CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION
 BFC 43003
Rekabentuk Struktur Keluli
dan Kayu
 BFC 43003
• Timetable S3
– Monday, 2 pm – 4 pm
– Tuesday, 11 am – 1 pm
• Timetable S6
– Monday, 4 pm – 6 pm
– Thursday, 8 am – 10 am
• Assessment
– 2 tests (20%)
• Test 1 (21st March 2014, Friday, F2 atas, 9 am)
• Test 2 (25th April 2014, Friday, F2 atas, 9 am)
– Project (20%)
– Quiz and Assignments (10%)
– Final Exam (50%)
1. Introduction to Steel Structure
2. Introduction to Eurocode
INTRODUCTION TO STEEL
STRUCTURE
Disadvantages:
- General cost
- Fire – reduced strength, heat conductor
- General maintenance
- Buckling
 Steel productions
Can be divided into three stages:
(a) Iron production – Reduction process chemically. Iron ore,
blast furnace, coke and limestone. Product is cast iron with
high content of carbon, sulfur, phosphorus etc.
(b) Steel Production - Process to reduce carbon, sulfur,
phosphorus. If required, chromium, nickle, manganese are
added to produce desirable characteristics.
(c) Rolling Process - Steel billets are rolled to produce
required steel sections. Steel usually contains about 98%
iron + other chemicals. The rolled sections are generally in
stock, are lowest in cost, require less design and
connection are straightforward.
Process
 Standard Steel Section
Types of steel sections for beam and column components:
• Universal Beams (UB)
• Universal Columns (UC)
• Rectangular hollow section (RHS)

UC steel
section
UB steel
section
Cont’
Common used for open section;
• Universal beams UB. – Very efficient sections for
resisting bending moment about the major axis.
• Universal columns UC. – Primarily to resist axial loads
with high radius of gyration about minor axis to prevent
buckling.
• Channels C. – Used for beams, bracing members, truss
members
• Angles – (equal/Unequal) – Used for purlins, truss
members and bracing members.
• Structural tees – Produced by cutting UB or UC into two
parts. Used for truss members, ties and light beams.
In form of Hollow Sections:
• Hollow Sections, i.e. Circular, Square, Rectangle
(Produced from flat plate). These sections make
very efficient compression members. Used as
members in lattice girders, building frames,
purlins, sheeting rails.
EC3 covers steel grades of S235 to S450:
(i) Grade S235 - the lowest strength grade
(ii)Grade S275 - most commonly used in structural
applications.
(ii)Grade S355 – the intermediate grade of steel.
(iii)Grade S450 – the strongest steel, suitable for
bridges.
Where: S – structural steel
275 – indicates the yield strength in N/mm2

The Young’s modulus of steel, E should be taken as

210000 N/mm2
 Structural System of
Multi-storey Steel Framed
Buildings
Low-rise multi-storey
building
Structural Steelwork
INTRODUCTION TO
EUROCODE
Cont’
Cont’
Cont’
 Cont’
• EN1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design
• EN1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
• EN1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
• EN1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
• EN1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete
structures
• EN1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
• EN1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
• EN1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
• EN1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
• EN1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
The first two areas – basis and actions – are common to all
designs, six are material-specific and the other two cover
geotechnical and seismic aspects
BS EN 1990 and BS EN 1991 will be used with every Eurocode of BS
EN 1992 to BS EN 1999 for the design of new structures. BS EN 1990
sets out principles and requirements for achieving safety, serviceability
and durability of structures.”
BS EN 1992 to BS EN 1999 only include clauses for design and
detailing in the appropriate material.
 Eurocode terminology &
symbol
‘Actions’ = load, imposed displacement, thermal
strain
‘Effects’ = internal bending moment, axial forces, etc
‘Resistance’ = capacity of a structural element to
resist bending moment, axial force, shear, etc
‘Verification’ = check
‘Execution’ = construction (fabrication, erection, etc)
Symbols
 Subscripts
Ed = design value of an effect
eg: MEd = design bending moment
NEd = axial force
Rd = deign resistance
eg: MRd = design resistance for bending
NRd = resistance to axial force
el = elastic property
eg: Wel = elastic section modulus
pl = plastic property
eg: Wpl = plastic section modulus
Greek Letters/Alphabet
 Geometrical axis in EC3
EC BS5950
Major axis y-y x-x

Minor axis z-z y-y

Along the x-x -
member
Elastic WEl Z
modulus
Plastic PEl S
modulus
Yield fy Py
strength
1,234 1.234
 Types of actions

• Permanent Actions G, g
- dead load
• Variable Actions Q, q
- live or wind load
• Accidental Actions A
- impact or fire
Types of actions
 Permanent actions

Permanent actions or
dead loads consist of
the permanent
construction material
loads comprising the
roof, floor, wall, and
foundation systems,
including claddings,
finishes, and fixed
equipment.
 Variable actions

Variable actions or live

loads are produced by
the use and occupancy
of a building. Actions
include those from
human occupants,
furnishings, non-fixed
equipment, storage, and
construction and
maintenance activities.
 Wind actions

This actions is variable

and beyond human
control. Wind loads are
the positive or negative
pressures exerted on a
building when it
obstructs the flow of
moving air.
 Basic of Structural Design
Principles of limit state design
- to ensure that the probability of operating
conditions reaching failure conditions is so
low as to be negligible
- factoring the applied loads upwards
- factoring resistances downwards
 Cont.
Ultimate limit state (ULS):
- a state beyond which the structure no longer
satisfies the design requirements
- related to structural collapse or endangering
human safety (yielding, buckling, overturning)
- include excessive deformation, rupture,
instability and equilibrium loss
- concern the safety of people and/or safety of
structure
 Cont.
Serviceability limit state (SLS):
- related to conditions which are regarded as
being unacceptable in everyday use but which
do not actually endanger the structure or its
occupants
- include excessive deflection or vibration
- concern the functioning of the structure under
normal use and the comfort of people
 Design Value
- used for factored loading and resistances
- loads are obtained by multiplying the
characteristics value by the appropriate partial
safety factors
- design resistances are obtained by dividing
the characteristics resistances by the
appropriate partial safety factors
- safety factors needed for ULS and SLS
verifications are:
- partial factor
- combination factor
 Partial safety factor g
 gF for actions (loading)
Table 1: Partial safety factor value (UK NA)

* Favourable – help resist collpase

Unfavourable – help cause collapse
 Cont’
 gM for resistance
EC 3 value
Partial factor gM Application
(UK NA value)

gM0 1.00 (1.00) Cross-sections

gM1 1.00 (1.00) Member buckling

gM2 1.25 (1.10) Fracture

 Combination factor, ψ
Table 2: Extract from Table A1.1: Recommended value of
ψ factors for buildings
 Cont’
Variable action, Q (Live loads)
- Qk Characteristic value (ψ = 1.0)
- ψ0Qk Combination value – take account of the reduced
probability of the simultaneous occurrence of two or more
variable actions
- ψ1Qk Frequent value – should be exceeded only for a
short period of time and used primarily for SLS and
accidental ULS
- ψ2Qk Quasi-permanent value – may be exceeded for a
considerable period of time / may be considered as
average loading over time. Used for long-term affects of
SLS and accidental and seismic ULS
 Combination of action
- For each critical loadcase, the design
value of the effect of action (Ed) shall be
determined by combining the values of
actions that are considered to occur
simultaneously
- Each combination of actions should
include: - a leading variable action, or
- an accidental action
* Ed = the design value of the effect of actions such as internal force,
moment or a vector representing several internal forces or moments
 Cont’
• Can use either:
- Equation 6.10
- Less favourable of 6.10a and 6.10b

• Method: Get the factors from Tables 1

and 2 and substitute them into the
equation you are using, check for a range
of different loading combinations and take
the least favourable result.
ULS – Equation 6.10
Equation 6.10(a) and (b)
SLS
ULS & SLS Check
 Example 1.1
A roof has the following loads applied:
Permanent load, Gk = 1.0kN/m2
Variable actions, Qk = 0.5kN/m2
Wind load: Wuplift = 1.25kN/m2
Wdownload = 0.6kN/m2
Snow, S = 0.4kN/m2
Determine the most critical combination load.
Example 1.1
Example 1.1
Example 1.1
Example 1.1
Example 1.1
Assignment