Insulation Coordination

INSULATION COORDINATION STUDY FOR MARASSI – SIDI ABDUL RAHMAN 220/22KV SS 02/02/2019
Table of Contents:
CONTENTS
Table of Contents: ........................................................................................................................ 1
1 The voltage stresses ............................................................................................................. 4
2 Surge Arresters Sizing and Verification:............................................................................... 5
2.1 Continuous Operating Voltage Check: .......................................................................... 5
3 Temporary Overvoltage: ...................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Temporary Overvoltage on 220 KV System: ................................................................. 7
3.1.1 Temporary Overvoltage Observation on 220 KV BB with HV Neutral Earthed
System: .............................................................................................................................. 7
3.1.2 TOV Observation on 220 KV BB with HV Isolated Neutral System: ................... 10
3.2 Temporary Overvoltage on neutral of 220 KV System: .............................................. 12
3.3 Temporary Overvoltage on neutral of 22 KV System: ................................................ 13
3.4 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV BB: ......................................................................... 15
3.4.1 TOV Observed on 22kv BB with 22kv Neutral Earthed System: ........................ 15
3.4.2 TOV Observed on 22kv BB with 22kv Neutral Isolated System: ........................ 17
3.5 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV TR Incomer: .......................................................... 19
3.5.1 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV transformer side and 22kv Neutral is Earthed:
............................................................................................................................ 19
3.5.2 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV transformer side and 22kv Neutral is Isolated:

............................................................................................................................ 21
3.6 Temporary Overvoltage on Tertiary Winding: ............................................................ 24
3.6.1 Case‐1: ................................................................................................................ 24
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3.6.2 Case‐2: ................................................................................................................ 24
3.7 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV Capacitor Bank: ..................................................... 27
4 Energy Absorption Capability Check: ................................................................................. 30
4.1 Arrester of 220KV System: .......................................................................................... 30
4.2 22kv Transformer Medium Voltage Side, 22kv Transformer Tertiary Side, BB, and
Capacitor Bank Arresters: ...................................................................................................... 31
4.3 220kv and 22kv Transfomer Nuetral Surge Arresters: ................................................ 32
4.4 Conclusion: .................................................................................................................. 32
5 Slow Front Overvoltages: ................................................................................................... 33
5.1 Switching on 220KV System: ....................................................................................... 33
5.2 Conclusion: .................................................................................................................. 35
5.3 Capacitor Bank Switching Study: ................................................................................. 36
5.3.1 Energizing the First Leg of a Capacitor Bank ...................................................... 36
5.3.2 Back‐to‐Back Capacitor Switching Study: .......................................................... 38
5.4 Conclusion: .................................................................................................................. 40
6 Fast Transient Phenomena: ............................................................................................... 41
6.1 Direct Strokes to Phase Conductors: ........................................................................... 41
6.2 Calculation of Maximum Current, Im for Direct Lightning Stroke .............................. 41
6.3 Back Flashover Stroke Current: ................................................................................... 42
6.4 Modelling of Various Elements of the Network for PSCAD: ....................................... 45
6.4.1 Transmission line: .............................................................................................. 45
6.4.2 Tower Model: ..................................................................................................... 45
Page 2/62
6.4.3 Power Transformer: ........................................................................................... 46
6.4.4 Surge Arresters: ................................................................................................. 46
6.4.5 Stroke Current Wave shape: .............................................................................. 47
6.4.6 Other Substation Equipment: ............................................................................ 47
6.5 Study and Results: ....................................................................................................... 48
6.5.1 Direct stroke. ...................................................................................................... 48
6.5.2 Back Flashover Stroke: ....................................................................................... 55
7 Attachments: ...................................................................................................................... 62
Page 3/62
Introduction:
The prime objective of the study is to verify adequacy of surge arresters proposed for Marassi
‐ Sidi Abdul Rahman 220/22 KV GIS Substation and to check whether sufficient protection
against fast transient overvoltages and switching overvoltages are achieved with proposed
rating and locations of surge arresters.
This report presents results of temporary over voltage, slow front over voltage, and fast
transient study. The SLD for Marassi ‐ Sidi Abdul Rahman 220/22 kv substation is shown in the
attached document. Studies were carried out using PSCAD Version 4.5.4 program.
1 The voltage stresses
Voltage stresses in the electrical systems can be classified as follows:
1. Continuous power frequency voltages vary in the power systems, and the limits are
defined in the standards.
2. Lightning (fast front) overvoltages, caused by lightning.
3. Switching (slow front) overvoltages, caused by switching.
4. Temporary overvoltages, caused by faults and load rejection.
Figure 1: Typical Voltage Stresses in Power Systems
Page 4/62
2 Surge Arresters Sizing and Verification:

2.1 Continuous Operating Voltage Check:
Determination of arrester Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage (MCOV) - as per Cl.3.2.1 -

IEC-60099-5, selected MCOV of phase to earth arrester shall be greater than maximum power
frequency system voltage:
Table 1: Surge Arresters Continous Operating Voltage Verfications
RMS Value of the Continuous Maximum System Voltage (RMS

Surge arrester
operating Voltage Value)
SS Outdoor
Arrester (214KV 171KV 245/√3=141.45 KV
rated)
22KV Transformer
20kv 24/√3 =13.86kv
Incomer Arrester
22KV MV SWGR
20kv 24/√3 =13.86kv
BB Arrester
22KV Capacitor
19.2kv 24/√3 =13.86kv
Bank Arrester
The Continuous operating voltage of phase to earth surge arresters as listed in above table-1
are more than r.m.s value of maximum rated power frequency phase voltage, so they are
accepted.
As per IEC-60099-5, cl 5.1.2, it is mentioned that the selection of transformer neutral point
SA will be only based on the rated voltage value and energy capability.
As per below checks of both rated/energy capability of 220kv and 22 kv neutral SA, they are
verified. So the standard continuous voltage which corresponding to selected rated voltage
is accepted.
 220kv Neutral SA with (108kv/86kv)(rated /continuous) voltages is accepted.
Page 5/62
 22kv NER SA with (15kv/12.9kv) (rated /continuous) voltages is accepted.
3 Temporary Overvoltage:
Determination of arrester rated voltage as per Cl.3.2.2 ‐ IEC‐60099‐5. The rated voltage of the
arrester is selected based on the temporary overvoltage in the system at the arrester location,
considering their amplitudes and their durations. These overvoltages are mainly due to load
rejection and single‐phase faults occurring in the system.
Temporary overvoltage of system should be less than capabilty temporary overvoltage (for one
second “clearing time”) of surge arrester that can be calculated as below equation‐1 :
∗ 1.19 (1)
Temporary overvoltage of system (for 0.5 second “clearing time”) of surge arrester that can be
calculated as below equation‐2 :
∗ 1.21 (2)
Above equations 1&2 are derived from below figure‐2 of HV SA manufacturer test report sheet.
Page 6/62
Figure 2: Power Frequency Voltage Versus Time C/C'S
Temporary over voltage model
Matrooh SS Im Is
E_A5
E_A4
Marasi SS
P+jQ
#2
Bl1
BRK_A4 161km BRK_A5 #1 #3 PI Section
Lumped
Load
A Btr3 Btr5
TL1 V
E_A7 E_C
RRL
20 [ohm]
BRK_B4 BRK_B5
0.00005 [H] 11.83 [uF] E_A6

E_B5
E_B4
E_B
E_A8
E_A6
E_A7
Bcap
0.00005 [H] 23.7 [uF] E_A8

PI Section E_A
Bcap Bcap
0.00005 [H] 23.7 [uF] E_A5 E_A5

A->G
Bcap
TL2 #2
55 km #1 #3 PI Section
P+jQ
Btr4 Btr6
Timed
Logic
Fault
Bl2
Lumped
20 [ohm]
Load
0.00005 [H] 11.83 [uF]
Bcap
El-Omid SS
0.00005 [H] 23.7 [uF]
RRL
PI Section
Bcap Bcap
0.00005 [H] 23.7 [uF]
Bcap
3.1 Temporary Overvoltage on 220 KV System:
3.1.1 Temporary Overvoltage Observation on 220 KV BB with HV Neutral Earthed System:
TOV observation on 220kv BB with neutral earthed system (220kv TR neutral DS is closed),
where single line to ground fault at SS 220KV bus (at t=0.5 second) followed by load rejection
Page 7/62
(at t=0.55 second) are subjected. The voltage is measured at the SS 220kv BB as shown in figures
3, 4, and 5.
Main : Graphs
E_B
250
205.286
200
-39.880
150 -245.166
100 Min -212.341
50 Max 212.678
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 0.57
0.90
f 3.06
Figure 3: The voltage of phase‐B at SS 220kv BB
Main : Graphs
E_C
250
-209.499
200
-106.969
150 102.529
100 Min -210.927
50 Max 211.229
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 0.57
1.05
f 2.07
Figure 4: The voltage of phase‐C at SS 220kv BB
Page 8/62
Main : Graphs
E_A
200
26.551
150 103.103
100 76.552
Min -179.317
50
Max 178.935
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
sec 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 0.25
0.42
f 5.80
Figure 5: The voltage of the faulty phase at SS 220kv BB
From previous figures (3, 4, and 5), the maximum temporary overvoltage is 212.68 KVp (phase
voltage) then the rms value equal 150.38 KVrms (phase voltage) for one second.
Maximum temporary overvoltage in the system (k) = 1.184 pu.
r.m.s value of maximum power frequency voltage = Um / √3 = 141.45kVrms
Therefore, phase‐earth power frequency over voltage = k x Um / √3 = 167.5kVrms
While, the temporary overvoltage capability (TOV) of 214 kV surge arrester (SB214/20.5) for
0.5 second is: 1.21*214KV=258.94KV and (TOV) of 214 kV surge arrester for one second is: 1.19
*214KV=254.66KV (as per attachment document: B7005428)
 As per above case study, it can be seen that temporary overvoltage capability (TOV)
for 214 kV surge arrester (SB214/20.5) is greater than maximum temporary
overvoltage 167.5 kVrms.
According to contract specs:
 214kv SA shall withstand (1.4*(245/√3) =198kvrms for 1sec, while 214 kV surge arrester
TOV for one second is 254.66KV (as per attachment document: B7005428).
 214kv SA shall withstand (1.8*(245/√3) =254.61kvrms for 0.5sec, while 214 kV surge
arrester TOV for 0.5sec is 258.94KV (as per attachment document: B7005428).
Page 9/62
3.1.2 TOV Observation on 220 KV BB with HV Isolated Neutral System:
TOV observation on 220kv BB with isolated neutral system (220kv TR neutral DS is opened),
where single line to ground fault at SS 220KV bus (at t=0.5 second) followed by load rejection
(at t=0.55 second) are subjected. The voltage is measured at the SS 220kv BB as shown in figures
6, 7, and 8.
Main : Graphs
E_A
200
169.019
150 -175.149
100 -344.168
Min -178.781
50
Max 178.778
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 0.17
0.44
f 3.70
Figure 6: The voltage of the faulty phase at SS 220kv BB
Main : Graphs
E_C
250
-65.810
200
214.845
150 280.656
100 Min -216.741
50 Max 218.177
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 0.61
0.94
f 3.06
Figure 7: The voltage of phase‐C at SS 220kv BB
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Main : Graphs
E_B
250
-220.934
200
-19.304
150 201.630
100 Min -222.212
50 Max 224.155
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 0.60
0.90
f 3.39
Figure 8: The voltage of phase‐B at SS 220kv BB
From previous figures (6, 7, and 8), the maximum temporary overvoltage is 224.2 KVp (phase
voltage) then the rms value equal 158.53 KVrms (phase voltage) for one second.
While, the temporary overvoltage capability (TOV) of 214 kV surge arrester (SB214/20.5) for
0.5 second is: 1.21*214KV=258.94KV and (TOV) of 214 kV surge arrester for one second is: 1.19
*214KV=254.66KV (as per attachment document: B7005428).
 214kv SA shall withstand (1.4*(245/√3)) =198kvrms for 1sec, while 214 kV surge
arrester TOV for one second is 254.66KV (as per attachment document: B7005428).
 214kv SA shall withstand (1.8*(245/√3)) =254.61kvrms for 0.5sec, while 214 kV surge
arrester TOV for 0.5sec is 258.94KV (as per attachment document: B7005428).
Page 11/62
220kv HV surge arrester (SB214/20.5) with rating voltage 214kV is verified for above
mentioned case.
3.2 Temporary Overvoltage on neutral of 220 KV System:
The voltage will be observed at the isolated neutral point of 220KV system (ES is opened) in
case of single line to ground short circuit at SS 220KV bus (at t=0.5 second) followed by load
rejection (at t=0.55 second). The observed voltage of neutral voltage is shown in the below
figure 9.
Main : Graphs
E_N
100
0.000
75 8.545
50 8.545
Min -92.581
25
Max 93.556
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
sec 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 0.50
0.94
f 2.28
Figure 9: Measured Voltage at isolated 220KV neutral of transformer
As per the previous figure‐9, the maximum temporary overvoltage observed on neutral of
220KV power transformer is 93.56 KVp (phase voltage) and the rms value equal 66.16 KVrms
(phase voltage) for one second.
r.m.s value of maximum power frequency voltage = Um / √3 = 141.45 kVrms
While, the temporary overvoltage capability (TOV) of 108 kV surge arrester for 0.5 second is:
1.21*108KV=130.68KV and (TOV) of 108 kV surge arrester for one second is: 1.19
*108KV=128.52KV (as per attachment document: B7005428).
Page 12/62
Rated voltage of 220kv neutral surge arrester of power transformer shall be 108kv.
220kv neutral surge arrester of Power transformer (SB108/20.5) with rating voltage 108kV is
verified.
3.3 Temporary Overvoltage on neutral of 22 KV System:
The voltage will be observed at the isolated neutral point of 22KV system (ES is opened) in case
of single line to ground short circuit at SS 22KV bus (at t=0.5 second) followed by load rejection
(at t=0.55 second). The observed voltage of neutral voltage is shown in the below figure 10
Main : Graphs
E_N
17.321
20
18.943
1.622
10 Min -20.981
Max 20.195
0
-10
-20
sec 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 0.59

0.86
f 3.80
Figure 10: Measured Voltage at isolated 22KV neutral of transformer
As per the previous figure‐10, the maximum temporary overvoltage observed on neutral of
22KV power transformer is 20.2 KVp (phase voltage) and the rms value equal 14.3 KVrms
(phase voltage) for one second.
r.m.s value of maximum power frequency voltage = Um / √3 = 13.86 kVrms
Page 13/62
While, the temporary overvoltage capability (TOV) of 15 kV surge arrester for 0.5 second is:
1.22*15KV=18.3KV and (TOV) of 15 kV surge arrester for one second is: 1.2 *15KV=18KV (as
per attachment document: TR‐E 15011TO)
for 15 kV surge arrester (SBKC15/SL‐10.2) is greater than maximum temporary
Rated voltage of 22kv neutral surge arrester of power transformer earthing resistor shall be
15kv.
22kv surge arrester of power transformer earthing resistor (SBKC15/SL‐10.2) with rating
voltage 15kV is verified.
.

Page 14/62
3.4 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV BB:
3.4.1 TOV Observed on 22kv BB with 22kv Neutral Earthed System:
The voltage will be observed on 22KV side of BB in case of single line to ground short circuit at
22KV bus (at t=0.5 second) followed by load rejection (at t=0.55 second), where TR 22kv side
neutral is earthed through resistance. The observed voltage of three phases are shown in the
below figures 11, 12, and 13.
Main : Graphs
E_A
20.0
16.405
15.0 -17.004
10.0 -33.410
Min -17.318
5.0
Max 17.317
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 0.17
0.44
f 3.70
Figure 11: Voltage of faulty phase at 22 kv BB
Main : Graphs
E_B
40
28.445
30 6.405
20 -22.040
Min -33.472
10
Max 33.420
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 0.57
0.90
f 3.06
Figure 12: Voltage of phase‐B at 22 kv BB
Page 15/62
Main : Graphs
E_C
40
-30.414
30 -7.396
20 23.018
Min -34.655
10
Max 34.397
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 0.57
1.05
f 2.07
Figure 13: Voltage of phase‐C at 22 kv BB
From previous figures 11, 12, and 13, maximum temporary overvoltage is 34.66kVp (phase
voltage) and the rms value equal 24.51 KVrms (phase voltage) for one second.
Maximum temporary overvoltage in the system (k) = 1.92.
While, the temporary overvoltage capability (TOV) of 24 kV surge arrester (on 22KV BB) for one
second is: 1.18* 24KV=28.32KV. (TOV) of 24 kV surge arrester (on 22KV BB) for 0.5 second is:
1.2* 24KV=28.8KV. It is assumed as 24kv capacitor bank SA (SB24/10.2) .
for 24 kV BB surge arrester is greater than maximum temporary overvoltage 26.61
kVrms.
 24kv BB SA shall withstand (1.7*(24/ √3)) =23.56kvrms for 3sec, while 24 kV BB surge
arrester TOV for three second is (1.16*24) =27.84KV.
Page 16/62
 24kv SA shall withstand (1.8*(24/ √3)) =24.94kvrms for 0.5sec, while 24 kV BB surge
arrester TOV for 0.5sec is 28.8KV.
3.4.2 TOV Observed on 22kv BB with 22kv Neutral Isolated System:
The voltage will be observed on 22KV side of BB in case of single line to ground short circuit at
22KV bus (at t=0.5 second) followed by load rejection (at t=0.55 second), where TR 22kv side
neutral is isolated. The observed voltage of three phases are shown in the below figures 14, 15,
and 16.
Main : Graphs
E_A
20.0
16.305
15.0 -16.911
10.0 -33.216
Min -17.035
5.0
Max 17.035
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 0.17
0.44
f 3.70
Figure 14: Voltage of faulty phase at 22 kv BB
Main : Graphs
E_B
40
-26.078
30 7.653
20 33.730
Min -34.011
10
Max 35.529
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 0.63
0.90
f 3.68
Figure 15: Voltage of phase‐B at 22 kv BB
Page 17/62
Main : Graphs
E_C
40
-2.918
30 30.239
20 33.157
Min -35.896
10
Max 33.787
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 0.61
0.94
f 3.06
Figure 16: Voltage of phase‐C at 22 kv BB
From previous figures 14, 15, and 16, maximum temporary overvoltage is 35.9kVp (phase
While, the temporary overvoltage capability (TOV) of 24 kV surge arrester (on 22KV BB) for one
second is: 1.18* 24KV=28.32KV. (TOV) of 24 kV surge arrester (on 22KV BB) for 0.5 second is:
1.2* 24KV=28.8KV. It is assumed as 24kv capacitor bank SA (SB24/10.2).
for 24 kV BB surge arrester is greater than maximum temporary overvoltage 27.58
kVrms.
 24kv BB SA shall withstand (1.7*(24/ √3)) =23.56kvrms for 3sec, while 24 kV BB surge
arrester TOV for three second is (1.16*24) =27.84KV.
 24kv SA shall withstand (1.8*(24/ √3)) =24.94kvrms for 0.5sec, while 24 kV BB surge
arrester TOV for 0.5sec is 28.8KV.
Page 18/62
Surge arrester of voltage rating 24 kV of SWGR BB is verified. It is assumed as 24kv capacitor
bank SA (SB24/10.2).
3.5 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV TR Incomer:
3.5.1 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV transformer side and 22kv Neutral is Earthed:
The voltage will be observed on 22KV side of transformer in case of single line to ground short
circuit at 22KV bus (at 0.5 second) followed by load rejection (at 0.55 second), where TR 22kv
side neutral is earthed through resistance. The observed voltage of three phases are shown in
figures 17, 18, and 19.
Main : Graphs
E_A
20.0
16.416
15.0 -17.016
10.0 -33.431
Min -17.328
5.0
Max 17.328
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 0.17
0.44
f 3.70
Figure 17: Voltage of faulty phase of 22kv TR incomer
Page 19/62
Main : Graphs
E_B
40
28.444
30 6.402
20 -22.043
Min -33.470
10
Max 33.418
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 0.57
0.90
f 3.06
Figure 18: Voltage of phase‐B of 22kv TR incomer
Main : Graphs
E_C
40
-14.429
30 31.505
20 45.935
Min -34.002
10
Max 35.860
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 0.55
0.94
f 2.58
Figure 19: Voltage of phase‐C of 22kv TR incomer
From previous figures 17, 18, and 19, maximum temporary overvoltage is 35.86 kVp (phase
Page 20/62
While, the temporary overvoltage capability (TOV) of 24 kV incomer surge arrester (HI‐24G),
(on 22KV transformer winding) for one second is: 1.25* 24KV=30 KV. (TOV) of 24 kV surge
arrester (on 22KV transformer winding) for 0.5 second is: 1.27* 24KV=30.48KV. (as per
attachment document: VARSIL‐HI Catalogue)
for 24 kV TR incomer surge arrester is greater than maximum temporary overvoltage
27.58 kVrms.
 24kv TR incomer SA shall withstand (1.7*(24/ √3)) =23.56kvrms for 3sec, while 24 kV TR
incomer surge arrester TOV for three second is (1.225*24) =29.4KV (as per attachment
document: VARSIL‐HI Catalogue).
 24kv TR incomer SA shall withstand (1.8*(24/ √3)) =24.94kvrms for 0.5sec, while 24 kV
TR incomer surge arrester TOV for 0.5sec is 30.48KV (as per attachment document:
VARSIL‐HI Catalogue).
3.5.2 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV transformer side and 22kv Neutral is Isolated:
The voltage will be observed on 22KV side of transformer in case of single line to ground short
circuit at 22KV bus (at 0.5 second) followed by load rejection (at 0.55 second), where TR 22kv
side neutral is isolated. The observed voltage of three phases are shown in figures 20, 21, and
22.
Page 21/62
Main : Graphs
E_A
20.0
16.316
15.0 -16.922
10.0 -33.237
Min -17.046
5.0
Max 17.045
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 0.17
0.44
f 3.70
Figure 20: Voltage of faulty phase of 22kv TR incomer
Main : Graphs
E_B
40
-30.838
30 7.648
20 38.486
Min -34.009
10
Max 36.061
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 0.60
0.90
f 3.40
Figure 21: Voltage of phase‐B of 22kv TR incomer
Page 22/62
Main : Graphs
E_C
40
-2.913
30 30.237
20 33.150
Min -35.894
10
Max 33.786
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 0.61
0.94
f 3.06
Figure 22: Voltage of phase‐C of 22kv TR incomer
From previous figures 20, 21, and 22, maximum temporary overvoltage is 36.01 kVp (phase
Maximum temporary overvoltage in the system (k) = 2 pu.
While, the temporary overvoltage capability (TOV) of 24 kV incomer surge arrester (HI‐24G),
(on 22KV transformer winding) for one second is: 1.25* 24KV=30 KV. (TOV) of 24 kV surge
arrester (on 22KV transformer winding) for 0.5 second is: 1.27* 24KV=30.48KV (as per
attachment document: VARSIL‐HI Catalogue).
for 24 kV TR incomer surge arrester is greater than maximum temporary overvoltage
27.72 kVrms.
 24kv TR incomer SA shall withstand (1.7*(24/ √3)) =23.56kvrms for 3sec, while 24 kV TR
incomer surge arrester TOV for three second is (1.225*24) =29.4KV (as per attachment
Page 23/62
 24kv TR incomer SA shall withstand (1.8*(24/ √3)) =24.94kvrms for 0.5sec, while 24 kV
TR incomer surge arrester TOV for 0.5sec is 30.48KV (as per attachment document:
Surge arrester of voltage rating 24 kV of TR incomer (HI‐24G) is verified.
3.6 Temporary Overvoltage on Tertiary Winding:
3.6.1 Case‐1:
The voltage will be observed on tertiary winding of power transformer during short circuit on
22KV system at 0.5 second followed by load rejection at 0.55 second.
Main : Graphs
E_TE
40
3.444
30 -22.367
20 -25.811
Min -23.526
10
Max 23.525
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 0.61
0.94
f 3.06
Figure 23: Voltage signal on 22KV tertiary winding
As shown in previous figure‐23, the maximum peak value of temporary overvoltage observed
on tertiary winding is 23.52KVp that equal 16.63KVrms.
3.6.2 Case‐2:
The voltage will be observed on tertiary winding of power transformer during short circuit on
tertiary winding at 0.5 second followed by load rejection at 0.55 second as worst case.
Page 24/62
Main : Graphs
E_A
20.0
0.433
15.0 4.995
10.0 4.562
Min -17.867
5.0
Max 17.866
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 0.18
0.45
f 3.72
Figure 24: Voltage of Ph‐A of Tertiary Winding
Main : Graphs
E_B
40
-30.695
30 21.133
20 51.828
Min -31.671
10
Max 31.679
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 0.65
0.90
f 3.97
Figure 25: Voltage of Ph‐B of Tertiary Winding
Page 25/62
Main : Graphs
E_C
40
-12.553
30 -31.483
20 -18.929
Min -31.675
10
Max 31.712
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 0.62
0.81
f 5.45
Figure 26: Voltage of Ph‐C of Tertiary Winding
As shown in previous Figures (23, 24, 25, and 26), maximum observed temporary overvoltage
on tertiary winding is 31.7KVp that equal 22.42KVrms.
r.m.s value of maximum power frequency voltage = Um / √3 = 13.86kVrms.
Therefore, phase‐earth power frequency over voltage = k x Um / √3 = 24.4 kVrms
While, the temporary overvoltage capability (TOV) of 24 kV surge arrester (HI‐24G), (on 22KV
TR tertiary winding) for one second is: 1.25* 24KV=30 KV. (TOV) of 24 kV surge arrester (on
22KV TR tertiary winding) for 0.5 second is: 1.27* 24KV=30.48KV (as per attachment
As per above case study, it can be seen that temporary overvoltage capability (TOV) for 24
kV TR tertiary winding surge arrester is greater than maximum temporary overvoltage 24.4
kVrms.
 24kv TR tertiary SA shall withstand (1.7*(24/ √3)) =23.56kvrms for 3sec, while 24 kV TR
tertiary surge arrester TOV for three second is (1.225*24) =29.4KV(as per attachment
Page 26/62
 24kv TR tertiary SA shall withstand (1.8*(24/ √3)) =24.94kvrms for 0.5sec, while 24 kV
TR tertiary surge arrester TOV for 0.5sec is 30.48KV (as per attachment document:
Surge arrester of voltage rating 24 kV of TR tertiary winding (HI‐24G) is verified.
3.7 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV Capacitor Bank:
The voltage will be observed on 22KV of capacitor bank in case of single line to ground short
circuit at 22KV bus (at 0.5 second) followed by load rejection (at 0.55 second). The observed
voltage of three phases are shown in the below figures 27, 28, and 29.
Main : Graphs
E_A
20.0
16.748
15.0 -17.012
10.0 -33.760
Min -17.030
5.0
Max 17.006
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 0.17
0.44
f 3.70
Figure 27: Voltage of the faulty phase of 22kv shunt capacitor
Page 27/62
Main : Graphs
E_B
40
22.009
30 10.417
20 -11.592
Min -32.677
10
Max 32.641
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 0.57
0.90
f 3.06
Figure 28: Voltage of phase‐B of 22kv shunt capacitor
Main : Graphs
E_C
40
-7.830
30 31.341
20 39.172
Min -33.373
10
Max 33.787
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 0.57
0.94
f 2.73
Figure 29: Voltage of phase‐C of 22kv shunt capacitor
From previous figures (27, 28, and 29), the maximum temporary overvoltage is 33.78kVp
(phase voltage) and the rms value equal 23.88 KVrms (phase voltage) for one second.
Therefore, phase‐earth power frequency over voltage = k x Um / √3 = 26kVrms
Page 28/62
While, the temporary overvoltage capability (TOV) of 24 kV surge arrester (SB24/10.2), (on
22KV capacitor bank) for one second is: 1.18*24KV=28.32KV. (TOV) of 24 kV surge arrester
(SB24/10.2), (on 22KV capacitor bank) for 0.5 second is: 1.2* 24KV=28.8KV (as per attachment
document: B7004269)
for 24 kV capacitor bank surge arrester is greater than maximum temporary
overvoltage 26 kVrms.
 24kv capacitor bank SA shall withstand (1.7*(24/ √3)) =23.56kvrms for 3sec, while 24
kV capacitor bank SA TOV for three second is (1.16*24) =27.84KV (as per attachment
document: B7004269).
 24kv capacitor bank SA shall withstand (1.8*(24/ √3)) =24.94kvrms for 0.5sec, while 24
kV capacitor bank SA TOV for 0.5sec is 28.8KV (as per attachment document:
B7004269).
Surge arrester of voltage rating 24 kV of Capacitor bank (SB24/10.2) is verified.

Page 29/62
4 Energy Absorption Capability Check:
The energy absorbed by the Metal Oxide Surge Arrester is estimated based on
procedure/formulas described IEC 60099‐5, clause 3.2.3.3.

4.1 Arrester of 220KV System:
Minimum absorbed energy due to transient overvoltage is arising from lightning strokes to
overhead line conductors with high insulation level or back‐flashovers close to the arrester
location can be estimated by the following formula.
2 1 ln 2 /
Where:
is the lightning impulse protection level of the arrester;
is the negative flashover voltage of the line insulation (CFO);
is the line surge impedance;
is the number of lines connected to the arrester;
is the equivalent duration of the current of a lightning flash including
first and subsequent strokes. Typical value 3 × 10–4 s.
Surge Arrester Rating 214KV
Critical Flashover Voltage of Insulator for 220 KV
1050KV
Grids
Arrester Lightning Impulse Prot. Level 1368KV
Page 30/62
No. of lines connected to arrester 1
Duration of a lightning flash current 3 × 10–4 s
Line Surge Impedance as per IEC‐ 60099‐4 0.5 ∗ 107 Ω
Lightning Min. Required Energy W 558.8 KJ
Min. KJ Energy per Surge KV Rating 2.61 KJ/KV
So the arrester with 10KJ/KV capability can be selected.
4.2 22kv Transformer Medium Voltage Side, 22kv Transformer Tertiary Side, BB, and
Capacitor Bank Arresters:
Minimum absorbed energy due to transient overvoltage is arising from the switching of cables
and capacitor banks with can be calculated using the following equation;
1
3 √2
2
Where:
C is the capacitance of the bank or the cable. That equal 60µf.
U o is the phase‐to‐earth operating voltage peak. Equal 17.96KV.
Ur is the rated voltage of the arrester (r.m.s. value). That equal 24KV.
The minimum absorbed energy in this case = 52.560KJ that equal 2.19KJ/KV, so the arrester
with 2.5KJ/KV can be selected.
Page 31/62
4.3 220kv and 22kv Transfomer Nuetral Surge Arresters:
As per IEC‐ 60099‐5, section‐5, line discharge energy absorption capability of neutral arresters
should be at least the same as required for the phase‐to‐earth arresters or higher.
220kv transformer neutral SA with 10KJ/KV capability can be selected.
22kv transformer neutral SA with 2.5KJ/KV capability can be selected.
4.4 Conclusion:
Absorbed energy by arresters can be summarized as following.
Actual absorbed
Arrester energy Recommendation
(KJ/KV)
Arrester of 220KV System 2.61 10KJ/KV capability can be selected
220KV Transformer Neutral Arrester As per Sec. 4.3 10KJ/KV capability can be selected
22KV Transformer Neutral Arrester As per Sec. 4.3 2.5KJ/KV can be selected.

Transformer Medium Voltage Side/
2.19 2.5KJ/KV can be selected.
Tertiary side Arresters
22KV bus bar Voltage Side Arrester 2.19 2.5KJ/KV can be selected.
Capacitor Bank Arrester 2.19 2.5KJ/KV can be selected.

Page 32/62
5 Slow Front Overvoltages:
Slow front overvoltages due to switching are of particular importance for arresters protecting
equipments in Range‐II (Um>245kVrms, L‐L). Hence switching overvoltages are analyzed in the
present study for 220 kV system. Switching over voltages becomes important, increasing with
higher system voltages. Over voltage may cause flashover and serious damage to equipment
and there by endanger supply of power to users. It is essential, to prevent this by proper co‐
ordination of surge arrester with the insulation.
5.1 Switching on 220KV System:
CASE‐1:
Energization line of Matrooh s/s to Marassi circuit line from Matrooh substation end, without
surge arresters at 0.55 sec. The voltage wave form at the entrance of GIS is shown in figure 30,
maximum fundamental component reaches 199.8KVp that equal 141.28KVrms, that represent
1.12p.u. There is voltage oscillation.
Voltage at GIS entry

3-phase voltage
400
0.476
300 166.588
166.113
200
Min -199.802
100 Max 195.411
-100
-200
-300
x 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570 0.580 0.590 0.600 0.610 0.548
0.583
f 28.520
Figure 30: Maximum observed Phase‐earth voltages for case (1)
Page 33/62
CASE‐2:
Energization line of Matrooh s/s to Marassi circuit line from Matrooh substation end, with
installation of surge arrester at 0.55 sec. The maximum voltage wave form is shown in figure
31, maximum fundamental component reaches 181.7KVp that equal 128.48KVrms that
represent 1.01p.u. The voltage oscillation is damped through half cycle.

3-phase voltage
400
0.283
300 97.759
97.476
200
Min -180.722
100 Max 181.377
-100
-200
-300
x 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570 0.580 0.590 0.600 0.610 0.620 0.547
0.568
f 46.927
CASE‐3:
Energization line of Elomid s/s to Marassi circuit line from Elomid substation end, without surge
arresters at 0.55 sec. The maximum voltage wave form is shown in figure 32, maximum
fundamental component reaches 185.6KVp that equal 131.24KVrms that represent 1.03p.u.
There is voltage oscillation.
Page 34/62

3-phase voltage
400
1.163
300 156.065
154.902
200
Min -185.585
100 Max 182.345
-100
-200
-300
x 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570 0.580 0.590 0.600 0.610 0.620 0.548
0.567
f 54.458
CASE‐4:
Energization line of Elomid s/s to Marassi circuit line from Elomid substation end, with
installation of surge arrester at 0.55 sec. The maximum voltage wave form is shown in figure
33, maximum fundamental component reaches 179.65KVp that equal 127.03KVrms that
represent 1p.u. The voltage oscillation is damped through half cycle.

3-phase voltage
400
0.259
300 155.330
155.071
200
Min -179.580
100 Max 179.654
-100
-200
-300
x 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570 0.580 0.590 0.600 0.610 0.620 0.548
0.567
f 54.458
5.2 Conclusion:
Line SA arresters limits switching overvoltage and its oscillations.
Page 35/62
5.3 Capacitor Bank Switching Study:
It is recommended by IEC 60099‐5 that Capacitor bank study to be independent to the entire
system.
5.3.1 Energizing the First Leg of a Capacitor Bank
Capacitor banks are used in power systems to control bus voltages. The purpose of this study
is to study the system behaviour when the first leg of a capacitor bank is energized.
System is represented by a Thévanin voltage source, voltage source impedance corresponding
to the fault level of the system, as measured from the capacitor bank location.
The voltage will be observed on 22KV of capacitor bank in case of energizing first leg of
capacitor bank (at 0.5 second) without connecting SA. The observed voltage of three phases
are shown in the below figure 35, maximum Phase voltage is 27.61KVp and the maximum rms
value is 19.52KVrms.
Capacitor bank switching study model
MOV1
MOV
Thevanin Voltage Source

22 kV, 50 Hz
RLC
Vcap Vcs
B1
B2
B3
Vcs Vcs
11.83 [uF] 23.7 [uF] 23.7 [uF]

0.00005 [H] 0.00005 [H] 0.00005 [H]
Figure 34: Capacitor bank switching study model
Page 36/62
Main : Graphs
Vcs
30
20
10
0
(kV)
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.490 0.500 0.510 0.520 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560
Figure 35: 22kv BB phase voltage in case of energizing first leg of capacitor bank
The voltage will be observed on 22KV of capacitor bank in case of energizing first leg of
capacitor bank (at 0.5 second) and SA is installed. The observed voltage of three phases are
shown in the below figure 36, maximum Phase voltage is 20KVp and the maximum rms value
is 14.14KVrms. Oscillation is damped in one cycle.
Main : Graphs
Vcs
30
20
10
0
(kV)
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.470 0.480 0.490 0.500 0.510 0.520 0.530
Figure 36: 22kv BB phase voltage in case of energizing first leg of capacitor bank and SA installed
Page 37/62
5.3.2 Back‐to‐Back Capacitor Switching Study:
In a back‐to‐back capacitor switching study after an energized capacitor reaches steady‐state,
another capacitor in the bank is energized.
Case‐1
The observed voltage of three phases are shown in the below figure 37 in case of capacitor
bank SA is disconnected. Capacitor bank first leg is energized at t=0sec, Second leg is energized
at 0.5 sec, maximum observed phase voltage is 24.55KVp, maximum rms value is 17.36KVrms.
Main : Graphs
Vcs
30
20
10
0
(kV)
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.480 0.490 0.500 0.510 0.520 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570
Figure 37: Back to back switching case‐1
bank SA is installed. Capacitor bank first leg is energized at t=0sec, Second leg is energized at
0.5 sec, maximum observed phase voltage is 21KVp, maximum rms value is 14.85KVrms.
Oscillation recovered in one cycle.
Page 38/62
Main : Graphs
Vcs
30
20
10
0
(kV)
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.480 0.490 0.500 0.510 0.520 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560
Figure 38: Back to back switching case‐1, SA installed
Case2
bank SA is disconnected. Capacitor bank first and second legs are energized at t=0sec, Third leg
is energized at 0.5 sec, maximum observed phase voltage is 22.55KVp, maximum rms value is
15.95KVrms.
Main : Graphs
Vcs
30
20
10
0
(kV)
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.470 0.480 0.490 0.500 0.510 0.520 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570
Figure 39: Back to back switching case‐2
Page 39/62
bank SA is installed. Capacitor bank first and second legs are energized at t=0sec, Third leg is
energized at 0.5 sec, maximum observed phase voltage is 20.2KVp, maximum rms value is
14.28KVrms.
Main : Graphs
Vcs
30
20
10
0
(kV)
-10
-20
-30
-40
sec 0.460 0.470 0.480 0.490 0.500 0.510 0.520 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570
Figure 40: Back to back switching case‐2, SA installed
5.4 Conclusion:
Capacitor banks surge arresters limits switching overvoltage and its oscillations.

Page 40/62
6 Fast Transient Phenomena:
One of the primary causes of such transient is the lightning stroke to the transmission lines or
on tower top and associated back flashovers. The lightning over voltages are caused by either
shielding failures or back flashovers of the tower insulation on the transmission lines. Both
direct stoke to the phase conductor as well as the back flashover cases are included in this
report.
6.1 Direct Strokes to Phase Conductors:
Direct strokes to the phase conductors of a shielded transmission line occur typically when
lightning strokes of low magnitude (a few kA) bypass the overhead shield wires (shielding
failure). Lightning strokes of amplitude below the critical shielding current, generally less than
20kA, can bypass the overhead shield wires and strike directly on the phase conductors. Direct
strokes to the substations are ignored usually, since the substation is perfectly shielded, via
shield wires or lightning masts near the sub‐station.
6.2 Calculation of Maximum Current, Im for Direct Lightning Stroke
The peak value of the lightning current for the direct stroke depends on the height of ground
wire and its protection angle. The current peak can be estimated according to the reference
book by Andrew R. Hileman, Insulation Coordination for Power Systems, Taylor & Francis
Group, LLC.
Table 2: Calculation of Maximum Current, Im for Direct Lightning Stroke
Calculation of Maximum Current, Im for Direct Lightning Stroke
R =AIb Striking Distance
rc =Ac Ib Striking Distance r to phase conductors Ac=7.1 & b=0.75
rg = Ag Ib Striking Distance r to earth or ground Ag=6.4 & b=0.75
h(m) Average height of ground wire, h 45.05
y(m) Average height of phase wire, y 30.7
a(m) a is horizantal distance between ground and conductor wires 3.75
r = rc/rg r = rc/rg 1.109
α(degree) Angle, α=tan‐1(a/(h‐y)) 14.65
rgm rgm = (h+y)/(2 x [1‐ rsinα]) 52.64
Im (KA) Im=(rgm/A)(1/b) 16.6
Page 41/62
Sm(kA/μsec) Sm, Maximum steepness= 12* I0.171 22.62

tf(μsec) tf, the time to crest = 1.77 * I0.188 3.37
The lightning tail duration is fixed to 100 µs, irrespective of the crest‐current value.
Figure 41:Finding Im and the perfect shielding angle
6.3 Back Flashover Stroke Current:
Back flashover occurs when lightning strikes the tower or the shield wire, and the resultant

tower top voltage is large enough to cause flashover of the line insulation from the tower to
the phase conductor. When back flashover occurs, a part of the surge current will be
transferred to the phase conductors through the arc across the insulator strings.
The distribution of negative lightning current amplitude recommended by CIGRE for lightning
statistical studies is shown in Fig 43. The probability of back flash over is based on this Graph
and explained in the following section. The formulae used for the calculations are based on
Eriksson A. and Weck K, Simplified procedures for determining representative substation
impinging lightning overvoltages, CIGRÉ Paper No. 33‐16, Paris, 1988.
Page 42/62

Figure 42:Annual frequency of thunderstorm days in the world
Figure 43: Cumulative frequency distribution of lightning current
Page 43/62
Table 3: Back flashover current
Lightning Current for backflashover Stroke Im
BIL (Basic Impulse Level) 1368
kV
Up (Surge arrester lightning protection level (at 20kA) 536
Uwc (Station Coordination Withstand Voltage)=BIL/1.2 1140 kV
Up Surge arrester lightning protection level (at 20kA) 536 kV
K Corona damping constant 1.5 X 10‐6 μs/kV.m
L longest possible open bus connection 100 m
v surge velocity 2.90 X 108 m/s
surge travel time along the longest possible open bus
T 3.448 X 10‐7 s
connection in the station = L/v
X critical lengths = 2 * T / (K* (Uwc‐Up)) 761.21 m
Hgw Height of ground wire 45.05 m

Hsag Sag of ground wire 7 m
H Effective tower height (Hgw‐(2(Hsag/3)) 40.38 m
Ra 14 * H 0.6 128.78 m

b distance between shield wires 0 m
A (2*Ra + b) * X * 10‐3 196.06 m 2
Td Number of lightning flashes to ground (as in figure 42) 10
Ng Avg. annual ground flash density = 0.04 Td^1.25 0.711
Nsx no. of flashes to the line within the critical distance = Ng * A 139.46
target design failure rated in % per year (400 years between
Nd 0.25
failures)
(Nd/Nsx)
Eriksson A. and Weck K, Simplified procedures for determining
P(I) 0.179 %
representative substation impinging lightning overvoltages,
CIGRÉ Paper No. 33‐16, Paris, 1988. Equation‐11
Lightning current corresponding to P(I) (approximately from the
200 kA
curve). Figure 43.
Sm, Maximum steepness= 6.5 * I 0.376 55.57 kA/µsec
tf, the time to crest = 0.906 * I 0.411 9 µsec
The lightning tail duration is fixed to 100 µs, irrespective of the crest‐current value.
Page 44/62
6.4 Modelling of Various Elements of the Network for PSCAD:
Attachments show a model used for the PSCAD study to simulate the lightning over voltage
study.
6.4.1 Transmission line:
The transmission lines are modelled as Frequency dependent model for the transmission line
are used for the analysis.
6.4.2 Tower Model:
The steel towers are usually represented by a surge impedance and the velocity of propagation.
The tower footing resistance varies from 10 Ohms to 100 Ohms. The surge impedance of the
tower depends on the geometry of the structure. The travel time is obtained by dividing the
height of the tower by the speed of light.
The insulators are represented by voltage dependent switches in parallel with capacitors
connected between the phase conductors to the tower. The capacitors simulate the coupling
effects of conductors to the tower structure. Typical capacitance values of suspension
insulators are of the order of 80 pF/unit

Figure 44: Tower modelling.
Page 45/62
High magnitude of lightning current, which flows through the ground resistance, reduces the
resistance significantly below the low‐current values. When the gradient exceeds a critical
gradient E0, breakdown of the soil occurs. When the current increases, streamers are
generated, evaporating the soil moisture and producing arcs. Within the streamer and arcing
zones, the resistivity decreases from its original value. When the limit approaches zero, it
becomes a perfect conductor.
So we can assume the footing resistance of tower is 10 ohm as worst.
6.4.3 Power Transformer:
Power transformer is modelled by its typical capacitance recommended by ‘’Transients in
electrical systems: analysis, recognition, mitigation. J.C.Das, MC Graw Hill, 2010’’.
6.4.4 Surge Arresters:
The surge arrester is a device with nonlinear volt‐ampere characteristics used to clamp the
bus voltage to the specified limit. ‘’MODELING OF METAL OXIDE SURGE ARRESTERS, IEEE
WORKING GROUP 3.4.11, Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7 No.1, January 1992’’

Figure 45:Frequency dependent surge arrester model proposed by IEEE working
Table 4: Arrester modelling
ARRESTER MODELING
d (m) Height of arrestor 3.08
N No.of parallel clomuns of disks 1
L0 (uH) .2d/n 0.616
L1 (uH) 15d/n 15.4
R0(ohm) 100d/n 308
R1(ohm) 65d/n 200
C (pF) 100n/d 32.47
Page 46/62
6.4.5 Stroke Current Wave shape:
The stroke current waves (Direct and Back flash stroke) are derived as per table 2&3.
6.4.6 Other Substation Equipment:
The other substation equipment such as circuit breakers, instrument transformers and the
stepdown transformers are represented by the stray capacitance to ground. Typical
capacitance values of substation equipment
Table 5: The Capacitance to Ground on Various Substation Equipment

Page 47/62
6.5 Study and Results:
6.5.1 Direct stroke.
Lightning strike directly to phase conductor (phase A) the closest tower to station. The lightning
with expected crest value as evaluated previously in section‐6.2 (16.6KA) with time to crest
(rise time) 3.37µs and tail time 100µs as shown in figure 46, and the phase voltage will be
observed at GIS entrance, and power transformer primary (on phase A).

Ligthning : Graphs
Surge
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
y
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
x 0.00 0.02m 0.04m 0.06m 0.08m 0.10m 0.12m
Figure 46: Lightning current (direct stroke)
CASE‐1: Line circuit breaker contacts are closed and all surge arresters are disconnected.
observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

Phase A
22.5k
168.325
20.0k 20982.404
20814.080
17.5k
Min 167.767
15.0k Max 21013.1...
12.5k
KV
10.0k
7.5k
5.0k
2.5k
0.0
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.00m
0.12m
f 8484320....
Figure 47: Case‐1 observed voltage at GIS incomer
Page 48/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
22.5k
4316.680
20.0k 19636.242
17.5k 15319.562
Min 4316.555
15.0k
Max 21013.1...
12.5k
10.0k
7.5k
5.0k
2.5k
0.0
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0000
0.0010
f 1019.6817
Figure 48: Case‐1 observed voltage at TR HV side
As noted in previous figures 47 and 48, overvoltage at GIS entry will be 21013KVpeak and at TR
HV side is 21013KVpeak while withstand value (LIWL) of GIS not more than 1368KVpeak as per
specs.
CASE‐2: Line circuit breaker contacts are closed and line surge arresters installed.

Phase A
600
164.671
500 35.418
-129.252
400 Min -127.296
Max 539.282
300
200
KV
100
-100
-200
x 0.00 0.05m 0.10m 0.15m 0.20m 0.25m 0.30m 0.00m
0.12m
f 8484320....
Page 49/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
600
523.449
500 -26.324
-549.773
400
Min -127.492
300 Max 539.139
200
100
-100
-200
x 0.00 0.05m 0.10m 0.15m 0.20m 0.25m 0.30m 0.00m
0.07m
f 14115942....
As shown in previous figures 49 and 50, peak value of overvoltage that will be observed on
phase A during the direct stroke not more than 539KVpeak at GIS entrance and TR HV side that
represent 39.4% of BIL.
CASE‐3: Line circuit breaker contacts are closed and line and TR HV side surge arresters
installed.

Phase A
600
490.934
500 25.009
-465.925
400 Min -98.993
Max 495.492
300
200
KV
100
-100
-200
x 0.00 0.05m 0.10m 0.15m 0.20m 0.25m 0.30m 0.00m
0.12m
f 8589065....
Page 50/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
600
490.774
500 -13.106
-503.880
400
Min -99.191
300 Max 495.316
200
100
-100
-200
x 0.00 0.05m 0.10m 0.15m 0.20m 0.25m 0.30m 0.00m
0.07m
f 14115942....
As shown in previous figures 51 and 52, the peak value of overvoltage that will be observed on
phase A during the direct stroke not more than 495.5KVpeak that represent 36.2% of BIL.
Voltage reduction is gained when both line and TR SA are installed compared to case‐2.
CASE‐4: Line circuit breaker contacts are opened and all surge arresters are disconnected.

Phase A
90.00k
2498.837
80.00k 87339.724
84840.887
70.00k
Min 2498.704
60.00k Max 87705.7...
50.00k
KV
40.00k
30.00k
20.00k
10.00k
0.00
x 0.00000 0.00010 0.00020 0.00030 0.00040 0.00050 0.00060 0.00070 0.00080 0.00090 0.00100 0.00000
0.00012
f 8589.065...
Page 51/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
7.0k
40.034
6.0k 1566.222
1526.188
5.0k Min 40.032
Max 1566.195
4.0k
3.0k
2.0k
1.0k
0.0
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.00m
0.07m
f 14115942....
As noted in previous figures 53 and 54, overvoltage at GIS entry will be 88705.7KVpeak and
6500 KVpeak for TR HV side, while withstand value (LIWL) of GIS not more than 1368KVpeak
as per specs.
CASE‐5: Line circuit breaker contacts are opened and line surge arresters installed.

Phase A
600
0.5563k
500 0.0392k
-0.5171k
400 Min -0.1711k
Max 0.5635k
300
200
KV
100
-100
-200
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.00000
0.00012
f 8589.065...
Page 52/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
25.0
0.0089k
20.0 -0.0010k
-0.0099k
15.0 Min -0.0050k
Max 0.0233k
10.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
x 0.00000 0.00010 0.00020 0.00030 0.00040 0.00050 0.00060 0.00070 0.00080 0.00090 0.00100 0.0000
0.0001
f 14115.9420
As shown in previous figures 55 and 56 the peak value of overvoltage that will be observed on
Voltage at TR HV side is reduced to 23.3KVpeak when compared to case‐4.
CASE‐6: Line circuit breaker contacts are opened and line and TR HV side surge arresters
installed.

Phase A
600
556.300
500 39.193
-517.107
400 Min -171.056
Max 563.549
300
200
KV
100
-100
-200
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0000
0.0001
f 8589.0653
Page 53/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
15.0
7.003
-1.991
10.0
-8.994
Min -12.009
5.0
Max 13.971
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
x 0.00000 0.00010 0.00020 0.00030 0.00040 0.00050 0.00060 0.00070 0.00080 0.00090 0.00100 0.00000
0.00007
f 14115.942...
As shown in previous figures 57 and 58 the peak value of overvoltage that will be observed on
Voltage at TR HV side is reduced to 13.97KVpeak when compared to case‐4 and 5.
Page 54/62
6.5.2 Back Flashover Stroke:
The lightning will strike the ground wire and there is flashover occur on insulator of stroked
tower with wave 9/100µs and crest value 200KA as shown in figure 59.
Ligthning : Graphs
Surge
200
175
150
125
100
y
75
50
25
0
x 0.000 0.010m 0.020m 0.030m 0.040m 0.050m 0.060m 0.070m 0.080m 0.090m 0.100m
Figure 59: Back Flash Stroke Wave Form
CASE‐1: Line circuit breaker contacts are closed and all surge arresters are disconnected.

Phase A
20.0k
1.2483k
17.5k 17.7089k
16.4606k
15.0k Min 1.2482k
Max 18.3637k
12.5k
10.0k
KV
7.5k
5.0k
2.5k
0.0
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0000
0.0004
f 2376.7692
Page 55/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
20.0k
1.2480k
17.5k 17.9446k
16.6967k
15.0k
Min 1.2479k
12.5k Max 18.3637k
10.0k
7.5k
5.0k
2.5k
0.0
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0000
0.0003
f 4028.1224
As noted in previous figures 60 and 61, overvoltage at GIS entry will be 18363.7KVpeak and at
TR HV side is 18363.7KVpeak while withstand value (LIWL) of GIS not more than 1368KVpeak
as per specs.
CASE‐2: Line circuit breaker contacts are closed and line surge arresters installed.

Phase A
800
0.5717k
-0.0029k
600
-0.5746k
Min -0.4731k
400
Max 0.6862k
200
KV
-200
-400
-600
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0000
0.0004
f 2376.7692
Page 56/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
800
0.5714k
600 0.0075k
-0.5639k
400 Min -0.4733k
Max 0.6847k
200
-200
-400
-600
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0000
0.0003
f 4028.1224
phase A during the back flash over stroke not more than 686.2KVpeak at GIS entrance and TR
HV side 684.7KVpeak that represent about 50.16% of BIL.
CASE‐3: Line circuit breaker contacts are closed and line and TR HV side surge arresters
installed.

Phase A
800
530.945
-5.527
600
-536.472
Min -466.770
400
Max 586.125
200
KV
-200
-400
-600
x 0.00000 0.00010 0.00020 0.00030 0.00040 0.00050 0.00060 0.00070 0.00080 0.00090 0.00100 0.0000
0.0004
f 2376.7692
Page 57/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
800
530.544
600 4.927
-525.617
400 Min -466.978
Max 584.393
200
-200
-400
-600
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0000
0.0003
f 4028.1224
phase A during the back flash over stroke not more than 586.12KVpeak at GIS entrance and TR
HV side 584.4KVpeak that represent about 42.72% of BIL. Extra voltage reduction is achieved
when both TR HV side and line SA are installed compared to case‐2.
CASE‐4: Line circuit breaker contacts are opened and all surge arresters are disconnected.

Phase A
22.5k
3006.441
20.0k 19648.816
16642.375
17.5k
Min 3006.396
15.0k Max 21600.4...
12.5k
KV
10.0k
7.5k
5.0k
2.5k
0.0
x 0.00000 0.00010 0.00020 0.00030 0.00040 0.00050 0.00060 0.00070 0.00080 0.00090 0.00100 0.00000
0.00042
f 2376.769...
Page 58/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
3.5k
0.0623k
3.0k 3.3621k
3.2998k
2.5k Min 0.0623k
Max 3.3621k
2.0k
1.5k
1.0k
0.5k
0.0
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0000
0.0010
f 1015.2178
As noted in previous figures 66 and 67, overvoltage at GIS entry will be 21600KVpeak and at TR
HV side is 3362.1KVpeak while withstand value (LIWL) of GIS not more than 1368KVpeak as
per specs.
CASE‐5: Line circuit breaker contacts are opened and line surge arresters installed.

Phase A
1.2k
0.6329k
1.0k 0.0015k
-0.6314k
0.8k
Min -0.5258k
0.6k Max 1.0476k
0.4k
KV
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k
-0.4k
-0.6k
x 0.00000 0.00010 0.00020 0.00030 0.00040 0.00050 0.00060 0.00070 0.00080 0.00090 0.00100 0.00000
0.00042
f 2376.769...
Page 59/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
35.0
21.339
30.0 5.098
25.0 -16.241
20.0 Min -11.041
15.0 Max 32.686
10.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0000
0.0010
f 1015.2178
phase A during the back flash over stroke not more than 1047.6KVpeak that represent about
76.57% of BIL at GIS entrance and TR HV side 32.68KVpeak.
CASE‐6: Line circuit breaker contacts are opened and line and TR HV side surge arresters
installed.

Phase A
1.2k
0.6329k
1.0k 0.0015k
-0.6314k
0.8k
Min -0.5258k
0.6k Max 1.0476k
0.4k
KV
0.2k
0.0
-0.2k
-0.4k
-0.6k
x 0.00000 0.00010 0.00020 0.00030 0.00040 0.00050 0.00060 0.00070 0.00080 0.00090 0.00100 0.00000
0.00042
f 2376.769...
Page 60/62
Transformer voltage
Phase A
30
18.587
0.001
20
-18.587
Min -25.729
10
Max 21.132
-10
-20
-30
x 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0000
0.0010
f 1015.2178
phase A during the back flash over stroke not more than 1047.6KVpeak that represent about
76.57% of BIL at GIS entrance and TR HV side 25.73KVpeak.
Page 61/62
7 Attachments:
o Attachment‐1: Single Line Diagram of Marassi ‐ Sidi Abdul Rahman 220/22 KV GIS
Substation.
o Attachment‐2: Tower Layout.
o Attachment‐3: 220kv Transmission Line parameter.
o Attachment‐4 SA SPECS and TOV documents.
o Attachment‐5: Surge Arrester Grantee Schedule.
o Attachment‐6: Capacitor Bank Base Design.
o Attachment‐7: Temporary Overvoltage study Single Line View from PSCAD Software.
o Attachment‐8: Switching Study Single Line View from PSCAD Software.
o Attachment‐9: lightening Study Single Line View from PSCAD Software.
Page 62/62

Insulation Coordination

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INSULATION COORDINATION STUDY FOR MARASSI – SIDI ABDUL RAHMAN 220/22KV SS 02/02/2019

3.5.2 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV transformer side and 22kv Neutral is Isolated:

2 Surge Arresters Sizing and Verification:

Determination of arrester Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage (MCOV) - as per Cl.3.2.1 -

Table 1: Surge Arresters Continous Operating Voltage Verfications

RMS Value of the Continuous Maximum System Voltage (RMS

 220kv Neutral SA with (108kv/86kv)(rated /continuous) voltages is accepted.

0.00005 [H] 11.83 [uF] E_A6

0.00005 [H] 23.7 [uF] E_A8

0.00005 [H] 23.7 [uF] E_A5 E_A5

0.00005 [H] 11.83 [uF]

0.00005 [H] 23.7 [uF]

sec 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 0.59

3.5.2 Temporary Overvoltage on 22 KV transformer side and 22kv Neutral is Isolated:

Line Surge Impedance as per IEC‐ 60099‐4 0.5 ∗ 107 Ω

220KV Transformer Neutral Arrester As per Sec. 4.3 10KJ/KV capability can be selected

22KV Transformer Neutral Arrester As per Sec. 4.3 2.5KJ/KV can be selected.

Capacitor Bank Arrester 2.19 2.5KJ/KV can be selected.

Voltage at GIS entry

Voltage at GIS entry

Voltage at GIS entry

Voltage at GIS entry

Thevanin Voltage Source

11.83 [uF] 23.7 [uF] 23.7 [uF]

Sm(kA/μsec) Sm, Maximum steepness= 12* I0.171 22.62

Back flashover occurs when lightning strikes the tower or the shield wire, and the resultant

Up Surge arrester lightning protection level (at 20kA) 536 kV

K Corona damping constant 1.5 X 10‐6 μs/kV.m

v surge velocity 2.90 X 108 m/s

Hgw Height of ground wire 45.05 m

Ra 14 * H 0.6 128.78 m

Ng Avg. annual ground flash density = 0.04 Td^1.25 0.711

Nsx no. of flashes to the line within the critical distance = Ng * A 139.46

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

observed over voltage on enterance of GIS

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