Soils Aggregates (Manual)

SAMPLING AGGREGATES
(AASHTO T 2-91)
(ASTM D 75-03)
Significance and Use
Sampling is equally as important as the testing, and the sampler shall use every
precaution to obtain samples that will show the nature and condition of the materials
which they represent.
Note 2: The Preliminary investigation and sampling of potential aggregate sources and
types occupies a very importance in determining the availability and suitability
of the largest single constituent entering into the construction. It influences
the type of construction from the standpoint of economics and governs the
necessary material control to ensure durability of the resulting structure, from
the aggregate standpoint. This investigation should be done only by a
responsible trained and experienced should be done only by a responsibilities
trained and experienced person.
Securing Samples
1. General -Where practicable, samples to be tested for quality shall be obtained from
the finished product. Samples from the finished product to be tested for abrasion
loss shall not be subject to further crushing or manual reduction in particle size in
preparation for the abrasion test unless the size of the finished product is such that it
requires further reduction for testing purposes.
2. Inspection – The material shall be inspected to determine discernible variations. The

seller shall provide suitable equipment needed for proper inspection and sampling.
3. Procedure :
3.1 Sampling from a Flowing Aggregate Stream (Bins or Belt Discharge) – Select
units to be sampled by a random method from the production. Obtain at least
three approximately equal increments, selected at random from the unit being
sampled, and combine to form a field sample where mass equals or exceeds the
minimum recommended in Section 4.2. Take each increment from the entire
cross section of the material as it is being discharged. It is usually necessary to
have a special device constructed for use oat each particular plant. This device
consists of a pan of sufficient size to intercept the entire cross section of the
discharge stream and hold the required quantity of materials without
overflowing. A set of rails may be necessary to support the pan as it is passed
under the discharge stream. Insofar as is possible, keep bins continuously full
or nearly full to reduce segregation.
3.2 Sampling from the Conveyor Belt – Select units to be sampled by a random
method from the production. Obtain at least three approximately equal
increments, selected at random, from the unit being sampled and combine to
form a field sample where mass equals or exceeds the minimumrecommended
in Section 4.2. Stop conveyor belt while the sample increments are being
obtained. Insert two templates, the shape of which conforms to the shape of
the belt in the aggregate stream on the belt, and space them such that the
material contained between them will yield an increment of the required weight.
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Carefully scoop all material between the templates into a suitable container and
collect the fines on the belt with a brush and dust pan and add to the container.
3.3 Sampling from Stockpiles or Transportation Units – Avoid sampling coarse

aggregate or mixed coarse and fine aggregate from the stockpiles or
transportation units whenever possible, particularly when the sampling is done
for the purpose of determining aggregate properties that may be dependent
upon the grading of the sample. If circumstances make it necessary to obtain
samples from the stockpile of coarse and fine aggregate, design a sampling plan
for the specific case under consideration. This approach will allow the sampling
agency to use a sampling plan that will give a confidence in results obtained
there from that is agreed upon by all parties concerned to be acceptable for the
particular situation. The sampling plan shall define the number of samples
necessary to represent lots and sublots of specific sizes. General principles for
sampling from stockpiles are applicable to sampling from trucks, rail cars,
barges, or other transportation units.
3.4 Sampling from Roadway (Bases and Subbases) - sample units selected by a
random method from the construction. Obtain at least three approximately
equal increments, selected at random form the unit being samples, and combine
to form a field sample whose mass equals or exceeds the minimum
recommended in Section 4.2. Take all increments form the roadway for the full
depth of the material. Clearly mark the specific areas from which each
increment is to be removed; a metal template placed over the area is a definite
aid in securing approximately equal increment weights.
4. Number and Masses of Field Samples :
4.1 The number of field samples (obtained by one of the methods described in
Section 3) required depends on the criticality of, and variation in, the properties
to be measured. Designates each unit from which a field sample is to be
obtained prior to sampling. The number of field samples from the production
should be sufficient to give the desired confidence in test results.
4.2 The field sample masses cited are tentative. The masses must be predicted on
the type and number of tests to which the material is to be subjected and
sufficient material obtained to provide for the proper execution of these tests.
Standard acceptance and control tests are covered by AASHTO/ASTM standards
and specify the portion of the field sample required for each specific test.
Generally speaking, the amounts specified in Table I will provide adequate
material for routine grading and quality analysis. Extract test portions form the
field sample according to Reducing Field Samples of Aggregates to Testing Size
or as required by other applicable test methods.
Shipping Samples
1. Transport aggregates in bags or other containers so constructed as to preclude loss

or contamination of any part of the sample, or damage to the contents from
mishandling during shipment.
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2. Shipping containers for aggregate sample shall have suitable individual identification
attached and enclosed so that field reporting, laboratory logging, and test reporting
may be facilitated.
TABLE I Size of Samples
Maximum Nominal Size of Approximate Minimum Mass of

AggregatesA Field Samples, lb (kg)B
Fine Aggregate
No. 8 (2.36 mm) 25 (10)

No. 4 (4.75 mm) 25 (10)
Coarse Aggregate
3/8 in. (9.5 mm) 25 (10)
1/2 in. (12.5 mm) 35 (15)
3/4 in. (19.0 mm) 55 (25)
1 in. (25.0 mm) 110 (50)
1 ½ in. (37.5 mm) 165 (75)
2 in. (50 mm) 220 (100)
2 ½ in (63 mm) 275 (125)
3 in. (75 mm) 330 (150)
3 ½ in. (90 mm) 385 (175)
A
For processed aggregate the maximum nominal size of particles is the largest sieve size
listed in the applicable specification, upon which any material is permitted to be retained.
B
For combined coarse and fine aggregates (for example, base or subbase) minimum
weight shall be coarse aggregate minimum plus 25 lb (10 kg).
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PREPARATION OF DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES FOR TEST
(AASHTO T-87-86)
Significance
This method describes the preparation of disturbed soil and soil aggregate
samples as received from the field for subsequent tests by reducing aggregations of
particles into sizes which will pass certain sieves.
Apparatus
1. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g, conforms to M 231

2. Oven with temperature control, or drying apparatus not exceeding 60
3. Standard sieves, 19 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.00 mm, 0.425 mm
4. Mortar and rubber-covered pestle
5. Sample Splitter
Initial Preparation of Test Samples
1. The soil sample as received from the field shall be dried thoroughly in air or in drying
apparatus at a temperature not exceeding 60oC.
2. Obtain the required quantity of sample for each test by the method of quartering or
by a sample splitter. The aggregation of soil particle shall be broken up by
pulverizing apparatus. Care should be taken so that individual particles are not
broken.
Note: Samples dried in an oven or other drying apparatus at temperature not

exceeding 60oC are considered to be air-dried.
Test Samples
Mechanical Analysis and Specific Gravity (T 88)
The fraction retained on the 2.00 mm sieve shall be set aside for use in sieve
analysis of the coarse material. The material required to obtain a representative
gradation and depending on the maximum particle size shall not be less than the amount
shown in the following table.
1. Largest Particles Size Minimum Mass
9.5 mm - - - - - - - - 0.5 kg
25.0 mm - - - - - - - - 2.0 kg
50.0 mm - - - - - - - - 4.0 kg
75.0 mm - - - - - - - - 5.0 kg
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2. The fraction passing the 2.0 mmm sieve shall be thoroughly mixed and by the use of
splitting or quartering, representative portions having approximate weights as follows
shall be obtained.
- for the hydrometer analysis and sieve analysis of the fraction passing the 2.0 mm
sieve,
110 g for sandy soil

60 g for silty or clayey soils
- for specific gravity (T 100)
25 g when the volumetric flask is used and

10 g when the stoppered bottle is used
Physical Test
1. Separate the remaining portion of the sample passing the 2.00 mm sieve into two
portions with a 0.425 mm sieve. Ground the portion retained in a mortar with a
rubber-covered pestle to further reduce the size of aggregations. Separate the
ground soil with the 0.425 mm sieve. Repeat the pulverizing and sieving operation, if
necessary, to obtain a sufficient quantity of sample passing the 0.425 mm sieve for
the “limit” tests.
2. Mix thoroughly the portions passing the 0.425 mm sieve in step (1), and set aide for
the “limits” test.
Test and AASHTO Designation Approximate Mass, g

Liquid Limit (T 89) 100
Plastic Limit (T90) 20
Shrinkage Factors (T92) 30
Field Moisture Equivalent (T 93) 50
Check and Referee Test 100
Moisture Density Relations
1. Separate the sample for compaction test with either a 4.75 mm or 19.0 mm sieve
whichever is required. Ground the portion retained in a mortar with a rubber-covered
pestle to break up particle aggregations. Separate the ground soil with the required
sieve to obtain the sample needed for the compaction test.
2. Mix thoroughly the portions passing the required sieve in step (1) and set aside for
the compaction test or moisture density test.
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THIN-WALLED TUBE SAMPLING OF SOILS
(ASTM D 1587 – 94)
Scope
This method covers a procedure for using a thin-walled metal tube to recover
relatively undisturbed soil samples suitable for laboratory tests of structural properties.
Apparatus
1. Drilling Equipment – any drilling equipment may be used that provides a reasonably
clean hole; that does not disturb the soil to be sampled; and that does not hinder the
penetration of the thin-walled sampler. Open borehole diameter and the inside
diameter of driven casing or hollow stem auger shall not exceed 3.5 times the outside
diameter of the thin-walled tube.
2. Sampler Insertion Equipment - shall be adequate to provide a relatively rapid

continuous penetration force. For hard formations it may be necessary, although not
recommended, to drive the thin-walled tube samples.
3. Thin-Walled Tube - they should have an outside diameter of 2 to 5 in, and be made
of metal having adequate strength for use in the soil and formation intended. Tubes
shall be clean and free of all surface irregularities including projecting weld seams.
3.1 Length of Rubes – See Table 1.
Table 1 Suitable Thin-Walled Street Sample Tubes
Outside diameter:
in. 2 3 5
mm. 50.8 76.2 127
Wall thickness:
Bwg 18 16 11
in. 0.049 0.065 0.120
mm. 1.24 1.65 3.05
Tube length:
in. 36 36 54
m. 0.91 0.91 1.45
Clearance, ratio, % 1 1 1
A
The three diameters recommended in Table 1 are indicated for purposes of
standardization, and are not intended to indicate that sampling tubes of
intermediate or larger diameters are not acceptable. Lengths of tubes shown
are illustrative. Proper lengths to be determined as suited to field conditions.
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Table 2 Dimensional Tolerances for Thin-Walled Tubes
Nominal Tube Diameters from Table 1A Tolerances, in.
Size Outside Diameter 2 3 5
Outside diameter +0.007 +0.010 +0.015

- 0.000 -0.000 -0.000
Inside diameter +0.000 +0.000 +0.000
-0.007 -0.010 -0.015
Wall thickness ±0.007 ±0.010 ±0.015
Ovality 0.015 0.020 0.030
Straightness 0.030/ft. 0.030/ft. 0.030/ft.
A
Intermediate or larger diameters should be proportional. Tolerances shown are
essentially standard commercial manufacturing tolerances for seamless steel
mechanical tubing. Specify only two of the first three tolerances: that is, O.D. and
I.D., or O.D. and Wall, or I.D. and Wall.
3.2 Tolerances, shall be within the limits shown in Table 2.
3.3 Inside Clearance Ratio should be 1% or as specified by the engineer or

geologist for the soil and formation to be sampled. Generally, the inside
clearance ratio used should increase with the increase in plasticity of the soil
being sampled.
3.4 Corrosion Protection – Corrosion, whether from galvanic or chemical reaction,

can damage or destroy both the tin-walled tube and the sample. Severity of
damage is a function of time as well as interaction between the sample and the
tube. Thin-walled tubes should have some form of protective coating. Tubes
which will contain samples for more than 72 h shall be coated. The type of
coating to be used may vary depending upon the material to be sampled.
Coatings may include a light coat of lubricating oil, lacquer, epoxy, Teflon, and
others. Type of coating must be specified by the engineer or geologist if
storage will exceed 72 h. Plating of the tubes or alternate base metals may be
specified by the engineer or geologist.
4. Sampler Head – serves to couple the thin-walled tube to the insertion equipment and,
together with the thin-walled tube, comprises the thin-walled tube sampler. The
sampler head shall contain a suitable check valve and a venting area to the outside
equal to or greater than the area through the check valve. Attachment of the head to
the tube shall be concentric and coaxial to assure uniform application of force to the
tube by the sampler insertion equipment.
Procedure
1. Clean out the borehole to sampling elevation using whatever method is preferred that
will ensure to material to be sampled is not disturbed. If groundwater is
encountered, maintain, the liquid level in the borehole at or above groundwater level
during the sampling operation.
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2. Bottom discharge bits are not permitted. Side discharge bits may be used, with
caution. Jetting through an open-tube sampler to clean out the borehole to sampling
elevation is not permitted. Remove loose material form the center of a casing or
hollow stem auger as carefully as possible to avoid disturbance of the material to be
sampled.
3. Place the sample tube so that its bottom rests on the bottom of the hole. Advance
the sampler without rotation by a continuous relatively rapid motion.
4. Determine the length of advance by the resistance and condition of the formation,
but the length shall never exceed 5 to 10 diameters of the tube in sands and 10 to 15
diameters of the tube in clays.
5. When the formation is too hard for push-type insertion, the tube may be driven.
Other methods, as directed by the engineer or geologist, may be used. If driving
methods are used, the data regarding weight and fall of the hammer and penetration
achieved must be shown in the report. Additionally, that tube must be prominently
labeled a “drive sample”.
6. In no case shall a length of advance be greater than the sample tube length minus an
allowance for the sample head and a minimum of 3 in. for sludge end cuttings.
7. Withdraw the sampler from the formation as carefully as possible in order to minimize
disturbance of the sample.
Preparation for Shipment
1. Upon removal of the tube, measure the length of sample in the tube. Remove the
disturbed material in the upper end of the tube and measure the length again. Seal
the upper end of the tube. Remove at least 1 in. of material form the lower end of
the tube. Use this material for soil description. Measure the overall sample length.
Seal the lower end of the tube. Alternatively, after measurement, the tube may be
sealed without removal of soil from the ends of the tube if so directed by the
engineer or geologist.
Note 1 - Tubes sealed over the ends a supposed to those sealed with expanding
packers should contain end padding in end voids in order to prevent drainage or
movement of the sample within the tube.
2. Prepare and immediately affix labels or apply markings as necessary to identify the
sample. Assure that the markings or labels are adequate to survive transportation
and storage.
Report
1. The appropriate information required as follow:
1.1 Name and location of the project
1.2 Boring number and precise location of project,
1.3 Surface elevation or reference to a datum,
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1.4 Date and time of boring-start and finish
1.5 Depth to top of sample and number of sample,
1.6 Description of sampler; size, type of metal, type of coating,
1.7 Method of sampler insertion; push or drive,
1.8 Method of drilling, size of hole, casing, and drilling fluid used,
1.9 Depth to ground water level; date and time measured,
1.10 Any possible current or tidal effect on water level,
1.11 Soil description
1.12 Length of sampler advance and
1.13 Recovery length of sample obtained.
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PREPARATION OF UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES FOR TEST
Significance
This method describes the preparation of undisturbed soil samples necessary to

obtain a reliable result. Undisturbed soil samples necessary to obtain a reliable result.
Undisturbed samples are those obtained from the field with minimum disturbance by
using any drilling equipment that provided clean hole before insertion of thin walled tubes
that is, both the natural density and moisture content are preserved as much as
practicable. Such samples are necessary for density, permeability, consolidation and
other various shear tests.
Apparatus
1. Soil lathe
2. Wire saw, with one fine wire for final trimming
3. Sharp knife
4. Miter box
5. Extruder for tube samples
Procedure
Preparation of samples should be done in a humid room to minimize moisture

loss. The samples should be extruded carefully and in the same direction, as when
obtained.
1. Remove protective coating by cutting with a sharp knife.
2. Cut from the field sample a test specimen which is slightly larger than the standard
size required in the test. Use either a wire saw or sharp knife whichever is more
appropriate for least disturbance.
3. Trim the specimen to the standard circular cross section with the soil lathe and a finer
wire saw.
4. Place specimen, in the miter box, and cut to standard height. Both ends should be
perpendicular to the sides of specimen.
5. Save the trimmings for moisture content determination.
6. Measure the exact dimensions of test specimen using a caliper.
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REDUCING FIELD SAMPLES OF AGGREGATES TO TESTING SIZE
(AASHTO T 248-02)
(ASTM C 702-98)
Introduction
These methods cover the reduction of field samples to the appropriate size for
testing employing techniques that are intended to minimize variations in measured
characteristics between the test samples so selected and the field sample.
1. Specifications for aggregates require sampling portions of the material for testing.
Other factors being equal, larger samples will tend to be more representative of the
total supply. These methods provide for reducing the large sample obtained in the
field to a convenient size for conduction a number of tests to describe the material
and measure its quality in a manner that the smaller portion is most likely to be a
representation of the field sample, and thus of the total supply. The individual test
methods provide for minimum weights of material to be tested.
2. Under certain circumstances, reduction in size of the field sample prior to testing is
not recommended. Substantial differences between the selected sample sometimes
cannot be avoided, as for example, in the case of an aggregate having relatively few
large size particles in the field sample. The laws of chance dictate that these few
particles may be unequally distributed among the reduced size test samples.
Similarly, if the test sample is being examined for certain contaminants occurring as a
few discrete fragments in only sample percentages, caution should be used in
interpreting results from the reduced size test sample. Chance inclusion or exclusion
of only one or two particles in the selected sample may importantly influence
interpretation of the characteristics of the field sample. In these cases, the entire
field sample should be tested.
Selection of Method
1. Fine Aggregate - field samples of fine aggregate that are drier than the saturated-
surface-dry condition (Note 1) shall be reduced in size by a mechanical splitter
according to Method A. Field samples having free moisture on the particle surfaces
may be reduced in size by quartering according to Method B, or by treating as a
miniature stockpile as described in Method C.
1.1 If the use of Method B or Method C is desired, and the field sample does not
have free moisture on the particle surfaces, the sample may be moistened to
achieve this condition, thoroughly mixed, and then the sample reduction
performed.
Note 1 - The method of determining the saturated-surface-dry condition is described

in AASHTO T 84. As a quick approximation, if the fine aggregate will retain its shape
when molded in the hand, it may be considered to be wetter than saturated-surface-
dry.
1.2 If use of Method A is desired and the field sample has free moisture on the
particle surfaces, the entire field sample may be dried to at least the surface-dry
condition, using temperatures that do not exceed those specified for any of the
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tests contemplated, and then the sample reduction performed. Alternatively, if
the moist field sample is very large, a preliminary split may be made using a
mechanical splitter having wide chute openings 38 mm (1-1/2 in) or more to
reduce the sample to not less than 5000 g. The portion so obtained is then dried,
and reduction to test sample size is completed using Method A.
2. Coarse Aggregates and Mixtures of Coarse and Fine Aggregates – reduce the sample
using a mechanical splitter in accordance with Method A (preferred method) or by
quartering in accordance with Method B. The miniature stockpile Method C is not
permitted for coarse aggregates or mixtures of coarse and fine aggregates.
Sampling
1. The field sample of aggregate shall be taken in accordance with Sampling Aggregates
is usually adequate. When additional tests are to be conducted, the user shall satisfy
himself that the initial size of eh field sample is adequate to accomplish all intended
tests. Similar procedures shall be used for aggregate produced in the laboratory.
Method A – MECHANICAL SPLITTER
Apparatus
1. Sample Splitter – Sample splitters shall have an even number of equal width chutes,
but not less than a total of eight for coarse aggregate, or twelve for fine aggregate,
which discharge alternatively to each side of the splitter. The minimum width of the
individual chutes shall be approximately 50 percent larger than the largest particles in
the sample to be split (Note 2). The splitter shall be equipped with two receptacles to
hold the two halves of the sample following splitting. It shall also be equipped with a
hopper or straightedge pan which has a width equal to or slightly less than the over-
all width of the assembly of chutes, by which the sample may be fed at a controlled
rate to the chutes. The splitter and accessory equipment shall be so designed that
the sample will flow smoothly without restriction or loss of materials (Fig. 1).
Note 2: Mechanical splitters are commonly available in sizes adequate for coarse
aggregate having the largest particle not over 37.5 m (1-1/2 in.). For fine aggregate,
a splitter having chutes 13 mm (1/2 in.) wide will be satisfactory when the entire
sample will pass a 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) sieve.
Procedure
1. Place the field sample in the hopper or pan and uniformly distribute it from edge to
edge, so that when it is introduced into the chutes, approximately equal amounts will
flow through each chute. The rate at which the sample is introduced shall be such as
to allow free flowing through the chutes into the receptacles below. Reintroduce the
portion of the sample in one of the receptacle into the splitter as many times as
necessary to reduce the sample to the size specified for the intended test. The
portion of the material collected in the other receptacle may be reserved for reduction
in size for other tests.
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Method B – QUARTERING
Apparatus
1. Apparatus shall consist of a straightedge scoop, shovel, or trowel; a broom or brush;

and a canvas blanket approximately 2 by 2.5 m (6 by 8 ft.).
Procedure
1. Use either the procedure described in Method B – Quartering Procedure 1.1 or 1.2 or
a combination of both.
1.1 Place the field sample on a hard clean, level surface where there will be neither
loss of material nor the accidental addition of foreign material. Mix the material
thoroughly by turning, shovel the entire sample over three times. With the last
turning, shovel the entire sample into a conical pile by depositing each shovelful
on top of the preceding one. Carefully flatten the conical pile to a uniform
thickness and diameter by pressing down the apex with a shovel so that each
quarter sector of the resulting pile will contain the material originally in it. The
diameter should be approximately four to eight times the thickness. Divide the
flattened mass into four equal quarters with a shovel or trowel and remove two
diagonally opposite quarters, including all fine material, and brush the cleared
spaces clean. Successively mix and quarter the remaining materials unit the
sample is reduced to the desired size (Fig. 2).
1.2 As an alternative to the procedure described in Method B – Quartering Procedure

1.1 when the floor surface is uneven, the field sample may be placed on a
canvass blanket and mixed with a shovel as described in Method B – Quartering
Procedure 1.1 or by alternatively lifting each corner of the canvas and pulling it
over the sample toward the diagonally opposite corner causing the material to be
rolled. Flatten the pile as described in Method B - Quartering Procedure 1.1. Or
if the surface beneath the blanket and under the center of the pile, then left both
ends of the stick, dividing the sample into two equal parts. Remove the stick
leaving a fold of the blanket between the divided portions. Insert the stick under
the center of the pile at right angles to the first division and again lift both ends
of the stick, dividing the sample into four equal parts. Remove two diagonally
opposite quarters, being careful to clean the fines form the blanket. Successively
mix and quarter the remaining material until the sample is reduced to the desired
size (Fig 3).
Method C – MINIATURE STOCKPILE SAMPLING (Damp Fine Aggregate Only)
Apparatus
1. Apparatus shall consist of a straight edged scoop, shovel, or trowel for mixing the
aggregate, and either a small sampling thief, small scoop, or spoon for sampling.
Procedure
1. Place the field sample of damp fine aggregate on a hard clean, level surface where
there will be neither loss of material nor the accidental addition of foreign material.
Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire sample over three times. With the
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last turning, shovel the entire sample into a conical pile by depositing each shovelful
on top of the preceding one. If desired, the conical pile may be flattened to a
uniform thickness and diameter by pressing down the apex with a shovel so that each
quarter sector of the resulting pile will contain the material originally in it. Obtain a
sample for each test by selecting at least five increments of material at random
locations form the miniature stockpile, using any of the sampling devices described in
Section Method C – Apparatus.
Precision and Accuracy
1. Since this method produces no numerical test results, determination of precision

is not possible. However, failure to carefully follow the procedures described
herein could result in providing a biased sample to be used in subsequent testing.
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15
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DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT
Significance
The behavior of a soil is markedly influence by the amount of moisture it contains.

Moisture content, therefore, is an important characteristic. By definition, moisture
content, MC, is the ratio of the weight/mass of water constant weight/mass at
temperature of 110 ± 5oC.
Apparatus
1. Container, with cover

2. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g
3. Oven with temperature control
4. Dessicator
Size of sample : Ranges from 25 – 1000 g
The minimum weight of the sample, which depends on the maximum grain size,
shall be as follows :
Weight, min
Passing No. 0.425 mm material 25 g

Procedure
1. Weigh the container with cover, and record as WC.
2. Take a representative sample of the soil, place in the container and cover
immediately. Weigh and record as W1.
3. Open the container and dry in the oven to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ±
5oC. The drying time will depend on the kind of soil and size of sample. A 25 g
sandy material can be dried in about 2 hours, while the same weight/mass of a
plastic, fine-grained soil will require at least 4 hours to dry to constant weight/mass.
4. Remove the container from the oven and cool to room temperature. Weight and
record as W2.
A sample may be cooled at room humidity if it is weighed within an hour after it

has been removed from the oven. If it cannot be weighed within this period, it should be
placed in a dessicator to cool to room temperature. This is especially significant if the soil
is very plastic and the room humidity is high. Weighing hot containers is not advisable as
it affects the accuracy of results.
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Calculation
W 1 - W2
Moisture Content, MC % = X 100
W 2 - WC
where:
W1 = weight/mass of container plus wet soil

W2 = weight/mass of container plus dry soil
WC = Weight of container
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PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS
(AASHTO T 88-00)
Significance
Particle size analysis is the determination of particle size distribution in soils by

sieve, hydrometer, or a combined analysis. The method which should be used depends
on the size of the soil grains.
Grain size distribution is widely used in the classification and identification of soils.
It is an important criteria in the classification of highway subgrade materials. It is also
related to permeability and capillarity of cohesion less soils.
Apparatus
1. Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g, conforms to the requirements of M231

2. Mechanical stirring apparatus with a metal and dispersion cup
3. Hydrometer as shown in Fig. 4
4. Thermometer accurate to 0.5oC
5. Set of standard sieves; 75.0 mm., 50.0 mm, 25.0 mm, 9.5 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.0
mm, 0.425 mm, 0.075 mm
6. Graduated cylinder, 1 liter capacity
7. Complete set of water bath
9. Beaker, 250 ml capacity and not greater than 500 ml
10. Timer
Samples
The minimum amount required of material retained on the 4.75 mm sieve, the
2.00 mm sieve or 0.425 mm depends on the maximum particle size but shall not be less
than the amount as shown in the following table:
Nominal Size of Max. Approximate Minimum

Standard Particle, mm Weight, g
9.5 0.5
25.0 2
50.0 4
75.0 5
The size of the portion passing 2.0 mm or 0.425 mm (#40) sieve shall be:
a. Hydrometer Test - approx. 100 g for sandy soil
b. Hygroscopic Moisture Determination – at least 10 g
Procedure
The test sample for mechanical analysis shall be prepared in accordance with the
preparation of disturbed soil samples for test.
1. Sieve analysis of fraction retained on 2.00 mm
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1.1 Pass the sample through a series of standard sieves, 4.75 mm and bigger
openings. Use of mechanical shaker is preferred.
1.2 Sieving operation shall be conducted by means of lateral and vertical motion of
the sieve accompanied by jarring action to keep the sample moving continuously
on the surface of the sieve. Sieving shall be continued until not more that 1% by
weight of the residue passes any sieve within 1 minute.
1.3 Weigh and record the quantity retained one ach sieve.
1.4 Compute for the % passing for each sieve.
2. Hydrometer & Sieve Analysis of fraction Passing 2.00 m sieve
2.1 Hygroscopic moisture. Weigh about 10 g of the air-dried sample passing No.
2.00 mm sieve, dry to constant weight/mass in an oven at 105 to 100oC, cool to
room temperature, weigh the oven-dried material, and record results.
2.2 Dispersion of sample. Weigh 50 g of the air-dried sample (100 g for sandy soils),
place in a beaker, fill with distilled water to about half the depth and allow to
soak for at least 18 hours. After soaking, add 20 ml of (sodium silicate, calgon,
polyphosphate) deflocculating agent, then washed the contents into the
dispersion cup. Add distilled water until it is about 50.8 mm from the brim and
disperse the contents for 1 minute in the mechanical stirring apparatus.
2.3 Transfer the mixture to the graduated cylinder and add distilled water to bring
the water level to the 1000 ml mark. Place the cylinder in the constant
temperature bath. Stir the suspension frequently to avoid settlement of
particles.
2.4 Remove the cylinder from the water bath as soon as the temperature of
suspension and the water bath are the same. Shake thoroughly the mixture for
1 minute by turning the cylinder upside down and back, using the palm of the
hand as stopper. The soil should not stick to the bottom of the cylinder when
upside down.
2.5 Replace the cylinder in the water bath, insert carefully the hydrometer in the
suspension and start the time.
2.6 Take hydrometer reading after ½, 1 and 2 minutes without removing the
hydrometer from the suspension. Read the hydrometer at the top of the
meniscus formed around its stem. Repeat the shaking and reading procedure
until a consistent set of readings are obtained.
2.7 Re-start the test but this time take reading after 2,5, 15, 30, 60, 250 and 1440
minutes. Insert carefully the hydrometer about 15 to 20 seconds before each of
these reading. Dry the stem before insertion. It should be removed carefully
and placed in a cylinder of distilled water after each reading.
Take the temperature of the suspension immediately following each hydrometer

reading and record. Between hydrometer readings, the top of the cylinder
should be covered to minimize evaporation nd prevent collection of dust or dirt
from the air.
20
2.8 After the final reading, wash the suspension on a 0.075 mm sieve. Dry the
fraction retained and perform the sieve analysis using the 0.425 mm, 0.250 mm
and 0.075 mm.
Calculation
Wt./mass of Wt./mass of
-
air-dried soil oven-dried soil
1. Hygroscopic Moisture (%) = x 100
Wt./mass of oven-dried soil
2. To correct the mass of the air-dried sample for hygroscopic moisture, the given value
shall be multiplied by the expression:
100
100 + % Hygroscopic Moisture
3. The percentage of coarse material shall be calculated from the weights of fractions
retained on 2.00 mm sieve plus the mass retained on 2.00 mm sieve. The difference
is assume to equal the mass of the air-dried fraction passing the 2.00 mm sieve. The
mass fraction passing the 2.00 mm sieve shall be corrected from hygroscopic
moisture. The calculations shall be made as follows:
From the total mass of sample, subtract the mass of the fraction retained on 2.00 mm
sieve. The difference is assumed to equal the mass of the air-dried fraction passing
the 2.00 mm sieve. The mass fraction passing the 2.00 mm sieve plus the mass
retained on 2.00 mm sieve.
The total test sample corrected for hygroscopic moisture is the corrected mass
passing 2.00 mm sieve plus the mass retained on 2.00 m sieve.
4. The percentages passing the different sieves are calculated on the basis of total dry
mass of sample.
Percentage of Soil in Suspension, P
5. Hydrometer readings made at temperature other than the calibration temperature are
corrected by appropriate correction factors. A typical correction factor curve for
Hydrometer A. Temperature correction curves of this type should be prepared foe
each hydrometer used.
6. The percentage of soil in suspension is represented by the different corrected

hydrometer readings, and is calculated as follows :
For Hydrometer A (152 H)
Ra
P = x 100
Ws
21
For Hydrometer B (151 H)
1616 (-1) a
P = x 100
Ws
where:
P = Percentage of soil in suspension based on dry weight/mass of soil

dispersed.
R = Corrected hydrometer reading
Ws = Dry weight/mass of soil dispersed
a = A constant depending on the density of the suspension. It varies with
the specific gravity, Gs, of the suspended particles.
In routine tests, it will be sufficiently accurate to use the constant opposite the
nearest specific gravity, from the following table:
Gs Constant, a
2.95 0.94
2.85 0.96
2.75 0.98
2.65 1.00
2.55 1.02
2.45 1.05
2.35 1.08
7. To convert percent of soil in suspension, P, intro percent of total sample, multiply by

the percentage passing 2.00 mm sieve.
Diameter of particle in Suspension, D
8. The maximum diameter, D, of the particle in suspension, corresponding to each

hydrometer reading, is calculated from Stoke’s equation.
30 n L
P = x 100
980 (Gs – Gm) T
where:
D = maximum particle diameter, mm

n = Coefficient of viscosity of suspending medium, poise
It varies with temperature of medium, See Table
L = Distance from surface of suspension to center of volume of the
hydrometer, cm. For convenience draw a hydrometer calibration curve
to get the value of L for every hydrometer reading. See Figure 5
T = period of sedimentation, minutes
Gm = specific gravity of suspending medium at time of test
Gs = Specific gravity of soil particles
22
23
24
25
AMOUNT OF MATERIALS FINER THAN 0.075 MM SIEVE
(AASHTO T11-05)
(ASTM C117-03)
Significance
Material finer than the 75 um (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger
particles much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than through the use of dry
sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than 75 um in fine or
coarse aggregate are desired, this test method is used on the sample prior to dry sieving
in accordance the AASHTO T 27. The results of this test method are included in the
calculation in AASHTO T 27, and the total amount of material finer than 75 um by
washing, plus that obtained by dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the
efficiency of the washing operation should be checked. It could, also, be an indication of
degradation of the aggregate.
Apparatus
1. Sieve 1.18 mm (No. 16) to 2.36 (No. 8) and 0.075 mm (No. 200)
2. Pan
3. Oven with sufficient size capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110
± 5oC (230 ± 9oF)
4. Balance and weights (sensitive to 0.1 percent and conforms to the
requirements of M231)
Procedure
1. Dry the test sample to constant weight/mass at a temperature of about 110 ± 5oC.
Determine the mass to the nearest 0.1% of the mass of the test sample.
2. Place sample in a container large enough to permit vigorous agitation without spilling
when water is added.
3. Add water and agitate.
4. Put wash water over the nested sieves, 1.18 mm over 0.075 mm sieve, avoiding
decantation of coarse particles. Repeat operation until wash water is clear. Return
all materials retained on the nested sieves to the washed sample.
5. Dry washed sample to constant mass and determine the mass to the nearest 0.1% of
the original mass of the sample.
Calculation
Original dry Dry weight/mass

% Materials passing 0.075 weight/mass - after washing x 100
=
mm sieve by washing Original dry weight/mass
26
DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT
Significance
The liquid limit is defined as the lowest moisture content at which the soil will flow
upon the application of a very small shearing force. The liquid limit gives a certain
measure of the shearing resistance of a soil when mixed with water. It is a measure of
the potential cohesion which in turn depends upon the total size of the contact areas, or
the fineness and shape of the grains. The finer and flatter the grains, the greater will be
the total contact area between the grains, and the higher the amount of water that could
be taken into coat the grains.
Apparatus
1. Evaporating dish
2. Spatula, having a blade about 75 mm length and 20 mm width
3. Liquid limit device
4. Grooving tool
5. Containers
7. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g
Procedure
1. A sample weighing about 100 g shall be taken from thoroughly mixed material
passing the 0.425 mm sieve which has been obtained in accordance with standard
procedures in Preparation of Disturbed Soil Sample for Test. Mix the sample with 15
to 20 ml of distilled water. Mix it thoroughly by alternately stirring and kneeding with
spatula. Further addition of water shall be made by 1 to 3 ml increments.
2. Place a portion of the paste in the brass cup of the liquid limit device, level off the
surface with a spatula to a maximum depth of 10 mm and divide the soil pat into two
segments by means of the standard grooving tool.
3. Mount the bras cup to the carriage such that it can be raised and allowed to drop
sharply on the base through a height of 10 mm by rotating the crank at an
approximate rate of two rotations per second until the closure of the groove about 13
mm from the bottom. The closure should be by flow of the soil and not by slippage
on the cup.
4. Take a slice of approximately the width of the spatula extending from edge to edge of
the soil cake at right angles to the groove. Place the sample in a drying can for
moisture content determination.
5. Repeat steps (2) to (4) with different moisture contents of the soil in the range of 15
to 35 blows. A total of 4 determinations should be made.
6. Plot moisture content against log number of blows and draw the flow curve.
27
Calculation
1. Calculate the percentage moisture to the nearest whole percent.
% Moisture = W1 - W2 x 100
W2
Where:
W1 = weight/mass of wet sample

W2 = Weight/mass of oven-dried sample
2. Plot the percent moisture as ordinate on an arithmetic scale against the number of
blows as abscissa on a logarithmic scale. Draw a straight line connecting these
points. The plot is called the “flow curve”.
3. The liquid limit is expressed as the moisture content corresponding to 25 blows.
28
DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT AND PLASTICITY INDEX
(AASHTO T 90-00)
Significance
The plastic limit is defined as the minimum moisture content at which the soil can
be readily molded without breaking or crumbling. Plasticity index indicates
compressibility; high P.I. means high degree of compressibility of a soil. It is also related
to permeability; the higher the P.I. the lower the permeability; and vice-versa.Plasticity
index is also the range in water content, expressed as a percentage of the mass of the
oven- dried soil, within which the material is in a plastic state.
The limit tests and plasticity index are widely used to control the characteristics of
soil which are to be incorporated in roadways.
Apparatus
1. Evaporating dish
2. Spatula, having a blade about 75 mm length and 20 mm width
3. A ground glass plate or piece of smooth, unglazed paper on which to roll the
sample
4. Containers, resistant tocorrosion, and not subject to change in mass or
disintegration on repeated heating and cooling. Prevents moisture loss.
5. Oven the temperature control, conforms to M231
6. Balance sensitive to 0.1 g
Sample
1. If the plastic limit , from passing the material to 0.425 mm sieve( No. 40) only is
required, mix thoroughly about 20 g of sample obtained in accordance with standard
procedure in accordance with Standard Procedure in Preparation of Disturbed Soil
Sample for Test with distilled water until the mass is plastic enough to be shaped into
a ball. Take a portion of the ball weighing about 8 g for test sample.
2. If both liquid and plastic limit is required, take a specimen sample weighing about 8 g
from the thoroughly mixed portion of the soil prepared in accordance with the
Standard Method of Test for Liquid Limit of Soils.
Procedure
Hand Rolling method
1. Squeeze and form, the 8 g sample into ball.(T89)
2. Roll the ball of soil between the fingers and the glass plate with just sufficient
pressure into thread of uniform diameter throughout its length (ellipsoidal shape).
3. When the diameter of the thread becomes 3.2 mm within two (2) minutes, break the
tread into 6 or 8 pieces.
4. Squeeze the pieces together between the thumbs and fingers into a uniform mass
and reroll. Continue the alternate rolling to a thread of 3.2 mm until the tread
crumbles and the soil can no longer be rolled into a thread.
29
5. Take some of the crumbled soil and place in a drying can. Weigh the container and
thread and record the mass. Oven dry the soil to constant mass at 110o ± 5 at
constant weight. Record the loss in mass as the mass of water.
Calculation
1. The plastic limit is expressed as the moisture content in percentage of the oven-dried
weight/mass of the crumbled soils thread.
Plastic Limit = Wa - Wb x 100

Wb
Where:
Wa = weight of crumbled soil tread

Wb = Weight of oven-dried crumbled soil thread
2. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit.
Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit – Plastic Limit
30
DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE LIMIT OF SOIL
(AASHTO T 92-97)
Significance
The shrinkage limit is between the semi-solid and solid states and is defined as
the highest moisture content of which the mass attains its minimum volume but
continues to lose weight/mass. That means that it is the maximum calculated water
content at which a reduction in water content will not cause a decrease in the volume of
the soil mass.These are used as important criteria in highway classification systems and
in semi-empirical methods of design in highway and airport construction. They are also
widely used in highway and airport specifications to control the quality of fill, base
course, and granular surface course materials.
Apparatus
1. Shrinkage mold(Milk Dish) – 45 mm diameter and 12.7 mm deep

2. Glass cup, about 50 mm diameter by 25 mm high
3. Mercury supply
4. Medicine dropper
5. Evaporating dish, about 115 mm diameter
6. Glass plate
7. Spatula, with a flexible blade about 76 mm long and about 20 mm wide
8. Oven with temperature control 110± 5oC
9. Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g, conforms to M231
10. Glass Graduate, Capacity of 25 ml and graduated to 0.2ml.
Procedure
1. Grease the inside of the shrinkage mold with a thin film of petroleum jelly. Weigh
mold and record.
2. Place about 30 g of sample obtained in accordance with standard procedures in

Preparation of Disturbed Soil Samples for test in an evaporating dish and mix
thoroughly with sufficient water to completely fill the voids to a consistency to as
much as ten percent in excess of the liquid.
3. Place a portion of the wet soil in the mold (about 1/3 the volume of mold) and tap
the bottom on a firm surface. Add approximately the same amount of soil and tap
bottom of mold until thoroughly compacted and entrapped air is driven off. Add more
soil and continue tapping until the mold is overflowing. Strike off the excess sample
with a straightedge, and weight immediately. Record as the weight/mass of mold
and wet soil.
4. Air-dry the soil until its color turns from dark to light; then oven-dry to constant
weight/mass at 110± 5oC. Record as the weight/mass of the dish and dry soil.
5. Determine the volume of the wet soil by filling the mold with mercury to overflowing.
Remove the excess by pressing a glass plate firmly over the top. Measure in a
graduated cylinder the volume of mercury filling the mold. This is also the volume
wet soil pat.
31
6. Determine the volume of the dry soil par by the following procedure:
a. Remove the dry soil part from the mold.

b. Fill the glass cup to overflowing with mercury and remove excess by pressing the
glass plate with prongs firmly over the top of the cup.
c. Place the cup with mercury in the evaporating dish and place the soil pat on the
surface of the mercury.
d. Carefully force the soil pat under the mercury with the prolonged glass plate and
press firmly over the top of the cup.
e. Measure in a graduated cylinder the volume of displaced mercury. This is also the
volume of the dry soil pat.
Calculation
S.L = w - V - Vo x 100
Wo
Where:
S.L. = shrinkage limit

w = Moisture content
wt./mass wet soil - wt./mass dry soil

= x 100
wt./mass dry soil
V = volume of wet soil pat

Vo = volume of oven-dried soil pat
Wo = wt./mass of oven-dried soil pat
32
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL
(AASHTO T100-06)
(ASTM D854-00)
Significance
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight/mass in air of a given volume
of a material to the weight/mass in air of an equal volume of water at a stated
temperature. It is used in connection with gravimetric-volumetric relationship in soils and
various laboratory tests.
Scope
This method covers determination of the specific gravity of soils by means of a

pycnometer. When the soil is composed of particle larger than the 4.75 mm, the method
for Test for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate shall be followed. When
the soil is composed of particles both larger and smaller than 4.75 mm, the sample shall
be separated on the 4.75 mm sieve and the appropriate test method used on each
portion. The specific gravity value for soil shall be the weighted average of the two
values such as:
Gavg = 1
R1 + P1
100 G1 100 G2
Gavg = Weighted average specific gravity of soils composed of particles

large and smaller than 4.75 mm
R1 = percent of soil particles retained on 4.74 mm sieve
P1 = Percent of soil particles passing the 4,75 mm sieve
G1 = Specific gravity of soil particles retained on. 4.75 mm sieve
G2 = Specific gravity of soil particles passing 4.75 mm sieve
Apparatus
1. Pycnometer – either a volumetric flask with a capacity of at least 100 ml or

stoppered bottle having a capacity of at least 50 ml.
2. Balance – either sensitive to 0.01 g for use in volumetric flask, or a balance

sensitive to 0.001 f for use with the stoppered bottle.
3. Thermometer – covering the range of 0-50oC, readable or accurate to 1oC
5. Dessicator
Calibration of Pycnometer
33
1. The pycnometer shall be cleaned, dried, weighed and the mass recorded.
2. Fill the pcynometer with distilled water at room temperature.
3. The mass of pcynometer and water Wa shall be determined and recorded. A

thermometer shall be inserted in the water and its temperature T1 determined to the
nearest whole degree.
4. From the mass Wa determined at the observed temperature T1, a table of values of
mass Wa shall be prepared for a series of temperatures that are likely to prevail when
masses Wbare determined later.
Sample
1. The soil to be used in specific gravity test may contain its natural moisture or to be
oven dried. The mass of the test sample on an oven dry basis shall be at least 25 g
when the volumetric flask is to be used and at least 10 g when stopper bottle is to be
used.
2. When the sample contain its natural moisture, the mass of the soil (Ws) on an oven-
dry basis shall be determined at the end of the test by evaporating the water in an
oven maintained at 110±5oC.
3. When an oven-dried sample is to be used, the sample shall be dried for at least 12
hrs. or to constant mass, in an oven maintained at 110±5oC, cooled to room
temperature, then weighed and transferred to pcynometer then weighed. Distilled
water shall be added into pycnometer in an amount that will provide complete sample
coverage. Sample shall be soaked for at least 12 hrs.
Procedure
1. The sample as prepared shall have distilled water added to fill the volumetric flask
about three fourth full or the stopped bottled about half full.
2. Remove entrapped air by boiling slowly for 10 mins. Roll occasionally the pycnometer
to assist in the removal of air.
3. Cool the sample to room temperature.
4. Fill the pycnometer with distilled water to the calibrated capacity.
5. Clean and dry the outside of the pcynometer with dry cloth.
6. Weigh the pycnometer with water and soil (Wb) and record the temperature Tx.
Calculation
WsGTx
Gs =
Ws+ (Wa – Wb)
Gs = specific gravity of soil
34
Ws = mass of sample of oven-dried soil in grams
Wa = mass of pcynometer filled with water at temperature T1 grams (from Table

Calibration Curve)
Wb = mass of pcynometer filled with water and soil at temperature Tx in grams
Tx = temperature of the contents of the pcynometer when mass Wb was taken

(Temperature after boiling at room temperature in oC)
GTx = density of distilled water at Tx
Table – Specific Gravity of Distilled Water
Temperature, oC Temperature, oC
20 0.9982 30 0.9957
21 0.9980 31 0.9954
22 0.9978 32 0.9951
23 0.9976 33 0.9947
24 0.9973 34 0.9944
25 0.9971 35 0.9941
26 0.9968 36 0.9937
27 0.9965 37 0.9934
28 0.9963 38 0.9930
29 0.9960 39 0.9926
40 0.9922
35
COMPACTION TEST/MOISTURE DENSITY RELATION TEST OF SOIL
Significance
Compaction of soil mass involves the application of energy and addition of water
as lubricant. It results in reduction of pore spaces and increase of density by
rearrangement of particle grains. Thus, the mass becomes more stable and
impermeable, which are desirable characteristic of foundations.
The compaction of soil fills in various engineering operations is of most

significance. A properly compacted fill will not settle very much even after the loads are
imposed. Therefore, the detrimental effects of settlement on the structures built on a
stable fill are both safe and economical. Compaction also makes the fill impervious; thus,
it reduces the detrimental effects of infiltrating surface water.
Apparatus
1. Molds - The molds shall be solid-wall, metal cylinders manufactured with dimensions
& capabilities. It shall have be so constructed so that is can be fastened firmly to a
detachable base plate.
A 4 in. mold having a capacity of 1/30 (0.0333) ± 0.0003 cu. ft. (0.000943 ±
0.000008 m3) with an internal diameter of 4.000 ± 0.016 in. (101.6 ± 0.406 mm) and
a height of 4.584 ± 0.005 in. (116.43 ± 0.005 in. (116.43 ± 0.13 mm)
A 6 in. mold having a capacity of 1/13.33 (0.7500) ± 0.00075 cu.ft. (0.002124 ±

0.000021 m3 ) with an internal diameter of 6.000 ± 0.026 in. (152.4 ± 0.6604 mm)
and a height of 4.584 in. ± 0.005 in.
Using T-99 a 5.5 lb (2.5 kkg) Rammer and a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop
These methods of test are intended for determining the moisture density relation
of soil using a 5.5 lb (2.5 kg). Rammer and a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop
Four (4) Alternate Procedures are provided as follows:
Size of Mold Vol. of Mold No. of Size of

Method Blow/Layer
(Inches) (m3) Layers Materials
A 4 0.000943 3 25 Passing No. 4
B 6 0.002125 3 56 Passing No. 4
C 4 0.000943 3 25 Passing ¾
D 6 0.002125 3 56 Passing ¾
Vol. of Mold
Method Size of Mold No. of Layers
(m3)
A 4” 0.000943 3
B 6” 0.002125 3
C 4” 0.000943 3
D 6” 0.002125 3
36
2. Rammer
2.1 Manually Operated - metal rammer having a flat circular face of 2.00 ± 0.005 in.
(50.8 ± 0.127 mm) diameter, a wear tolerance of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and
weighing 5.50 ± 0.02 lb. (2.495 ± 0.009 kg). The rammer shall be equipped
with a suitable guide- sleeve to control the height of drop to free fall of 12.00 ±
0.06 (or 1/16) in. (304.8 ± 1.524 mm) above the elevation of the soil. The
guide- sleeve shall have at least 43 vent holes, no smaller thane 3/8 in. (9.5 mm)
diameter spaced approximately 90 deg. (1.57 rad.) apart and approximately ¾
in. (19.0 mm) from each end; and shall provide sufficient clearance so the free
fall of the rammer shaft and head is unrestricted.
2.2 Mechanically Operated – a metal rammer which is equipped with a device to

control the height of drop to a free fall of 12.00 ± 0.06 (or 1/16) in. (304.8 ±
1.524 mm) above the elevation of the soil and uniformly distributes such drops
to the soil surface. The rammer shall have a flat circular face 2.00 ± 0.005 in.
(50.8 ± 0.127 mm) diameter, a wear tolerance of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and a
manufactured mass of 5.50 ± 0.02 lb. (2.495 ± 0.009 kg.)
3. Sample Extruder – a jack, lever, frame or other device adopted for the purpose of
extruding compacted specimens for mold.
4. Balances and Scales – a balance or scale conforming to the requirements of AASHTO

M 231 Class G 20. Also, a balance conforming to the requirements of AASHTO N.
231, Class G 2.
5. Drying Oven – a thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a

temperature of 110 ± 5oC (230 ± 9oF) for drying moisture samples.
6. Straightedge – a hardened-steel straightedge at least 10 in. (254 mm) in length. It

shall have one beveled edge, and at least one longitudinal surface (used for final
trimming) shall be plane within 0.01 in. per 10 on. (0.1 percent) of length within the
portion used for trimming the soil.
7. Sieves – 50, 19.0 and 4.57 mm sieves.
8. Mixing Tools – miscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, spoon trowel, spatula, etc. or
a suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with increments
of water.
9. Containers – containers for moisture content samples, made of metal or other

suitable material, with close-fitting lids to prevent loss of moisture prior to or during
weighing.
Method C
Sample:
1. If the soil sample is damp when received from the field, dry it until becomes
friable under a trowel. Drying maybe in air or by using drying apparatus such
that the temperature foes not exceed 60oC. Then thoroughly break up the
37
aggregates in such a manner as to avoid reducing the natural size of individual
particles.
2. Sieve an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over the 19.0 mm
sieve. Discard the coarse material, if any, retained on the 19.0 mm sieve (Note
1).
Note 1: If it is advisable to maintain the same percentage of coarse material (passing

a 50 mm sieve and retained on a 4.75 mm sieve) in the moisture-density sample
as in the original field sample, the material retained on the 19.0 mm sieve shall be
replaced as follows: Sieve an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized
soil over the 50 mm and 19.0 mm sieve. Weigh the material passing the 50 mm
sieve and retained on the 19.0 mm and replace it with as equal mass of material
passing the 19.0 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 mm sieve. Take the material
for replacement from the remaining portion of the sample.
3. Select a representative sample, having a mass of approximately 5 kg or more, of
the soil prepared as described on Sample 1 and 2/
Procedure
1. Thoroughly mix the selected sample with sufficient water to dampen it to

approximately 4 percentage points below optimum moisture content.
2. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 4 in. (102 mm) mold (with
collar attached) in three approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth
of about 5 in. (127 mm). Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from
the rammer dropping free from a height of 12 in. (305 mm) above the elevation of
the soil when a stationary mounted type hammer is used. During compaction, the
mold shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform,. Rigid and stable foundation.
2.1 Following compaction, remove the extension collar, carefully trim the compacted
soil even with the top of the mold by means of the straightedge. Holes developed
in the surface by removal of coarse material. Weight the mold and moist soil in
pounds or in kilograms and divide the mass of the compacted specimen, mold
minus the mass of the mold by 0.000943 and record the results as were density
W1 in kg/m3.
3. Remove the material form the mold and slice vertically through the center. Take a
representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces, weight immediately,
and dry in an oven at 110 ± 5oC for at least 12 h, or to constant mass, to determine
the moisture content. The moisture content sample shall weight not less than 500 g.
4. Thoroughly break up the remainder of the material until it will pass a 19.0 mm sieve
and add to the remaining portion of the sample being tested. Add water in sufficient
amounts to increase content of the soil sample by one or two percentage points, and
repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added. Continue this series
of determinations until there is either a decrease or no change in the wet mass, W1
per cubic foot or cubic meter of compacted soil.
Calculation
Compute the moisture content and dry unit mass of the soil as compacted for
each trial:
38
A–B
w = x 100
B-C
And
W1
W = x 100
w + 100
Where:
w = percentage of moisture in the specimen, based on oven dry mass of the soil
A = mass of container and wet soil
B = mass of container and dry soil
C = mass of container
W = dry mass of compacted soil
W1 = wet mass of compacted soil
Determine the moisture content and corresponding dry density of the compacted
soil for each determination and plot as ordinate the dry density and as abscissa the
corresponding moisture contents. Connect the blotted points with a smooth line.
Generally, the curve is parabolic in form.
The moisture content corresponding to the vertex of the curve is the optimum
moisture content and the dry density of optimum moisture content is the maximum dry
density of the soil.
Using T-180 a 10.0lb (4.54 kg) Rammer and a 18-in. (457 mm) Drop
These methods of test is intended for determining the relationship between the
moisture content and density of soils when compacted in a given mold with a 20 lb.
(4.54 kg) rammer dropped from a height of 18 in. (45 mm).
Four (4) Alternate Procedures are provided as follows:
Size of Mold Vol. of Mold No. of Size of

Method Blow/Layer
(Inches) (m3) Layers Materials
A 4 0.000943 5 25 Passing No. 4
B 6 0.002125 5 56 Passing No. 4
C 4 0.000943 5 25 Passing ¾
D 6 0.002125 5 56 Passing ¾
Apparatus
1. Molds - The molds shall be solid-wall, metal cylinders manufactured with dimensions
& capabilities. It shall have be so constructed so that is can be fastened firmly to a
detachable base plate.
A 4 in. mold having a capacity of 1/30 (0.0333) ± 0.0003 cu. ft. (0.000943 ±
0.000008 m3) with an internal diameter of 4.000 ± 0.016 in. (101.6 ± 0.406 mm) and
a height of 4.584 ± 0.005 in. (116.43 ± 0.005 in. (116.43 ± 0.13 mm)
39
A 6 in. mold having a capacity of 1/13.33 (0.7500) ± 0.00075 cu.ft. (0.002124 ±
0.000021 m3 ) with an internal diameter of 6.000 ± 0.026 in. (152.4 ± 0.6604 mm)
and a height of 4.584 in. ± 0.005 in.
2. Rammer
2.1 Manually Operated - metal rammer having a flat circular face of 2.00 ± 0.005 in.
(50.8 ± 0.127 mm) diameter, a wear tolerance of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and
weighing 10m± 0.02 lb. (4.536 ± 0.009 kg). The rammer shall be equipped with
a suitable guide- sleeve to control the height of drop to free fall of 18.00 ± 0.06
(or 1/16) in. (457 ± 2 mm) above the elevation of the soil. The guide- sleeve
shall have at least 43 vent holes, no smaller thane 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) diameter
spaced approximately 90 deg. (1.57 rad.) apart and approximately ¾ in. (19.0
mm) from each end; and shall provide sufficient clearance so the free fall of the
rammer shaft and head is unrestricted.
2.2 Mechanically Operated – a metal rammer which is equipped with a device to

control the height of drop to a free fall of 18.00 ± 0.06 (or 1/16) in. (457 ± 2
mm) above the elevation of the soil and uniformly distributes such drops to the
soil surface. The rammer shall have a flat circular face 2.00 ± 0.005 in. (50.8 ±
0.127 mm) diameter, a wear tolerance of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and a
manufactured mass of 5.50 ± 0.02 lb. (2.495 ± 0.009 kg.)
3. Sample Extruder – a jack, lever, frame or other device adopted for the purpose of
extruding compacted specimens for mold.
4. Balances and Scales – a balance or scale conforming to the requirements of AASHTO

M 231 Class G 20. Also, a balance conforming to the requirements of AASHTO N.
231, Class G 2.
5. Drying Oven – a thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a

6. Straightedge – a hardened-steel straightedge at least 10 in. (254 mm) in length. It

shall have one beveled edge, and at least one longitudinal surface (used for final
trimming) shall be plane within 0.01 in. per 10 on. (0.1 percent) of length within the
portion used for trimming the soil.
7. Sieves – 50, 19.0 and 4.57 mm sieves.
8. Mixing Tools – miscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, spoon trowel, spatula, etc. or
a suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with increments
of water.
9. Containers – containers for moisture content samples, made of metal or other

suitable material, with close-fitting lids to prevent loss of moisture prior to or during
weighing.
Sample:
1. If the soil sample is damp when received from the field, dry it until becomes
friable under a trowel. Drying maybe in air or by using drying apparatus such
that the temperature foes not exceed 60oC. Then, thoroughly break up the
40
aggregates in such a manner as to avoid reducing the natural size of individual
particles.
2. Sieve an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over the 19.0 mm
sieve. Discard the coarse material, if any, retained on the 19.0 mm sieve (Note
1).
Note 2: If it is advisable to maintain the same percentage of coarse material (passing

a 50 mm sieve and retained on a 4.75 mm sieve) in the moisture-density sample
as in the original field sample, the material retained on the 19.0 mm sieve shall be
replaced as follows: Sieve an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized
soil over the 50 mm and 19.0 mm sieve. Weigh the material passing the 50 mm
sieve and retained on the 19.0 mm and replace it with as equal mass of material
passing the 19.0 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 mm sieve. Take the material
for replacement from the remaining portion of the sample.
3. Select a representative sample, having a mass of approximately 5 kg or more, of

the soil prepared as described on Sample 1 and 2/
Procedure
1. Thoroughly mix the selected sample with sufficient water to dampen it to

approximately 4 percentage points below optimum moisture content.
2. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 4 in. (102 mm) mold (with
collar attached) in three approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth
of about 5 in. (127 mm). Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from
the rammer dropping free from a height of 12 in. (305 mm) above the elevation of
the soil when a stationary mounted type hammer is used. During compaction, the
mold shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform, rigid and stable foundation.
2.1 Following compaction, remove the extension collar, carefully trim the compacted
soil even with the top of the mold by means of the straightedge. Holes developed
in the surface by removal of coarse material. Weight the mold and moist soil in
pounds or in kilograms and divide the mass of the compacted specimen, mold
minus the mass of the mold by 0.000943 and record the results as were density
W1 in kg/m3.
3. Remove the material form the mold and slice vertically through the center. Take a
representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces, weight immediately,
and dry in an oven at 110 ± 5oC for at least 12 h, or to constant mass, to determine
the moisture content. The moisture content sample shall weight not less than 500 g.
4. Thoroughly break up the remainder of the material until it will pass a 19.0 mm sieve
and add to the remaining portion of the sample being tested. Add water in sufficient
amounts to increase content of the soil sample by one or two percentage points, and
repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added. Continue this series
of determinations until there is either a decrease or no change in the wet mass, W1
per cubic foot or cubic meter of compacted soil.
Calculation
Compute the moisture content and dry unit mass of the soil as compacted for
each trial:
41
A–B
w = x 100
B-C
And
W1
W = x 100
w + 100
Where:
w = percentage of moisture in the specimen, based on oven dry mass of

the soil
A = mass of container and wet soil
B = mass of container and dry soil
C = mass of container
W = dry density of compacted soil in lb/ft3 or kg/m3
W1 = wet density of compacted soil in lb/ft3 or kg/m3
The moisture content corresponding dry density of the compacted soil for each
determination should be calculated. Plot the dry density as ordinate and the
corresponding moisture content as abscissa. Connect the plotted points with a smooth
line. Generally, the curve is parabolic in form.
42
43
44
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOIL IN-PLACE BY THE SAND-CONE
METHOD
(AASHTO T 191-02)
Significance
Density of soil is defined as the weight/mass per unit volume. It is a very

significant engineering property of soils as strength is dependent upon density.
The field density test is widely used as a control test in embankment construction
to ensure adequate compaction. Highway specifications usually require that embankment
should be compacted to not less than 95% of a maximum density. Another application of
the test in highway work is in connection with the determination of “pay quantity” of
borrow materials, when the borrow pit is not amenable to direct volumetric
measurements.
Apparatus
1. Density Apparatus – shall consist of 4 liters capacity (1 gal.) jar and a detachable
cone consisting of a cylindrical valve with an orifice 12.7 mm (1/2 inch in
diameter. The valve shall have stops to prevent rotating the valve past the
completely open or completely closed positions. A guide or base plate shall be
provided for more constant base for tests of soft soils.
2. Sand – any clean, dry free-flowing, un-cemented sand having few, if any, particles
passing the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieves and retained 0.075 mm (No. 200).
3. Balances – 10 kg capacity accurate to 1.0 g and balance of 500 g capacity

accurate to 0.1 g.
5. Digging tools, such as earth auger, crowbar or chisel
6. Soil pans, MC cans, plastic bags, labeling materials
Procedure
A. Determination of Volume of Density Jar
1. Weigh the assembled apparatus and record.
2. Place the apparatus upright and open the valve.
3. Fill the apparatus with water until it appears over the valve.
4. Close the valve and remove the excess water.
5. Weigh the apparatus and water.
6. Repeat the procedure described in steps (1) to (5) at least twice.
45
B. Determination of bulk density of the sand to be used in the field
1. Place the empty apparatus upright on a firm level surface, close the valve and fill
the funnel with sand.
2. Open the valve, keeping funnel at least half full of sand, fill the apparatus.
3. Close the valve sharply and empty excess sand.
4. Weigh the apparatus with sand.
C. Determination of mass of sand required to fill the funnel
1. Put sand in the apparatus and secure mass of the apparatus and sand.
2. Seat the inverted apparatus on a clean, level, plane surface.
3. Open the valve and keep open until after the sand stops running.
4. Close the valve sharply, weigh the apparatus with remaining sand and determine
the loss of sand. This loss represents the mass of sand required to fill the funnel.
D. Determination of the soil density in place
1. Smooth off a representative spot of sufficient size and lay flat the guide plate on
the surface of the soil layer to be tested.
2. Dig the test hole inside the center hole in the base plate with an auger, knife or
any digging tool to the full depth of the layer under test. Trim the hole carefully
to make the sides more or less vertical and bottom, level.
3. Place all the loosened soil in a container being careful to avoid losing any
material. Protect the material from any loss of moisture. Weigh the material.
4. Weigh the density apparatus and sand.
5. Position the density apparatus to the inverted position leveled to the guide plate
above the test hole. Open the valve to release the calibrated sand. Take care to
avoid jarring or vibrating the apparatus on the ground during this step. Close the
valve after the sand has stopped and determine the mass of sand used in the
test.
6. Mix the materials thoroughly and obtain a representative sample for moisture
content determination or use the entire sample. Dry and weigh the moisture
sample.
7. Remove the sand from the test hole, clean for future use.
46
The minimum test hole volumes suggested in determining the in- place density of soil
mixtures are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Minimum Test Hole Volumes and minimum Moisture Content

Samples Based on Maximum Size of Particles
Maximum Particle Minimum Test Hole, Minimum Test Hole, Minimum Moisture
Size Vol.(cm3) Vol.(ft3) Content, Sample, g
4.75 710 0.025 100
12.5 1415 0.050 250
25 2120 0.075 500
50 2830 0.100 100
47
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST
(AASHTO T 193-99)
Significance
This method covers the determination of the bearing ratio of soil when compacted
and tested in the laboratory by comparing the penetration load of the soil to that of a
standard material. Basically the test involves measuring the resistance of soil to
penetration by a standard cylindrical piston, expressed as a percentage fraction of a
standard resistance which was originally measured in tests on a good quality crushed
rock. Thus, to say that a soil or aggregate has a CBR value of 20 means that in the
condition tested, the resistance to penetration of the standard piston was 20% of the
standard resistance of a compacted crushed stone (1360.8 kg load at a penetration of
2.54).
Apparatus
1. Molds – the mold shall be cylindrical in shape, made of metal, with an internal
diameter of 152.4 ± 0.66 mm and a height of 177.8 ± 0.46 mm provided with an
extension collar approximately 51 mm in height and a perforated base plate that can
be fitted to either end of the mold.
2. Spacer disk – a circular spacer disk made of metal, 150.8 ± 0.8 mm in diameter and
61.4 ± 0.1 mm in height.
3. Rammer – a rammer weighing 2.49 kg and having a 50.8 mm diameter circular

striking face, ort sector face of the same area. It is equipped to control the height of
drop to a free fall of 305 mm above the top elevation of the soil.
4. Expansion – measuring apparatus – this consists of a swell plate with adjustable stem
and tripod support for a dial indicator. The swell plate is made of metal, 149.2±1.6
mm diameter and is perforated with 1.6 mm diameter holes. The tripod used to
support the dial indicator is arranged to fit the mold extension collar.
5. Indicators – two dial indicators; each indicator shall have a 25 mm throw and read to
0.02 mm.
6. Surcharge Weights – one annular metal weight and several slotted metal weights
weighing 2.27 ±0.04 kg each, 149.2 mm diameter with a center hole 54.0 mm in
diameter.
7. Penetration piston – a metal piston of circular cross section having a diameter of

49.63 ± mm (area = 1935 mm2) and not less than 102 mm long.
8. Loading device – a compression-type apparatus – capable of applying a uniformly

increasing load up to 44.5 N at a rate of 1.3 mm per min., used to force the
penetration piston into the specimen.
9. Soaking tank – a soaking tank suitable for maintaining the water level 25.0 mm above
the top of specimens.
10. Drying oven – a thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a

48
11. Miscellaneous tools such as mixing pans, spoons, straightedge, filter paper, balances,
etc.
Sample
Prepare a sample in accordance with AASHTO T 99 (Method C) except that it shall

weigh 35 kg or more. Material passing the 50.0 mm sieve and retained on the 19.0 mm
sieve and retained on the 4.75 (No. 4) mm sieve. Select a representative portions
weighing approximately 11 kg for a moisture-density test and dive the remainder of the
sample to obtain 3 representative portions weighing approximately 6.8 kg each.
Moisture-Density Relation
Using the 11 kg portion, determine the optimum moisture content, and maximum
dry density in accordance with the method described in Compaction Test/Moisture
Density Relations Test of Soil.
Procedure
1. Normally, e specimens must be compacted so that their compacted densities range

from 95 percent (or lower) to 100 percent (or higher) of the maximum dry density.
Note 1 - Generally about 10, 30 and 65 blows per layer are suitable for compacting
specimens 1, 2, and 3, respectively. More than 56 blows per layer are generally
required to mold a CBR specimen to 100 percent of the maximum dry density
determined by AASHTO T 99 (Method D); this is due to the sample for the moisture-
density test being reused, while the sample for the CBR specimen is mixed and
compacted only one.
Note 2 – Some laboratories may prefer to test only one specimen, which would be
compacted to maximum dry density at optimum moisture content as determined in
the Moisture-Density Relations of Soil.
2. Clamp the mold to the base plate, attach, the extension collar and weigh to the
nearest 5 g. Insert the spacer disk into the mold and place a coarse filter paper on
the top of the disk.
3. Mix each of the three 6.8 kg portions prepared in section Sample with sufficient
water to obtain the optimum moisture content determined in section Moisture-
Density Relation.
4. Compact one of the portions of soil-water mixture into the mold in 3 equal layer to
give a total length of about 127 mm compacting each layer with the lower selected
number of blows in order to give a compacted density of 95 percent or less of the
maximum density.
5. Determine the moisture content of the material being compacted at the beginning
and end of the compaction procedures (2 samples). Each moisture sample shall
weigh at least 100 g for fine grained soils and 500 g for coarse-grained soils.
6. Remove the extension collar, and using a straightedge, trim the compacted soil even
the top of the mold. Surface irregularities should be patched with small sized
material. Remove the spacer disk, place a coarse filter paper on the perforated base
49
plate, invert the mold with compacted soil is in contact with the filter paper. Clamp
the perforated base plate to the mold and attach the collar. Weigh the mold and
specimen to the nearest 5 g.
7. Compact the other two 6.8 kg portions in accordance with step 4 through step 6,
except that an intermediate number of blows per layer should be used to compact the
second specimen and the highest number of blows per layer shall be used to compact
the third specimen.
Soaking
1. Place the swell plate with adjustable stem on the soil sample in the mold and apply
sufficient annual weights to produce an intensity of loading equal t the mass of the
subbase and base courses and surfacing above the tested material 2.26 kg but in no
case shall the mass be less than 4.54 kg.
2. Place the tripod with dial indictor on top of the mold and make an initial dial reading.
3. Immerse the mold in water to allow free access of water at the top and at the bottom
of the specimen. During soaking, maintain the water level in the mold and the
soaking tank approximately 25.4 mm above the top of the specimen. Soak the
specimen 96 h (4 days).
Note 3 - A shorter immersion period (not less than 24 h) may be used for soil-aggregate
materials that drain readily if tests show that the shorter period does not affect the
test results. For some clay soils, a soaking period greater than 4 days may be
required.
4. At the end of 96 h, make a final dial reading on the soaked specimens and calculate
the swell as a percentage of the initial sample depth :
Change in length in in. during soaking

Percent Swell = x 100
4.584 in.
5. Remove the specimens from the soaking tank, pour the water off the top, and allow
to drain downward for 15 min. Care shall be taken not to disturb the surface of the
specimens during removal of the water. After draining, remove the surcharge
weights and perforated plates.
Note 4 – The specimens may be weighed after draining when it is desired to determine
the average wet density of the soaked and drained material.
Penetration Test
1. Application of surcharge – place a surcharge of annular and slotted weights on the

specimens equal to that used during soaking. To prevent displacement of soft
materials into the hole of the surcharge weights, seat the penetration piston after one
surcharge weight has been placed on the specimen. After seating the penetration
piston, the remainder of the surcharge weights shall then be placed around the
piston.
2. Seating piston – seat the penetration piston with a 4.54 kg load, then set both the
penetration dial indicator and the load indicator to zero.
50
3. Application of - apply the loads to the penetration piston so the rate of penetration
is 0.64, 1.27, 1.91, 2.54, 5.08, and 7.62 mm. Load readings at penetrations of 10.16
and 12.70 mm may be obtained if desired.
Note 5 – The moisture content of the upper 25 mm may be determined after testing if
desired. Moisture samples shall weigh at least 100 g for fine-grained soils and 500 g
granular soils.
Calculation
1. Stress-Strain Curve – Plot the stress – strain (resistance to penetration – depth of

penetration) curve for each specimen as shown in Fig. II. In some instances, the
initial penetration take place without a proportional increase in the resistance to
penetration and the curve may be concave upward. To obtain the true stress – strain
relationships, correct the curve having concave upward shape near the origin by
adjusting the location of the origin by extending the straight line portion of the stress-
strain curve downward until it intersects the abscissa.
2. California bearing ratio – the corrected load values shall be determined for each
specimen at 2.54 mm and 5.08 mm penetration. California bearing ratio values are
obtained in percent by dividing the corrected load values at 2.54 and 5.08 mm by the
standard loads of 6.9 and 10.3 MPa respectively, and multiplying these ratios by 100.
Corrected load value

CBR = x 100
Standard load
2a. The CBR is generally selected at 2.54 mm, penetration. If the ratio at 5.08 mm
penetration is greater, the test shall be rerun. If the check test give a similar
result, the ratio at 5.08 mm penetration shall be used.
3. Using the data obtained from the 3 specimens, plot the CBR-Dry Density as Molded
relation as shown in Fig. 12. The design CBR may then be determined at the desired
percentage of the maximum dry density, normally the minimum percentage
compaction permitted by the agency’s compaction specifications.
51
52
53
UNIT WEIGHT/MASS DETERMINATION IN AGGREGATES
(AASHTO T19M/T19-09)
ASTM C29/C29M-07)
Significance
This test method is often used to determine bulk density values that are
necessary for use for many methods of selecting proportion.
Values of unit weight/mass are used in volumetric-gravimetric calculations. In

volumetric batching of concrete aggregates, the unit weight/mass should be known to
convert weight/mass into loose volume.
Apparatus
1. Tamping rod, steel, 16.0 mm dia., 600.0 mm long.

2. Balance and weights.
3. Cylindrical metals, preferably provided with handles and sufficiently rigid to retain
its form under rough usage. The capacity of the measure shall conform to the
limits shown in Table I.
Procedure/Calculation
The volumetric measure shall be calibrated by determining the weight/mass of

water required to fill it. Volume of container equals weight/mass of water divided by the
unit weight/mass of water at the temperature of calibration.
Sample
The size of sample shall be approximately 125 to 200% of the weight required to
fill the measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the sample
of aggregate to essentially constant weight, preferably in an oven at constant weight,
preferably in an oven at (110 ± 5oC).
Procedure
Rodded Unit Weight Determination
1. Fill one-third of the measure, level, and tamp 25 times evenly distributed over the
surface.
2. Fill two-thirds of the measure, then to over-flowing. Each time the same procedure
as in Step (1) is repeated. In tamping the 1st layer, do not allow the rod to strike the
bottom of the measure forcibly. In tamping the 2nd and 3rd layers, use only enough
force to cause the tamping rod to penetrate the previous layer of aggregate.
3. Strike-off the excess aggregate with the tamping rod.
4. Get net weight/mass of aggregate in measure. Compute unit weight/mass by

dividing the net weight/mass by the volume of measure.
54
Loose Unit Weight Determination (Shoveling Procedure)
1. Fill volumetric measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop. Discharge the

aggregate from height of about 50.0 mm from top of measure. Exercises care to
prevent segregation of particles sizes.
2. Level carefully surface of aggregate with a straightedge.
3. Get net weight/mass of aggregate and compute unit weight/mass by dividing net
weight/mass by volume of measure.
Table I Capacity of Measures
Nominal Max. Size of Aggregate Capacity of Measure

in. mm ft3 m3
½ 12.5 1/10 0.0028
1 25.0 1/3 0.0093
1 1/2 37.5 ½ 0.014
3 75 1 0.028
4 100 1 0.028
5 125 3½ 0.100
55
DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN SANDS FOR CONCRETE
(AASHTO T 21-05)
(ASTM C 40-04)
Significance
The test determine the presence of injurious organic compounds in natural sands
which are to be used in cement mortar or concrete. The purpose of the test is to furnish
a warning that further tests of the sand are necessary before they are approved for use.
It is a preliminary determination of the acceptability of fine aggregates with

respect to the requirements of M6
Apparatus
Glass bottles – approximately 240 – 470 ml graduate clear glass prescription

bottle with rubber, cork or other watertight stoppers, not soluble in the specified
reagents.
Glass Color Standards-ASTM D 1544
Sample
Obtain a sample of sand weighing about 450 g in accordance with standard

procedure in Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size.
Reagents and Reference Standard Color Solution
1. Sodium hydroxide solution (3 percent) – dissolve 3 parts by weight of sodium

hydroxide (NaOH) in 97 parts of water.
2. Reference color standard solution – dissolve reagent grade potassium dichromate

(K2Cr2O7) in concentrated sulfuric acid (specific gravity 1.84) at the rate of 0.250 g
per 100 ml of acid. The solution must be freshly made for the color comparison using
gentle heat if necessary to effect solution.
Procedure
1. Fill a glass bottle to the approximately 130 ml level with the sample of the sand to be
tested.
2. Add a 3percent NaOH solution in water until the volume of the sand and liquid,
indicated after shaking, is approximately 200 ml.
3. Stopper the bottle, shake vigorously, and then allow to stand for 24 hours.
Determination of Color Value
Preferred Procedure – at end of the 24 h standing period, fill a glass bottle to the
75 ml level the fresh reference standard color solution, prepared not longer than 2 h
previously, as prescribed in reference color standard solution. Then compare the color
of the supernatant liquid above the test sample with that of the reference standard color
solution and record whether it is lighter or darker or of equal color solution and record
whether it is lighter or darker or of equal color to that of the reference standard. Make
the color comparison by holding the two bottles close together and looking through them.
56
Glass Color Standards Procedure-ASTM D 1544
Gardener Color Standard No. Organic Plate No.

5 1
8 2
11 3(standard)
14 4
16 5
Interpretation of Results
If the color of the supernatant liquid is darker than that of the reference standard
color solution, the sand under test shall be considered to possibly contain injurious
organic compounds, it is advisable to perform the effect of organic impurities on the
strength of mortar.
57
EFFECT OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN FINE AGGREGATE ON STRENGTH OF
MORTAR
(AASHTO T 71-08)
(ASTM C 87-04)
1. This test method is of significance in making a final determination of the acceptability

of fine aggregates with respect to the requirements of AASHTO M 6 (Standard
Specification for Fine Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete) concerning organic
impurities.
2. This test method is only applicable to those samples which, when tested in
accordance with Standard Method of Test for Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates
for Concrete, have produced a supernatant liquid with a color darker than that of the
reference standard color solution.
Basis for Comparison
1. The fine aggregate shall be compared in mortar, as described in this test method,
with a sample of the same aggregate that has been washed in a 3% solution of
sodium hydroxide followed by thorough rinsing in water. The washing shall be
repeated in sufficient number of times until the supernatant liquid obtained in
accordance with Standard Method of Test for Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates
for Concrete has a color lighter than standard (Note 1). The washing shall be
performed in such a way as to minimize the loss of fines and so that the washed
aggregate has a fineness modulus within 0.10 of that of the unwashed aggregate.
The washed and rinsed aggregate shall be checked with a suitable indicator such as
phenolphthalein or litmus to assure that sodium hydroxide has been removed
effectively prior to preparation of the mortar.
2. Unless otherwise specified or permitted, strength comparison shall be made at 7 days

in accordance with the following conditions:
2.1 Mix three batches of mortar with the aggregate washed in sodium hydroxide and
three batches with the unwashed aggregate on the same day. All batches shall
have the same quantity of fine aggregate. Mix the batches for the two
conditions alternately.
2.2 Mold three 2-in or 50- mm cubes from each batch.
2.3 Test the three cubes from each batch at the age specified.
Note 1 - Standard Method of Test for Organic Impurities in Fine aggregates forconcrete
describes a standard procedure and an alternative procedure for the determination of
color value. In the standard procedure there is a single reference standard color. In the
alternative procedure five colored glass standards are used. The reference standard
color is equivalent to color Plate No. 3.
58
Sampling
1. Sample portions of fine aggregate for this test sample be obtained from the sample
used for Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates for Concrete. Needed reduction of
samples to obtain test portions shall be in accordance with Test Method of Reducing
Field Samples of Aggregates to Testing Size.
2. Secure an additional field sample if needed from the aggregate supply in accordance
with Sampling Aggregates.
Reagents and Materials
1. Portland cement shall be Type I or Type II
2. Sodium Hydroxide Solution (3%) – Dissolve 3 parts by weight of sodium hydroxide

(NaOH) in 97 parts water.
Apparatus
1. Flow Table, Flow Mold, and Caliper, M152
2. Tamper, Trowel, Cube Molds, and Testing Machine, T 106
3. Mixer, Bowl, and Paddle, T162
4. Balance, M231 for Glass 65
5. pH Paper, 0-14
Temperature
1. The temperature of the mixing water, moist closet, and storage tank shall be
maintained at 73.4 ± 3oF (23 ± 1.7oC).
Preparation of Mortar
1. In the event that the fine aggregate being used includes particles so large that the
adjustment bracket cannot provide adequate clearance, the oversized particles shall
be removed by sieving on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) or 2.36 mm (No. 8) sieve. If this
procedure is employed, the report shall so state and shall indicate the percentage of
material so removed.
2. Use water and cement in quantities that will yield a water-cement ratio of 0.6 by
mass. It has been found that 600 g of cement and 360 mL of water will usually be
adequate for a 6-cube batch.
3. Using fine aggregate that has been bought to a saturated surface dry condition
prepare a quantity of aggregate estimated to provide slightly more than needed to
produce a batch of the desired consistency.
3.1 The mortar shall be proportioned to produce a consistency of 110 ± 5 in 25

drops.
59
4. Prepare the mortar in a mechanical mixer.
4.1 During the period from 30 to 60 s from the start of mixing, and while still mixing
at slow speed, slowly add a measured quantity of aggregate estimated to provide
the proper consistency.
4.2 During the final 1 min. of mixing at medium speed, if the flow appears to be too
high additional aggregate may be added after the first 30 s of this mixing period.
To do so, stop the mixer briefly, add the aggregate, and then complete the
additional 30 s of mixing.
Procedure
1. Make a determination of the flow as described in Mortar Strength Test.
1.1 Should the flow be too great, return the mortar to the mixing bowl, add
additional aggregate, mix for 30 s at medium speed, and make another
determination of the flow. If more than two trials must be made to obtain a flow
of 110 ± 5, consider the mortar as a trial mortar, and prepare test specimens
from a new batch.
1.2 If the mortar is too dry, discard the batch.
1.3 Determine the quantity of aggregate used by subtracting the mass of the portion
remaining after mixing from the mass of the initial sample. Use this quantity of
aggregate in all subsequent batches for the aggregate under test.
2. Molding Test Specimens – immediately following completion of a flow test indicating

acceptable consistency, return the mortar from the flow table to the mixing bowl,
scrape down the bowl, and then remix the entire batch 15 s at medium speed. Upon
completion of mixing, shake the excess mortar from the paddle into the bowl. Place
the mortar in cube molds in two layers in accordance with the procedures described
in Mortar Strength Test.
3. For subsequent batches, use washed and unwashed aggregate alternately and the
quantity of aggregate determined in 1.3. Follows the procedure for mixing mortars
described in Mortar Strength Test. Following the final 1 min. mixing in Mortar
Strength Test, do not perform a flow test but instead allow the mortar to stand in the
mixing bowl 90s without covering. During the last 15’s of this interval, quickly scrape
down into the batch any mortar that may have collected on the side of the bowl.
Then remix for 15 s at medium speed. Upon completion of mixing, shake the excess
mortar from the paddle into the mixing bowl. Place the mortar in the cube molds in
two layers. Store the test specimens and determine compressive strength.
Calculation and Report
1. Calculate the compressive strength of each specimen by dividing the maximum load it
carried during the test by the cross-sectional area. Average the strengths of the
three specimens from each batch. Calculate three strength ratios by dividing the
average strength for a batch containing unwashed aggregate by the average strength
for the corresponding (in respective order of mixing) batch containing washed
aggregate.
60
2. Report the average of the three ratios, expressed as a percentage, as the relative
strength for the aggregate under test.
3. If oversized material was removed from the sample, report the quantity and the sieve
size on which it was retained.
61
SOUNDNESS TEST BY THE USE OF SODIUM OR MAGNESIUM SULFATE
(AASHTO T 104-99)
Significance
The test determines the resistance of aggregates to disintegration by saturated

solutions of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate. It also furnishes information helpful in
evaluating soundness of aggregates subject to weathering action. Exceptions may be
made if aggregates have exhibited satisfactory service in existing structures.
Apparatus
1. Set of standard sieves with pan and cover(M92)

2. Balance and weights
3. Pans Oven with temperature control
4. Sodium or magnesium sulfate saturated solution
Preparation of Solution
Prepare the solution for immersion of test samples from either sodium or
magnesium sulfate. The volume of the solution shall be at least five times the solid
volume of all samples immersed at any one time.
1. Sodium Sulfate Solution – prepare a saturated solution of sodium sulfate by dissolving

a USP or equal grade of the salt in water at a temperature of 25 to 30oC. Add
sufficient salt 9note 1) of either anhydrous (Na2SO4) or the crystalline (Na2SO4.10H20)
form, to ensure not only saturation but also the presence of excess crystals when the
solution is ready for use in the tests. Thoroughly stir the mixture during the addition
of salt and stir the solution at frequent intervals until used. To reduce evaporation
and prevent contamination, keep the solution covered at all times when access is not
needed. Allow the solution to cool to 20.3 to 21.9oC stir, and allow the solution to
remain at the designated temperature for at least 48 h before use. Prior to each use,
break up the salt cake, if any, in the container, stir the solution thoroughly, and
determine the specific gravity of the solution. When used, the solution shall have a
specific gravity not less than 1.154 nor more than 1.171. Discard a discolored
solution, or filter it and check for specific gravity.
Note 1 - For the solution, 215 g of anhydrous salt or 700 g of the decahydrate per liter of
water are sufficient for saturation at 22oC. However, since there salts are not completely
stable and since it is desirable than an excess of crystals be present, the use of not less
than 225 g of the anhydrous salt or 750 g of the decahydrate salt per liter of water is
recommended.
2. Magnesium Sulfate Solution- prepare a saturated solution of magnesium sulfate by

dissolving a USP or equal grade of the salt in water at a temperature of 25 to 30oC.
Add sufficient salt (Note 2) of either the anhydrous (MgSO4) or the crystalline
(MgSO4.7H2O) (Epsom salt) form, to ensure saturation and the presence of excess
crystals when the solution is ready for use in the tests. Thoroughly stir the mixture
during the addition of the salt and stir the solution at frequent intervals until used.
To reduce evaporation and prevent contamination, keep the solution covered at all
times when access is not needed. Allow the solution to cool to 20.3 to 21.9oC stir,
and allow the solution to remain at the designated temperature for at least 48 h
before use. Prior to each use, break up the salt cake, if any, in the container, stir the
solution thoroughly, and determine the specific gravity of the solution. When used,
62
the solution shall have a specific gravity not less than 1.297 nor more than 1.306.
Discard a discolored solution, or filter it and check for specific gravity.
Note 2 – For the solution, 350 g of anhydrous salt or 1230 g of the heptahydrate per liter
of water are sufficient for saturation at 23oC. However, since these salts are not
completely stable, with the hydrous salt being the more stable of the two, and since it is
desirable that an excess of crystals be present, it is recommended that the heptahydrate
salt be used and in an amount of not less than 1400 g per liter of water.
Procedure
Soundness Test (Use of Sodium or Magnesium Sulfate)
1. Wash through the sample and dry to constant weight/mass. Separate sample as
follows :
Fine Aggregate (Passing 9.5 mm)
Passing Retained on Weight/Mass of Test

Sieve Sieve Fraction, g
9.5 mm 4.75 mm 100
4.75 mm 2.36 mm 100
2.36 mm 1.18 mm 100
1.18 mm 0.600 mm 100
0.600 mm 0.300 mm 100
Coarse Aggregate (Retained on 4.75 mm)
Passing Retained on Weight/Mass of Test

Sieve Sieve Fraction, g
63.0 mm 37.5 mm 5000±300
37.5 mm 19.0 mm 1500±50
19.0 mm 9.5 mm 1000±10
9.5 mm 4.75 mm 300±5
Larger sizes by 25.4 mm spread in sieve size, each test fraction 3000 g.
2. Cover the samples to a depth of at least 12.70 mm by a saturated solution of sodium

or magnesium sulfate for 16 to 18 hours at 20.3-21.9oC.
3. After immersion period remove samples from the solution, drain and dry to constant
weight/mass. Allow sample to cool and immerse again in the sulfate solution.
4. Repeat process of alternate immersion and drying for 5 cycles. After completion of
the required cycles wash samples free of sodium sulfate and dry to constant
weight/mass.
5. Weigh the dry, washed samples and pass over the same sieve on which each was
originally retained.
6. Weigh the particles retained.
63
Calculation/Worksheet
Determination of % soundness loss is shown in the Worksheet.
64
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE AND
COARSE AGGREGATES
Fine Aggregates: AASHTO T 84-09

ASTM C 128-09
Coarse Aggregates : AASHTO T 85-08

ASTM C127-04
Significance
1. Bulk specific gravity is the characteristic generally used for calculation of the volume
occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate including
Portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are
proportioned or analyzed on an absolute volume basis.
2. Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the weight of an aggregate due
to water absorbed in the pore spaces within the constituent particles, compacted to
the dry condition, when it is deemed that the aggregate has been in contact with
water long enough to satisfy most of the absorption potential.
Apparatus
1. Pcynometer or calibrated volumetric flask

2. Conical mold, 40 ± 3 mm inside top dia. 90 ± 3 mm inside bottom dia. 75 ± 3
mm high
3. Tamping rod, weighing 340 ± 15 g with a flat circular tamping face 25 ± 3 mm
dia.
4. Wire basket of 4.75 mm mesh
5. Water bucket
7. Water tank
8. Suspended apparatus
9. Sample Container
10. Sieves, M92(4.75mm, No. 4)
Procedure
A. Fine Aggregate
Preparation of Test Specimen:
1. Obtain approximately 1 kg of the fine aggregate from the sample using the
applicable procedures described in reducing field samples of aggregates to testing
size.
1.1 Dry it in a suitable pan or vessel to constant weight at a temperature of 110

± 5oC (230 ± 9oF). Allow it to cool to comfortable handling temperature,
cover with water, either by immersion or by the addition of at least 6 percent
moisture to the fine aggregate and permit to stand for 15 to 19 hours.
1.2 As an alternative to Section 1.1, where the absorption and specific gravity
values are to be used in proportioning concrete mixtures with aggregates
used in their naturally moist condition, the requirement for initial drying to
65
constant weight maybe eliminated and, if the surfaces of the particles have
been kept wet, the 15-h soaking may also be eliminated.
Note: Values for absorption and for specific gravity in the saturated surface-dry
condition may be significantly higher for aggregate not dried before soaking than
for the same aggregate treated in accordance with Section 1.1.
2. Decant excess eater with care to avoid loss of fines, spread the sample on a flat
nonabsorbent surface expose to a gently homogenous drying. If desired,
mechanical aids such as tumbling or stirring may be employed to assist in
achieving until the test specimen approaches a free flowing condition.
2.1 Cone Test for Surface Moisture – hold the mold firmly on the smooth
nonabsorbent surface with the large diameter down. Place a portion of
the partially dried fine aggregate loosely in the mold by filling it to
overflowing and heaping additional material above the top of the mold by
holding it with the cupped fingers of the hand holding the mold. Lightly
tamp the fine aggregate into the mold with 25 light drops of the tamper.
Remove loose sand from the base and lift the mold vertically. If surface
moisture is still present, the fine aggregate will retain the molded shape.
When the fine aggregate slumps slightly it indicated that it has reached a
surface-dry condition.
Procedure:
1. Partially fill the pcynometer with water. Immediately introduce into the
pcynometer approximately 500±10g g of saturated surface-dry fine aggregate as
prepared and fill with additional water to approximately 90 percent of capacity.
Roll, invert, and agitate the pcynometer to eliminate all air bubbles. Adjust its
temperature to 23 ± 1.7oC (73.4 ± 3oF), if necessary by immersion in circulating
water, and bring the water level in the pcynometer to its calibrated capacity.
Determine total weights of the pcynometer, specimen, and water. Record this all
other weights to the nearest 0.1 g.
2. Remove the fine aggregate from the pcynometer, dry to constant weight at a
temperature of 110 ± 5oC (230 ± 9oF), cool in air at room temperature for 1 ±
½ h, and weigh to the nearest 0.1.
3. Determine the weight of the pycnometer filled to its calibration capacity with
water at 23 ± 1.7oC (73.4 ± 3oF).
B. Coarse Aggregate
Sampling
1. Sample the aggregate in accordance with T2 (Sampling Aggregates).
2. Thoroughly mix the sample of aggregate and reduce it to the approximate

quantity needed using the applicable procedures in Reducing Field Samples to
Testing Size. Reject all material passing a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve by dry sieving
and thoroughly washing to remove dust or other coatings form the surface. If the
coarse aggregate contains a substantial quantity of material finer than the 4.75
mm sieve such as for size no. 8 and 9 aggregates in M 43, use the 2.36 mm (No.
66
8) sieve in place of the 4.75 mm sieve. Alternatively, separate the material finer
than the 4.75 mm sieve and test the finer material according to Determination of
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate.
3. The minimum weight of test, sample to be used is given below. In many

instances it may be desirable to test a coarse aggregate in several separate size
fractions; and if the sample contains more than 15% retained on the 37.5 mm in
one or more size fractions separately from the smaller size functions. When an
aggregate is tested in separate size functions, the minimum weight of test sample
for each fraction shall be the difference between the weights prescribed for the
maximum and minimum sizes of the fraction.
Nominal Maximum Minimum Weight of

Size, mm (in.) Test Sample, kg (lb)
12.5 (1/2) or less 2 (4.4)

19.0 (1/4) 3 (6.6)
25.0 (1) 4 (8.8)
38.1 (1 ½) 5 (11)
50 (2) 8 (18)
63 (2 ½) 12 (26)
75 (3) 18 (40)
90 (3 ½) 25 (55)
100 (4) 40 (88)
112 (4 ½) 50 (110)
125 (5) 75 (165)
150 (6) 125 (276)
Procedure:
1. Dry the test sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 5oC (230 ±
9oF), cool in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 h for test samples of 37.5 mm (1
½-in) nominal maximum size, or longer for larger sizes until the aggregate has
cooled to a temperature that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50oC).
Subsequently immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period
of 15 to 18 hours.
2. Where the absorption and specific gravity values are to be used in proportioning
concrete mixtures in which the aggregates will be in their naturally moist
condition, the requirement for initial drying to constant weight may be eliminated,
and if the surfaces of the particles in the sample have been kept continuously wet
until test, the 15-h soaking may also be eliminated.
3. Remove the test sample from the water and rill it in a large absorbent cloth until
all visible films of water are removed. Wipe the larger particles individually. A
moving stream of air may be used to assist in the drying operation. Take care to
avoid evaporation of water from aggregate pores during the operation of surface-
drying. Weight the test sample in the saturated surface-dry condition. Record
this all subsequent weights to the nearest 1.0 g or 0.1% of the sample weight,
whichever is greater.
67
4. After weighing, immediately place the saturated-surface-dry test sample in the
sample container and determine its weight in water at 23 ± 1.7oC (73.4 ± 3oF),
having a density of 997 ± 2 kg/m3. Take care to remove all entrapped air before
weighing bb=y shaking the container while immersed.
5. Dry the test sample top constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 5oC (230 ±
9oF), cool in air at room temperature 1 to 3 h, or until the aggregate has cooled to
a temperature that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50oC), and weigh.
Calculation
For Coarse Aggregate
Bulk Specific Gravity = B / (B – C)
Absorption, % = [ B – A) / A] x 100
Where:
A = weight of oven-dry test sample in air, g,

B = weight of saturated-surface-dry test sample in air, g,
C = weight of saturated test sample in water, g
For Fine Aggregate
Bulk Specific Gravity = S / (B + S – C)
Absorption, % = [ S – A) / A] x 100
Where:
A = weight of oven-dry specimen in air, g,

B = weight of pcynometer filled with water, g
C = weight of pcynometer with specimen and water to calibration
mark
S = weight of saturated surface-dry specimen, g
68
ABRASION TEST
(AASHTO T 96-02)
(ASTM C 131-01)
Significance
This test evaluates the structural strength of coarse aggregate. It gives an

indication of quality as determined by resistance to impact and wear. The results do not
automatically permit valid comparisons to be made between sources distinctly different in
origin, composition or structure.
Apparatus
1. Los Angeles Machine

2. Standard sieves with pan and cover
3. Abrasive charges
4. Pans
6. Oven – uniform temperature of 110 ± 5oC (230 ± 9oF)
Procedure
The test sample shall consist of clean aggregate which has been oven-dried to
constant weight/mass at 110 ± 5oC and shall conform to one of the following table:
Sieve Size Grading and Weight of Test Sample, g

Passing Retained on A B C D
37.5 mm 25 mm 1250 ± 25 - - -
25 mm 19 mm 1250 ± 25 - - -
19 mm 12.5 mm 1250 ± 10 1250 ± 10 - -
12.5 mm 9.5 mm 1250 ± 10 1250 ± 10 - -
9.5 mm 6.3 mm - - 1250 ± 10 -
6.3 mm 4.75 mm - - 1250 ± 10 -
4.75 mm 2.36 mm - - - 5000 ± 10
The abrasive charge shall consist of cast-iron spheres or steel spheres

approximately 46.8 mm in diameter and each weighing between 390 and 455 grams.
The charge depending upon grading of test sample shall be as follows:
Grading No. of Spheres Weight of charge, g

A 12 5000 ± 25
B 11 4584 ± 25
C 8 3330 ± 20
D 6 2500 ± 15
1. Place test sample and abrasive charge in the Los Angeles machine rotated at a speed
of 30 to 33 rpm 500 revolutions.
2. At completion of test, discharge material from the machine. Make a preliminary

separation of the samples on a sieve coarser than 1.70 mm.
3. Sieve finer portion on the 1.70 mm sieve, using the standard procedure of sieving
aggregates.
69
4. Wash all materials coarser than 1.70 mm, dry to constant weight/mass at about
105oC to 110oC and weigh accurately to the nearest 1 gram.
Calculation
Express the difference between the original weight/mass and the weight/mass of
material coarser than 1.70 mm sieve as a percentage of the original weight/mass of test
sample. This value represents the percent abrasion loss.
Original mass Sample retained on No.

-
Percentage of Wear, % = of sample, g 1.70 mm sieve, (No. 12) g x 100
Original mass of sample, g
70
WORKSHEETS/
SAMPLE TEST REPORTS
71
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SAMPLING AGGREGATES

Significance and Use

2. Inspection – The material shall be inspected to determine discernible variations. The

3.3 Sampling from Stockpiles or Transportation Units – Avoid sampling coarse

4. Number and Masses of Field Samples :

1. Transport aggregates in bags or other containers so constructed as to preclude loss

TABLE I Size of Samples

Maximum Nominal Size of Approximate Minimum Mass of

No. 8 (2.36 mm) 25 (10)

1. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g, conforms to M 231

Initial Preparation of Test Samples

Note: Samples dried in an oven or other drying apparatus at temperature not

Mechanical Analysis and Specific Gravity (T 88)

1. Largest Particles Size Minimum Mass

110 g for sandy soil

- for specific gravity (T 100)

25 g when the volumetric flask is used and

Test and AASHTO Designation Approximate Mass, g

Moisture Density Relations

2. Sampler Insertion Equipment - shall be adequate to provide a relatively rapid

3.1 Length of Rubes – See Table 1.

Table 1 Suitable Thin-Walled Street Sample Tubes

Nominal Tube Diameters from Table 1A Tolerances, in.

Size Outside Diameter 2 3 5

Outside diameter +0.007 +0.010 +0.015

3.2 Tolerances, shall be within the limits shown in Table 2.

3.3 Inside Clearance Ratio should be 1% or as specified by the engineer or

3.4 Corrosion Protection – Corrosion, whether from galvanic or chemical reaction,

Preparation for Shipment

1. The appropriate information required as follow:

1.1 Name and location of the project

1.2 Boring number and precise location of project,

1.3 Surface elevation or reference to a datum,

1.5 Depth to top of sample and number of sample,

1.6 Description of sampler; size, type of metal, type of coating,

1.7 Method of sampler insertion; push or drive,

1.9 Depth to ground water level; date and time measured,

1.10 Any possible current or tidal effect on water level,

1.11 Soil description

1.12 Length of sampler advance and

1.13 Recovery length of sample obtained.

This method describes the preparation of undisturbed soil samples necessary to

Preparation of samples should be done in a humid room to minimize moisture

1. Remove protective coating by cutting with a sharp knife.

5. Save the trimmings for moisture content determination.

6. Measure the exact dimensions of test specimen using a caliper.

Significance and Use

Note 1 - The method of determining the saturated-surface-dry condition is described

Method A – MECHANICAL SPLITTER

1. Apparatus shall consist of a straightedge scoop, shovel, or trowel; a broom or brush;

1.2 As an alternative to the procedure described in Method B – Quartering Procedure

Method C – MINIATURE STOCKPILE SAMPLING (Damp Fine Aggregate Only)

Precision and Accuracy

1. Since this method produces no numerical test results, determination of precision

The behavior of a soil is markedly influence by the amount of moisture it contains.

1. Container, with cover

Size of sample : Ranges from 25 – 1000 g

Passing No. 0.425 mm material 25 g

1. Weigh the container with cover, and record as WC.

A sample may be cooled at room humidity if it is weighed within an hour after it

W1 = weight/mass of container plus wet soil

Particle size analysis is the determination of particle size distribution in soils by

1. Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g, conforms to the requirements of M231

Nominal Size of Max. Approximate Minimum