To create- commonly understood as to
produce something out of nothing
First creation- creation out of nothing, and
is found principally in the Judaeo-Christian-
Moslem tradition
Omnipotent being- First creation requires
the creation to be ____. Thoroughly self
sufficient and capable of producing his own
creation.
Second creation- Creation as conceived by
early Filipinos is more in the nature of ___.
Making of a particular of object out of some
underlying material.
World, tree, man- In Philippine creation
stories, the creator makes a specific object.
Substratum (wood, clay or rock) - Before
creation the world the tree or man were
nonexistent. A ___ is used to form them.
These substances were always there from
the beginning.
Melu (Bagobo Creator)- Used the leavings
of his body skin which she constantly
scrubbed off in order to fashion the earth.
Bulan; Aldao - In the Bikol account after
their unsuccessful rebellion against their
grandfather Langit the sky, the copper body
of ______ became the moon and the
golden body of a _____became the sun.
Primordial Ocean- Another traditions not of
the Philippines a ready world was simply
lifted up with the fishhook from the bottom
of a ____ by the creator
American Indians - As with them, The
swimming animals brought up slime from
the bottom of the sea spread it over the
back of another animal and it grew in the
world.
Brother- In many of our creation myths the
creator has a ___ who is envious, short of
imagination, and who is responsible for the
defects and imperfection of the resulting
creation.
Fun Tao Tana- Example from the Bagobo
Myth (Bad Brother) After Melu had almost
finished making the figures of the first
people l, his brother ____ came up from his
dwelling place in the lowest tire of the
underworld and demanded that the making
of the nooses be left to him. Melu to avoid
strife agreed just before he left for his home
in the sky. But _____ placed them upside
down as a result when the rains came, the
first people almost drowned because the
water flowing from their heads entered
their wide open nostrils. Seeing their plight
Melu came down from his place in the sky
and reset the noses.
Manuvu Myth- Manama’s mirror image, the
evil Ogassi, envious of the figures the good
God had set out to dry, manage to
incorporate a few white Abaca strands into
the place. Hence the creatures became
immortal no longer. They were doomed to
be all white here, get old and die.
Mangilala- (Bukidnon myth) Magbabaya’s
bad brother. Interfered with his clay figures
of humans by giving them thin skins and
breathing into them. Luckily, Mababaya
covered the extremities of their fingers and
toes with superior material from the sky.
These became their nails. But sometimes,
humans are tempted to do use it – thanks
to ___ breath.
Bad brother- The motifs of the ____ maybe
saying that the good and the bad, the
positive and the negative, life and death are
intertwined in life. One is not possible
without the other.
Loneliness - One reason the world was
created was to a assuage the ___ of the
creator who lived all alone in the world.
Hebrew God- except ___ Who was
complete in himself and created the world
to share his life.
Agriculture- The chief mode of subsistence
in the Philippines was ____. Which requires
a cooperative venture.
Second creation- The presence of a rival
creator, and the creator’s loneliness all
point to a creator who is less than
omnipotent.
Creation of the Universe (Bukidnon)
Banting - In the beginning there was only a
small circular space of intense brightness. It
was rounded by a rainbow. And the only
three beings existed.
Diwata na Magbabaya - From the three
beings, two of them sat facing each other in
the narrow confines of the banting — one
was good, The supreme planner, that
looked like a man. It means “pure God who
wills all things.”
Dadanhayan ha sugay - The bad being also
had a human body but had 10 heads
continuously drooling sticky saliva. means
“Lord from home permission” is asked.
Agtayabun - The bad and good being were
held up by a third being suspended above
them. It has powerful wings and a human
body. It’s continually flapping his wings in
order to balance the banting because of the
two beings in it who were constantly
bickering. The beating of his wings
produced the wind. Only the winged being
good cool the heads and thus he was there
guardian. He’s name means adviser or
peacemaker.
Haldan ta Paraiso - what the three beings
called their earth. (Out from the soil and
saliva of Dadanhayan ha sugay planned by
Diwata Magbabaya) Means “garden of
paradise”.
Beings made by the three- made out of
Earth to serve as the flesh, and water to
serve as the blood. They got some fine
rattan to serve as the veins and arteries,
and the soft white wood of the andalugung
tree to serve as the bones.
Lightning - produced by the flashing blade.
(When Dadanhayan ha sugay and diwata
magbabaya argued) After 7th round of the
duel, the swords melted and became the
metals found on earth.
Incantus- six beings that were finished by
the ten headed being. Talabugta (soil
cultivation), ibabagsuk (growing plants),
bulalakaw (water and living creatures),
mamemelig (forest), lalawig (bees and
honey), mamahandi (wealth of man)
Man - was created by Diwata Magbabaya,
endowed with intelligence.
Other living creatures - small bits of clay cut
off from the seven diwatas were not wasted
and became ___.
Scooped from armpits - became the birds,
fowls, insects and other flying creatures.
The Clay sliced from the backs of the figures
- Became the food that had to be carried on
ones back such as deer, wild pigs and the
like.
The bits got out from between the fingers –
became the fishes and other water
creatures that are caught with fingers.
Those got from the crotch – became the
animals that one has to ride astride Such as
horses, cows and carabaos.
Philippine myths in general tell the origin of
people in two ways:
The first people came from the skyworld –
they’re actually children of sky gods who
settled on earth. (Ex. Palawan myth which
tells that the first people on earth came
from the sky by means of the vine of the
balugu in search for sago. To prevent them
from returning to the sky, Lali, Master of
wild plants and animals, deceived them by
putting on the balugu vine blossoms of the
aruka which have a putter and smell like
decaying human flesh. And he told them
that their fathers and mothers had died.
Thus deceived they were discouraged from
climbing up to the sky again)
The first people were created – as in the
Christian creation, Some people were made
of earth but there were other for more
imaginative materials involved in creation.
The most popular and earliest is the
bamboo.
Bontok version of bamboo- Lumawig
created people from reeds.
Visayan myth- The God plants a sepackeded
which becomes a bangle tree which is
pecked and split by a bird
Sulu - The first man finds a bamboo with
only one human being in it, a female.
People from trees
Negritos - Claim that the first human beings
were made out of blades of grass woven
together.
Cornmeal- The original Bagobo couple were
shaped out of ____.
Wood - Soft or hard, carved into two human
forms is the material of man according to
the Mansakas, Tirurays and the Palawanos.
Mindanao and Sulu - The first man and
woman were hatched from the eggs of a
large sacred bird.
Clay - The most often told story of creation
with the use of ____ is that the Malay
Filipino, big medium brown in the celestial
oven, not burned like the Negroes, nor
underbaked like the Americans.
Bilaan- Say the first people are fashioned
out of beeswax. But the figures melted
when placed near the fire prompting the
creators to search for a better material.
Melu - By far the most interesting material
used for creation is that of ___ who made
earth and the first human beings out of the
rubbings from his body which he was
always cleaning with his fingers. Gross as
creation from the dead skin may sound, one
must not forget that ____ is a God and that
all parts of him, even unwanted scruff, is
divine
First human couple of the Bikols - Evolved
out of two hairs that grew from the cut arm
of Bulan, the moon God.
Earth - Was made out of the nail cuttings of
the Manuvu gods.
Angngalo - Biggest of the giant gods,
urinated in to all the hollows and canals of
the earth which became the rivers and the
seas.
Myths - What can be observed is the fact
that Beings differ from each other, contrast
and conflict or inevitable. Male and female,
good and bad, destruction and creation all
imply each other.
Ibaloi - People made of clay
Bisaya- The man in the woman of the
Bamboo

First man and woman upon the world-
came out of the bamboo pecked by the bird
from both nodes. The man (Silalak), the
woman (Sikabay)
Maguay and Malaon - Gods for whom
Sikabay was afraid, thus refraining to marry
Silalak
Fish, doves and God Linok - approved the
marriage of sikabay and silalak. Producing
ifle children. By the time children can no
longer be supported, Silalak scared them,
took a fat stick and began shouting to them.
Children who entered the bedroom became
descendants who were lords and Chiefs,
and therefore respected. And from those
who stayed in the living room came the
Warriors and nobles who were free and
paid nothing. And from those who hid
behind the walls of the house descended
the slaves. Those who fled to the kitchen
and hid them on the sooty pots spawned
the Negritos, who live in the mountains of
the Philippines. As for those who Left their
fathers house and never returned nor
where ever heard from, came all the other
people’s in the world.
Mandaya - First parents from the egg
Limokon - a kind of dove, powerful and
could talk like men though they looked like
birds. One limokon laid two eggs, one at thr
mouth of the Mayo River and another
farther up it’s course. After sometime these
eggs hatched and the one at the mouth of
the river became a man, well the other
became a woman
Ifugao - Children from the sky world
Kabigat (of the skyworld), Bugan (Wife) -
Bugan and Wigan (Children)
Racial classification- one of the Problems in
Philippine history has to do with the _____
in origins of the story population in the
archipelago. The issue has become So
muddled that it is now difficult to
distinguish fact from fiction. For example,
opinions of scholar presented as facts in
textbooks.
Negritos - In spite of these diverse
approaches, there is a common theme in all
of these theories about the presumed origin
and racial affinity of prehistoric and
contemporary Filipinos. The aboriginal
group, who came by overland migration.
Indonesian - Second, this group came and
displaced the Negritos who moved inland.
Malays - And third, this group arrived and
they replaced the Indonesians who, like the
Negritos, also moved to the interior, leaving
the claims and coastal regions to the
newcomers. This group or excepted as the
immediate ancestors of the contemporary
Filipino population.
Race - Is a biological concept, thus it is hard
to justify the use of cultural labels in the
classification system.
J. Montano 1884-1885 - The earliest
attempt at the classification of Filipino into
specific racial groupings. His works were
based mainly on anthropometric
measurements and ocular inspection of a
few human skeleton remains as well as the
appearance of body build of living
populations.
Conclusion of J Montano- The inhibitor ends
of the country could be divided into:
Negritos- The small dark skin group which
included the Negrito of Bataan, Ata of
Luzon, and Mamanwa of Mindanao.
Malays - The brown skinned group which
included that in habitants of Bicol, Visayas,
and southern Luzon. They have Chinese,
Indonesian, and Arabic blood
Indonesian group - The group similar to the
Malays in complexion which included the
Samal, Bagobo, Guianga, Ata, Tagakaolo,
Tagbanua, Manubo, Mandaya, and Bilaan.
Groups two and three were said to have
reached the Philippines in two waves of
migration. The Indonesian were the first to
come, followed by the Malays.
Ferdinand Bluementritt- Who accepted
Montano’s classification and further
advanced the idea, based on the studies of
Rudolf Virchow and A. Meyer, That the
Negritos were the first inhabitants of the
archipelago and could therefore be
considered the aboriginal population. When
the succeeding groups of people arrived,
these dark skinned, short people were
driven inland to the foothills of the interior
regions.
Inland push theory- But this theory of
population movement is not backed up by
evidence, even by those who propounded
it. Though it can be revised, if not totally
rejected. First there is no archaeological site
to demonstrate the antiquity of this theory.
Second, ethnographic reports are
overwhelming with contrary evidence,
because the Negritos are highly mobile.
Third, Negritos our encountered in marginal
areas of deep forest were many non-
Negrito ethnic groups are also found.
R. B. Bean- The most articulate among these
students of Filipino ration origins. He
published several papers based on ear-
shapes, head forms, and somatological
features of a selected sample of Filipinos.
But his work can be challenge on two
counts: first, the sample used were few and
highly selected. Second, the treats he
studied and measured were of unknown
inheritance. There are no proved, well
documented, readily excepted hypothesis
on the mode of the inheritance of
quantitative traits in man.
Inter marriages and isolation of groups- Can
lead to variations in stature, weight, and
body build. These factors have made
anthropometric measurements unreliable
indices for racial classification.
L. B. Sullivan 1918- Also came up with the
three major racial groups which he believed
as ancestral to modern Filipinos: namely,
Negritos, Indonesians and Malay. Although
he expressed doubts over the reliability of
the anthropometric measurements of his
predecessors, he nevertheless use the same
method to argue that these three racial
types constituted the original people in the
archipelago.
Prof H. O. Beyer- Postulated six original
groups of people who were the forebears of
contemporary Filipinos.
Javamen
Australoid Sakai/ Proto Malays (Reached
archipelago through land bridges)
Indonesian A (sea-faring, stone-tool-using)
Indonesian B (bark cloth wearing)
Central Asians
Metal-using civilized Malays.
Australoid-Sakai- round headed and hairy
followed by straight-haired, semi dwarf
Mongoloid type called Proto-Malays
Big prehistoric problem- How these people
came to be known and physically described
in the absence of fossil evidence is a ____, a
question which needs to be clarified.
Indonesian “A”- Was slender, fair
complexioned, sharp and thin faced, with
deep set eyes
Indonesian “B”- Was shorter in height, but
larger in build, darker in complexion, with
well pronounced jaws, a broad rectangular
face, large thick nose, firmly set eyes, and
thick lips
Malays - In any case, the last of the racially
identified group which came to settle in the
Philippines, according to Beyer. They were
the civilized group. Physically, these people
were mongoloid in characteristics and were
said to represent the ancient mixture of
Indonesian and mongoloid strains. They
constitute the bigger bulk of contemporary
population.
Main problem- In studies concerning
Filipino racial origins. Conclusions reached
are mostly based on measurements or
ocular studies of phenotypic traits of living
population such as skin color build and
height not on genetic elements.
Use of living population as basis for
assessing physical traits of ancient people-
other problem which confronts students of
pre history.
Alternative views for Filipino prehistoric
origin- The following assumptions about
ancient Filipino population, accepted as
“facts” In history books, can be a challenge
as 1. Negritos were the aboriginal group in
the archipelago, they were the first
inhabitants. 2. Filipinos are Malays racially
and ethnically. 3. The Philippines was
peopled by waves of migrants coming from
Asia mainland and the culture of Filipinos
today is largely a result of these
immigrations.
Aborigine hypothesis - It should be dropped
as untenable. The assumption can never be
empirically validated.
European explorers - gave labels
(Indonesian, Malays, and Filipinos)
Java Men- In 1891, to begin with, a Dutch
geologist, Eugene Dubois recovered in a
terrace of Solo river near the town of the
Thrinil, the skeletal remains of prehistoric
men.
Djetis beds- Similar discoveries made here
in central Java have been re-dated by
potassium argon to be about 1.9 million
years ago.
1962- The research team of the national
Museum discovered in Palawan the skull
fragment and part of the jaw of ancient
man. Site was dated 21,000-22,000 BP by
carbon-14
Students of prehistory in SEA esp in Ph have
to alternative choices - The first is to view
the peopling Of the region as the result of
the continuous process of human evolution,
radiating to a number of directions as
differentiation in ecological setting
occurred, following changes in the climatic
conditions in the area. The second is the
look at the island south east Asia as a clean
state, demographically, which was peopled
by groups of men who immigrated.
The first one is challenging But fraught with
difficulties. More intensively research is
needed to clarify many problems regarding
the adjustments of early Men to the
ecological conditions of the island worlds of
Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.
What factors, for example, are responsible
for the rapid shift from ancient the modern
men?
Second Proposal – is popular but too
simplistic in the face of fossil evidences.
(Simple migration hypothesis)
But the two approaches can be combined.
Pre modern man represent “core
population”. Contemporary man “new
population”.
Malay - is an ethnic term. On the basis of
fossil evidences, it is difficult, if not all
impossible to recognize them as Malays.
Later it was used loosely to denote a
biological meaning such as race.
Fossil evidences- suggests that the people in
the region (Indonesians, Malays, Filipinos)
are end results of both the long process of
evolution and the later movements of
people. “They stand co-equal ethnic groups
without any one being the dominant group,
racially or culturally.”
Malay- historically the term refers to
ethnically related peoples inhabiting the
Malay peninsula and Sumatra. Was initially
used by the British to refer to the
inhabitants of Penang whom they
encountered when they occupied the place
in 1786. Later it was used officially by British
administrators to encompass all inhabitants
of the entire peninsula known as “British
Malaya”.
Indonesian- the term was introduced in
1881 and popularized in 1884 by the
German geographer Adolf Bastian
Filipino- originally referred to Spaniards
born in the archipelago named by Ruy
Lopez de Villalobos as “Felipinas” in 1543 in
honor of Felipe son of Don Carlos I of Spain.
“Waves of migration” - Philippines has been
portrayed by scholars to be a clear
geographical site until peopled by ancient
men through a series of ____.
Archeological materials- were correlated
with the material culture and physical traits
of the living population to support the
assumptions that there were such waves of
migrants.
Prof Wilhelm Solheim- The only promising
work that has been done in mainland SEA is
the research conducted by ____ and his
students from the University of Hawaii.
Their systematic efforts yielded some
exciting results like the discovery of a
species of a prehistoric rice and other
evidences of advanced agriculture in
Thailand. Their findings will eventually
clarify some of our problems concerning
mainland relations of prehistoric Filipino
culture.
On the basis of available materials- no pre
historic conditions which seeped into the
Philippines were dominant.
Early Filipinos did not borrow trait
complexes entirely from people they came
in contact; rather, they selected culture
traits from the flow of traditions into the
archipelago and modified these to suit local
needs and ways of doing things.
Waves of migration- too simplistic to be
useful in explaining the complex problem of
cultural development. Local developments
were ignored and the creativity of the
people was not appreciated.
quite unrealistic to assume that
physical characteristics of
prehistoric migrating peoples can
be correlated with specific cultural
developments
Doubtful whether the ancient
people always arrived always
arrived in periodic time sequences
and with foreknowledge of
destination as implied by the term
“migration”. No available data to
show that each wave really
constituted a culturally and racially
homogeneous group
Difficult to accept that immigrants
coming at certain periodic time
sequences reducible only Interims
of thousands and hundreds of
years, would be capable of
maintaining large scale community
patterns in a new land under
pioneer conditions. (Presence of
epidemics, malnutrition, etc)
 The theory does not allow for
various social and cultural today
place in response to local and
historical situations. Instead, it
impresses an orientation that all
culture traits and physical types as
well of our ancestors were brought
into the archipelago “ready-made”.

We do not deny that there were

movements of prehistoric peoples and
some of them reached the Philippines. But
whether they came in waves and at the
precise time sequence as presented, is
debatable.

The waves of migration has to be

abandoned and the Philippines has to be
viewed as a population unit, consisting of a
core population represented by the fossil
remains of ancient men and more recent
population accretions resulting from the
erratic movements of peoples in the region.

Core population - peoples of prehistoric

Island Southeast Asia belonged to the same
population. Combination of human
evolution and movements of other peoples
from Asia.

Base culture - configuration of the shared

elements into a common way of life.

Western colonizers- were the ones who

fragmented the population into ethnic
groups as they partitioned the region in
their respective colonies. Thus, none of
these ancient men could be categorized
under historically identified ethnic groups.
Malay (British), Indonesian (Portuguese,
Germans, Dutch), Filipinos (Spaniards)

Emerging from a common population with

same base culture, the Malays, Filipinos,
and Indonesians are coequal as ethnic
groups in the region of Island SEA, without
any one of them being racially or culturally
dominant.