mocemul SemTxvevaSi SromiTi resursebis (saa-
Tebis) arsebuli raodenobiT. ramdenadac SromiTi dnaxarjebis SesaZlebeli raodeno-
ba aRvniSneT L-iT, amitom yvelisa da Rvinis warmoebis moculobebi SeiZleba ganisaz-
Rvros Semdegi utolobiT:
αLWQW + αLCQC ≤ L (2.1)
yoveli damatebiTi funti yvelis sawarmoeblad saWiroa αLC kac-saaTi. amasTan,
yvelis warmoebaze daxarjuli TiToeuli saaTi SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo 1/αLW ga-
loni Rvinis sawarmoeblad. amgvarad, yvelis warmoebis alternatiuli xarji rom ga-
movxatoT Rvinis erTeulebSi, αLC unda SevafardoT αLW-sTan. magaliTad, Tu erTi fun-
ti yvelis sawarmoeblad saWiroa erTi kac-saaTi, erTi galoni Rvinis sawarmoeblad ki
_ 2 kac-saaTi, RviniT gamoxatuli yvelis warmoebis alternatiuli xarji toli iqneba
1/2-is. rogorc 2.1 naxazzea gamosaxuli, alternatiuli xarji Seesabameba sawarmoo Se-
saZleblobis wrfis daxris absolutur sidides.

2.2.2. SefardebiTi fasebi da miwodeba

8
 nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

sawarmoo SesaZleblobis mrudi asaxavs sxvadasxva raodenobis saqonlis kombina-

cias, romelic qveyanam SeiZleba awarmoos. imis gansazRvrisTvis, Tu ra saqonelis war-
moebas mimarTavs ekonomika sinamdvileSi, aucilebelia ganvixiloT fasebis sakiTxi.
kerZod, aucilebelia gavarkvioT saqonelTa SefardebiTi fasebi, e.i. erTi saqonlis
fasi _ gamosaxuli meore saqonlis fasiT.
konkurenciis pirobebSi saqonlis miwodebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebas ganaz-
Rvravs adamianTa swrafva Semosavlebis maqsimaziciisken, magram radgan Cvens gamarti-
vebul ekonomikaSi Sroma aris warmoebis erTaderTi faqtori, amitom Rvinisa da yve-
lis miwodebas gansazRvravs samuSao Zalis gadasvla im dargSi, romelSic xelfasi uf-
ro maRali iqneba.
yvelis da Rvinis fasebi aRvniSnoT Sesabamisad simboloebiT PC da PW. aseve gavixse-
noT, rom erTi funti yvelis sawarmoeblad saWiroa αLC kac-saaTi; radgan Cvens erTfaq-
torian modelSi ar aris mogebis cneba, amitom saaTobrivi xelfasi yvelis warmoebis
dargSi gautoldeba produqciis Rirebulebas, romelic momuSavem SeiZleba awarmoos
erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi, e.i. PC/αLC. aseve, radgan cnobilia, rom erTi galoni Rvinis sa-
warmoeblad saWiroa αLW kac-saaTi, Rvinis warmoebis dargSi saaTobrivi xelfasi iqneba
PW/αLW. yvelis warmoebis dargSi xelfasi ufro maRali iqneba, vidre Rvinis warmoebis
dargSi, Tu PC /PW > aLC /aLW. ramdenadac calkeuli adamiani cdilobs imuSaos im dargSi,
sadac maRali xelfasia, ekonomika am SemTvevaSi specializacias moaxdens yvelis war-
moebaze. Tu Rvinis warmoebis dargSi xelfasi (da Sesabamisad Rvinis fasi) SefardebiT
maRali iqneba, Sesruldeba piroba PC /PW < aLC /aLW da ekonomika gadava Rvinis warmoebaze.
Tu PC /PW = aLC /aLW , ekonomika gamouSvebs orive saxis saqonels.
rogorc aRvniSneT, αLC/αLW aris yvelis alternatiuli Rirebuleba, romelic gamo-
xatulia RviniT. anu, Cvens magaliTSi erTi funti yvelis sawarmoeblad saWiro xarji
(samuSao saaTebi), romelic gamosaxulia erTi galoni Rvinis sawarmoeblad saWiro sa-
muSao saaTebiT.
fasebsa da warmoebas Soris urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb SeiZleba davaskvnaT: ekono-
mika daspecialdeba yvelis warmoebaSi, Tu yvelis SefardebiTi fasi meti iqneba mis al-
ternatiul RirebulebasTan SedarebiT; piriqiT, ekonomika daspecialdeba Rvinis war-
moebaSi, Tu yvelis SefardebiTi fasi naklebi iqneba yvelis alternatiul Rirebule-
basTan SedarebiT.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ararsebobis dros, samamulo ekonomika awarmoebs orive
produqts qveynis SigniT moxmarebisaTvis. magram igi awarmoebs orive am produqts
mxolod maSin, roca yvelis SefardebiTi fasi gautoldeba mis alternatiul Rirebu-
lebas. ramdenadac ama Tu im saqonlis erTeulis alternatiuli Rirebuleba utoldeba
samuSao drois (saaTebis) danaxarjebis Tanafardobas, romelic saWiroa TiToeuli er-
Teulis sawarmoeblad, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia gan-
vsazRvroT fasebi Semdegnairad: saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ararsebobis dros saqonlis
SefardebiTi fasi utoldeba misi erTeulis sawarmoeblad saWiro SefardebiT SromiT
xarjs.

2.3. vaWroba erTfaqtorian msoflioSi

or qveyanas Soris vaWrobis struqturis da Sedegebis aRwera sakmaod martivia,

Tu TiToeul qveyanas aqvs warmoebis mxolod erTi faqtori. marTalia realuri msof-
lio gacilebiT rTulia, magram msgavsi umartivesi modeliTac ki SeiZleba zogierTi
mniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeTeba samarTliani saerTaSoriso konkurenciisa da samar-
Tliani saerTaSoriso gacvlis Sesaxeb.

9
nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

davuSvaT, msoflioSi arsebobs mxolod ori qveyana, romelTagan erT-erTs vuwo-

debT samamulos, meores ki _ ucxours. TiToeuli maTgani eyrdnoba warmoebis mxolod
erT faqtors (SromiT resurss) da SeuZlia gamouSvas mxolod ori saqoneli _ Rvino da
yveli. rogorc adre, samamulo ekonomikis SromiTi resursi aRvniSnoT L–iT, yvelisa
da Rvinis warmoebis SromiTi danaxarjebi Sesabamisad αLC da αLW simboloebiT. ucxouri
ekonomikis aRsaniSnavad Sesabamis simbolos davumatoT varskvlavi _ (*). amgvarad, uc-
xoeTis SromiTi resursi aRiniSneba rogorc L* simbolo; Rvinosa da yvelze gaweuli
Sromis danaxarjebi ki Sesabamisad _ αLC* da αLW* simboloebiT.
zogadad Rvinisa da yvelis warmoebaze gaweuli SromiTi danaxarjebi SeiZleba im-
yofebodes nebismier TanafardobaSi. magaliTad, samamulo ekonomikam ucxourTan Se-
darebiT SeiZleba ufro efeqtianad awarmoos yveli da naklebad efeqtianad Rvino, an
piriqiT. mocemul etapze Cven vakeTebT mxolod erT pirobiT varauds, rasac maTemati-
kurad gamovxatavT Semdegnairad:
aLC /aLW < a*LC /a*LW (2.2)
an
aLC / a*LC < aLW / a*LW (2.3)

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cven vvaraudobT, rom funti yvelis sawarmoeblad gaweu-
li SromiTi danaxarjis Sefardeba galoni Rvinis sawarmoblad gaweul SromiT danaxar-
jTan samamulo ekonomikaSi naklebi iqneba, vidre analogiuri maCveneblebis Tanafar-
doba ucxour ekonomikaSi. Tu ufro mokled vityviT, samamulo ekonomika ufro mwar-
moebluria yvelis gamoSvebisas, vidre Rvinis warmoebisas.
unda gavixsenoT, rom erTeuli produqciis sawarmoeblad saWiro SefardebiTi
SromiTi danaxarjebi Seesabameba yvelis alternatiul Rirebulebas Rvinis mimarT.
Cven SefardebiTi upiratesoba swored aseTi alternatiuli danaxarjebis terminebiT
ganvsazRvreT. amgvarad, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis Sesaxeb varaudi, romelic gamoxa-
tulia (2.2) da (2.3) tolobebiT, saSualebas gvaZlevs davamtkicoT, rom samamulo eko-
nomika SefardebiT upiratesobas flobs yvelis warmoebaSi.
maSasadame, mniSvnelovania ekonomikis specializacia SefardebiT upiratesobaze
dayrdnobiT da ar unda agverios igi absolutur upiratesobaSi, romelic gulisxmobs
erTi qveynis mier raime saqonlis warmoebas naklebi danaxarjiT meore qveyanasTan Se-
darebiT. qveyanas SeiZleba absoluturi upiratesoba hqondes SefardebiT upirateso-
basTan erTad, magram absoluturi upiratesobis mixedviT ekonomikis specializaciis
ganxilva arasakmarisia vaWrobis struqturis gaanalizebisTvis.
vaWrobis ararsebobis dros yvelisa da Rvinis SefardebiTi fasebis ganmsazRvre-
lia Sromis danaxarjebis SefardebiTi maCveneblebi, Sesabamisad _ αLC/αLW da αLC*/αLW*.
magram saerTaSoriso vaWrobis dawyebis Semdeg fasebi ar iqneba gansazRvruli mxolod
qveynis Siga faqtorebiT. Tu ucxoeTSi yvelis SefardebiTi fasi maRali iqneba qveynis
SigniT yvelis (SefardebiT) fasTan SedarebiT, qveynisTvis xelsayreli iqneba yvelis
gatana (eqsportireba) mocemuli qveynis ekonomikidan da sanacvlod Rvinis importire-
ba (ucxoeTis sawarmoo SesaZleblobis zRvari asaxulia 2.2 naxazze). magram aseTi vaW-
roba ar SeiZleba gagrZeldes usasrulod. bolos da bolos samamulo ekonomika SeZ-
lebs ganaxorcielos sakmarisi raodenobis yvelis eqsportireba, ucxouri ekonomika
ki _ sakmarisi raodenobis Rvinis eqsportireba, rac gaaTanabrebs SefardebiT fasebs.
magram ra gansazRvravs fasebis wonasworul dones?

10
 nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

Rvinis warmoeba
ucxoeTSi, Q*w, galoni

yvelis warmoeba
ucxoeTSi, Q*c, funti

nax. 2.2. ucxoeTis sawarmoo SesaZleblobis mrudi

2.3.1. SefardebiTi fasis gansazRvra saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis dawyebis Semdeg

saerTaSoriso bazarze gatanil saqonelze fasebi, sxva fasebis msgavsad, ganisaz-

Rvreba moTxovniT da miwodebiT. amasTan, msoflio fasis done sakmarisi unda iyos
imisTvis, rom mTliani eqsportidan miRebulma Semosavalma qveyanas saSualeba misces
gadaixados mTliani importisTvis. ganxilul modelSi samamulo ekonomika axorcie-
lebs yvelis eqsportirebas Rvinis sanacvlod, ucxouri ekonomika ki Rvinis eqsporti-
rebas yvelis sanacvlod. msoflio SefardebiTi fasis gansaxilvelad am saqonelTa
bazrebis izolirebulad ganxilva araswori iqneboda, radgan SefardebiTi upirateso-
bidan gamomdinare, analizis obieqtia ara calkeuli saqonlis bazari, aramed urTier-
Toba or sxvadasxva qveyanaSi warmoebuli ori saqonlis bazars Soris. amitom moTxov-
nisa da miwodebis tradiciuli zogadi wonasworobis analizi saWiroa gakoreqtirdes
ori bazris urTierTkavSiris gaTvaliswinebiT. es imas niSnavs, rom yuradRebis cen-
trSi imyofeba ara c da w saqonlis moTxovnisa da miwodebis absoluturi moculobebi,
aramed maTi SefardebiTi moTxovna da miwodeba.
aRvniSnoT ordinatTa RerZze c saqonlis SefardebiTi fasi, e. i. yvelis fasi, ro-
melic gamosaxulia w saqonlis (Rvinis) fasis meSveobiT. aRvniSnoT misi SefardebiTi
fasi PC/PW. abscisaTa RerZi asaxavs yvelis SefardebiT raodenobas, romelic gaangari-
Sebulia Semdegnairad: am saqonlis (c) warmoebis moculobebis jami orive qveyanaSi Se-
fardebulia (w) Rvinis warmoebis moculobasTan orive qveyanaSi (QC + Q*C )/(QW + Q*W).

11
nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

koordinatTa mocemuli sistemis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia SefardebiTi moTxov-

nisa (RD) da SefardebiTi miwodebis (RS) mrudebis ageba. c saqonlis _ yvelis msoflio
SefardebiTi fasi iqneba RD da RS mrudebis gadakveTaze.
am naxazis garkveuli Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom miwodebis mruds aqvs
uCveulo konfiguracia. igi Sedgeba ori horizontaluri monakveTisa da maTi Semaer-
Tebeli vertikaluri xazisgan. miwodebis mrudis horizontalur monakveTebze msof-
lio fasi utoldeba SefardebiT fasebs Cvens (samamulo)Aqveyanasa da ucxoeTSi. msof-
lio fasis aseTi mniSvnelobis dros yoveli qveyana awarmoebs orive saqonels, maTi
sruli specializacia romelime erTi saqonlis warmoebaze SeuZlebelia.
Tu SefardebiTi moTxovnisa da SefardebiTi miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTa mox-
deba miwodebis mrudis vertikalur monakveTze, magaliTad, 1 wertilSi, maSin msoflio
fasis mniSvneloba iqneba saqonlis im fasebs Soris, romelic iyo mocemul qveynebSi sa-
vaWro urTierTobebis damyarebamde. calkeuli qveyana daiwyebs specializacias im sa-
qonlis warmoebaSi, romelSic flobs SefardebiT upiratesobas. sabolood Cvens qveya-
naSi iqneba mxolod c saqonlis _ yvelis warmoeba da ucxoeTSi _ w saqonlis (Rvinis)
warmoeba.

yvelis fardobiTi
fasi, PC/PW

yvelis fardobiTi
Qc  Qc*
raodenoba,
Qw  Qw*
nax. 2.3. SefardebiTi msoflio fasi

magram aseTi Sedegi ar aris erTaderTi SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, Tu Sefardebi-

Ti moTxovnis mruds eqneba RD/ mdebareoba, maSasadame, gadakveTis wertili 2 iqneba RS
mrudis qveda horizontalur monakveTze. am SemTxvevaSi yvelis SefardebiTi fasi gau-
toldeba am saqonlis (yvelis) erTeulis alternatiul xarjs, romelic gamoxatulia
Rvinis erTeulis sawarmoeblad aucilebeli xarjiT. sruli specializacia SeuZlebe-
li iqneba.
zemoTmoyvanili msjeloba marTebulia mxolod daaxloebiT erTnairi qveynebis
savaWro urTierTobisTvis, roca qveynis Siga moTxovna erT-erT maTganSi zegavlenas
axdens meore qveynis fasze. didi da mcire qveynebis savaWro urTierTobebSi aseTi ana-
lizi aramarTebulia.

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 nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

roca msoflio wonasworuli fasi aris ori qveynis winasavaWro fasebs Soris, Cve-
ni qveyana iwyebs im saqonlis warmoebas, romelSic mas SefardebiTi upiratesoba aqvs.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi samamulo warmoeba gadava yvelis warmoebaze, ucxoeTi ki _ Rvi-
nis warmoebaze.
SefardebiTi fasis Camoyalibebis Sedegad TiToeuli qveyana specializdeba im sa-
qonlis warmoebaSi, romlis erTeulis dasamzadeblad sWirdeba SefardebiT naklebi
SromiTi danaxarji. ganxilul SemTxvevaSi SefardebiTi fasis zrda ganapirobebs sama-
mulo ekonomikis gadasvlas yvelis warmoebaze (F wertili 2.4(a) naxazze) da ucxoeTis
ekonomikis gadasvlas Rvinis warmoebaze F * wertili 2.4(b) naxazze).

nax. 2.4. vaWrobis Sedegad moxmarebis SesaZleblobebis zrda

2.3.2 vaWrobidan miRebuli sargebeli

ganxiluli sakiTxebi gviCvenebs, rom am Tu im saqonlis warmoebaSi qveynebis spe-

cializacias ganapirobebs Sromis SefardebiT mwarmoeblurobaSi arsebuli gansxvave-
bebi ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorSi. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, SefardebiT upirateso-
baze dayrdnoba vaWrobaSi CarTul yvela qveyanas aZlevs YTu ara mogebis (sargeblis) mi-
Rebis SesaZleblobas, ganvixiloT ori aspeqti: vaWroba, rogorc arapirdapiri warmoe-
bis saSualeba da vaWroba, rogorc moxmarebis SesaZleblobaze moqmedi faqtori.
vaWroba, rogorc arapirdapiri warmoebis saSualeba. Cvens qveyanas SeuZlia awar-
moos rogorc yveli, aseve Rvino, magram vaWroba SesaZleblobas aZlevs arapirdapri
gziT `awarmoos~ Rvino; anu, yvelis warmoebaze specializaciis SemTxvevaSi gayidos
yveli ucxoeTSi da Semoitanos Rvino. Rvinis warmoebis es arapirdapiri meTodi ufro
efeqtiania. rogorc viciT, erTi erTeuli yvelis sawarmoeblad saWiroa aLC odenobiT
xarji (anu SromiTi danaxarji _ samuSao saaTebi). erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi qveyanas
SeuZlia gamouSvas 1/aLC odenobiT yveli. aseve, es erTi saaTi SeuZlia gamoiyenos Rvi-
nisTvis da awarmoos 1/aLW odenobiT Rvino. Tu awarmoebs yvels da gayidis Rvinis sanac-
vlod, yvelze daxarjuli erTi saaTi moitans Semosavals Semdegi odenobiT
(1/aLC )X(PC/PW), rac ufro meti Rvinis odenobaa, vidre 1/aLW.

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nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

(1/aLC )(PC/PW) > 1/aLW,

an
PC/PW > aLC/aLW. (2.4)

Tu qveyana specializdeba SefardebiTi upiratesobis mixedviT da erTdroulad

ar awarmoebs orive saqonels, unda gvqondes PC/PW > aLC/aLW. aseT SemTxvevaSi qveyanebs
SeuZliaT mimarTon `arapirdapiri warmoebis~ gzas, romelic ufro efeqtiania _ Cvenma
qveyanam gamouSvas yveli da SeiZinos Rvino, ucxoeTma ki awarmoos Rvino da SeiZinos
yveli.
vaWroba, rogorc moxmarebis SesaZleblobaze moqmedi faqtori. vaWrobis ararse-
bis dros rogorc Cvens qveyanaSi, aseve ucxoeTSi warmoebisa da moxmarebis SesaZleb-
lobebi erTi da igivea (PF da P*F* 2.4. naxazze). vaWroba SesaZleblobas aZlevs orive qveya-
nas moixmaros yvelisa da Rvinis iseTi odenobebi, romelic gansxvavebulia TiToeuli
qveynis mier warmoebuli yvelisa da Rvinis odenobebisgan. vaWroba afarToebs moxmare-
bis SesaZleblobebs rogorc erT, ise meore qveyanaSi (Sesabamisad TF da T*F* 2.4. naxaz-
ze). Cvens qveyanas da ucxoeTs SeuZliaT gazardon arCevani da moixmaron imaze meti,
vidre awarmoeben, rac 2.4. naxazze Seesabameba warmoebis SesaZleblobis zRvris gareT
nebismier wertils Cveni qveynisTvis PFT, xolo ucxoeTisTvis P*T*F* samkuTxedSi.

2.3.4. SefardebiTi upiratesobis araswori aRqma

saerTaSoriso vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilvisas politikosebi,

mewarmeebi Tu Jurnalistebi SefardebiTi upiratesobis araswor interpretacias ake-
Teben, an aseTi upiratesobis arsebobas uaryofen. rikardos mier SemoTavazebuli kon-
cefciis mcdari aRqma xSirad koncentrirebulia Semdeg sakiTxebze:
1. Tavisufali vaWroba xelsayrelia qveynisTvis mxolod maSin, roca qveyans SeuZlia
gaumklavdes saerTaSoriso konkurencias; anu, roca SeuZlia ufro iafad awarmoos esa
Tu is saqoneli, sxva qveyanasTan SedarebiT;
2. ucxouri konkurencia sxva qveynebis mxridan arakeTilsindisieri da gamanadgure-
belia, Tu mas safuZvlad udevs dabali danaxarji xelfasze;
3. vaWroba gamakotrebelia im qveynisaTvis, romelic met Sromas xarjavs saeqsporto
warmoebaSi, vidre sxva qveynebi xarjaven mas (Sromas) im saqonlis warmoebaze, romlis
importsac mocemuli qveyana eweva.
pirveli sakiTxi ukavSirdeba absoluturi da SefardebiTi upiratesobebis er-
TmaneTSi arevas. qveyanas SeiZleba hqondes absoluturi upiratesoba da SesaZlebelia
es garemoeba saeqsporto specializaciis ganmsazRvreli iyos, magram rikardos Teori-
idan gamomdinare, es ar aris aucilebeli piroba imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros Sefarde-
biTi upiratesoba. misi safuZvelia SefardebiT efeqtiani mwarmoebluroba. amasTan da-
kavSirebiT ukve ganxilul sakiTxebs SeiZleba davumatoT SefardebiTi xelfasis sa-
kiTxi.
SefardebiTi xelfasi aris erTi qveynis momuSavis saaTobrivi anazRaureba Sefar-
debuli sxva qveynis momuSavis saaTobriv anazRaurebasTan. ekonomikis ama Tu im seq-
toris konkurentuli upiratesoba damokidebulia adgilobrivi xelfasis ganakveTis
Sefardebaze ucxoeTis xelfasis ganakveTTan. xelfasi, Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia am
seqtoris SefardebiT mwarmoeblurobaze. Tu erTi qveynis momuSavis mier daxarjuli
Sroma SefardebiT ufro efeqtiania, es Sesabamisad maRal xelfasSi aisaxeba. magali-
Tad, Tu portugalia dabali mwarmoeblurobiT xasiaTdeba aSS-Tan SedarebiT tansac-
mlis warmoebaSi, portugaliam unda gasces dabali xelfasi aSS-Tan SedarebiT. magram

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 nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

mas (portugalias) SeiZleba hqondes SefardebiTi upiratesoba tansacmlis warmoebaSi,

Tuki ekonomikis sxva seqtorSi mwarmoeblurobis done da Sesabamisad xelfasi ufro
dabalia.
dabal xelfasebs zogjer konkurentuli upiratesobis mopovebis aramarTebul
saSualebad miiCneven. aRniSnul midgomas ukavSirdeba rikardos modelis morigi (meo-
re) araswori aRqma. am azrs xSirad ,,Raribi muSis mtkicebas~ uwodeben da ufro metad
iyeneben momuSaveTa is gaerTianebebi, romlebic ucxouri konkurenciisgan Tavis dac-
vas cdiloben. magaliTad, miiCneven, rom qveyanam (ekonomikis seqtorma) ar unda ivaW-
ros sxva qveyanasTan (ekonomikis seqtorTan), Tu ucxoeTSi dabal xelfasebs ixdian da
Sesabamisad amcireben warmoebis xarjebs, rac ganapirobebs konkurentul upirateso-
bas. rikardos Teoriidan gamdinare, produqciis siiafe da imis garkveva, Tu ram gamo-
iwvia ucxoeTSi mocemuli saqonlis dabali Rirebuleba, ar aris konkurentuli upira-
tesobis ganmsazRvreli. mniSvnelovania specializacia SefardebiTi upiratesobis mi-
xedviT.
SefardebiT upiratesobas zogjer miiCneven araekvivalenturi gacvlis doqtri-
nad. am mosazrebaTa (mesame) Sinaarsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom vaWroba xels uwyobs im
qveynis eqspluatacias da mdgomareobis gauaresebas, romlis momuSaveebi iReben gaci-
lebiT dabal xelfass, vidre sxva qveynis momuSaveni. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi miRebul
anazRaurebebSi didi sxvaoba, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba iyos ukmayofilebis mizezi; meore
mxriv, im mosazrebebis safuZvelia, rom dabalxelfasian qveyanas didi Tanxebis gadax-
da uwevs (meti Sromis Cadeba saeqsporto warmoebaSi) imisaTvis, rom SeiZinos igive
droSi damzadebuli ucxouri produqcia.
rikardos SefardebiTi upiratesobis Teoria amtkicebs, rom qveyanas aucileb-
lad gaaCnia saqoneli, romlis warmoeba SefardebiT xelsayrelia sxva saqonelTan Se-
darebiT da am saqonlis warmoebaSi specializacia momgebiani iqneba qveynisTvis. aqedan
gamomdinare, argumenti mxolod dabali xelfasebis Sesaxeb arasakmarisia imisaTvis,
rom vaWroba eqspluataciis mTavar mizezad miviCnioT, vidre ar ganvixilavT alterna-
tivebs.
rikardos (da Sesabamisad Tavisufali vaWrobis) momxreebi svamen kiTxvas: `arse-
bobs alternativa?~ da miiCneven, rom vaWrobis uaryofa ar aris gamosavali. aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi ufro didi siRaribe elis dabali anazRaurebis mqone momuSaveebs.

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nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

2.4. SefardebiTi upiratesobis mravalsaqonliani modeli

SefardebiTi upiratesobis ganxilul modelSi CarTuli iyo mxolod ori

saqoneli. gamartivebuli analizi SefardebiTi upiratesobisa da masze dayrdnobiT
warmoebuli vaWrobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva.
sinamdvilesTan dasaaxloeblad saWiroa modelSi CavrToT orze meti saqoneli da
gavigoT, rogor funqcionirebs SefardebiTi upiratesobis mravalsaqonliani modeli.

2.4.1. SefardebiTi upiratesobis mravalsaqonliani modelis ageba

davuSvaT, msoflio Sedgeba ori qveynisgan: Cveni qveyana da ucxoeTi. TiToeul

qveyanas aqvs warmoebis mxolod erTi faqtori _ Sroma da SeuZlia awarmoos N
raodenobis sxvadasxva saqoneli. calkeuli saqoneli aRvniSnoT ricxviT 1-dan N –mde.
erTi erTeuli TiToeuli saxis saqonlis sawarmoeblad saWiro xarji
ganisazRvreba SromiTi danaxarjiT, anu samuSao saaTebiT. erTi erTeuli produqciis
sawarmoeblad saWiro xarjis (samuSao saaTebis) raodenoba aRvniSnoT simboloTi aLi,
sadac i gviCvenebs romelime Sesabamis saqonels. magaliTad, Tu yvels aRvniSnavT
nomriT 5, aL5 iqneba yvelis erTi erTeulis sawarmoeblad gaweuli SromiTi xarjis
raodenoba. analogiurad ucxoeTSi erTi erTeuli produqciis sawarmoeblad gaweuli
xarji aRvniSnoT a*Li.
SefardebiTi upiratesobis principze dayrdnobiT msoflio vaWrobis
gasaanalizeblad sasargeblo iqneba aLi/a*Li Tanafardobis gaangariSeba. analizis
gasamartiveblad ufro dabali ricxvi mivaniWoT im saqonels, romlis SefardebiTi
Rirebuleba dabalia da Sesabamisad davalagoT Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:
aL1/a*L1 < aL2/a*L2 < aL3/a*L3 < …………<aLN/a*LN (2.5)

2.4.2. SefardebiTi xelfasebi da specializacia

ori qveyniT, mravali saqonliT da warmoebis erTi faqtoriT gansazRvruli

msoflios modelSi warmoebis ganTavsebis piroba martivia: saqoneli iwarmoeba iq,
sadac ufro iafia. amisaTvis saWiroa gaviangariSoT nebismieri saqonlis warmoebaze
gaweuli xarji, ra raodenobis Sroma daixarja (saaTebSi) da ra odenobis saaTobrivi
xelfasi (xelfasis ganakveTi - w) gadaixades. Cvens qveyanaSi i saqonlis warmoeba
Sesabamisad iqneba waLi, ucxoeTSi ki _ w*a*Li.
Cvens qveyanaSi ufro iafi iqneba saqonlis warmoeba Tu Sesruldeba piroba:
waL1 < w*a*L1 (2.6)
(2.6) utolobis martivi gardaqmniT miviRebT:
a*L1 /aL1 > w/w* (2.7)
Sesabamisad, ucxoeTSi ufro iafi iqneba saqonlis warmoeba, Tu Sesruldeba
piroba:
waL1 > w*a*L1 (2.8)
(2.8) utolobis martivi gardaqmniT miviRebT:
a*L1 /aL1 < w/w* (2.9)
amgvarad, SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, romeli saqoneli romel qveyanaSi iwarmoeba:
nebismieri saqoneli, romlisTvis sruldeba piroba
a*L1/aL1 > w/w*, iwarmoeba Cvens qveyanaSi da nebismieri saqoneli, romlisTvisac
sruldeba piroba a*L1 /aL1 < w/w*, iwarmoeba ucxoeTSi.

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 nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

Cven davalageT aLi/a*Li Tanafardoba zrdadobis mixedviT (2.5). igi gviCvenebs

specializaciis kriteriums daxarjuli saaTebis mixedviT. amasTan, ganvsazRvreT,
rogor zemoqmedebas axdens Sromis anazRaureba specializaciaze. nebismieri
saqonlisTvis ucxoeTsa da Cvens qveyanaSi gaweuli saaTobrivi danaxarjebis
Tanafardobis Sedarebam Cveni qveyanisa da ucxoeTis saxelfaso ganakveTebis
TanafardobasTan saSualeba mogvca dagvedgina, romeli saqonlis warmoebaze
specializacia iqneba SefardebiT upiratesi Cveni qveynisa da ucxoeTisTvis.
ganvixiloT magaliTi: rogorc Cvens qveyanas, aseve, ucxoeTs aqvs SesaZlebloba
awarmoos 5 saxis saqoneli: vaSli, banani, finiki, xizilala da kvercxi. erTeul
produqciaze gaweuli danaxarjebi mocemulia cxrilSi 2.1.

cxrili 2.1.
SromiTi danaxarjebi erTeul produqciaze da SefardebiTi upiratesoba
Cveni qveynis
SefardebiTi
Cveni qveyana ucxoeTi
saqoneli upiratesoba
(aLi) (a*Li)
mwarmoeblurobaSi
(a*Li /aL)
vaSli 1 10 10
banani 5 40 8
xizilala 3 12 4
finiki 6 12 2
kvercxi 12 9 0,75

mocemuli cxrilis pirveli ori sveti Cvens qveyanasa da ucxoeTSi Sesabamisad

gviCvenebs erTeul produqciaze gaweul SromiT danaxarjs, mesame svetSi ki mocemulia
Sefardeba ucxoeTSi erTi erTeuli produqciis sawarmoeblad daxarjul samuSao
saaTebsa (SromiTi danaxarji) da Cvens qveyanaSi igive produqciis sawarmoeblad
gaweul samuSao saaTebs (SromiT danaxarjs) Soris. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es
Sefardeba gviCvenebs Cveni qveynis SefardebiT upiratesobas calkeuli saqonlis
mwarmoeblurobaSi. saqonelTa Tanmimdevroba Seesabameba Cveni qveynis mwarmoeblur
upiratesobas. igi yvelaze maRalia vaSlisTvis, yvelaze dabali ki _ kvercxisTvis.
qveynis arCevani, Tu romel saqonels awarmoebs, damokidebulia Cveni qveynisa da
ucxoeTis saxelfaso ganakveTebis Sefardebaze. Cvens qveyanas eqneba ama Tu im
produqciis warmoebis xarjebis mixedviT upiratesoba, Tu am produqciis SefardebiTi
mwarmoebluroba maRalia, vidre SefardebiTi xelfasi (w/w*). ucxoeTs eqneba
upiratesoba danarCeni produqciis warmoebaSi. magaliTad, Tu Cvens qveyanaSi
saxelfaso ganakveTi 5-jer aRemateba ucxoeTis saxelfaso ganakveTs, anu w/w*tolia 5-
is, maSin cxrilSi motanili monacemebis mixedviT Cveni qveynisaTvis upiratesoba
eqneba vaSlisa da bananis warmoebas, radgan swored 10 da 8 aRemateba 5-s (a*L1 /aL1 > w/w*),
ucxoeTisTvis ki xelsayreli iqneba xizilalis, finikisa da kvercxis warmoeba.
davuSvaT, w/w*tolia 3-is, maSin Cveni qveynisTvis momgebiani iqneba vaSlis, bananis da
xizilalis warmoeba, ucxoeTisTvis ki _ finikis da kvercxis.
mwarmoeblurobaSi SefardebiT upiratesobisa da saxelfaso ganakveTebis
Tanafardobis urTierTmimarTebiT gavakeTeT daskvna specializaciis Sesaxeb. aris Tu
ara aseTi specializacia momgebiani, SesaZlebelia Semowmdes erTsaqonliani modelis
farglebSi gamoyenebuli ,,arapirdapiri~ warmoebis meTodiT. anu, roca erTi saqoneli
iwarmoeba da iyideba sxva saqonelze. magaliTad, Tu Cvens qveyanaSi saxelfaso
ganakveTi 3-jer aRemateba ucxoeTis saxelfaso ganakveTs, Cveni qveyana (cxrilis

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nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

monacemebis mixedviT) daiwyebs finikisa da kvercxis importirebas ucxoeTidan. erTi

erTeuli finikis warmoeba moiTxovs 12 erTeul samuSao Zalas ucxoeTSi. misi
Rirebuleba Cveni qveynis samuSao ZaliT rom gamovsaxoT, 12 unda gavyoT 3-ze, radgan
CvenTan 3-jer meti saaTobrivi xelfasia _ 12:3=4 kac-saaTi. e.i. ucxoeTSi erTi
erTeuli finikis sawarmoeblad gaweuli SromiTi danaxarji utoldeba Cvens qveyanaSi
4 adamianis mier gaweul SromiT danaxarjs. Cvens qveyanaSi ki realurad ufro Zviri
dajdeba, Tu mas vawarmoebT _ 6 kac-saaTi (ix. cxrili). aseTi gamoTvlebi uCvenebs,
rom vaWroba orive qveynisTvis momgebiania. ucxoeTidan importi vaWrobaSi Cabmuli
yoveli qveynisTvis momgebiania, radgan importirebuli saqoneli ufro iafi ujdeba
sakuTari samuSao ZaliT warmoebasTan SedarebiT. Cvens magaliTSi ubralod davuSviT,
rom SefardebiTi xelfasis ganakveTi aris 3. magram rogor ganisazRvreba es
Sefardeba?

2.4.3. SefardebiTi xelfasis gansazRvra mravalsaqonliani modeliT

mravalsaqonliani modelis farglebSi SefardebiTi xelfasis gansazRvrisTvis

saWiroa saqonlze moTxovna davakavSiroT misi warmoebisaTvis aucilebel samuSao
Zalis moTxovnasTan. e.i. saqonelze moTxovnis zrda ganapirobebs am saqonlis
warmoebisTvis saWiro samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdas, romelsac Sesabamisad
warmoebuli (warmoqmnili, derivatuli) moTxovna SeiZleba vuwodoT.
SefardebiTi derivatuli moTxovna Cveni qveynis samuSao Zalaze daecema, Tu
Cveni qveynis xelfasis Sefardeba ucxoeTis xelfasebTan gaizrdeba. aRniSnuls
ganapirobebs ori mizezi: pirveli, Tu Cvens qveyanaSi samuSao Zala ufro gaZvirdeba
ucxoeTis samuSao ZalasTan SedarebiT, Cvens qveyanaSi warmoebuli saqonelic
SefardebiT gaZvirdeba da msoflio moTxovna am saqonelze daecema. meore, radgan
Cvens qveyanaSi xelfasebi aiwevs, aq ufro naklebi saqoneli iwarmoeba, vidre ucxoeTSi
da Cvens qveyanaSi samuSao Zalaze moTxovna Semcirdeba.
ricxobrivi magaliTiT vuCvenoT aniSnuli efeqti. davuSvaT, Tavdapirvelad
Cveni qveynis xelfasi aris 3,5-jer meti uxcoeTis xelfasTan SedarebiT da am doneze
awarmoebs vaSls, banans da xizilalas; ucxoeTi ki awarmoebs finiksa da kvercxs. Tu
Cveni qveynis SefardebiTi xelfasi gaizrdeba 4-mde (magaliTad, 3,99-mde),
specializaciis struqtura ar Seicvleba, magram radgan Cvens qveyanaSi warmoebuli
saqoneli SefardebiT gaZvirdeba, am saqonelze SefardebiTi moTxovna Semcirdeba da
Sesabamisad SefardebiTi moTxovna Cveni qveynis samuSao Zalaze Semcirdeba.
vivaraudoT, rom SefardebiTi xelfasi odnav gaizarda _ 3,99-dan 4,01-mde. es
gamoiwvevs cvlilebas specializaciis struqturaSi. axla ucxoeTisTvis ufro
momgebiania _ iafia xizilalis warmoeba Cvens qveyanasTan SedarebiT da Sesabamisad
Seicvleba specializaciis struqtura. es cvlileba imoqmedebs Cveni qveynis samuSao
Zalaze. rodesac SefardebiTi xelfasi 4-s aRemateba, SefardebiTi moTxovna daecema.
Cvens qveyanaSi xizilalis warmoeba nulamde daecema da ucxoeTi daiwyebs mis
warmoebas. Tu SefardebiTi xelfasi kvlav ganagrZobs zrdas, Cveni qveynis samuSao
Zalaze SefardebiTi moTxovna TandaTan Semcirdeba da SefardebiTi xelfasis zrdis
gamo SeiZleba bananis warmoebamac ucxoeTSi gadainacvlos. naxazze 2.5. gamosaxulia
SefardebiTi xelfasis gansazRvra samuSao Zalaze derivatuli SefardebiTi
moTxovnis RD da samuSao Zalis SefardebiTi miwodebis RS mrudebis meSveobiT.

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 nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

RS

RD

nax. 2.5. SefardebiTi xelfasis gansazRvra

rikardos mravalsaqonliani modelis mixedviT SefardebiTi xelfasi

gansazRvrulia samuSao Zalis derivatuli SefardebiTi moTxovnis mrudis da samuSao
Zalis SefardebiTi miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTiT. Tu davuSvebT, rom kac-saaTebis
raodenoba ar Seicvleba xelfasebTan erTad, maSin SefardebiTi xelfasi ar imoqmedebs
samuSao Zalis SefardebiT miwodebaze da RS iqneba vertikaluri xazi. samuSao Zalaze
SefardebiTi moTxovnis cvlileba ki, Cvens mier motanili msjelobis mixedviT,
grafikulad miiRebs 2.5. naxazze gamosaxuli RD mrudis `safexurebriv~ formas.
rodesac izrdeba Cveni qveynis muSebis xelfasis ganakveTi ucxoeTis muSebis
xelfasTan SefardebiT, Cveni qveynis mier warmoebul saqonelsa da Sesabamisad samuSao
Zalaze moTxovna mcirdeba. amaTan, Cveni qveynis muSaxelze SefardebiTi moTxovna
mkveTrad daecema, radgan produqciis warmoeba ufro iafi gaxdeba ucxoeTSi da aRar
iwarmoeba CvenTan. texili mrudis daqanebuli nawilebi miuTiTebs SefardebiTi
xelfasis cvlilebis im monakveTebs, roca specializaciis struqtura ar icvleba,
horizontaluri monakveTebi ki Seesabameba SefardebiTi xelfasis im dones, romelic
utoldeba Cveni qveynis mwarmoeblurobis Sefardebas ucxoeTTan TiToeuli
aRniSnuli xuTi saqonlisTvis.
wonasworuli SefardebiTi xelfasi 2.5. naxazze ganisazRvreba RD da RS mrudebis
gadakveTaze da tolia 3-is. am xelfasis pirobebSi Cveni qveyana awarmoebs vaSls, banans
da xizilalas, ucxoeTi _ finiks da kvercxs. Sedegi damokidebulia qveynebis
SefardebiT zomaze, rac gansazRvravs RS mrudis mdebareobas da SefardebiT
moTxovnaze, rac gansazRvravs RD mrudis formas da mdebareobas. Tu RD da RS mrudebis
gadakveTa moxdeba horizontalur nawilze, orive qveyana awarmoebs im saqonels,
romelsac es horizontaluri monakveTi gamosaxavs.

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nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

2.5. rikardos modelis SezRudvebi da empiriuli Semowmeba

d. rikardos modeliT aRweril msoflio ekonomikaSi aris daSvebebi, rac

garkveulwilad arTulebs realuri viTarebis aRqmas. Tumca rig faqtorTa
gaTvaliswineba ar cvlis SefardebiTi upiratesobis fundamentur principebs an
mogebas vaWrobidan.
rikardos modeliT aRweril msoflio ekonomikas axasiaTebs ukiduresi
specializacia. Tu erT saqonels awarmoebs erTi qveyana, danarCeni saqonlis
warmoebaze meore qveyana specialdeba. ukidures specializacias realur
saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi xels uSlis rigi faqtorebi: erTi dargidan
gamoTavisuflebuli samuSao Zala Tavisuflad da efeqtianad ver gadadis meore
dargSi; erTze meti sawarmoo faqtoris arseboba amcirebs specializaciis tendencias;
qveynebi faqtobrivad axorcieleben sakuTari ekonomikis dacvas ucxouri
konkurenciisgan, aweseben savaWro SezRudvebs da maSasadame, absoluturad
Tavisufali vaWroba ar arsebobs; saqonlisa da momsaxurebis transportireba Zviria
da zogjer imdenad didia, rom sakmarisia ekonomikis zogierTi seqtoris
dasafinanseblad.
magaliTad, Tu miviCnevT, rom saqonlis satransporto xarji misi sawarmoo
Rirebulebis 100%-ia, es xels SeuSlis am saqonliT saerTaSoriso vaWrobas.
magaliTad, zemoTmotanili cxrilis monacemebis mixedviT finikis erTi erTeulis
sawarmoeblad saWiroa Cveni qveynis samuSao Zalis 6 saaTi an ucxoeTis samuSao Zalis
12 saaTi. rodesac SefardebiTi xelfasi 3-is tolia, aRniSnuli 12 saaTi utoldeba
Cveni qveynis samuSao Zalis 4 saaTs. satransporto xarjebis ararsebobis dros Cveni
qveyana ganaxorcielebs finikis imports, magram 100%-iani satransporto xarjis dros
Cveni qveynis mier finikis importireba gautoldeba samuSao Zalis 8 saaTs. aseT
viTarebaSi ukeTesia Cvenma qveyanam TviTon awarmoos es saqoneli. satransporto
xarjebis gaTvaliswinebiT finiki gadaiqca aravaWrobad saqonlad. satransporto
xarjebi yvela saqonlis warmoebisTvis mniSvnelovania. zog SemTxvevaSi saqonlis an
momsaxurebis (mag., Tmis SeWra) transportireba SeuZlebelia da zog SemTxvevaSi
saqonlis ucxoeTSi gatana misi TiTqmis yvelgan warmoebis SesaZleblobisa da siiafis
gamo azrs kargavs. aseTi saqoneli da momsaxureba aseve aravaWrobadia saerTaSoriso
doneze. aRsaniSnavia, rom qveynebi Semosavlis did nawils xarjaven sakuTar
aravaWrobad saqonelze.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis rikardos modelis gamoyeneba metad sasargebloa
vaWrobis gamomwvevi mizezebis da qveynis saerTo keTildReobaze saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis gavlenis asaxsnelad, magram rikardos modelis gamoyenebas aqvs zogierTi
SezRudva. pirveli, rogorc aravaWrobad saqonelTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSneT,
rikardos modelis mixedviT mosalodnelia ukiduresi specializacia, realur
msoflioSi ki ase ar aris. meore, rikardos modeli arafers gveubneba Semosavlebis
ganawilebaze qveynis SigniT. igi varaudobs, rom qveynis saerTo keTildReobis done
maRldeba. praqtikulad saerTaSorso vaWroba Zlier gavlenas axdens Semosavlebis
ganawilebaze. mesame, rikardos modeli ar aRniSnavs qveynebs Soris resursebiT
uzrunvelyofaSi gansxvavebas da mis gavlenas vaWrobaze, dabolos, rikardos modeli
uaryofs vaWrobaSi masStabis zrdiT miRebuli ekonomiis rols, rac auxsnels tovebs
msgavsi ganviTarebis doneebis qveynebs Soris did savaWro nakadebs.
aRniSnuli naklovanebebis miuxedavad, rikardos modelis ZiriTadi prognozi,
rom qveynebma unda awarmoon im saqonlis eqsporti, romelSic maTi mwarmoebluroba
SefardebiT maRalia, dasturdeba mravalwliani kvlevis Sedegad. erT-erTi cnobili
gamokvleva ekuTvnis ungrel ekonomists bela balasas (1963 w.), romelmac didi

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 nawili I. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria

britaneTisa da aSS-is Sromis mwarmoebluroba Seadara 26 sawarmos mixedviT. kvlevam

aCvena, rom aSS-is eqsporti ufro maRali iyo didi britaneTis eqsportTan SedarebiT
im seqtorebSi, sadac aSS-s ufro maRali Sromis SefardebiTi mwarmoebluroba gaaCnda.
SefardebiTi upiratesobis principebze dayrdnobiT specializaciasa da Sesabamisad
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi CarTvas adasturebs ganviTarebadi qveynebis specializacia
tansacmlis warmoebaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebi am dargSi maTTan
SedarebiT maRali mwarmoeblurobiT gamoirCevian, maTTvis xelsayrelia ufro
maRalteqnologiur seqtorebSi specializacia, romelSic ganviTarebad qveynebs
naklebi mwarmoebluri upiratesoba aqvT.
mecnier-ekonomistTa didi nawili miiCnevs, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mizezebsa
da Sedegebs srulad aRwers rikardos modeli, romelic eyrdnoba or princips:
qveynebi gansxvavdebian mwarmoeblurobiT da SefardebiTi upiratesoba ufro
mniSvnelovania, vidre absoluturi upiratesoba.

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