Design of Pier

Concrete M20
Steel Fe 500
Density of concrete 24 kN/m3

Left Span 55 m
Right Span 55 m
Superstructure DL/m Left span 203.64 kN/m
DL per m Right span 203.64 kN/m

Superstructure depth (left) 4m

Superstructure depth (right) 4m
Bearing gap 2.5 m

Load Class IRC Class A

First train load 1108 kN
Second train 972 kN

Bearing Capacity 800 kN/m2

Velocity of water current at HFL 6.5 m/s

HFL 134.8 m
LWL 130.56 m 110.06
Average bed level (dry) 127 m
Scour Level 120.4 m
RL of pavement 142.1 m

Stem height, Sh 5.04 m

Stem dia, Sw 2.4 m

Pier cap length 7m

Pier cap height 1m
Pier cap width 4m
Pier cap trapezoidal height 1.5 m
TOTAL Pier Height 7.54 m

Well diameter 7m
Well Cap Thickness 2m
Steining Length 17 m
Steining Thickness 1.15 m
Fig. Cross Section and Plan of Pier No. 3-17
 3.2 Design of Pier Cap

Cantilever length of pier cap 2.30 m

Effective depth of pier cap 2.4 m

Vertical force due to

Superstructure+Foothpath DL 11200 kN
Superstructure LL 1125.95 kN (using LL eccentric loading)
Pier cap (rectangular) 220.80 kN
Pier cap (trapezoidal) 165.60 kN

Moment 12707 kNm

Ast 24512 mm2
Ast, min 11520 mm2
28-dia. Bars
No. of bars reqd. 40 nos.
Provide 40 nos. 28 dia. bars 24630 mm2

Distribution Reinforcement 1440 mm2

Provide 20 dia. @ 180 c/c 1745 mm2

Max. Shear Force = 12712 kN

Shear force @d = 42 kN
Although the code provision requires the design shear force @d, take max SF
Design SF 12712
Shear stress = 1.32 N/mm2

% tensile reinforcement = 0.26 %

permissible stress in concrete
@0.13% reinforcement 0.22 N/mm2
Shear force carried by concrete 2200 kN
Shear force taken by stirrups = 10512 kN

Use 12-16 dia hooks to act as shear reinforcement

spacing 154 mm

Provide 12-L 20-dia stirrups @250 mm c/c

Additionally
Provide 4 nos. 20-dia hor. bars @250 mm c/c along cantilever
Provide 4 nos. 12-dia hor. bars @250 mm c/c as distribution
 3.2 Design of Pier Stem

Forces (kN) Moment (kNm)

Horizontal Lever
SN Particulars Vertical Hy-y
Hx-x arm (m) Mx-x My-y
1 Pier cap 672.00
2 Pier cap trapezoidal 1008.00
3 Pier Stem 547.21

4 Total Superstructure load

4a DL (Left span) 5600.00
4b DL (Right span) 5600.00
4c LL (Left span) 1125.95
4d LL (Right span) 1125.95 1.25 1407.44

5 Longitudinal Forces
5a Braking 159.40 12.74 2030.76
5b Friction 84.15 7.54 634.48

6 Water current 55.05 18.83 2.83 155.62 53.23

7 Earthquake 0.09
7b Pier Cap 60.48 60.48 7.04 425.78 425.78
7c pier cap trapezoidal 90.72 90.72 6.04 547.95 547.95
7d Stem 49.25 49.25 2.52 124.11 124.11
7e Superstructure, DL 1008.00 1008.00 10.54 10624.32 10624.32
7f LL (only in x-x direction) 202.67 12.74 2582.03

Case I (1.5DL+1.5LL)
Vertical Force, P 15679.12 kN
Horizontal Force, H 268.09 kN
Moment, M 4128.84 kNm

Diameter of pier stem 2.4 m

Area of pier stem 4.52 m2
Perimeter of pier stem 7.54 m

d'/D 0.05 0.1

Pu/fckD2 0.16 0.16
Mu/fckD3 0.018 0.018

From SP16 Design Aid Chart 59 and 60 for circular column (For Fe500 Steel)
p/fck 0.02 0.025
p= 0.4 0.5
Area bars 18096 22619
Case II (1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2Resultant of EQx-x/EQy-y)

Vertical Force, P 15679.12 kN

Horizontal Force, H 1633.20 kN
Moment, M 17885.69 kNm

d'/D 0.05 0.1

Pu/fckD2 0.13 0.13
Mu/fckD3 0.06 0.06

From Chart 59 and 60 for circular column (For Fe500 Steel)

p/fck 0.045 0.05
p= 0.9 1
Area bars 40715 45239

Min Ast @1% 45239 mm2

Reinforcement required = 45239 mm2

Nos 28 dia bars reqd = 74.0
Provide 80 nos. - 28 dia bars 49260 mm2

Perimeter of CL of outer steel 7226 mm D1=2.4 m

spacing for 33 nos 176 mm
Perimeter of CL of inner steel 6912 mm D2=2.3 m
spacing for 31 nos 177 mm
Provide 28 dia bar @176 c/c in 2 layers

Design of Shear (Hoop) Reinforcement

Shear Force 1633.20 kN
Shear Stress 0.36 N/mm2

tc, max (for M25) = 1.9 N/mm2 >0.36 OK

% tension reinforcement 1.09 % >1% OK

tc (for M25 and 1.73% steel) = 0.4 N/mm2

The above value can be increase by factor d, which is given by (as per IRC:21 clause 304.7.1.3.3)
d = 1 + 5P/Ag.fck 1.69

tc = 0.68 N/mm2 > 0.36

PROVIDE nominal shear reinforcement

Min. spacing for hoop reinforcement

a) Dia of col 2400 mm
b) 16×dia of longitudinal steel 448 mm
c) 48×dia of hoop steel 480 mm

Provide 10-dia hoops @ 250 c/c

 WELL CAP

According to IRC steining thickness should be more than the following

t = k.B.D0.5 = 0.92 m

k= 0.03 m
B= 7.00 m
D= 19.00 m

Provide Steining thickness = 1.15 m

internal dia. = 4.70 m
Thickness of well cap 2.00 m

Buoyancy(15%), = 115.45 kN
X-section area, A 21.14 m2
Moment of Inertia, I = 93.91 m4
Section modulus, Z = 26.83 m3

Forces and moments at the base of well cap

Force
SN Description Vertical Horizontal Lever arm Moment
1a Case I 15679.12 268.09 4128.84
1b Moment due to Case I 2.00 536.19
2a Case II 15679.12 1633.20 17885.69
2b Moment due to Case II 2.00 3266.41

3 Water Current 13.40 1.33 17.86

4 Well cap 1847.26

5 Moment due to Well cap (EQ) 166.25 1.00 166.25

Case I 17526.37 281.49 4682.89

Case II 17526.37 1799.46 21336.22

Case II (DL+LL)
smax 1003.79 kN/m2
smin 654.72 kN/m2

Case II (DL+LL+EQ)
smax 1624.49 kN/m2
smin 34.02 kN/m2
 2.1 Design of Well Cap Slab

Punching shear stress

permissible punching shear 0.80 N/mm2
Area (Perimeter×depth) 27.02 m2
punching shear 0.65 N/mm2 < 0.8 OK

cos(q1/2) = 0.17 (q1)/2 = 1.40

cos(q2/2) = 0.26 (q2)/2 = 1.31

chord AD = 6.90 m
chord BC = 4.54 m

area of outer segment, A1 = 15.06 m2

area of inner segment, A2 = 5.89 m2

Downward pressure due to slab 48.00 kN/m2

Case I
Pressure at face of Pier 769.41 kN/m2
average pressure 934.60 kN/m2

Shear Force 7854.07 kN

Shear stress 0.19 N/mm2 < 0.22 OK

Case II
Pressure at face of Pier 556.60 kN/m2
average pressure 1138.55 kN/m2

Shear Force 9725.70 kN

Shear stress 0.23 N/mm2 < 1.5*0.22 OK

Moment on Well Cap Due to Pier

 At Support At Center
i) Mr = Mt = 13765.18

ii) Mr -13765.18
Mt 2477.73

iii)Mr 114.48 116.865

Mt 60.27 116.865
 At Support At Center
i) Mr = Mt = 13765.18

ii) Mr -10943.32
Mt -13257.25

iii)Mr -73.50 43.37

Mt -13.23 43.365

For design purpose, we take the maximum of the two values

1) Mr = Mt = 13765.18

2) Mr -13765.18
2) Mt 2477.73

3) Mr 114.48 116.87
3) Mt 60.27 116.87

Case I (DL+LL)
M1 1951.20
Max reactive M at support 243.90
Max M at center of well cap 1219.50
Max M at the edge of well cap -243.90
Reinforcement of Well Cap
Min. Ast @0.15% 3000 mm2/m

Mcenter = 8217.76 kNm

Ast reqd at bottom 3471 mm2/m
Provide 28 dia @ 150 c/c 4105 mm2/m
Medge = -7010.82 kNm
Ast reqd at top 2961 mm2/m
Provide 25 dia @ 150 c/c 3272 mm2/m

Check the reinforcement for Case II (DL+LL+EQ)

M1 8890.09 kNm
Max reactive M at support 1111.26 kNm
Max M at center of well cap 5556.31 kNm
Max M at the edge of well cap -1111.26 kNm

Mcenter = 12554.57 kNm

Ast reqd at bottom 20623 mm2
2946 mm2/m < 4105 mm2/m
Medge = -7878.18 kNm
Ast reqd at top 12941 mm2
1849 mm2/m < 3272 mm2/m
 3. DESIGN OF STEINING

Length of Steining up to scour level= 8.16 m

Forces and moments at the scour level

Force
SN Description Vertical Horizontal Lever arm Moment
1a Case I 17526.37 281.49 4682.89
1b 8.16 2296.95
2a Case II 17526.37 1799.46 21336.22
2b 8.16 14683.57
3a Steining above scour 4139.09
3b 372.52 4.08 1519.87
4 Water Current 39.17 5.44 213.09

Total (Case I) 21665.46 320.66 6979.84

Total (Case II) 21665.46 2171.98 37539.66

Point of zero shear, x = 4.01 m

max. moment (at x) = 43353 kNm

Assume tilt of 1 in 80
e due to tilt at top = 0.21 m
e at scour level = 0.13 m
moment due to tilt = 2752 kNm

Assume shift of 150mm

Moment due to shift = 3250 kNm

Total moment = 49354 kNm

Buoyancy upto zero shear = 703 kN

Weight of steining upto zero shear = 6176 kN
Total vertical weight = 27138 kN
Pressure, smax 1.81 N/mm2 < 1.5*5 OK
smin 0.76 N/mm2 > -1.5*0.5 OK

Reinforcement of Steining
Vertical reinforcement = 25362 mm2 (0.12% of steining area)
no. of 16 dia. bars = 126
Total perimeter available = 40 m
Spacing of bars required = 320 mm

Hoop reinforcement = 209 mm2/m (0.04% steining vol/m)

Spacing 10 dia. bars required = 375 mm
PROVIDE 16 dia.@250 c/c vertical bars & 10@250 hoop reinforcement (both faces
staggered)
 LATERAL STABILITY OF WALL
Total weight of steining 8623 kN
Weight of water/sand in well = 2981 kN
Weight of top plug (1 m) 416 kN lever arm Moment
Seismic load due to sand 268 kN 3.58 960.58
Seismic load due to top plug 37 kN 7.66 287.06
Weight of bottom plug (2.5 m) = 1041 kN
Weight of sand fill upto scour level = 2484 kN

Total weight at base = 33073 kN

Buoyancy on well = 6542 kN

Net downward force V = 26530 kN

Horizontal seismic force = 306 kN

Total horizontal force at scour level = 2478 kN

Moment at scour level = 38787 kNm

Moment at base level = 66692 kNm

ELASTIC ANALYSIS (IRC Method)

Vertical force, V = 26530 kN

Horizontal force, H = 2478 kN
Moment, M = 66692 kNm

Grip length, D = 8.84 m

L= 15.30 m
Now, I(v) = 880.78 m4

I = Ib +mIv (1+2m'a)
m= 1.00
m' 0.36
a 0.25
m 0.58
Hence, I = 1136.13 m4

r = (D/2)×(I/(mIv)
r= 5.70 m

H > M/r (1+mm') - mV -1161.75 < H = 2477.77 OK

H < M/r (1-mm') +mV 24556.57 > H = 2477.77 OK

m M/I < g' (Kp - Ka)

m M/I = 58.70
g' (Kp - Ka) = 77.00 OK

P = M/r = 11697.41 kN
pt = (V - m'P)/A + MB/2I = 784.20 kN/m2 < 1.25*650 OK

ph = (V - m'P)/A - MB/2I = 373.29 kN/m2 > 0 OK

 ULTIMATE RESISTANCE (IRC Method)

V/A < qv/2

qv = 3 × safe bearing capacity = 1950 kN/m2
V/A = 861.72 kN/m2 < qv/2 = 975 OK

M < 0.7(Mb + Ms +Mf)

D/B = 1.26 C = 0.28

Mb = CVB*tan(f) = 33768.71 kNm f = 33

Ms = 0.1gD3(Kp-Ka)L = 81383.98 kNm

Mf = 0.1g(Kp-Ka) B2.D2.sind = 11045.03 kNm d = 22

Now, 0.7(Mb +Ms + Mf) = 88338.41 >M= 83365.15 OK

 Design of Well Curb

N 1314.37 kN/m
d 6.43 m
q 48.19
m 22

T= 3252.84 kN
Permissible stress in steel 95 N/mm2 (As per IRC:21 Table 10)
Ast reqd 5329 mm2/m
Spacing using 4-20 dia hoops 236 mm/m

Min Ast 72 kg/m3 (in well curb)

Vol of concrete 10.57 m3/m (average concrete area of well curb)
Min Ast 761 kg/m
Min Ast 0.09693 m3/m (density of steel = 7850 kg/m3)
Min Ast 96925 mm2-m/m (length of reinforcement = perimeter of steining)

Provide 4-20 dia rings @150 169099 mm2-m/m

Hence, t = 1.51 m

Provide 3 m bottom plug of M15 concrete

Provide 1 m top plug of M15 concrete