MUSIC GLOSSARY

absolute music Music with no extra-musical association such as words, visual imagery, or emotion;
the opposite of program music
a cappella A Latin term, applied to choral music without accompaniment
aerophone Any musical instrument that produces sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate,
without the use of strings or membranes
alternative music An underground independent form in the 1980’s that became widely popular in the
1990’s for defying the excesses of “mainstream” rock music, Alternative Music became known for
its unconventional practices such as distorted guitar sounds, oppressive lyrics, and defiant
attitudes.
alto 1 A female voice with a range lower than a soprano, but higher than the male tenor
2 A term used for an instrument whose range is analogous to the alto voice
aria An air or song for solo voice with orchestra, usually part of an opera, cantata, or oratorio
art song Short stylized song dealing with such subjects as love, nature, and life. It is usually written
for one voice with piano accompaniment
atonality A term used for music without a central key, thereby producing dissonant harmonies and
disjunct melodies
avant-garde A French term used to describe composers (also artists and writers) whose works are
radical and advanced

ballad Is an expressive folksong in narrative verse whose text deals typically about love.
ballet An artistic dance form performed to music, using precise and highly formalized set steps and
gestures

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beat Regular, current pulsation that divides music into equal units of time
bebop It is a modernist jazz style of music during World War II whose jazz spirit is coupled with the
harmonic standard structure as a new pattern to base its improvisation.
big band A large ensemble form originating in the United States in the mid 1920’s closely associated
with the Swing Era with jazz elements. Relying heavily on percussion (drums), wind, rhythm section
(guitar, piano, double bass, vibes), and brass instruments (saxophones), with a lyrical string section
(violins and other string instruments) to accompany a lyrical melody.
bodabil A genre of various entertainment composed of songs, dances, comedy routines, magic acts,
and chorus girls
bossa nova originated in 1958-b9 as a movement effecting a radical change in the classic Cuban
samba. The word “bossa” comes from the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro, which means either
‘trend’ or ‘something charming’, integrating melody, harmony, and rhythm into a “swaying” feel,
where the vocal production is often nasal.
blues A type of black American folk music of the 20th century related to jazz, and associated with
one’s state of mind
blues ballad A fusion of Anglo-American and Afro-American styles from the 19th century that
deals with the anti-heroes resisting authority.

call and response method It is a succession of two distinct musical phrases usually rendered by
different musicians, where the second phrase acts as a direct commentary on or response to the
first. Much like the question and answer sequence in human communication, it also forms a strong
resemblance to the verse-chorus form in many vocal compositions.
cha cha A ballroom dance originating in Cuba in 1953, derived from mambo and its characteristic
rhythm of 2 crochets – 3 quavers – quaver rest with a syncopation on the 4th beat.
chamber music Music for a chamber (or small room) rather than a hall; hence music played by small
groups—duos, trios, quarters, etc.
chance music Music in which chance or randomness of performance is an element of the composition.
chord The simultaneous sounding of two or more tones
chordophone Any musical instrument that produces sound primarily by vibrating strings
chromatic An interval based on an octave of 12 semitones rather than a diatonic scale

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concerto Originally, a work (vocal or instrumental) with effects of contrast, but now a work in which
a solo instrument performs with a large ensemble or orchestra
counterpoint The simultaneous combination of two or more melodies, or polyphony
countersubject A subsidiary theme played in response to the subject of a figure
cumbia An African courtship dance with European and African instrumentation and characteristics,
which became popular in Panama and Colombia

disco Music pertained to rock music that was more danceable, which led to the establishment of
venues bearing the same name as a place for public dancing
dissonance An interval or chord that is not harmonious like a consonance
dynamics Variations in the volume of musical sounds

electronic music Music which uses electronic equipments

ensemble A small group of performers
expressionism A term borrowed from painting and literature for music designed to express a state of
mind

folksongs Songs by the people handed down from generation to generation

form Organization of musical ideas in time; structure of a musical composition
foxtrot A 20th century social dance in the USA that was executed as a one step, two step and
syncopated rhythmic pattern

harmony The combination of simultaneous tones to produce chords, and the relationship of successive
chords

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idiophones A musical instrument that creates sound through its own vibration, without the use of
strings or membranes
impressionism A term borrowed from painting to describe music that is intended to convey an
impression (often of natural phenomena) rather than a dramatic or narrative idea
incidental music Music composed as a background in a stage production
interval The distance between two pitches, traditionally measured in terms of the steps in the diatonic
scale

jazz Music originated from African-American people characterization by improvisation, syncopation,

and usually a regular or forceful rhythm
jazz ballad A blues style built from a single verse of 16 bars ending on the dominant or half-cadence,
followed by a refrain/chorus part of 16 or 32 bars in AABA form
J pop Japanese popular music
jazz rock The music of the 1960’s and 1970’s bands that inserted jazz elements in its rock music. A
synonym for “jazz fusion,” jazz rock is a mix of funk and R & B rhythms

K pop Korean popular music

maracatu A form of Latin-American music that first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco,
combining the strong rhythms of African percussion instruments with Portuguese melodies.
melody A succession of notes of varying pitch with a recognizable shape or tune
meter Organization of beats into regular groups
musique concre’te Music in which real (or “concrete”) sounds are electronically recorded

neo-classical A term describing the music of some twentieth-century composers whose techniques
draw on those of the Baroque and Classical periods
note Symbol used to indicate pitch

opera A drama set to music, with costumes and scenery to complement the musicians

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opus The Latin word for “work” used with a number to identify a work in a composer’s output

paso doble (meaning “double step”) A theatrical Spanish dance used in bullfights, where the music
was played as the matador enters (paseo) and during passes just before the kill
pitch Relative highness or lowness of a sound
polyphony A texture in which two or more independent melodic lines are combined, as opposed to
heterophony, homophony, monophony
prelude A short instrumental work originally intended to precede another, but from the nineteenth
century a short, self-contained piece usually for piano
program music Instrumental music that is narrative or descriptive of some non-musical idea, often
literary or pictorial
progression A musically logical succession of chords

ragtime An American popular musical style mainly for piano, originating in the red light districts of
the Afro-American communities in St. Louis and New Orleans. Its style was said to be a
modification of the “marching mode” made popular by John Philip Sousa, where the effect is
generated by an internally syncopated melodic line pitted against a rhythmically straightforward
bass line.
reggae An urban popular music and dance style that originated in Jamaica in the mid 1960’s,
containing an English text coupled with Creole expressions that were not so intelligible to the non-
Jamaican.
rhythm The distribution of sounds into groups with a perceptible meter or pulse
rock ballad It is an emotional love song with suggestions of folk music, as in the Beatles’
composition “The Ballad of John and Yoko” and Billy Joel’s “The Ballad of Billy.” This

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style is sometimes applied to strophic story-songs such as Don McLean’s “American Pie.
rock and roll Popular song form in the United States during the late 1940’s to the 1950’s that
combines Afro-American forms such as the blues, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music with
the Western swing and country music.
rumba A popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban origin, performed in a complex duple meter
pattern and tresillo, which is a dotted quaver – dotted quaver – dotted semiquaver rhythm. It is
normally used as a ballroom dance

scale A sequence of notes going upwards or downwards by step

score The music-copy of a piece for several performers; hence full score, containing complete details
of every participating voice and instrument
serialism A method of composing using a series of tones (usually all 12 of the chromatic scale), or
other musical elements, which are heard only in a particular order
soprano 1 The highest female voice 2 A term used for an instrument of high range
soul music was a popular music genre of the 1950’s and 1960’s. It originated in the United States. It
combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, and often jazz
sound Vibrations which are transmitted, usually through air, to the eardrum, which sends impulses to
the ear that we hear
spiritual Normally associated with a deeply religious person, it refers here to a Negro spiritual, a song
form by African migrants to America who became enslaved by its white communities.
staff The set of lines on and between which music is written
standard It is a song of established popularity by virtue of its enduring and recurring power.
subject A theme or a group of themes on which work is based
suite An instrumental work in several movements, usually a set of dances, which in the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries often took the form allemande-courante-sarabande-optional dance
movements-gigue
syncopation The stressing of beats of a meter that are normally unstressed
synthesizer A machine that produces and alters sounds electronically

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tablature A system of notation by symbols that represent the position of a performer’s fingers (e.g., on
a guitar) rather than the tone to be played
tango A Latin-American dance form whose name may have been of African origin meaning “African
Dance” or from the Spanish word “taner” meaning to play (an instrument).
tempo The speed of a piece of music
tenor The highest normal male voice
theme A musical idea on which a work is based, usually with a recognizable melody
timbre Quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument or one voice from another
time signature Two numbers, one above the other, appearing at the beginning of a staff, or the start of
the piece, indicating the meter of a piece; the number above refers to the number of beats per
measure, and the number below represents the note that gets one beat
tonality The feeling of gravitational pull towards a particular tone, determined by the key of the music
tone Sound that has a definite pitch or frequency
tone-color The quality of the sound of a particular instrument or voice, or a combination of them
triad A three-note “common” chord consisting of a fundamental tone with tones at the intervals of a
3rd and 5th above
twelve-tone A term used to describe a technique of composition (serialism) in which all 12 notes of
the chromatic scale are treated equally

variation A varied (elaborated, embellished, etc.) version of a given theme or tune

waltz A nineteenth-century dance in triple meter

whole tone The interval of two semitones

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zarzuela A musical stage performance popularized in the Philippines during the Spanish period

MUSIC PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

Music Terms Pronunciation

1. a capella ah kuh-pel-uh; Italian ah kahp-pel-lah

2. aria ahr-ee-uh; air-ee-uh; ahr-ee-uh; uh-rahy-uh
3. avant-garde uh-vahnt-gahrd; uh-vant-, av-ahnt-, ah-vahnt-; French a-vahn-gard
4. bebop bee-bop
5. bossa nova bos-uh noh-vuh
6. concerto kYn cháirtō
7. cha cha chah-chah
8. cumbia koo m-bee-uh; Spanish koom-byah
9. ensemble ahn-sahmb; French ahn-sahn-bluh
10. etude ey-tood, ey-tyood, ey-tood, ey-tyood;French ey-tyd
11. jive jahyv
12. maracatu marakatu
13. musique concre’te French pronunciation: [myzik kɔ̃.kʁɛt]
14. opera op-er-uh, op-ruh
15. opus oh-puh s
16. paso doble pah-soh doh-bley; Spanish pah-sawdaw-vle
17. prelude prel-yood, preyl-, prey-lood, pree-
18. reggae reg-ey
19. salsa sahl-suh; Spanish sahl-sah]
20. samba sam-buh, sahm-
21. tango tang-goh
22. tablature tab-luh-cher, -choo r
23. triad trahy-ad, -uh d

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Musicians’ Names Pronunciation

1. Claude Debussy Claude [klôd), De·bus·sy [dèb byoo see]

2. Arnold Schoenberg Schoen·berg [shúrn bùrg]
3. Bela Bartok Bar·tók [bar tàwk]
4. Igor Stravinsky Stra·vin·sky [strY vín skee]
5. Sergey Prokofieff Pro·ko·fi·eff [prY káwfee ef]
6. Francis Poulenc Pou·lenc [pol angk]
7. Leonard Bernstein Bern·stein [búrn steen]
8. Karlheinz Stockhausen Stock·haus·en [stók howz’n]

ARTS GLOSSARY
abstractionism An artistic style in which the natural appearance of objects becomes unimportant, and
images are reduced to geometrical shapes, patterns, lines, angles, textures, and colors
acrylic A fast-drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion
action painting A style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed, or smeared on
the canvas, rather than being carefully applied
aesthetic Relating to or dealing with the beautiful; pleasing in appearance
airbrush A device that is used to spray a liquid (such as paint) onto a surface
android A mobile operating system (OS) developed for use on electronic devices such as a mobile
phone or tablet; sometimes also used to refer to the device itself using such an OS

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animation The process of creating the illusion of motion or shape change by means of the rapid
display of a sequence of static images that are minimally different from one another
avant-garde Experimental or innovative, particularly in art and culture

balance A principle of art having to do with visual equilibrium, or two parts or sides of an artwork
having equal “visual weight”

celluloid A colorless flammable material used to make photographic film

cinematography The art of making motion pictures
collage An artistic composition of materials and objects pasted over a surface, often with unifying
lines and color
composition An organization or arrangement imposed upon the elements within a work of art
conceptual art Art that is intended to convey an idea or concept to the perceiver, and need not involve
the creation or appreciation of a traditional art object such as a painting or sculpture
contemporary art Art subjects, styles, and forms that are prevalent at the current time
contrast The use of opposing elements, such as colors, forms, or lines, in proximity to produce an
intensified effect in a work of art
copywriter The creator of text, normally for use in advertising in magazines, brochures, posters
cubism A style of art that stresses abstract structure at the expense of other pictorial elements,
especially by displaying several aspects of the same object simultaneously and by fragmenting the
form of depicted objects

dadaism A movement in art and literature based on deliberate irrationality and negation of traditional
artistic values
dark room A room from which all light is excluded, so that photographs can be developed in it
digital Referring to data (including images) that are created, stored, and transmitted through electronic
means
digital camera A camera that encodes images and videos through electronic means (rather than
through traditional film) and stores them for later retrieval and use

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digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera A camera that combines the features of a traditional single-
lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor, eliminating the use of film
distortion / distorted The alteration of the original shape of something, such as an object or image
documentary A film or TV program presenting the facts about a person or event
dubbing The act or process of furnishing a film or tape with a new sound track or adding music,
sound effects, etc. to an existing one

embellishment Anything that adds design interest to a piece, usually in sewing, arts, and crafts
entrepreneur A person who conceptualizes and develops a business
expressionism A theory or practice in art of seeking to depict the subjective emotions and responses
that objects and events arouse in the artist

fauvism A movement in painting characterized by vivid colors, free treatment of form, and a resulting
vibrant and decorative effect
filter In photography, a device that partially or completely absorbs certain light rays
fish eye A visual distortion, usually in a photographic image, created by a special lens resulting in a
convex, hemisphere-shaped image
focal Placed at or measured from a focus
footage Film that has been shot
foreground The part of a scene or picture that is nearest to and in front of the viewer
form The element of art pertaining to the three dimensions (height, width, and depth) of art objects; or
the appearance or illusion of these three dimensions, as in a painting
futurism A movement in art, music, and literature begun in Italy about 1909 and marked especially
by an effort to give formal expression to the dynamic energy and movement of mechanical

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processes

genre A type, style, or category of art

haute couture “High fashion” or the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing

hue The property of color that distinguishes one color from another as red, green, violet, etc.

impasto An art technique involving heavy application of paint to canvas, often with a spatula or knife
instead of a paintbrush, and sometimes directly from the tubes of paint
impressionism A school of late 19th century French painters who depicted the appearance of images
by using strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of the reflected light
improvised Created or devised with the use of whatever is on hand
installation art Art that is created, constructed, or installed on the site where it is exhibited, often
incorporating materials or physical features on the site

kinetic Relating to or exhibiting motion

kinetoscope An early motion picture exhibition device, designed for viewing films by one individual
at a time through a peephole viewer window in the top of the device

landscape In art, the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, forests, and rivers as the
main subject of the artwork

mechanical style An artistic movement in which figures and images were reduced to basic elements,
such as planes, cones, spheres, cylinders, and other mechanical components; even human figures
were mere outlines without expression
mime The art or technique of portraying a character, mood, idea, or narration by gestures and bodily
movements
minimalism A style or technique (as in music, literature, or design) that is characterized by extreme
spareness and simplicity

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mixed media Varied artistic materials and processes used in combination in one artwork
monochromatic Having only a single color
montage In filmmaking, the process of editing the film footage
monumental Huge, imposing, great
mythical Referring to a creature, character, or place that is found in myths, legends, and fantasy
stories

neodadaism A minor movement chiefly of the 1960s reviving some of the objectives of dada but
placing emphasis on the importance of the work of art produced rather than on the concept
generating the work
neoprimitivism An early 20th century art movement inspired by the native arts of Africa and the
South Sea Islands
neo-realism Any movement seeking to incorporate a modified form of realism, as in art, cinema,
literature, or philosophy
nickelodeon In the early 1900s, a motion-picture theater, variety show, etc. where admission was a
nickel (five cents)
nonobjectivism An artistic style that had no reference to recognizable objects; lines, shapes, and
colors were used in a cool, impersonal approach that aimed for balance, unity, and stability

op art “Optical art,” a style of abstractionism popular in the 1960s which made use of precisely
planned and positioned lines, spaces, and colors to create the illusion of movement

palette In art, a wooden board used for mixing colors for painting
performance art A form of theatrical art featuring the activity of the artist and works presented in a

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variety of media
perspective The art of picturing objects or a scene in such a way as to show them as they appear to the
eye with reference to relative distance or depth
photomontage A combination of several photographs joined together for artistic effect or to show
more of the subject than can be shown in a single photograph
pictograph A written or drawn symbol that conveys its meaning through its visual resemblance to a
physical object
pigment A dry insoluble substance, usually pulverized, which when suspended in a liquid becomes a
paint, ink, etc.
playwright A writer of plays; dramatist
plotter A computer printer for printing vector graphics
pop art A form of art that depicts objects or scenes from everyday life and employs techniques of
commercial art and popular illustration
proportion A principle of art having to do with the relative size and positions of components in an
artwork; also called “scale”

rhythm A principle of art resulting from the repetition of elements or components of an artwork in a
specific pattern

satire A genre of literature, visual art, and performing arts in which shortcomings, vices, and abuses
of a certain segment of society are presented humorously in order to urge improvement
shutter In photography, a device for opening and closing the lens of a camera to expose the film
inside it to light
slapstick comedy Broad comedy characterized by boisterous action
snapshot A photograph, usually taken quickly and spontaneously
social realism Art used to comment on or protest against social ills such as injustice, inequality, war,
poverty, industrial hazards, environmental destruction, etc.
stencil A sheet of material that has been perforated with a pattern; ink or paint can pass through the
perforations to create the printed pattern on the surface below

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still life A work of art in which ordinary household objects such as vases of flowers, plates, fruit,
food, and the like are depicted as the main subject
street theater The presentation of plays or other entertainment by traveling companies on the streets,
in parks, etc.
stucco A material made of lime, sand, and water used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings
surrealism A style of painting depicting strange subjects like those seen in dreams and fantasies
symmetrical Having both sides of an object identical or very similar to one another, creating a sense
of balance

tablet A mobile computer with a touch screen display, circuitry, and battery in a single unit
tactile Perceptible to the sense of touch; tangible
texture An element of art having to do with the roughness or smoothness of an artwork’s surface
three-dimensional Having three dimensions: length, width, and depth
two-dimensional Having two dimensions: length and width

unity A principle of art referring to the integration of all the components of an artwork to create a
meaningful whole

value An element of art referring to the lightness or darkness of a color

variety A principle of art referring to the use of differences or modifications to create visual interest
viewfinder A device on a camera that indicates, either optically or electronically, what will appear in
the field of view of the lens
virtual Existing in the mind or the imagination, or in electronic data form

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zarzuela A Philippine adaptation of the European opera, highly popular during the late 1800s to the
early 1900s

ARTS PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

Artists’ Names

Cezanne – say-ZAHN
Delacroix – deh-lah-KRWAH
Manet – mah-NAY
Monet – moe-NAY
Renoir – ruhn-WAR
Van Gogh – van-GO

Art Terms

aesthetic - es·thet´ic
celluloid - sel´lu·loyd
cubism - kyu´bism
fauvism - fov´ism
genre - zhon´r
montage - mon·täzh´
surrealism - sur·re´al·ism

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electronic or mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office.
 MUSIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Abraham, Gerald. The Concise Oxford History of Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1990.
Ainsley, Robert (ed). Classical Music. New York: Smithmark Publishers, 1995.
Alberti, Luciano. Music of the Western World. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. 1974.
Bartok, Bela . Album of Selected Pieces for the Piano, Volumes I and II. Compiled and
Arranged by Katherine K. Davis. Copyright by E. C. Schirmer Music Co.,
Boston,Massachusetts, USA.
Bonis, Ferenc. Bela Bartok. Budapest: Kossuth Printing House, 1981.
Burrows, John. (general editor). Classical Music. Introduction by Lady Solti. London:
Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2005.
Cultural Center of the Philippines. Encyclopedia of Music,
Cultural Center of the Philippines Library. Souvenir programmes.
Debussy, Claude. Preludes pour Piano. France: Durand et Cie, 1910..
Gershwin, George. Rhapsody in Blue. London, England: Chappel and Co., Ltd.
Guevara, Amelita D and Sternberg, Kathy (co-ed). Pag-ibig Song Book. Manila: The Manila
Symphony Society, 1986.
Miller, Hugh M. Introduction to Music. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc. 1971.
Morgan, Robert P. Twentieth-Century Music: A History of Musical Style in Modern Europe and
America. New York/London: W.W. Norton and Company, 1991.

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Prokofieff, Serge. 3 Concerto pour Piano, Op. 26. New York: Boosey and Hawkes, Inc., 1947.
Randel, Don Michael (compiled). Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music. London, England:
The Belknop Press of Harvard University Press, 2000.
Rimm, Robert (introduction). Twentieth Century Piano Classics. New York: Dover
Publications, Inc., 1999.
Romualdez, Norberto (ed.). The Philippine Progressive Music Series. New York: Silver
Burnett Company, 1950.
Sadie, Stanley and Alison Lathan (eds.). The Cambridge Music Guide. New York: The Press
Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1985.
Salzman, Eric. Twentieth-Century Music: An Introduction. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice Hall, 1967.
Siegmeister, Erie. Invitation to Music. New York: Harvey House, Inc., 1962.
Schoenberg, Harold C. The Lives of the Great Composers. New York: W.W. Norton and
Company, 1981.
Slonimsky, Nicolas. The Concise Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. New York:
Schirmer Books, 1986.
The Best of Broadway Songs Ever. Wisconsin: Hal Leonard Corporation.
University of the Philippines College of Music Library.

Online references

www.everynote.com
www.imlsp.com
www.naxosmusiclibrary.com
www.icking-music-archive.org
www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph

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electronic or mechanical including photocopying without written permission from the DepEd Central Office.
 ARTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Duldulao, Manuel D. Contemporary Philippine Art. Vera-Reyes, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
1972.
Fleming, William. Arts and Ideas. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York. 1980.
Gatbonton, Juan T., Jeannie E. Javelosa, Lourdes Ruth R. Roa, eds. Art Philippines.
The Crucible Workshop. Pasig City, Philippines. 1992.
Time-Life Library of Art. The World of Cezanne. Time Inc., U.S.A. 1971
Time-Life Library of Art. The World of Delacroix. Time Inc., U.S.A. 1971
Time-Life Library of Art. The World of Manet. Time Inc., U.S.A. 1972
Time-Life Library of Art. The World of Monet. Time Inc., U.S.A. 1972
Time-Life Library of Art. The World of Picasso. Time Inc., U.S.A. 1972
Time-Life Library of Art. The World of Van Gogh. Time Inc., U.S.A. 1971

Online references

The Ateneo Art Gallery – http://www.ateneoartgallery.org/

The Center for Art and Thought – http://www.centerforartandthought.org/
Deviant Art – http://www.deviantart.com/browse/all/digitalart/
Yuchengco Museum – http://yuchengcomuseum.org/

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Animation Council of the Philippines – http://www.animationcouncil.org/
Philippine Animation Studio Inc. – http://www.pasi.com.ph/flash/

Kenneth Cobonpue - www.kennethcobonpue.com/

Rajo Laurel – http://www.rajolaurel.com/
Monique Lhuillier – https://www.moniquelhuillier.com/
Josie Natori – http://www.natori.com/
Dita Sandico-Ong – http://dittachannel.com/intro/
Lulu Tan-Gan – http://www.tan-gan.com/

George Tapan – https://www.facebook.com/georgetapan

John K. Chua – http://adphoto.com.ph/photographer_profile/id/2
Federation of Philippine Photographers Foundation (FPPF) –
http://www.photoworldmanila.com/about-fppf/

Twine – http://twinery.org/
Stencyl – https://www.udemy.com/create-your-first-computer-game-with-stencyl/
GameMaker – https://www.yoyogames.com/learn

http://www.instructables.com/id/How-To-Make-A-Pinhole-Camera/
http://www.digitalcamerareview.com/default.asp?newsID=5464&news=how+to+take+great+pictu
res+with+your+point+and+shoot+camera
http://digital-photography-school.com/megapost-learning-how-to-use-your-first-dslr/
http://www.wikihow.com/Use-Your-Digital-Camera%27s-ISO-Setting

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