TURBIN

Ekspansi dari gas dalam sebuah alat untuk menghasilkan kecepatan alir yang tinggi adalah sebuah
proses yang mengubah energi dalam menjadi energi kinetik. Energi kinetik pada gilirannya
dikonversi menjadi kerja poros ketika aliran memberi gaya pada pisau yang dilekatkan pada poros
berputar. Sehingga turbin terdiri dari peralatan pengganti pada sebuah nozzle dan pisau yang
berputar melalui uap atau arus gas dalam proses perluasan keadaan tenang yang efek
keseluruhannya adalah konversi efisien energi internal dari aliran bertekanan tinggi ke kerja poros.
Ketika uap memberikan kekuatan seperti pada pembangkit listrik, perangkat ini disebut turbin,
ketika gas bertekanan tinggi memberikan kekuatan seperti pada pembangkit listrik, seperti amonia
atau etilen dalam petrokimia, adalah fluida kerja, perangkat ini sering disebut expander.

Gambar 7.3:steady state flow through

sdkjksfjkdjfkdjkfjkdjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjktyfggcytytytytytytytytytytytykkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkjkkkkkkkkkkklla turbine or expander

1 Turbine Ws

Dalam setiap turbin, perpindahan panas dapat diabaikan pipa masuk dan pipa keluar adalah ukuran
untuk membuat kecepatan cairan sama.

Ws = m ΔH = m ( H2-H1 ) (7.13)

Ws = ΔH = H2-H1 (7.14)

Biasanya T1 dan P1 dan tekanan debit P2 diketahui. Dalam persamaan 7.14 hanya H1 yang diketahui,
dan H2 dan Ws tidak diketahui. Persamaan energi saja tidak memungkinkan perhitungan dapat
dibuat. Namun, jika cairan dalam turbin ini mengalami proses ekspansi yang reversibel serta
adiabatik, maka proses ini isentropic, dengan S2 = S1. Persamaan kedua ini memungkinkan
penentuan keadaan akhir dari fluida dan H2.

Ws (isentropic) = (ΔH)S (7.15)

 Poros kerja Ws (isentropic) adalah maksimum yang dapat diperoleh dari turbin adiabatic dengan
kondisi inlet yang diberikan dan tekanan debit yang ada.Turbin menghasilkan kerja yang minim,
karena proses ekspansi ireversibel. Oleh karena itu kita mendefinisikan efisiensi turbin sebagai:

𝑊𝑠
η≡
𝑊𝑠 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐)

di mana Ws adalah kerja poros yang sebenarnya.

𝛥𝐻
η=(𝛥𝐻)
𝑠

1
gambar 7.4:Adiabatic expansion process in a
sdsdsdsjdkdjfkdjkjfkgjkfjgkjgkfjgkfjkgjfkgjkfjgkjgkjkgjkfjgkfjkgjfkgjkjgkfjgkfjgjfkgjkfjgkfjgkjfkgjfjgkfkkkkturbine or expander
ΔH

(ΔH)s
H 2

2’
ΔS

Nilai η untuk turbin dirancang secara tepat atau biasanya berkisar dari 0,7 sampai 0,8. Gambar 7.4
menunjukkan diagram H S yang menunjukkan perbandingan proses expansi yang sesungguhnya
dalam turbin dan proses reversibel untuk kondisi intake yang sama dan tekanan yang sama.
Reversibel path adalah garis vertikal entropi konstan dari titik 1 pada tekanan intake P1 ke titik 2
pada tekanan debit P2. Garis yang mewakili proses ireversibel yang sebenarnya, juga dimulai dari
titik 1, tapi diarahkan ke bawah dan ke kanan, ke arah entropi meningkat. Karena proses ini
adiabatik, irreversibilitas menyebabkan peningkatan entropi fluida. Proses ini berakhir pada titik 2
pada kondisi isobar untuk P2. Semakin ireversibel, titik ini cenderung terletak di kanan P2 pada
kondisi isobar, dan semakin rendah η efisiensi proses.
Contoh 7.6 :

A steam turbine with rated capacity of 56,400 kW operates with steam at inlet conditions of 8,600
kPa and 5000C, and discharges into a condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. Assuming a turbine
efficiency of 0.75, determine the state of the steam at discharge and the mass rate of flow of the
steam.

Solution 7.6

At the inlet conditions of 8,600 kPa and 5000C, the following values are given in the steam tables:

H1=3,391.6 kJ kg-1

S1=6.6858 kJ kg-1K-1

If the expansion to 10 kPa isentropic, then:

S’1=S2=6.6858

Steam with this entropy at 10 kPa is wet, and Eq. (6.73b), with M = S and xv=x2’, yields:

S’2=Sl2 +x’2 (Sv2-Sl2)

Then, 6.6858 = 0.6493 + x’2 (8.1511-0.6493)

And x’2=0.8047

This is the quality (fraction vapor) of the discharge stream at point 2’. The enthalpy H2’ is also given
by Eq. (6.73b), written:

H’2= Hl2 + x’2 (Hv2 - Hl2)

Thus, H’2 = 191.8 + (0.8047)(2,584.8-191.8) = 2,117.4 kJ kg-1

(ΔH)S = H’2 - H1 = 2,117.4 – 3,391.6 = -1,274.2 kJ kg-1

And by Eq.(7.16),

ΔH = η (ΔH)S = (0.75)(-1,274.2) = -955.6 kJ kg-1

Whence,

H2 = H1 + ΔH = 3,391.6 – 955.6 = 2,436.0 kJ kg-1

Thus the steam in its actual final state is also wet, and its quality is found from the equation:
 2,436.0 = 191.8 + x2(2,584.8-191.8)

x2 = 0.9378

finnaly,

S2 = 0.6493 + (0.9378)(8.1511-0.6493) = 7.6846 kJ kg-1 K-1

This value may be compared with the initial value of S1 = 6.6858.

The steam rate is found from Eq. (7.13). Since work is produced at the rate of 56,400 kW or
56,400 kJ s-1,

WS = -56,400 = m (2,436.0 – 3,391.6)

m = 59.02 kg s-1

Example 7.7

A stream of ethylene gas at 3000C and 45 bar is expanded adiabatically in a turbine to 2 bar.
Calculate the isentropic work produced. Find the properties of ethylene by:

a.Equation for an gas ideal

b. Appropriate generalized correlations

Solution 7.7

The enthalpy and entropy changes for the process are:

𝑖𝑔
∆𝐻 = {𝐶𝑃 } (𝑇2 −𝑇1 ) + 𝐻2𝑅 − 𝐻1𝑅
𝐻

𝑖𝑔 𝑇2 𝑃2
∆𝑆 = {𝐶𝑃 } 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑅 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑆2𝑅 −𝑆1𝑅
𝑆 𝑇1 𝑃1

Given values are P1 = 45 bar, P2 = 2 bar, and T1 = 300 + 273.15 = 573.15 K

a.If the ethylene is assumed an ideal gas, then all residual properties are zero, and the preceding
equation reduce to:

𝑖𝑔
∆𝐻 = {𝐶𝑃 } (𝑇2 −𝑇1 )
𝐻

𝑖𝑔 𝑇2 𝑃2
∆𝑆 = {𝐶𝑃 } 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑅 𝑙𝑛
𝑆 𝑇1 𝑃1
For an isentropic process, ΔS=0, and the second equation becomes:

𝑖𝑔 𝑇2 𝑃2 2
{𝐶𝑃 } 𝑙𝑛 = ln = 𝑙𝑛 = −3.1135
𝑆 𝑇1 𝑃1 45

−3.1135
Or 𝑙𝑛 𝑇2= ln 𝑖𝑔
+ ln 573.15
{𝐶𝑃 } /𝑅
𝑆

−3.1135
Then T2 = exp(ln 𝑖𝑔
+ 6.3511) (A)
{𝐶𝑃 } /𝑅
𝑆

𝑖𝑔
Equation (5.17) provides an expression for {𝐶𝑃 } /𝑅, which for computational purposes is
𝑆
represented by:

𝑖𝑔
{𝐶𝑃 }
𝑆 = 𝑀𝐶𝑃𝑆(573.15, 𝑇 ; 1.424,14.394𝐸 − 3, −4.392𝐸 − 6,0.0)
2
𝑅

Where the constant for ethylene come from Table C.1. Temperature T2 is found by iteration. Assume
𝑖𝑔
an initial value for evalution of {𝐶𝑃 } /𝑅. Equation (A) then provides a new value of T2 from which
𝑆
𝑖𝑔
to recompute {𝐶𝑃 } /𝑅, and the procedure continues to convergence on the final value:
𝑆

T2=370.8 K

𝑖𝑔
Then, Ws (isentropic) = (ΔH)S={𝐶𝑃 } (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝐻

𝑖𝑔
The value of {𝐶𝑃 } /𝑅, given by Eq.(4.8), is for computational purposes represented by:
𝐻

𝑖𝑔
{𝐶𝑃 }
𝐻 = 𝑀𝐶𝑃𝐻(573.15,370.8; 1.424,14.394𝐸 − 3, −4.392𝐸 − 6,0.0) = 7.224
𝑅

Whence,

Ws (isentropic) = (7.224)(8.314)(370.8-573.15)=-12,153 J mol-1

b.For ethylene

Tc=282.3 K Pc=50.4 bar 𝜔=0.087

At the initial state,

 573.15 45
Tr1= 282.3 = 2.030 Pr1=50.4 = 0.893

According to Fig.3.15, the generalized correlations based on second virial coefficients should be
satisfactory. The computational procedures of Eqs. (6.78), (6.79), (3.61),(3.62), (6.80) and (6.81) are
represented by:

𝐻1𝑅
= 𝐻𝑅𝐵(2.030,0.893,0.087) = −0.234
𝑅𝑇𝑐

𝑆1𝑅
= 𝑆𝑅𝐵(2.030,0.893,0.087) = −0.097
𝑅

Then, 𝐻1𝑅 = (−0.234)(8.314)(282.3) = −549 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

𝑆1𝑅 = (−0.0139)(8.314) = −0.806 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1

For an initial estimate 𝑆2𝑅 , assume that T2=370.8 K, the value determined in part (a). Then,

370.8 2
Tr2= = 1.314 Pr2= = 0.040
282.3 50.4

𝑆2𝑅
Whence, = 𝑆𝑅𝐵(1.314,0.040,0.087) = −0.0139
𝑅

And 𝑆2𝑅 = (−0.0139)(8.314) = −0.116 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1

If the expansion process isentropic,Eq. (6.85) becomes:

𝑖𝑔 𝑇2 2
0 = {𝐶𝑃 } 𝑙𝑛 − 8.314𝑙𝑛 − 0.116 + 0.806
𝑆 573.15 45

𝑇2 −26.576
𝑙𝑛 =
573.15 𝑖𝑔
{𝐶𝑃 }
𝑆

−26.576
𝑇2 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( + 6.3511)
𝑖𝑔
{𝐶𝑃 }
𝑆

An iteration process exactly like that of part (a) yields the results

𝑇2 = 365.8 𝐾 and 𝑇𝑟2 =1.296

With this value of 𝑇𝑟2 and with 𝑃𝑟2 =0.040,

 𝑆2𝑅
= 𝑆𝑅𝐵(1.296,0.040,0.087) = −0.0144
𝑅

And 𝑆2𝑅 = (−0.0144)(8.314) = −0.120 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1

This result is so little changed from the initial estimate that another recalculation of T2is
unnecessary, and 𝐻2𝑅 is evaluated at the reduced conditions just established:

𝐻2𝑅
= 𝐻𝑅𝐵(1.296,0.040,0.087) = −0.0262
𝑅𝑇𝑐

𝐻2𝑅 = (−0.0262)(8.314)(282.3) = −61 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

By Eq.(6.84),

(∆𝐻)𝑆 = {𝐶𝑃𝑖𝑔 } (365.8 − 573.15) − 61 + 549

𝐻

𝑖𝑔
Evaluation of {𝐶𝑃 } as in part (a) with T2=365.8 K gives:
𝐻

𝑖𝑔
{𝐶𝑃 } = 59.843 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1
𝐻

Whence, (∆𝐻)𝑆 = −11.920 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

And 𝑊𝑠 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐) = (∆𝐻)𝑆 = −11,920 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

COMPRESOR

Kompresi dari gas dapat dicapai dalam peralatan dengan pisau berputar (seperti operasi turbin
secara terbalik) atau dalam silinder dengan torak piston. Peralatan yang dapat berputar digunakan
untuk aliran volume tinggi dimana tekanan debit tidak terlalu tinggi. Untuk tekanan tinggi,
kompresor diperlukan.

Persamaan energi adalah independen berdasarkan jenis peralatan; bahkan,persamaan ini adalah
sama seperti untuk turbin atau expanders, karena terlalu potensial perubahan energi kinetik yang
dianggap dapat diabaikan.
 2

Ws Compressor

Gambar 7.5:Steady state compression process

Dalam proses kompresi, pekerjaan isentropic, adalah kerja poros minimum yang diperlukan untuk
kompresi gas dari keadaan awal yang diberikan kepada tekanan debit diberikan. Jadi kita
mendefinisikan efisiensi kompresor sebagai:

𝑊𝑠 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐)
η≡ 𝑊𝑠

atau

(∆𝐻)𝑠
η≡ ∆𝐻
(7.17)

Efisiensi Kompresor biasanya dalam kisaran 0,7 ke 0,8

Proses kompresi akan ditampilkan pada diagram HS pada gambar 7.6. Alur vertikal yang naik dari
titik 1 ke titik 2' merupakan proses kompresi isentropic dari P1 ke P2. Proses kompresi sebenarnya
mengikuti jalan dari titik 1 ke atas dan ke kanan ke arah entropi meningkat, dan berakhir pada titik 2
pada proses isobar untuk P2.

Contoh 7.8

Saturate-vapor steam at 100kPa (𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 99.63℃) is compressed adiabatically to 300 kPA. If the
compressor efficiency is 0.75, what is the work required and what are the properties of the
discharge stream?

sdbsgdhshdghsgdhsghdgsgdhsgdhgshgdhsgdhgshdghsghsgdhgshdghsgdhsgd
 2
Gambar7.6:
2’
sdbsgdhshdghsgdhsghdgsgdhsgdhgshgdhsgdhgshdghsghsgdhgshdghsgdhsgdhgsh Adiabatic compression process

ΔH

P (ΔH)s
P2

P1 ΔS

Solution 7.8

For saturated steam at 100 kPa,

S1=7.3598 kJ kg-1 K-1 H1=2,675.4 kJ kg-1

For isentropic compression to 300 kPa,

S’2=S1=7.3598 kJ kg-1 K-1

Interpolation in the tables for superheated steam at 300 kPa shows that steam with this entropy has
the enthalpy:

H’2=2,888.8 kJ kg-1

Thus, (∆𝐻)𝑆 = 2,888.8 − 2,675.4 = 213.4 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1

By Eq.(7.17),

(∆𝐻)𝑆 213.4
∆𝐻 = = = 284.5 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1
𝜂 0.75

Whence, 𝐻2 = 𝐻1 + Δ𝐻 = 2,675.4 + 284.5 = 2,959.9 𝑘𝐽𝑘𝑔−1

Again the interpolation shows that supeheated steam with this enthalpy has the additional
properties:

T2=246.10C S2=7.5019 kJ kg-1K-1

Moreover, by Eq.(7.14), the work required is:

𝑊𝑠 = Δ𝐻 = 284.5 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1

The direct application of Eqs.(7.13) through (7.15) presumes the availability of tables of data or an
equivalent thermodinamics diagram for the fluid being compressed. Where such information is not
available, the generalized correlations of Sec.6.7 may be used in conjunction with Eqs.(6.84) and
(6.85, exactly as ilustrated in Ex. 7.7 for an expansion process.

The asumption of ideal gases leads to equations of relativ simplicity. By Eq. (5.18) for an ideal gas:

𝑇 𝑃
Δ𝑆 = {𝐶𝑝}𝑆 𝑙𝑛 𝑇2 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 𝑃2 where or simplicity the superscipt “ig” has been omitted from the mean
1 1

heat capacity. If the compression is isentropic, ΔS=0, and this equation becomes:

𝑃2 𝑅/{𝐶′𝑝 }𝑠
𝑇′2 = 𝑇1 = ( )
𝑃1

Where T’2 is the termperature that results when compression from T1 and P1 to P2 is isentropic and
where (𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝑆 is the mean heat-capacity for the temperature range from T1 to T’2.

Applied to isentropic compression, Eq(4.9) here becomes:

(Δ𝐻)𝑆 = (𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝐻 (𝑇 ′ 2 − 𝑇1 )

In accord with Eq.(7.15),

𝑊𝑆(𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐) = (𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝐻 (𝑇 ′ 2 − 𝑇1 )

This result may be combined with the compressor efficiency to give:

𝑊𝑠 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐)
𝑊𝑠 =
𝜂

The actual discharge temperature T2 resulting from compression is also found from Eq.(4.9).
Rewritten as:

Δ𝐻 = (𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝐻 (𝑇 ′ 2 − 𝑇1 )

Whence,

Δ𝐻
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 +
(𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝐻
Where by Eq.(7.14) ΔH = Ws. Here (𝐶𝑝)𝐻 is the mean heat-capacity for the temperature range from
T1 to T2. For this special case of an ideal gas with constant heat capacities.

(𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝐻 = (𝐶𝑝)𝐻 = (𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝑆 = 𝐶𝑝

Equation (7.18) and (7.19) therefore become:

𝑃 𝑅/𝐶𝑝
𝑇′2 = 𝑇1 ( 2 ) and 𝑊𝑠 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐) = 𝐶𝑝(𝑇 ′ 2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑃1

Combining these equation gives:

𝑃1 𝑅/𝐶𝑝
𝑊𝑠 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐) = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 [( ) − 1]
𝑃2

For monoatomic gases, such as argon and helium, R/Cp = 2/5 = 0.4. For such diatomic gases as
oxygen, nitrogen, and air at moderate temperatures. R/Cp ≈ 2/7 = 0.2857. For gases of greater
molecular complexity the ideal-gas heat capacity depends more strongly on temperature, and Eq.
(7.22) is less likely to be suitable. One can easily show that the assuption of constant heat capacities
also leads to the result:

𝑇′2 − 𝑇1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 +
𝜂

Contoh 7.9

If methane (assumed to be an ideal gas) is compressed adiabatically from 200C and 140 kPa to 560
kPa, estimate the work requirement and the discharge temperature of the methane. The
compressor efficiencyis 0.75

Solution 7.9

Application of Eq.(7.18) requires evaluation of the exponent R/(𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝑆. This can be accomplished
with Eq.(5.17), which for the present computation is represented by:

(𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝑆.
= 𝑀𝐶𝑃𝑆(293.15, 𝑇2 ; 1.702,9.081𝐸 − 3, −2.164𝐸 − 6,0.0)
𝑅

Where the constants for methane come from table C.1. Choose a value for T’2 somewhat higher
than he initial temperature T1=295.15 K. The exponent in Eq.(7.18) then comes from evaluation of
(𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝑆. /R. With P2/P1 = 560/140 = 4.0 and T1=293.15 K, find a new value of T’2. The procedure is
repeated until no further significant change occurs in the value of T’2. This process produces the
values:

(𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝑆.
T’2=397.37 K and 𝑅
= 4.5574

𝑅 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 𝛾 − 1
= =
𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑝 𝛾

An Alternative form of Eq.(7.22) is therefore:

𝛾𝑅𝑇1 𝑃1 (𝛾−1)/𝛾
𝑊𝑠 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐) = [( ) − 1]
𝛾 − 1 𝑃2

For the same T1 and T’2, evaluate (𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝐻. /R by Eq.(4.8)

(𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝐻.
= 𝑀𝐶𝑃𝐻(293.15,397.37; 1.702,9.081𝐸 − 3, −2.164𝐸 − 6,0.0)
𝑅

Whence, (𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝐻. = (4.5774)(8.314) = 38.056 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1

𝑊𝑠 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐) = (38.056)(397.37 − 293.37 − 293.15) = 3,966.2 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

The actual work:

3,966.2
𝑊𝑠 = = 5,288.3 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
0.75

Application of Eq.(7.21) for the calculation of T2 gives:

5,288.3
𝑇2 = 293.15 +
{𝐶𝑝}𝐻

This leads to result:

𝑇2 = 428.65

(𝐶 ′ 𝑝)𝐻. = 39.027 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1

PUMPS

Cairan biasanya digerakkan oleh pompa, umumnya perlengkapan yang berputar. Persamaan yang
berlaku untuk pompa adiabatik sama untuk kompresor adiabatik.Untuk proses isentropic,
dH = V dP (const S)

menggabungkan ini dengan eq (7.15) menghasilkan:

𝑃
Ws(isentropic)=(ΔH)s=∫𝑃 2 𝑉. 𝑑𝑃
1

Ws(isentropic)=(ΔH)s=V (P2 -P1)

Karena perubahan temperatur pada fluida di pompa sangat kecil dan karena sifat dari cairan yang
sensitif terhadap tekanan (pada kondisi tidak dekat dengan titik kritis), persamaan ini biasanya
terintegrasi pada asumsi bahwa Cp, V, dan β yang konstan, biasanya sebesar nilai awal. Jadi, untuk
sebuah pendekatan yang baik:

ΔH = Cp ΔT + V (1-βT) ΔP

𝑇
ΔS = Cp ln𝑇2 − 𝛽 𝑉 𝛥𝑃
1

Contoh 7.10

Water at 45oC and 10 kPa enters an adiabatic pum and is discharged at a pressure of 8,600 kPa.
Assume the pump efficiency to be 0.75. Calculate the work of the pump, the temperaure change of
the water, and the entropy change of the water.

Solution 7.10

The following are properies for saturated liquid water at 45oC (318.15 K):

V=1,010 cm3kg-1 β=425 x 10-6 K-1 Cp=1.178 kJ kg-1 K-1

𝑊𝑠 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐) = (Δ𝐻)𝑆 = (1,010)(8,600 − 10) = 8.676 𝑥 106 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑐𝑚3 𝑘𝑔−1

𝑊𝑠 (𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐) = (Δ𝐻)𝑆 = 8.676 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1

(Δ𝐻)𝑆 8.676
Δ𝐻 = = = 11.57 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1
𝜂 0.75

𝑊𝑠 = Δ𝐻 = 11.57 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1

The temperature change of the water during pumping, from Eq.(7.25)

 8,590
11.25 = 4.178 Δ𝑇 + 1,010[1 − (425 𝑥 10−6 )(318.15)]
106

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝚫𝑻 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔:

Δ𝑇 = 0.97 𝐾

the entropy change of the water is given by Eq. (7.26):

319.12 8,590
Δ𝑆 = 4.178𝑙𝑛 − (425 𝑥 10−6 )(1,010) = 0.0090 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1 𝐾 −1
318.15 106