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HEAD OFFICE: VERJTASVEIEN 1 , 1322 H0VIK
P.O.BOX: 300, 1322 H0VIK, NORWAY

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RULES
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<A

* *
PIPELINE SYSTEMS
DETTE
) 1981 COMPANY
ER PHILLIPS
PETROLEUM
NORWAY 'S E / ENDOM.

J This edition replaces

for the Design , Construction and Inspection of

« Rules
Submarine Pipelines and Pipeline Risers», 1976

Reprint with corrections 1982

i DET NORSKE VERITAS

HEAD OFFICE: VERITASVEIEN 1 , 1322 H0VIK
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 APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
APRIL 30 , 198!

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Printed by
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>

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9.82.2000

L
j
 RULES FOR

SUBMARINE PIPELINE
SYSTEMS

»
AMENDMENTS AND CORRECTIONS
MAY 1998

I
?
I
J
]
1
DET NORSKE VERITAS
j -
Veritasveien 1 , N 1322 Hovik, Norway Tel . : + 47 67 57 99 00 Fax: +47 67 57 99 1 1

J
CHANGES IN THE RULES
The Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems were published late
1996.

This booklet presents corrections to the Rules.

r»

© DetNorske Veritas AS 1998

, Det Norske Veritas
Data processed and typeset by Division Technology and Products
Printed in Norway by Det Norske Veritas AS
98-05 -20 12:23 - PtOChl .doc
5.98.800
such person for
then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to shall
provided that the maximum compensation

never exceed USD 2 million.

any other acting on behalf of Det Norske
directors, officers, employees, agents and
In this provision ‘Det Norske Veritas* shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries
Veritas.
 Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems
Amendments and Corrections, May 1998 —
Page 3

SECTION 1
AMENDMENTS AND CORRECTIONS

A . Introduction
Sec.l Page 4
A 100 Genera ]
Paragraph 3257 has been rewritten as follows:
101 This section includes corrections not yet incorporated in
the current Rule Chapters. 257 Pressure, Local pressure; Local Design Pressure ( pit),
Local Incidental Pressure ( prj or Local Test Pressure (p\ ):
In addition corrections of misprints and clarifications of the
The internal pressure at any point in the Pipeline System or
text may be included .
Pipeline section or the corresponding Design Pressure,
Incidental Pressure or Test Pressure. This is equal to the
Design/Incidental/Test Pressure at the reference height plus
B. Amendments and Corrections
1 B 100 General
the static head of the transported medium due to the
difference between the reference height and the height of the
section being considered. The Local Design Pressure is
101 Current amendments and corrections are as follows: normally the internal pressure to which the Pipeline is to be
designed unless given by the Pressure Test requirement, see
Sec.9 0500.
Sec. l Page 1
In paragraph A210 the last three entries in the list of Sec.l Page 5
references should read:
- RP B401 Cathodic Protection Design, 1993 In item Cl 00, the following should be added to the list of
RP 0501 Erosive Wear in Piping Systems, 1996 abbreviations:
Guideline No.13: Interference Between Trawl Gear and C Clad
Pipelines.
D Nominal outside diameter. This shall mean the
actual outside diameter, i.e. 12, 75” fora 12”
Sec. l Page 4 pipe (clarification)
In paragraph 3251, Fig. I should be replaced with figure KVL Charpy value parallel to the rolling direction
below:
KVT Charpy value transverse to the rolling direction
Pressure Control System Pressure Definitions
L Lined
Hsdrotest ( MUI test )
.
jrosure Ph
LRFD Load and Resistance Factor Design
Maximum Inc (denial
pressure , p11K
MPS Material Procedure Specification
Piesjure
Tolerance Maximum allowable
Safety
incidental pressure, pranc
MSA Manufacturing Survey Arrangement
System Setpoint

Pressure
Design pressure
Pit Local test pressure
Regulating Tolerance Maximum allowable
S>stan Setpoint operating pressure, Rm SMTS
Rpx Strength equivalent to a permanent elongation
of x %
Rtx Strength equivalent to a total elongation of x %

Sec.2 Page 7
Paragraph 3302 has been rewritten as follows:
302 Materials are to be manufactured at works which have
been approved by DNV. The approval scheme is described in
Certification Note 1.5. Certification of materials will be
based on compliance with all specified tests and inspections
as defined in these Rules. Unless otherwise specially
Figure 1 approved, certification is to take place at the manufacturer 's

DET NORSKE VERITAS

Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems
Page 4 —Amendments and Corrections, May 1998

works and the surveyor is to attend and witness testing and Sec.5 Page 29
inspection in accordance with the appropriate material and
manufacture requirements of Sec 6 and Sec.7 herein . The heading 'Propagation buckling' above paragraph C3 I 4
has been deleted.
Sec.2 Page 11
In paragraph 401 the last entry in ( he list of information Sec .5 Page 30
should read:
Paragraphs C402 and C403 have been amended to read:
contractor’s Quality System Manual
402 The following stress conditions are to be satisfied:
Sec.3 Page 14
< je < rj SMYS , 15 < D/ t < 45
In the Guidance note of paragraph B202 the last sentence
should read: (T
/ rj - SMYS , 1 5 < D/ t < 4 5

Other methodologies for identification of potential hazards where

are Failure Mode Effect Analysis ( FMEA ) and Hazard
Operations studies ( HAZOP ). cr , =
^ ° ° h + /
2

the equivalent stress

- crh ,
cr + 3 •
r „, 2 *
Sec. 5 Page 28
,
cr longitudinal stress
The Guidance note of paragraph C205 should read:
7 usage factor given by Table C4.
Guidance note:
The pressure containment criteria may alternatively be expressed in
an LRFD format as follows ( not applicable to pressure test ):
Table C4 Usage Factors for equivalent and longitudinal
bursting Limit State: stress check

Material Safety Class

- . TTSn“
(P/i P )
D- t
1,1 - SMTS requirements
Low Normal High
Normal 0,96 0,87 0, 77
yielding Limit State:
Fulfilling 404 1 ,00 0,90 0, 80

( P/i - Pe )
D
—
2t
< 1V 1,1 - SMYS
403 All Load Factors in Sec. 4 Table A 1 are to be equal to
where unity for the stress check in 402 . Condition load factors in
Sec.4 Table A 2 are to be included.
P /i local incidental pressure

Pc external pressure

Us, Uu usage factors from Table Cl or Table C2 Sec. 5 Page 35

depending on whether the additional requirements
in 205 are fulfilled or not

The LRFD-format will give identical wall thickness as the common

formula for 10 % incidental pressure and no external pressure. The
The reference in paragraph G 109 should read: 108
e
LRFD-format should be used for incidental pressure less than 10 %.

—
—e-n -d —o-f G-u-i-d -a-n -c-e—note —
Sec.5 Page 28
Paragraph C 302 has been amended to read:
302 For pipes manufactured by the UOE or UO process, a
reduction of 15 % or 7,5 % in the SMYS, respectively, is
normally required as a minimum in the Local Buckling
design check relevant for external pressure in 306 (312) and
314.

1
DETNORSKE VERITAS
.
 Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems
Amendments and Corrections, May 1998 — Page 5

Sec.5 Page 35 Sec.6 Page 43

The first part of the Guidance note to paragraph GUI has Paragraph D207 has been rewritten as follows:
been amended as follows:
207 A Charpy V -notch transition curve is to be established
Guidance note: for duplex steel base material . 5 sets are to be tested in the
The mean overbend strain temperature range from - 70 °C to + 20 °C. The Charpy V -
notch energy value in the transverse direction , at the
±D Minimum Design Temperature, is to be minimum 150 J
8 mean f 8 axial
2R average and with no single value less than 135 J .

is to satisfy
Sec.6 Page 43
mean Ecc
where
In paragraph D306 the parameter Rp 0 5 should read: R< 0, 5

R = stinger radius
Sec.6 Page 44
- calculated mean overbend strain
Paragraph D3 / 0 should read:
axial strain contribution
310 The following requirements are to be met :
Ycc 33 1 ,05 safety factor for concrete crushing
yield strength and tensile strength are to meet the
Ecc = limit mean strain giving crushing of the concrete. requirements of Table C3 or C 6 as relevant
Positive strain denotes tensile strain . - the R, 0,5/Rm ratio is not to exceed 0 ,95
the elongation is to be minimum 15 %
- Charpy V - notch impact toughness is to be according to
Sec.6 Page 39 Table C3 and Table C4 or Table C6 as relevant
- the hardness of weldments is to meet the requirements in
In paragraph Cl 03, testing is to performed ..' should read: C205 or C308 as relevant .
testing is to be performed

Sec. 6 Page 39 Sec.6 Page 44

In paragraph Cl 04, ' Engineering Critical Assessment’ Paragraph El 02 has been rewritten as follows :
should read: ’Engineering Criticality Assessment’ 102 Manufactures of linepipe are to provide records and
statistics from previous production to demonstrate that the
Sec.6 Page 40 , 41 values required for SMYS will be below the mean minus two
standard deviations of the results obtained from the quantity
In Tables C3 and C6 the parameter Rp 0,5 should read: R< 0, 5
t
ordered . This applies to linepipes which shall fulfill the
additional requirements in Section 5 C205 , C3 1 1 and C404.
Corresponding demonstrations are to be provided for that
Sec.6 Page 43 SMTS is below the mean minus three standard deviations for
linepipes which shall fulfill the additional requirements in
In paragraph D204, the last sentence has been rewritten as Section 5 C205. Documentation is required in the form of
follows: records and statistics from the quantity delivered ( see K 103).

The Charpy V -notch energy value in the transverse direction,

at the Minimum Design Temperature, is to be minimum 150
J average and with no single value less than 135 J . Sec.6 Page 45
Paragraph E405 has been rewritten:
J Sec.6 Page 43
In paragraph D205 , the second last sentence has been
405 Chemical tests

rewritten as follows: Ladle analysis is to be performed once for each heat of steel .
J The Charpy V -notch energy value in the transverse direction,
at the Minimum Design Temperature, is not to be less than

J 113 J average and with no single value less than 101 J.

r
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J DETNORSKE VERITAS

1
Rules for Submarine Pipeline. Systems
Page 6 — Amendments and Corrections, May 1998

Sec.6 Page 47 Table E3 Welded linepipe - mechanical and corrosion

testing l )
Tables E2 and E 3 have been amended as follows:
Pipe material
Type of test Location C - Mn Duplex Clad
Table E2 Seamless linepipe - mechanical and corrosion Steel Steel Steel
testing Tensile test Pipe body Q& P Q& P Q& P
Weldment Q& P Q& P Q& P
Type of test Pipe material
-
Charpy V notch test Pipe body
Weldment
Q&P
Q& P
Q& P Q& P
C - Mn Duplex Clad Q& P Q& P
steel Steel Steel Bend test Weldment Q& P Q& P Q& P
2)
Tensile tests Q& P Q& P Q& P 6) Hardness test Pipe body Q& P Q& P Q& P
Weldment Q&P Q&P Q& P
-
Charpy V notch test Q& P Q& P Q&P 6) 1

Weldability tests2* Q Q Q Macro examination Weldment Q Q Q i

Hardness test3* Q& P Q& P Q& P 6) Metal lographic Pipe body Q& P Q& P
examination Weldment Q& P Q&P
Metal lographic
examination
Pitting corrosion test 4 )
Shear strength test 5 )
Q& P

Q& P
Q& P

Q& P
Q& P
CTOD test 3 )
Strain ageing test
Weldability testing 4*
5
Weldment
Pipe body
Q& P
Q& P
Q Q
Q& P
0
*
Additional testing for supplementary requirement, sour
service (S)
Type of test Pipe material
Pitting corrosion test

Shear strength test 6)

* Pipe body
Weldment
Pipe body
Q& P
Q& P
Q& P
Q& P
Q& P
c
Additional testing for supplementary requirement,
-
C Mn
steel
Duplex
Steel
Clad
Steel sour service ( S)
HIPC Test Q& P Q& P Q& P Pipe material
SSC test Q Q Q Type of test Location C - Mn Duplex Clad
Steel Steel Steel
Additional testing for supplementary requirement,
fracture arrest properties ( F) HIPC test Pipe body Q& P Q& P Q& P
SSC test Pipe body Q Q Q
Type of test Pipe material Weldment Q Q Q
-
C Mn Duplex Clad Additional testing for supplementary requirement ,
steel Steel Steel
fracture arrest properties ( F)
Charpy V-notch Q& P Q& P Q & P 6)
transition curve test Pipe material
Strain ageing transition Q& P Q& P 6) Type of test Location C - Mn Duplex Clad
curve test Steel Steel Steel
Drop weight tear test Q& P Q& P 6) Charpy V-notch Pipe body Q& P Q& P Q& P
transition curve test
Additional testing for supplementary requirement, pipe
for plastic deformation ( P) Strain aging transition Pipe body Q& P Q& P
curve test
Type of test ( tests to be Pipe material Drop weight tear test Pipe body Q& P Q& P
done on strained and Additional testing for supplementary requirement , pipe
aged material)
C- Mn Duplex Clad for plastic deformation (P)
steel Steel Steel
Type of test (all tests Location Pipe material
Tensile test Q& P Q& P Q& P 6) to be done on strained C- Mn Duplex Clad
-
Charpy V notch test Q& P Q& P Q&P 6 ) and aged material)
Steel Steel Steel
Notes
Tensile testing, base Pipe body Q& P Q& P Q& P
1) All testing is to be performed in accordance with the material
requirements of Appendix B.
2 ) Test needs to be performed only if specified . Tensile testing, all Weldment Q& P Q& P Q& P
weld metal
3) Acceptance criteria are different for sour and ordinary service.
4 ) See C309 and C514. Charpy V-notch test Pipe body Q& P Q& P Q& P
5) For clad steel pipe only. Weldment Q& P Q& P Q& P
6) Test of base material only. •
Hardness test Weldment Q& P Q&P Q& P

DET NORSKE VERITAS

 Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems
Amendments and Corrections, May 1998
—
Page 7

Notes Sec .6 Page 49

1 ) All testing is to be performed in accordance with the
requirements of Appendix B The formula in paragraph El 103 has been amended to read:
2) Acceptance criteria are different for sour and ordinary
service.
3) Test needs to be performed only if specified due to ECA
requirement ( see Sec . 5 C205).
p= •
MinjSMYS 0,96;SMTS • 0,84]
4) Test needs to be performed only if specified .
5) See C308 and C514.
6) For clad/ lined steel pipe only. Sec. 6 Page 49
In paragraph El 107, \ . tests is at least . / should read: tests
Sec.6 Page 48 at least ./

Paragraph E905 has been deleted, paragraph E906 has been

renumbered E905.
Sec .6 Page 50
In paragraph El 205, gauge at aminimum of ./ should
read: '..gauge at a minimum of ./

Sec.6 Page 50
In Table E5 the line:

i Radial offset R 3) 6)
tmmin at weld > tmi„
7)

should be replaced by:

3)
\ Radial offset ( HFW pipes) R
3)
6)
tmmin at weld > tmin
7)

Radial offset (SAW pipes) R < 0,1 t, but maximum 2 ,0 mm

Sec.6 Page 51
In Table E6 the llth line should read:

Wall thickness, t 8)
> 15 mm 100 % 2 ) ± 1 ,0 mm ± 10 % and
tmmin > -t < + 1 ,5 mm
9

4 and the line:

Radial offset R 3) 6)
tmmin at weld > tmin
7)

j
should be replaced by:

t Radial offset (HFW pipes)

Radial offset (SAW pipes )
R
R
3)

3)
6)
tmmin at weld >
< 0,1 t, but maximum 2, 0 mm
7)

j
Sec .6 Page 54
Sec.7 Page 55
i Paragraph K 101 has been amended to read:
In paragraph A201, the sixth entry in the list of standards
101 Linepipe , fittings and bends should read:
’
i Linepipe , fittings and bends are to be delivered with
Inspection Certificate 3.1 . B according to European Standard
ASTM A 370 Standard Test Methods and Definitions for
Mechanical Testing of Steel Products.
EN 10204 (Metallic Products Types of Inspection
*

i Documents) or accepted equivalent , unless Sec .2 applies (see

Sec. l A 102).

l DET NORSKE VERITAS

!
Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems
Page 8 — Amendments and Corrections, May 1998

Sec.7 Page 57 Appendix A Page 87

Paragraph Dl 01 has been amended to read: Table Dl has been rewritten as follows:
101 All base material, fittings and flanges, etc. are to be
delivered with Inspection Certificate 3.1.B according to Table Dl Load effects
European Standard EN 10204 or accepted equivalent, unless
Sec.2 applies (see Sec. l A 102 ). Loads
Installation
Functional Moment MF 400 kNm
Sec.8 Page 58 Environmental Moment ME 50 kNm
Functional Axial Load NF 400 kN
In paragraph A302, the first sentence has been amended to
read:
Environmental Axial Load ME 30 kNm
Operation
302 For Risers carrying hot fluids of Category B, D and E Functional Moment MF 150 kNm
(Sec3 C200), the need for a corrosion allowance to
compensate for external corrosion in the Splash Zone (see
Cl 00) is to be evaluated.
Environmental Moment
Functional Axial Load
Environmental Axial Load
ME
NF
ME
5
15
1
kNm
kN
kNm
*
Sec.9 Page 68
In paragraph C50 I , the second sentence in the middle part
Appendix A Page 88 o
The formula in paragraph E202 has been amended to read:
should read:
2 t
Vessels > 5000 t displacement: Min [SMYS - 0,96 ; SMTS •0,84 ]
D -t
- for operations < 500 m away from existing installations i
and for tie- in operations: Class 3

and the second sentence in the last part should read: Appendix A Page 88
Vessels < 5000 t displacement: In paragraph E204, the formulae for hoop stress should
- for operations < 500 m away from existing installations read:
and for tie- in , Riser installation operations : Class 2
D-t
(p/ i - Pe ) < r|s 1,1 SMYS
2t
Sec.9 Page 71
In paragraph E30 I , 'Engineering Critical Assessment ' should
(P/ i ' Pc)
D-t
2t
< i!u 1 ,1 SMTS e.
read: ’ Engineering Criticality Assessment '. and the formula for minimum wall thickness should read:

D
f t corr
1,1 0,8 - 403 •
e_
Sec.9 Page 79 2 +1
P /i - Pc
>
t nom “
1,1 0,8 403
f t con- + tftb = 0,95
The second last sentence in paragraph 0514 should read: 2+1
P /i - Pc
The utilisation during Pressure Testing is to be according to
Sec.5, C203 and C204 .

DET NORSKE VERITAS

 Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems
Amendments and Corrections , May 1998 Page 9 —
Appendix A Page 90 For load combination a):

\2 2
In paragraph E302 under sub- paragraph ' Interaction
f

calculation, collapse pressure', the formulae for <j> should 1,2 l , 0

* '
MFc P e,c
read : + <1
M c, a Pc
-V 1,19 U9
j - arccos
()

V
-u3 and for load combination b):

and under sub-paragraph 1Interaction ' the formulae for \2 \ 2

buckling capacity checks should read:
1 ,1 - 1 ,0 - M F,C + 1 , 3 MEC P c, c
+ <1
Mc b , Pc
U9 v i ,i 9 )
§ Appendix A Page 93
Figure 5 should be replaced by the following figure :

20, 00
i
19.00 i

ie , co

sc
17,00
16.00 *
i
T
— Safety Class
High
o 15 , 00
xz I

14.00 Safety Class

5 13,00 Normal

12,00
11 , 00
10 ,00
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Water depth ( m )

4 Appendix A Page 94

Figure 8 should be replaced by the following figure:

!
20
I
19 Safety Class High „ Safety Class Normal Safety Class High
s 18 r :

17 M 4 i
i
v>
a2» 16 -
Buckling hstaflation i

c t
JC
o
XZ
15 i Buckling - Operation
= H _ Pressure Containment
i

5 13
12

J 11
10
•
—-
t »

- 200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

J Water depth (m )

j
J DETNORSKE VERITAS
Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems
Page 10 — Amendments and Corrections, May 1998

Appendix B Page 95 Appendix D Page 121

In paragraph A 301 the references should read: 303 to 305 -

In paragraph B409 the list item demagnetisation * should be
deleted.

Appendix B Page 96
The last sentence in paragraph A70 J should read:
CTOD tests of base materials and girth welds are to be
perormed with B x B surface notched specimens, and with
specimen oriented transversely to the weld axis.
Appendix C Page 103
In paragraph B202, in welding Fabrication
in welding and fabrication
should read:
Appendix D Page 122
In paragraph C207 , the sub- paragraphs a) and c) are
rewritten as follows:
a ) Flat bottom holes oriented parallel to weld bevel
preparations for each bevel angle and in depths not more
than 4 mm apart for each side of the weld (girth welds
only ).
c) Through thickness holes along weld centre line position.

Appendix D Page 122

*
In paragraph C208, ' Engineering Critical Assessment * should
Appendix C Page 105 read: 'Engineering Criticality Assessment'.
In paragraph D60 I , supply condition , rolled forged or
cast. should read:
1
supply condition , rolled , forged or )
cast.’. Appendix D Page 122
The heading of item D200 should read:
Appendix C Page 107 D 200 Acceptance criteria based on Engineering -J
Criticality Assessment (ECA )
In Table El , note 7), 'Engineering Critical Assessment'
should read: "Engineering Criticality Assessment '.
Appendix D Page 124
n
Appendix C Page 108 In paragraph F403 the last sentence should read:
The residual magnetism is not to exceed 30 Gauss.
In Table E 2, note 12), ’ Engineering Critical Assessment’
should read: ' Engineering Criticality Assessment1, and the
reference to F200 should read F309 .
Appendix D Page 125
f.
Appendix C Page 112 In paragraph F70 I , sub-paragraph a) should read:
a ) The whole weld and at least 10 mm of the entire wall i
In paragraph F309, ' Engineering Critical Assessment should
1
thickness at both sides of the original weld preparation is
read: "Engineering Criticality Assessment '. to be covered by the testing .

Appendix C Page 113 Appendix D Page 125

In paragraph F311 the parameter Rp 0, 5 should read: Rt 0 5 t

In paragraph F703, ' ISO 10124 ' should read: ISO 12094
;

Appendix C Page 114

In paragraph GI 04 the term ’Design Temperature* should
read: 'Minimum Design Temperature'.

DET NORSKE VERITAS

 Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems
Amendments and Corrections, May 1998 — Page 11

Appendix D Page 126

The fifth and eighth lines in Table HJ should read:

Cap concavity/ Cap concavity: not permitted

root concavity Root concavity: is to merge smoothly
J into the base material and at no point is
the weld thickness to be less than t .

1
and
i Lack of penetration/ Individual length < t, maximum 25 mm.
lack of fusion Accumulated length in any 300 mm
length of weld: < t, maximum 25 mm.
respectively.

i > Appendix D Page 127

The sixth line in Table H2 should read:
1 ) 2 ) 3) 7)
Lack of penetration
Root Length: t, maximum 25 t maximum 25
7

8)
Embedded Length: 2 t maximum 50 2 t. maximum 50

i
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I
r>
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DET NORSKE VERITAS

1
 3

PREFACE

VERITAS has published Rules for offshore structures, off-

shore loading systems, process equipment, submarine pipeli -
i nes etc., and is prepared to issue a Certificate of Approval for
such installations when found to be designed and constructed
in accordance with the appropriate Rules.

The procedure for obtaining and retaining a Certificate of

Approval is defined in these Rules.

The purpose of the Rules is to:

— Serve as basic philosophy and rule requirements when

J
— applying for certification by VERITAS.
Recommend an international acceptable level of safety
and reliability by defining minimum requirements re-

— garding strength , serviceability and maintenance.

Serve as a technical reference document in contractual
matters between Owner and Contractor.
j The Rules open for a freedom in choice of technical solutions
to obtain an acceptable safety level. More detailed description
of possible methods satisfying the Rule s requirements, are gi-
ven in the Appendices to the Rules. Other methods will be ac
cepted provided the same safety level is obtained .
-
In addition to the Rules and Appendices, VERITAS also is-
sues Technical Notes, which give further guidelines on speci-
i fic problems related to the fulfilment of the Rule's require-
ments.

Where VERITAS is recognized as a Certifying Agent by Na-

i tional Authorities, the Rules may serve as a supplement to
any National Regulations which are mandatory.

Although the Rules, the Appendices and the Technical Notes,

are all prepared with VERITAS' Certificate of Approval in
mind, the publications may be used as guidelines for desig -
ners, owners and others not directly involved in the certifica-
tion process. Where parts of the Rules are copied or applied ,
i proper reference to the source should be made .

i
i

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1.
'

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 5

CONTENTS
Section 1 2.3.4 Waves . . . 15
General regulations 2.3.5 Current . . 15
2.3.6 Corrosivity 15
1.1 Symbols 9 2.3.7 Ice 15
1.2 Technical terms 10 2.3.8 Air and sea temperatures 15
2.3.9 Marine growth 15
1.3 Definitions 10
1.3. 1 Pipeline system . . . 10 2.4 Interna ] pipe conditions . 15
1.3.2 Submarine pipeline 10 2.4 . 1 Installation conditions . 15
1.3 .3 Riser system 10 2.4 .2 Operational conditions 15
1.3 .4 Pipeline riser II 2.5 Design temperature 16
1.3 .5 External riser . . . . II 2.5.1 General 16
1.3 .6 Internal riser 11 2.5 . 2 Differentiated design temperatures 16
1.3 .7 Riser support 11
1.3 .8 Piping components 11
1.3.9 Splash zone 11 Section 3
1.3 - 10 Submerged zone II Loads
1.3 .11 Atmospheric zone 11
1.3 .12 Platform 11 3.1 Loading conditions and design conditions 17
1.3 . 13 Zone 1 11 3.1 . 1 General 17

i 1.3 .14
1.3 . 15
1316
Zone 2
Surveillance
Inspection
11
ii
11
3.1 .2
3.1 .3
3.2
Loading conditions
Design conditions
Functional loads
17
17
17
1 3 . 1 7 To survey 11
1.3 . 18 A survey 11 3.2 . 1 General 17
1319 Surveyor 11 3.2 . 2 Functional loads during operation . 17
1.3 . 20 Liquid hydrocarbons. . ii 3.2 . 3 Functional loads during installation 17
1.321 Gaseous hydrocarbons n 3.3 Environmental loads 17
1.3.22 Fluid II
j 1.4 The Rules 11
3.3 . 1
3.3 . 2
General
Wind loads
17
18
1.4 . 1 Application 11 3.3 .3 Hydrodynamic loads, general 18
1.4 . 2 Amendments 1) 3.3 .4 W ave loads 18
3.3 .5 Current loads 18
i 1.4 .3
1.4 .4
Alternative methods and procedures .
Assumptions
11
11 3.3 . 6
3.3 . 7
environmental loads . . .
« Indirect »
Ice loads
19
19
1.5 Certificate of Approval 12 3.3 . 8 Accidental toads 19
1.5. 1 Issuance of the Certificate 12
1.5 . 2 Recommendations . . . . 12
1.5 . 3 Memoranda to Owner 12 Section 4
1.5 . 4 Withdrawal of Certificate 12 Strength and inplace stability
1.6 Concept evaluation 12
1.6 . 1 General .... 1 2 4.1 General 20
4.1 . 1 Design analyses 20
1.7 Instrumentation for monitoring of the 4.1 .2 Design criteria 20
pipeline system 12 4.1 .3 Design conditions 20
i 1.7 . 1
1.8
General
Documentation
12
... . 13
4.2
4.2. 1
Pipeline / riser during operation . . .
General
20
20
1.8 . 1 Submission of documentation 13 4.2.2 Yielding -
. 20
1.8 . 2
1 1.8 .3
1.8 .4
Design phase
Fabrication phase
Installation phase
13
13
13
4.2 . 3
4.2.4
4.2 .5
Buckling
Fatigue
On - bottom stability
. . . . 21
21
22
1.8 .5 Filing of documentation 13 4.2 .6 Propagating ductile fractures 23

i 4.2 .7
4.2 .8
4.3
Riser supports
Spans
Pipeline / risers during installation .
. . 23
23
23
Section 2 4.3 . 1 General 23
i 2.1 General
Environment
14
4.3 . 2
4.3 .3
4.3 .4
Yielding
Buckling
Fatigue
23
24
24
2.1 . 1 Environmental phenomena . . 14
2.1 . 2 Acceptable environmental data 14 4.4 Piping components and accessories 24
4.4 . 1 General 24
2.2 Pipeline route 14
2.2. 1 Location 14
2.2 . 2 Route survey 14 Section 5
L 2.2 .3
2.2 .4
Bottom topography
Seabed proporties
14
14
Material requirements for pipes and piping components

2.3 Environmental conditions .. 14 5.1 General 25

2.3 . 1 14 5.1 . 1 Validity 25
L 2.3 . 2
2.3 .3
General
Tide
Wind
14
14
5 -1.2
5.1 .3
Selection of materials
Material specification
25
25

i
 6

5.1 .4 Documentation and identification 25 6.6 .5 Reinforcement 33

6.6 . 6 Application and curing of concrete coating . . . . 34
5.2 Steel for line- pipes 25 6.6 .7 Testing and inspection . . 34
5.2 . 1 Steel making 25
5.2 2 Supply condition 25
5.2 .3 Heat treatment 25
Section 7
5.2 .4 Chemical composition 25 Fabrication of pipes and piping components
5.2 .5 Mechanical testing 25
5.2 .6 Tensile properties 26 7.1 General
5.2 . 7 Brittle fracture resistance 26 35
7.1 .1 Validity 35
5.2 - 8 Resistance against propagating ductile fractures 26
5.2 .9 Supplementary fracture toughness testing . . . . 27 7.2 Pipe fabrication 35
5.2 .10 Resistance against hydrogen induced cracking 7.2 . 1 General 35
in welded joints 27 7.2 . 2 Fabrication procedure specification 35
5.2 .11 Resistance against environmental induced 7.2 .3 Quantification of welding operators, welders
blistering
5 - 2.12 Resistance against sulphide stress corrosion
27
7.2.4
—
and arc air gougers 35
Qualification of pipe fabrication procedure . . . . 35
cracking (SSC) 27 7.2 . 5 Hydrostatic testing 36
5.2 .13 Resistance against chloride stress corrosion 7.2 .6 Dimensions and workmanship 37
cracking 27 7.2.7 Visual examination and non - destructive testing 38
7.2 .8 Production testing 38
5.3 Soundness 27 7.2 . 9 Repairs
5.3 . 1 General 27 38
7.3 Fabrication of . piping components 39
5.4 Steel for piping components 27 7.3. 1 General
5.4 . 1 General 27 39
7.3. 2 Fabrication procedure specification 39
5.5 Welding consumables 27 7.3 . 3 Qualification of fabrication procedures 39
5 - 5.1 General 27 7.3 . 4 Production testing 39
5.5 2 Chemical composition 28 7.3 .5 Repair welding of piping components . 39
5.5 .3 Mechanical properties 28 7.4 Post weld heat treatment
5.5 .4 Handling and storage of welding consumables . 28 39
7.4 . 1 General 39
5.6 Bolt assemblies 28
5.6 .1 General 28
Section 8
5.7 Materials for support structures 28 Installation
5.7 . 1 General 28
8.1 General 41
Section 6 8 l .l Specifications

-1
4l
Corrosion protection and weight coating 8.2 Pipeline route 41
8.2 . 1 Route survey 41
6.1 Corrosion protection , general 29 8.2 . 2 Seabed preparation
6.1 . 1 Validity 29 41
6.1 . 2 Definitions 29 8.3 Construction 41
6 . L.3 General requirements to corrosion protection 8.3 . 1 Qualification 41
systems 29 8.3 . 2 Handling and storing 41
8.3 .3 Installation operations 41
6.2 External coating : 29 8.3 .4 Pipeline and cable crossings . 42
6.21 General 29 8.3 . 5 Buckle detection
6.2 . 2 Coating materials 29 42
6.2 . 3 Coating application 30 8.4 Anchoring and protection of pipeline systems . 42
6.2 .4 Field joint coating 30 8.4 . 1 General 42
6.3 Cathodic protection 30 8.5 Installation welding 42
6.3 . 1 General 30 8.5 . 1 General 42
6.3 .2 Design of system 30 8.5 . 2 Welding procedure specification 42 i
6.3 . 3 Anode materials and fabrication 31 8.5.3 Qualification of the welding equipment and
6.3 . 4 Installation of anodes 31 welding procedure 42
6.3 .5 Testing of system 31 8.5 . 4 Essential parameters for welding procedures . . 43
8.5 . 5 Qualification of welders and welding operators 43
6.4 Internal corrosion control 31 8.5 .6 Welding and workmanship . 43
6.4. 1 General 31 8.5 .7 Production test
6.4 .2 Internal corrosion control by inhibitors 32 44
8.5 . 8 Repair of field joints 44
6.4 .3 Internal corrosion control by coating 32
6.4 .4 Internal corrosion control by corrosion 8.6 Visual examination and non destructive testing
resistant alloys 32 of installation welds 45
6.4 .5 Internal corrosion monitoring 32 8.6 . 1 General 45
8.6 .2 Visual examination 45
6.5 Protection of risers and pipelines in critical 8.6 .3 Non - destructive testing 45
areas 32
6.5 . 1 Splash zone protection 32 8.7
8.7 . 1
-
Tie ins 45
6.5.2 Protection of risers in J - tubes, tunnels etc. 33 General 45
6.5.3 Protection of risers in internal transition zones . 33 8.7 .2 Mechanical connectors 45
6.5.4 Pipeline shore-approach 8.7 .3 Welded tie- in on the lay vessel
6.6
6.6. 1
Weight coating
General
33
33
33
8.7 .4
8.8
Tie-in by underwater welding
Final surveys and tests
45
45
46
i
6.6.2 Weight coating specification 33 8.8 . 1 General 46
6.6 .3
6.6 .4
Concrete constituents
Properties of concrete
33
33
8.8 .2
8.8 .3
Survey of installed pipeline system
Survey of corrosion protection system
46
46 LI
\
 7

8.8 . 4 Pressure test . . . 46 10.6 . 1 Liquid penetrant procedure specification 55

8.8 .5 Buckle detection 47 10.6 . 2 Liquid penetrant procedure qualification 56
886 Testing of alarm and shutdown systems 47 10.6 .3 Qualifications of operators 56
10.6 .4 Production liquid penetrant testing 56
10.6 .5 Evaluation of welds and standards of
Section 9 acceptability 56
Operation and maintenance

9.1 General 48 Appendix A

9.1 . 1 Owner's duty 48 Environmental loads
9.1 . 2 Retension of Certificate of Approval 48
9.2 Operation and maintenance of the pipeline ,
A. l Wind loads 63
A.1.1 General 63
system 48
9.2 1 Operation , inspection and maintenance manual 48 A .1.2 Static wind loads 63
9.2 . 2 Operation 48 A . l .3 Vortex shedding due to wind 63
9.3 In-service inspection 48 A.2 Vortex shedding due to current 63
A .2.1 General
j 9.3. 1 General
9.3 . 2 . Start up inspection
48
48 A .2.2 In - line oscillations . . . .
63
64
9.3 .3 Periodical inspection 48 -
A . 2.3 Cross flow oscillations 64
9.3 .4 Frequency of periodical inspection 48 A .3 Recommended values of hydrodynamic
i 9.3.5 Extent of periodical inspection
9 .3. 6 Extent of periodical inspection
9.3 7 Special inspection
riser——
pipeline . . . . 48
49
49
coefficients
A . 3.1 General
A .3.2 Added mass coefficient
64
64
64
9.4 Repairs 49 A .3.3 Drag coefficient 64
i 9.4 . 1
9.4 .2
9.4 .3
General
Grooves, gouges and notches
Dents
49
49
49
A .3.4 Lift coefficient
A .4 Wave slamming
A .4.1 Wave slamming loads
64
64
64
9.4 .4 Leaks 49 A .4.2 Fatigue due to wave slamming 65
i 9.4 .5
9.4 .6
Repair by welding
Temporary repairs
49
50
Appendix B
Buckling calculations
i Section 10
Non - destructive testing B1 Local buckling 68
B. 2 Propagation buckling 68
10.1 General 51
i 10.1 . 1 Selection of method
10.2 Radiographic examination of welds
51
51
B.3 Buckling of the pipe as a « bar » 69

10 - 2 1 Radiographic procedure specification . 51

10.2 . 2 Radiographic procedure qualification . Appendix C
51 Quality control of materials.
10.2 .3 Qualification of radiographers 52
10.2 .4 Production radiography Qualification of welding procedures and welding per -
52
10.2 .5 Evaluation of welds and standards of sonnel

1 10.3
acceptability
Ultrasonic examination of welds with
stationary equipment
52

52
C. l
C. l .1
C l .2
General
Scope
Definitions
70
70
70
10.3 .1 Equipment 52 C. l .3 Testing equipment 70
i 10 - 3.2
10.3 .3
10 - 3 . 4
Ultrasonic procedure specification
Ultrasonic procedure qualification
Calibration of equipment
52
52
52
C .2
C 2.1
Steel making
General
70
70
10.3.5 Qualifications of operators 52 C. 3 Steel casting 70
[ 10.3 .6
10.3 .7
Production ultrasonic examination
Evaluation of welds and standards of
52 C.3.1
C.4
General
Chemical analyses
70
70
acceptability 52 C.4.1 General 70
10.4 Ultrasonic examination of welds with
L 10.4 . 1
10.4 . 2
portable equipment
Equipment
Ultrasonic procedure specification
52
52
53
C .5

C .6
Heat treatment
C.5.1 General
Surface defects in base material .
70
70
70
10.4 . 3 Ultrasonic procedure qualification 53 C. 6.1 General 70
1 10.4 .4
10.4 .5
10.4 .6
Calibration of equipment
Qualifications of operators
Production ultrasonic examination
53
53
53
C.7 Mechanical testing
C.7.1 General
71
71
10.4 .7 Evaluation of welds and standards of C.7.2 Tensile testing 71 -
L 10.5
acceptability
Magnetic particle examination of welds .
55
55
C.7.3 Bend testing
C.7.4 Nick break testing
-
C.7.5 Charpy V notch impact testing . .
71
71
71
10.5 . 1 Magnetic particle procedure specification 55 C .7.6 Macrosection of welded joints . . 71
10.5 - 2
L 10 - 5.3
10.5.4
Magnetic particle procedure qualification
Qualifications of operators
Production magnetic particle testing
55
55
55
C.7 , 7 Hardness testing of welded joints
C.7.8 Strain ageing testing
C.8 Sampling of test specimens
71
71
72
10.5 .5 Evaluation of welds and standards of C.8.1 Seamless pipes
acceptability . 55 72
L 10 6 Liquid penetrant examination of welds . . 55
C.8.2 Welded pipe
C.8.3 Cold formed or forged bends
72
72

i
 8

C.84 Forged seamless piping components other D. 1.3 Current demands . 82

than bends 72 D . 1.4 Anode materials 83
C85 Cast piping components 72 D. 1.5 Current output capacity of anodes 84
D. l .6 Calculation of anode life 84
C.9 Welding procedure qualification 72 D . 1.7 Current distribution
C 91 General 72 84
D . l . 8 Fabrication of anodes 84
C.10 Qualification of welding personnel 72
D. 2 Standards for coating 84
Cl 0.1 General 72
D 2.1 General
C l0 2 Test welding 73 84
C. I 0.3 Inspection and testing of qualification test welds 73 D . 2.2 Acceptable standards for coating properties
and test methods referring to generic type . . . . 84
C l 0.4 Welder qualification 73 D.2.3 Application and inspection of coatings,
C . l 0.5Welding operator qualification for
general standards
mechanized welding 73 85
C l 0.6 Qualification of welding personnel for
underwater welding 73 Appendix E
C. l 0.7 Extraordinary requalification of welding Pressure testing of pipelines and pipeline sections
personnel 74
E. l General 87
E2 Pressure test method no. 1 87
Appendix D
Guidelines on corrosion control E.3 Pressure test method no. 2 87
E.4 Acceptance criteria 87
D. l Design of cathodic protection systems 82
Dll General 82 E5 Witnessing 88
D 1 -2 Design basis 82 E .6 Hydrostatic test report ... 88
;:i £.
 9

SECTION 1
GENERAL REGULATIONS
1.1 Symbols ( n )p = permissible value of n »
A = cross sectional area of pipe , also: p = pressure , difference between two absolute pres-
A = exposed area of anode sures, external over- pressure
a - parameter used in wave analyses . ( Defined in Fig .
pgr = critical external over- pressure
A 2 ), also: pc = external pressure
a = acceleration Pi = internal pressure
ar = relative acceleration Ppr = propagation pressure
B = buoyant force per unit length of pipe, also: = initiation pressure
B = width of reference block = frequency distribution of average apparent wave
b periods
= parameter used in wave analyses. (Given in Table
Al ) Q = shear force nominal to pipe axis, also :
C = shape ( drag) coefficient used in wind force formula Q = probability level
q = lateral force per unit length of pipe
i CD
CL
Cm
=
-
drag coefficient
lift coefficient
- added mass coefficient
qw
R
= wind force per unit length of pipe
= reduction factor on number of waves
Cs = slamming coefficient Rc = Reynold’s number
d = water depth , also: r - reference value of n
d = diameter S = safety factor in on- bottom stability analysis, also:
D = nominal outside diameter of pipe S = Strouhal ’s
number
D, = total outside diameter of pipe ( including coating) = Miner’s sum
E = modulus of elasticity , also: = permissible value of Miners sum
i E
Fh
=
=
consumption rate of anode
total horizontal ( lateral) force per unit length of a pi -
s
T
T
= number of stress blocks
= thickness of reference block , also;
= average zero-upcrossing period
pe due to drag and inertia
FD = drag force T| = pipe material temperature at time of installation
i FL
Fm
=
=
lift force
mass ( inertia) force
Tj

Tv
=
=
pipe material temperature under considered condi-
tion
« visual » wave period
Fs = wave slamming force
t - nominal wall thickness of pipe
Fv = total vertical force per unit length of a pipe due to
1 f =
drag and inertia
coefficient of friction, also:
U
u
u
= flow velocity for anodes
= utilization factor, also:
= liquid particle velocity nomal to pipe axis
f = vortex shedding frequency
/ u/ = absolute (positive) value of u
fc = natural frequency for cross- flow excitation
1 fi
H
=
=
natural frequency for inline excitation
clearance between pipe and fixed boundary , also:
wave height
uc
ud
= current velocity
= resulting « design» velocity due to wave and current
= maximum orbital particle velocity
H -
Hm significant wave height
- uw = particle velocity due to « design» wave
Hv = « visual wave height» V = flow velocity for anodes
= the most probable largest wave height out of 10 n Vr = relative water particle velocity
waves encountered vn = component of wind velocity normal to pipe axis
H, = reference value of Hn, i .e. for n = r W = weight per unit length of pipe in air , including pipe
i I
K
K
= mean current requirement per anode
= diameter factor , also:
= slope of the S- N curve
W
W
contents and water absorbed by the coating , also:
= section modulus of pipe cross section , also:
= net weight of anodes
Kc = Keulegan-Carpenter number x = longitudinal position of a point on a pipe
1 Ks
k
= stability parameter
- roughness
y
y
a
= circumferential position of a point on a pipe, also :
= mode shape
= linear coefficient of thermal expansion, also:
ki = parameter in wave analyses (Table A1 ) a = symbol used in buckling formula
k, = temperature derating factor
L L
L
1
= length of reference block , also:
= effective life of anode
= suspended length , span width
a
77
7? cp
- logarithmic decrement of structural damping
= usage factor
= usage factor for equivalent stress
M = bending moment in pipe rj h = usage factor for hoop stress
= permissible usage factor
1 Mcr
MT
m
= critical bending moment
= torsional moment in pipe
= parameter used in wave analyses. ( Defined in Fig.
7? p

77 yp
p = permissible usage factor when axis acting alone
= permissible usage factor when ayis acting alone
A . 2) 0 = angular position of a point on a pipe relative to a
me = effective mass per unit length of pipe defined radius 0 = 0
N - axial force in a pipe , also:
y - mode shape parameter
v - Poisson’s ratio , also:
N = number of years in a probability consideration v = kinematic viscocity of a liquid
Ncr = critical axial force in a pipe = mass density , also :
L Ne
Nj
- « equivalent axial force in a pipe subjected to inter-
nal and / or external pressure
= number of constant amplitude stress cycles ( ( a ) ) to
g
Q
<j b
- resistivity
= element stress due to net buoyancy force
failure aE = critical one dimensional compressive stress for com-
pletely elastic buckling ( axE or <jyE)
L N ;)
n
= critical number of stress cycles
= exponent when number of waves
power of 10
is expressed as a
O
' = equivalent stress according to von Mises
= permissible equivalent stress
Hi = actual number of stress cycles of a given stress ran- aF = specified (nominal) yield strength
= stress range
I 2
ni -
geWi
number of waves within block j
Or
- stress range for stress « block » no i

IL
 10

element stress due to vertical wave force Maximum operating pressure maximum pressure to
^slam element stress due to net buoyancy force which a piping system will be subjected in operation , which
Ox longitudinal stress should include static pressure and pressure required to over-
Oxer critical longitudinal ( compressive) stress come friction.
« 5* longitudinal stress due to pipe bending, defined as
M/ W Surge pressure -
total pressure caused by a change in ve -
locity of flow within a pipeline system .
longitudinal stress due to axial force =
N/ A
aM
u xcr critical ox when M is acting alone Test pressure - pressure specified to be applied to a vessel ,
"
a xcr critical ox when N is acting alone pipe, component, etc., on completion of manufacture and / or
o xp permissible <JX on completion of construction. It may also be the pressure
0 $ longitudinal stress due to shell bending specified to be applied to a vessel , etc., after appropriate per -
hoop stress iods in operation .
°Oyer
y
critical compressive hoop stress
0 VP permissible hoop stress ( in tension) Strength test pressure = pressure of a higher magnitude than
O yE critical compressive hoop stress for completely elast - test pressure and with short duration ,
ic buckling when ay is acting alone Leak test pressure = pressure normally of a lower magni-
^xy tangential shear stress
tude than test pressure and with at least the same duration.
Txz radial shear stress
Minimum design temperature = lowest possible steady state
temperature which the pipeline system experiences during
1.2 Technical terms installation and operation . Environmental as well as opera -
tional temperatures are to be considered .
Longitudinal stress = normal stress acting parallel to pipe
axis. Maximum design temperature ~ highest possible steady state
temperature which the pipeline system may be exposed to
Hoop stress - normal stress acting in the circumferential di- during installation and operation. Environmental as well as
rection . operational temperatures are to be considered .

-
Tangential shear stress = shear stress which in a cross sec Restrained lines = pipelines which cannot expand or con -
tion of the pipe acts in the tangential (circumferential) direc- tract in the longitudinal direction due to fixed supports or
tion . friction between pipe and soil .

Radial shear stress - shear stress which in a cross section of Understrained lines - pipelines without substential axial res-
the pipe acts in the radial direction . traint ( Maximum one fixed support and no substential fric-
tion).
Pipe bending moment =
bending moment ( M ) in the pipe
cross section as a whole. Suspended length = length of a pipeline without contact
with the sea bottom or other supports ( - unsupported
Shell bending moment ~ bending moment ( mxor my) in the length) ,

pipe wall per unit length .

Laying parameters = essential parameters affecting the stres -
Pipe bending stressed -
longitudinal stresses due to pipe ses in a pipeline during laying such as applied tension stin -
, ,

bending moment. ger curvature, etc.

Shell bending stresses - stresses due to shell bending mo- Nominal wall thickness = the pipe wall thickness that is spe-
ment . cified for supply of pipes .

Longitudinal shell bending stresses ~ longitudinal stresses Nominal pipe diameter - the outside pipe diameter to be us-
Grxb) due to longitudinal shell bending moment ( ). mx ed in the design calculation.

Hoop bending stresses = hoop stresses (<ryb) due to circum -

ferential shell bending moment ( hoop bending moment —
my).
1.3 Definitions
Direct stresses =stresses of which the resultant acts in the
middle surface of the pipe wall ( membrane stresses).
= 1.3. 1 Pipeline system
Internal pressure = pressure inside the pipe. May be given as By a pipeline system is meant an interconnected system of
absolute pressure or gauge pressure. submarine pipelines, pipeline risers, their supports, all in -
tegrated piping components, the corrosion protection system
External pressure - pressure ( immediately) outside the pipe and weight coating .
,

May be given as absolute pressure or gauge pressure.

1.3.2 Submarine pipeline
Overpressure - difference betw een two absolute pressures.
A submarine pipeline , later referred to as pipeline, is defined
as that part of a pipeline which is located below the water
-
Initiation pressure = external overpressure required to initi surface at maximum tide, except pipeline
ate a propagating buckle from an existing local buckle or The pipeline may , wholly 'or risers (see 1.3.4 )
dent. in part be suspended above the
sea Hoor, rest on the sea floor or be buried below the sea
Propagation pressure = external overpressure required to floor
propagate a buckle that has been initiated at a higher pres-
).
sure
(
.

1.3.3 Riser system

ii
Design pressure = maximum internal operating pressure.
By riser system is meant the riser, its supports, all integrated
piping components and corrosion protection system.
LI
 1.3. 4 Pipeline riser
A pipeline riser, later referred to as riser , is defined as the
connecting piping or flexible hose between a submarine pi-
peline on the sea floor and the processing equipment on a
platform. Exact points of riser termination are to be agreed
upon in each case
1.3.5 External riser
By external risers is meant risers which are mounted in such
a way that no effective shelter against the action of wind , wa
ves, and currents is provided.
1.3.6 Internal riser
By internal risers is meant risers which are effectively shelter
ed against the action of wind , waves and currents.
1.3 .7 Riser support
By riser supports is meant structures intended for fixing the
riser to the platform or for local or continuous guidance of
the riser.
1.3 . 8 Piping components
By piping components is meant items integrated in the pipeli-
ne / riser such as flanges, tees, bends , reducers and valves.
1.3. 9 Splash zone
By the splash zone range is meant the astronomical tidal ran -
ge plus the wave height having a probability of exceedance of
0.01 . The upper limit of the splash zone is determined by as-
suming 65 % of this wave height above HAT and the lower
limit by assuming 35 % below LAT .
1.3 . 10 Submerged zone
By the submerged zone is meant the region below the splash
zone including sea water , sea bottom , and buried or mud zo-
ne .
1.3 . 11 Atmospheric zone
By the atmospheric zone is meant the region above the splash
zone.
1.3. 12 Platform
By a platform is meant a fixed or permanently anchored off-
shore installation onto which the riser is mounted .
1.3 . 13 Zone 1
By Zone 1 is meant the part of the seabed located more than
a certain distance away from any platform or building , nor-
mally to be taken as 500 m .
1.3. 14 Zone 2
By Zone 2 is meant the part of the seabed located close to any
platform or building , and normally to be taken as a distance
of 500 m.
1.3. 15 Surveillance
By surveillance is meant the work carried out by Veritas in
order to assure that the pipeline or riser is built and operated
in accordance with the Rules. This work comprises approval
of drawings, procedures and specifications and inspection
and control during prefabrication and installation . It also in -
cludes the work carried out by Veritas in order to assure that
the in -service inspection and maintenance are carried out ac-
cording to these Rules. This surveillance is not meant to re-
place the quality control program of the contractor / operator.
1.3. 16 Inspection
By inspection is meant the quality control carried out by the
Owner or his contractors.
i
1.3. 17 To survey
By to survey is normally meant to carry out surveillance on
behalf of Veritas.
1.3 . 18 A survey
By a survey is meant the general inspection carried out by the
Owner , by his contractor or by Veritas.
1.3. 19 Surveyor
- By a Surveyor is meant a person carrying out surveillance on
behalf of Veritas.
1.3 . 20 Liquid hydrocarbons
- By liquid hydrocarbons is meant crude oil , condensate, natu -
ral gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas , pet -
roleum products and their fractions in their liquid phase .
1.3 . 21Gaseous hydrocarbons
By gaseous hydrocarbons is meant hydrocarbons in a vapor
phase from wells drilled for the purpose of producing liquid
hydrocarbons or natural gas.
1.3. 22 Fluid
By fluid is meant a gas, liquid or slurry that is transported
through the pipeline system .
1.4 The Rules
1.4 . 1 Application
1.4 .1.1 These Rules apply to submarine pipeline systems as
defined in 1.3 . ! intended for the transportation or transporting
liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons as defined in 1.3 . 20 and
1.3 . 21 . The Rules may also be applied , wholly or in part, to
pipeline systems carrying other products. This is to be decided
by Veritas in each separate case.
1.4 . 2 Amendments
1.4 . 2.1 Amendments to the Rules may be undertaken at
any time and may also be applicable for pipelines or risers
which have already been approved by Veritas.
Unless otherwise decided , the amendments are to come into
force 6 months after the date of issurance.
1.4 . 2.2 Application of amendments to pipelines or risers al-
ready approved , or in the process of approval , will be limited
to cases where it is judged essential to the structural integrity.
If amended requirements to construction , materials, dimensi -
ons, etc. are to be made applicable to pipelines or risers al -
ready approved , necessitating re- analysis and re-evaluation of
strength requirements, this will be clearly stated in the
amendments.
1.4 . 3 Alternative methods and procedures
1.4 . 3.1 Veritas is prepared to consider alternative methods
and procedures found to represent overall safety and strength
standards equivalent to those of the Rules.
1.4 . 4 Assumptions
1.4 . 4.1 These Rules are based on the assumption that pipe-
line or riser in question is designed , constructed and operated
by adequately skilled personel according to sound engineer-
ing practice.
1.4 . 4.2 The Owner and or his contractors are to establish
and implement a detailed, independent quality control system
covering all phases involved by the Certification. The quality
control functions are to be directed and performed by compe-
tent persons.

1.4 .4.3 It is assumed in these Rules that external risers on
platforms and similar structures are adequately protected
from impacts from vessels and similar accidental mechanical
influence. Hence it is assumed that the protecting structure,
and not the riser , is designed for such loads.
1.5 Certificate of Compliance
1.5 . 1 Issuance of the Certificate
1.5 .1.1 Upon request Veritas is prepared to issue a Certifi-
cate of Compliance for pipeline systems when found to be de-
signed and constructed in accordance with these Rules .
1.5.1.2 The client requesting certification is to:
— submit required documentation with complete and correct
information of significance for certification , see 1.8 . 1 .
— pay all expenses which arise in connection with the sub-
mitted request .
1.5.1.3 The Certificate of Compliance will be issued after
Veritas consideration of all relevant documents and declara 1.5.4.4 The withdrawal may be made conditional in that it
'
tions of survey concerning the pipeline system in question . will be executed only if the Owner has failed to carry out his
——
The Certificate will contain:
a description of the pipeline system and its function .
a specification of the operational limitations for the pipeli 1.5 .4.5 If the situation leading to withdrawal of the Certifi -
ne system .
— a specification of the geographical location of the pipeline reinstated . As a condition hereto, Veritas can require that the
— system .
a statement that the pipeline system is designed and con -
structed in accordance with these Rules and under the sur
veillance of Veritas.
1.5 . 1.4 Individual Statement of Compliance may upon re-
quest be issued for design, fabrication , installation or testing .
1.5.2 Recommendations
1 , 5.2 . 1 On matters considered to represent a possible safety the pipeline system is to be checked in order to identify pos-
hazard Veritas will issue separate recommendations .
1.5 .2.2 Recommendations may be issued to the effect that
specified actions ( e. g . repairs) or specified surveys are to be
carried out within specified time limits. Recommendations
may also be given regarding reduction of permissible loading.
1.5 . 2.3 Once a recommendation is formally issued the validi-
ty of the Certificate of Compliance is conditional upon com
pletion of the required work before the expiry date . The Ow -
ner is expected to take the necessary steps to fulfil the condi-
tion without further action from Veritas. Should circumstan -
ces occur that make the fulfilment of the recommendation im
practical before the expiry date , or that requires the recom -
mendation to be altered , the Owner ' s request for a change of
extention of the recommendation should be made in good
time before the expiry date.
1.5.2.4 The Owner should notify Veritas when a recom-
mendation has been completed so that a completion survey
may be carried out before expiry of the time limit .
1.5 . 2.5Updated lists of recommendations will be forward-
ed regularly to the Owner and to the Surveyor carrying out
the surveillance.
1.5 .3 Memoranda for Owners
1.5.3.1 Memoranda for Owners are information to the Ow -
ners regarding observed damage , deterioration or other sig-
nificant change in a structure which does not justify the issu
ance of a recommendation at the present time
1 5 - 3.2 Updated lists of these memoranda will be forward -
« ble or reliable, and available design methods and previous ex-
ed regularly to the Owner and to the Surveyor carrying out
the surveillance.
12
1.5 . 4
Withdrawal of Certificate
i 5 - 4.1 Veritas reserves the right to withdraw the Certificate
of Approval if the Owner fails to comply with the directives of
operating the system within the specified limits.
1.5 .4.2 Withdrawal may also take place when the Owner
fails to carry out regular in -service inspection and mainten
ance according to the specifications for such inspection and
-
maintenance. Such work is to be surveyed by Veritas, see
Section 9 .
1.5 . 4.3 Any of the events mentioned below may lead to
withdrawal :
— The pipeline system is damaged , or is suspected of having
been damaged, in a manner likely to impair its safety ,
—
strength or stability.
The pipeline system demonstrates signs of deterioration
—
likely to impair its safety, strength or stability .
The pipeline system is subjected to any alteration , repair
or replacement which will impair the operational safety .
- ,
obligations within a stipulated time period .
-
cate of Compliance no longer exists, the Certificate may be
pipeline system will be subjected to certain specified surveys
-
tests or improvements.
1.6 Concept evaluation
1.6 . 1 General
1.6 . 1.1 Prior to the detailed design , the overall concept of
sible weak points or unacceptable designs. This applies to
such as:
— selection of pipeline route and protection methods
— location and protection of riser
— location and protection of landfall
— possibilities for pigging , inspection and monitoring of the
pipeline
— choice of Codes .
-
1.6 . 1.2 Accidental situations should be taken into account
in the detailed design .
- 1.6 . 1.3 Special attention should be paid to protection of and
to the possibilities for inspection and maintenance of gas ri-
sers inside waterfilled or closed compartments, and to gas li-
nes near platforms and populated areas.
1.6 . 1.4 For systems that involve new technology it may be
recommended to carry out an overall safety analysis.
1.7 Instrumentation for monitoring of the pipeline system
condition
1.7 . 1 General
1 7 1 1 By instrumentation is meant special devices for ob
servation and monitoring of the loading, response and condi-
tions of the pipeline system during fabrication , installation or
- i
operation.
-
1.7 . 1.2 Instrumentation may be required when visual in -
spection or simple measurements are not considered practica-
-
perience are not sufficient for a reliable prediction of the per
formance of the pipeline system . L
 13

1.8 Documentation 1 8 2 6 Materials and fabrication of pipes and components.

The following is to be submitted for approval:
1.8 . 1 Submission of documentation
1 8.1 . 1
— Material specifications for pipes, piping components, sup
ports, bolts , nuts and welding consumable.
-
This section outlines the documentation required in
order to obtain a Certificate of Compliance. Detailed require-
ments to the documentation is described in the respective main
— Fabrication specification of pipes, piping components and
supports.
sections.
1.8 2.7 Corrosion protection. The following information is
1.81 . 2 Documentation essential for the understanding of to be submitted for approval:
submitted Veritas.
—
the pipeline system and necessary to prove its safety is to be Specification for coating and coating application , includ -
ing field joint coating
— Specification for anodes
1.8 . 2 Design phase — Specification of cathodic protection system including de
sign calculations
-
1.8 2.1 The Owner is normally to submit to Veritas the de-
.
sign documentation before fabrication and installation com- — Description of anode location
mence. — Drawing of anode, including rebar and earthing connec-
tion
1.8 . 2.2 Concept evaluation The following is to be submitt- —
. -
Specification for protection of risers and pipelines in criti
ed for information: cal areas such as in splash zone, J - tubes, tunnels.
— Water depth along the pipeline route — Specification for internal corrosion control .

———
Pipe dimensions
Fluid to be transported 1.8 . 2.8 Construction. The following information is to be
Design life submitted prior to start of construction.
— Maximum and minimum design temperature — Construction procedure specifications including installa-
—— Design pressure
Project schedules —
-
tion , tie ins and protection
Description of construction vessels and equipment
— Plans for known future developments along the pipeline
route
—
—
Specification for installation welding
Description of quality control system including specifica-

——
Type and grade of material tion for non -destructive testing
Corrosion protection system — Specification for final surveys and tests

The following is to be submitted for approval : 1.8 . 3 Fabrication phase

— Overall drawing(s) showing location of the pipelines rela-
tive to platforms, buildings, populated areas, ship lanes
and harbours and other items or activities essential for
the safety of the pipeline.
— Platform layout with risers, riser protection system , cra
nes, living quarters , boat landing area as well as rescue
area clearly marked.
1.8 .2.3 Environment . The following is to be presented for
information and evaluation :
— Soil properties relevant for foundation evaluation
— Bottom topography
— Wind and wave conditions
— Current and tide conditions
Maximum and minimum seawater and air temperatures
1.8 . 3.1 During and / or after fabrication the following doc-
umentation is to be submitted :
— Material certificates for pipes , piping components, riser
supports and anodes
- — Fabrication procedure qualification report including
welding procedure qualification record
— Qualification record for welders and welding operators
~ Hydrostatic testing reports
Production test records ( visual . NDT, dimensional)
— Reports on coating
Material test certificates for pressurized parts are
1.8 . 3.2
normally to be endorsed by Veritas .

— Corrosivity 1.8 . 4 Installation phase

———
Ice conditions 1.8 .4.1 During and / or after construction the following doc-
Seismic activity umentation is to be submitted:

——
Marine growth As- laid alignment sheets
As- built drawings of special pipeline geometries such as
1.8 . 2.4 Loads . The following is to be presented for in- expansion loops and crossings
formation:
— — - As built drawings of riser systems
Any loads during fabrication , installation and operation
which may govern the design .
— As- built isometric drawings of risers showing the location
of each item and weld and with reference to their item /
The following is to be presented for approval : heat / number / certificate and heat treatment report num -
— Calculation of functional loads
— Calculation of environmental loads —
ber if relevant
Non- destructive testing records
1.8 . 2.5 Strength and inplace stability . The following is to be
— As- built drawings of non -standardized piping compo -
nents such as tees and reducers
submitted for approval :
— Structural drawings of risers and riser supports . — Post weld heat treatment report
— Structural drawings of special pipeline geometries such as —_
_ Dimensional control report if relevant
Final inspection report

—
expansion loops, crossings and laterals.
Structural drawings of non -standardized piping compo- — Hydrostatic test report
— Report on pigging and drying ( if relevant)
nents such as tees , reducers connectors etc.
,
— Report on performance of the cathodic protection system

—— —
On bottom stability analysis . Report on trenching / protection
Structural analysis , including control against excessive
yielding , fatigue failure , propagating ductile fracture and
1.8 . 5 Filing of documentation
brittle fracture as applicable .
— Structural stability analysis, including control against 1.8 .5.1 It is the Owner's responsibility to keep complete fi -
buckling and excessive displacements. les on all relevant documentation during the life of the pipeli-
— Dynamic analysis, including vibration analysis , if rel - ne system . Documentation to be filed is at least as defined in
evant . —
1.82 1.8 .4 . The file should include the necessary reports
— Foundation analysis, including sea bottom stability . -
from operation , in service inspection and maintenance.

SECTION 2
ENVIRONMENT
2.! General
2.1 . 1 Environmental phenomena
2.1 . 1.1 All environmental phenomena which may impair
the proper function of the system or cause a reduction of the
system reliability are to be considered . Such phenomena in -
clude wind , waves, currents, ice, seismic , geological , and geo-
technical conditions, temperature , fouling, biological activit
ies , chemical components of water , and transported fluid etc .
2.1 . 2 Acceptable environmental data
2.1 . 2 . 1 The environmental conditions are to be described
using adequate data for the areas in which the system is to be
installed .
2.1 . 2 - 2
Data supplied by generally recognized consultants
will normally be accepted as a basis for design . Background
information on data collection and derivation is to be sub-
mitted on Veritas' request .
2.1 . 2 3 The various environmental factors are to be describ-
ed by characteristic parameters based on statistical data or
long term observations. If sufficient data directly applicable
for location in question are not available, reasonably conserv -
ative estimates based on relevant data for other relevant loca -
tions may be used .
to be utilized in describing en -
2.1 .2.4 Statistical data are
vironmental parameters of a random nature ( e . g . waves,
wind ). Proper care is to be exercised in deriving such par-
ameters in a statistically valid manner and generally accepted
, Supplementary informations may be obtained from geologi -
methods are to be used .
2.2 Pipeline route
2.2 . 1 Location
2.2 . 1.1 The route should be selected with due regard to the
probability of damages to the pipe and the consequences of a
———
possible pipe rupture . Factors to take into consideration are:
population density
location of living quarters
—— ship traffic
fishing activity
offshore operations
——unstable seabed
corrosivity of the environment
Known future operations in the vicinity of the route is to be
taken into consideration .
2.2 . 2 Route survey
2.2 . 2.1 A detailed route survey is to be performed to pro-
vide sufficient data for design and construction .
2.22 . 2 The route survey is to cover sufficient width and ac-
curacy to permit the safe and proper installtion and operation
of the pipeline .
2.2 . 2.3The accuracy needed may vary along the proposed
route. A higher degree of accuracy is required in areas where
other activities, obstructions or highly varied seabed topogra -
phy or subsurface conditions may dictate more detailed in -
vestigations .
2.2 - 2.4 A proper investigation to reveal possible conflicts
with existing or planned installations is to be performed . Ex -
amples of such installations are other submarine pipelines and
communication cables.
14
2.2 2 - 5
The intended pipeline route is to be surveyed for
wrecks and obstructions down to a depth exceeding that
reached by the pipeline during installation , burial or opera
tion .
-
2.2 . 26 The results of the survey are to be presented in an
accurate route map indicating the location of the pipeline and
related facilities and the seabed properties. See 2.2 . 4 .
-
2.2 . 3 Bottom topography
2.2 . 3.1 All topographical features influencing the stability
and installation of the pipeline are to be covered by the route
survey . The survey is at least to define:
obstructions in the form of rock outcrops, large boulders
etc. that could require levelling or removal operations
— prior to pipeline installation
topographical features that contains potentially unstable
slopes, sand waves deep valleys and erosion in form of
,
scour patterns or material deposits.
2.2 . 4 Seabed properties
2.2 . 4 . I All the geotechnical properties necessary for
evaluating the effects of relevant loading conditions are to be
determined for the subfloor deposits. This should include
possible unstable deposits in the vicinity of the pipeline.
2.2 .4.2The geotechnical properties may be obtained
through a combination of seismic survey , coring, in situ tests
and borings with sampling .
cal surveys sea bottom topographical surveys visual sur -
, ,
veys. biological investigations, chemical examinations and la -
boratory testing on samples from borings.
Guidelines for site and laboratory testing may be found in
Veritas Technical Note TNA 302 .
'
2.2.4.3 Special investigations of the subfloor deposits may
be required to evaluate specific problems. Examples of such
problems are:
——
ease of excavation and / or burial operations.
possibilities of flow slides or liquefaction as the result of
repeated loadings.
2.3 . 1 General
2.3 Environmental conditions
2.3 . 1.1 Possible effects of the various environmental actions
are to be taken into account to the extent relevant to the si -
tuation considered .
2.3 . 2 Tide
2 . 3 . 2 . 1 Tides are to be taken into consideration when the
water depth is a significant parameter such as when deter -
,
mining wave loads on a riser , planning laying operations, de-
termining maximum or minimum water pressures etc .
2.3 . 2.2 The assumed maximum tide is to include both as-
tronomical tide and storm surge. Minimum tide estimates
should be based on the astronomical tide and possible nega -
tive storm surge.
j
2.3 . 3 Wind
2.3 . 3.1 Direct action of wind is to be taken into considera -
tion for slender risers . The possibility of vibrations of such ri - I
sers excited by wind is to be considered . Special attention is A
 15

to be paid to wind loads in the construction and transporta -

tion phases.
— salinity
oxygen content

———
pH - value
2 3 3.2 For risers the wind data used are in principle to be resistivity
the same as those used for the design of the platform current

2.33 . 3 If the riser is positioned adjacent to other structural

— biological activity ( sulfate reducing bacteria etc . )

parts, possible effects due to disturbance in the flow' field 2.3 . 7 fee
should be considered when determining the wind loads. Such In case the installation is to be located in an area
2.3 .7.1
effects may either be caused by an increase or reduction of where ice may develope or drift , proper consideration of ice
the wind speed , or by dynamic excitations caused by vortexes conditions and their possible effects on riser or pipeline is to
shed from the adjacent structural parts. be made. The ice conditions should be studied with particular
attention to possible:
2.3. 4 Waves
—
ice forces on riser and on pipeline
23.4 . 1 The effect of waves is to be taken into consideration —
potential scour at pipeline location and contact with pipe-
line by floating ice
for both pipeline and riser . Examples of such effects are the
action of wave forces on riser or on pipeline during installa -
tion or when resting on bottom ( not buried ). Examples of indi -
—
ice problems during the installation operations

rect effects are deformation of riser due to wave forces acting 23.7 . 2 The description of ice conditons should preferably
on the platform , and deformation of pipeline due to lay barge be in accordance with the « World Meterorological Organiza -
motions in waves. tion Sea - Ice Nomenclatures
Possible liquifaction and transportation of sea bed material is
also to be considered . 2.3 .8 Air and sea temperatures
2.3 .8.1 Reasonably accurate air and sea temperature statist -
2.3.4.2 If the riser is positioned adjacent to other structural ics are to be provided . These data are important for proper
parts, possible effects due to disturbance of the How field determination of design temperatures, possible thermal stres-
should be considered w hen determining the wave loads . ses. deformations, displacements , etc.
;

Such effects may either be caused by changes in the wave

particle kinematics , or by dynamic excitation caused by vor - 2.3 .8.2 The period of observations on which the maximum
texes shed from the adjacent structural parts.
23.4 .3 For riser the wave data to be used are in principle to
be the same as those used for the design of the platform .
2.3 .4.4 For the assessment of wave conditions along the pi -
peline route a limited number of intervals may be assumed ,
each of which being characterized by water depth , bottom to-
pography and other factors affecting the wave conditions.
2.3 . 5 Current
2.3 . 5.1 The effect of current is to be taken into considera -
tion for both pipeline and riser .
and minimum air and sea temperature statistics are based ,
should preferably be several years .
2.3. 9 Marine growth
2.3 . 9.1The effect of marine growth on riser and pipeline
loads is to be considered , taking into account all biological
and environmental factors relevant to the site in question .
2.3 .9.2 For determination of the hydrodynamic loads spe-
cial attention is to be paid to the effective diameter increase
and the equivalent roughness of accumulated marine growth
when determining the hydrodynamic coefficients .

2.3 . 5.2 The assumed current velocities are to include pos-

sible contributions from tidal current , wind induced currents,
storm surge current , density current and possible other cur-
rent phenomena . For near shore regions longshore current
due to wave breaking should also be considered

2.3 .53 The tidal current mav normallv be determined from 2.4 Internal pipe conditions
—
harmonic analyses of recorded data , while wind induced ,
storm surge and density currents may be determined either 2.4 . 1 Installation conditions
from statistical analyses of recorded data or from numerical
,
2.4 . 1.1 A description of the internal conditions during stor -
simulations . age. installation , and pressure testing is to be prepared . Of
special concern is the duration of exposure to sea water and
Normally a wind induced surface current speed correspond - moist air , and whether inhibitors are to be used .
ing to 2 per cent of the 1 hour mean wind speed will be ac-
See section 4 . 5 and 6 .
cepted .
2.4 . 2 Operational conditions
2.3 .5.4 In regions where bottom material may erode , spe-
eial studies of the current conditions near the bottom includ - 2.4 . 2.1The physical and chemical composition of the pro-
ing boundary layer effects may be required for onboitom duct and the pressures and temperatures along the pipeline
stability calculations of pipelines . are to be specified .

2.3 . 5.5 For risers and for pipelines during laying reasonable 2.4 . 2.2 Limits of temperatures and pressures , and allowed
assumptions should be made as to current velocity distribu - concentrations of corrosive components for the product to be
tion over the depth . For risers this is normally to be the same transported are to be specified . Of special concern is the con -
as used for the platform . tent Of:
sulphur compounds
2.3. 6 Corrosivity
water
2.3 . 6.1 For the evaluation of the corrosion protection sys- chlorides
tern the following properties, with seasonal variations of the oxygen
sea water and soil along the route are to be considered : carbon dioxide
temperature hydrogen sulphide.

4
 16

2.5 Design temperature 2.5 . 2 Differentiated design temperatures

2.5 . 1 General 2.5.2.1 When estimated operational and environmental
temperatures vary significantly along the pipeline , a differ-
2 5.1 . 1 Minimum and maximum design temperatures for entiated design temperature for different intervals or sections
pipeline system is to be established for selection of adequate Qf the pipeline system may be specified ,

materials for pipes and coating . See section 4 . 5 and 6 .

i
1
I
 17
SECTION 3
LOADS
3.1 Loading conditions and design conditions Note that weight of transported contents and buoyancy will
not have the same effect on stresses as weight of pipe if the
3.1 . 1 General pipe is vertical or inclined. See also 3.2 .3.2
3.1 .1.1 In order to relate permissible stresses or strains to 3.2 . 2.3 Pressure is to include:
the probability of the loading and the risks involved these Ru -
les define two loading conditions and t \yo design conditions.

3.1 . 2 Loading conditions

——— internal fluid pressure,
external hydrostatic pressure,
soil pressure for buried pipes.

3.1 . 2.1 Any part of the pipeline system is to be designed for
the most unfavorable of the following loading conditions:
a) Functional loads
b) Design environmental loads and simultaneously acting
functional loads
Functional loads and design environmental loads are defined
in 3 - 2 and 3.3
3.1 . 2.2 For each of the above loading conditions and for
each member or cross section to be considered , the most un -
favourable relevant combination , position and direction of
forces which may act simultaneously are to be used in the an-
alysis.
3.1 . 2.3All direction of wind , waves and current are to be
assumed equally probable, unless statistics show clearly that
wind , waves and current of the prescribed probability are dif-
ferent for different directions.
3.1 .3 Design conditions
3.1 . 3.1 Both loading conditions defined in 3.1 . 2.1 are to be
3.2 . 2.4 Thermal expansion and contraction loads are pri -
marily to include the effect of product temperature on mate -
rial temperature. Possible other causes of changes in material
temperature are also to be considered. The temperature dif-
ference to be considered is that between material temperature
during operation and material temperature during installa -
tion . ( Loads due to thermal expansion of an enclosed fluid are
to be included in « internal fluid pressure» mentioned in
3.2 . 2.3)
3.2 . 2.5 Thermal expansion or contraction loads do not ha -
ve to be taken into account when they do not influence the
capacity to carry other toads. Fluctuation in temperature may
cause fatigue and be taken into account when checking fati-
gue strength .
3.2 . 2.6 Prestressing , such as permanent curvature or a per -
manent elongation introduced during installation , is to be ta-
ken into account to the extent the capacity to carry other
loads is affected by the prestressing.
3.2 2 7 The functional loads are mainly static . Exception
may be internal fluid pressure which may change with time
,

considered for al! different conditions or phases relevant to rapid enough to cause dynamic effects. Under normal condi-
the pipeline or riser in question . tions this effect may be considered allowed for by the per -
missible hoop stress in the static condition .
3.1 . 3.2 With respect to levels of permissible stresses
( strains) any situation or phase is to be referred to one of the 3.2 . 3 Functional loads during installation
two following design conditions:
3.2 . 3.1 The functional loads during installation may be
— Pipeline system during operation grouped as
—
— Pipeline system during installation
——
weight
pressure
Closer definitions of the above design conditions are given in installation forces .
4.1 . 3.2 .
3.2 . 3.2 If the buoyancy of the pipe is included in the term
« weight» , the longitudinal force due to pressure is to be add -
3.2 Functional loads ed. If weight in air is used together with the actual pressure
normal to the surface, the effect of pressure on the longitudi-
3.2 . 1 General nal force is automatically included in the result.

3.2 . 1.1 Functional loads are loads which are necessary con
sequences of the system's existence, use and treatment in the
various situations under ideal conditions. Ideal conditions
means no wind , waves etc. , i . e . no environmental loads act-
ing .
- 3.2 . 3.3 Installation forces are to include all forces acting on
the pipe due to the installation operations . Typical installation
forces are applied tension during laying and forces from the
trenching machine if trenching is carried out after laying .

3.2 . 1.2 Functional loads which normally are to be consid-

ered for the operation and installation phases are given in
3.2 . 2 and 3.2 . 3 . 3.3 Environmental loads
3.2 . 2 Functional loads during operation 3.3 . 1 General
3.2 . 2.1 Functional loads during operation will normally be
those due to
3.3 . 1.1 Environmental loads are loads due to wind , waves .
current and other environmental phenomena. Loads due to
—— pressure
weight
human activities independent of the pipeline system are also
—— thermal expansion and contraction
prestressing .
included , e g. impact from trawl boards.

3 3 1 . 2 The environmental loads are random in nature and

3.2 2.2 Weight is to include
. : should in principle be evaluated by means of probabilistic
— weight of pipe including coating and all attachments to
, methods . Natural , simultaneous occurence of different en -
the pipe , vironmental phenomena is to be determined by proper super -
—— weight
buoyancy
of transported contents
.
, postition of their individual effects, taking into account the
probability of their simultaneous occurence.

j

3.3 .1.3 The environmental loads during normal operation a
are not to be taken le*s than the most probable severest load
in a time period of 100 years. ar
3.3.1.4 For temporary phases the design period is to be ta-
ken as three times the expected duration of the phase , but not
less than 3 months. See also 3.3 . 1.5 .
3.3.1.5 The environmental parameters for determination of
environmental loads in temporary phases lasting 5 days or
less, and which can be interrupted on a 48 hours warning ,
can be based on reliable weather forecasts.
3.3. 2 Wind loads
3.3.2.1 Wind loads, based on given wind data, may be de
termined in accordance with a recognized code or in accord-
ance with Appendix A . Direct application of data from ade-
quate tests may also be used.
3.3 . 2.2 The wind data assumed for the determination of
loads are to be based on statistical information . See also
2.3 .3.2 . When combined with maximum wave loads the one
minute sustained wind speed is to be used . If gust wind only
is more unfavourable than sustained wind in conjunction
with wave loads, the 3 seconds gust wind speed is to be used -
3.3 . 2.3 In addition to the determination of maximum static
(or quasistatic) wind loads, the possibility of vibrations due to
windinduced cyclic loads is to be considered . Guidelines per -
taining in particular to the vortex shedding phenomena are
given in Appendix A .
3.3.3 Hydrodynamic loads , general
3.3 . 3.1 Hydrodynamic loads are flow induced loads caused
by the relative motions between the pipe and the surrounding
liquid . When determining the hydrodynamic loads , the rela -
tive liquid particle velocities and accelerations used in the cal -
culations are to be established taking into account contribu -
tions from waves , current and pipe motions if significant .
3.3 . 3.2 The hydrodynamic loads on a pipe may be divided
into the following five categories:
— Drag and lift forces which are in phase with the absolute
—
or relative water particle velocity.
Inertia forces which are in phase with the absolute or
relative water particle acceleration .
— Flow induced cyclic loads due to vortex shedding and
other instability phenomena .
— Impact loads due to wave slamming.
— Buoyancy variations due to wave action .
Flow induced cyclic loads and wave slamming loads are delt
with in Appendix A .
3.3 .4 Wave loads
3.3 .4.1 Wave - induced loads acting on a submerged pipe are
to be calculated according to recognized methods. In the de
termination of the hydrodynamic coefficients involved , rel-
evant model test data and published data may be used .
Forces obtained directly by reliable and adequate model tests
may alternatively be used in the prediction of wave loads.
3.3.4.2 The inertia force per unit length of the pipe is to be
calculated as:
rrD, 2 ar
Fm = Q
r: 2
- Dt
J-a + oCm
^
— other instability phenomena due to wave action should be
where
Fm = the inertia force per unit length acting normal to the
pipe axis .
9 - the mass density of the surrounding water .
!8
liquid particle acceleration normal to the pipe axis
( wave induced particle acceleration) ,
relative acceleration between water particle and pi-
pe normal to the pipe axis.
Cm added mass coefficient . In genera! Cm is a function
of Reynolds number , Keulegan -Carpenter number ,
pipe roughness , and the distance between the pipe
and a fixed boundary . This boundary may f . inst. be
the seabottom for a pipeline on or close to the sea -
bottom , or the caisson wall for the outside riser on a
gravity structure . Proposed values of Cm given in
Appendix A may be used .
D total outside diameter of the pipe ( including coating ,
marine growth etc .) .
- 3.3 . 4.3 The drag force per unit length of the pipe is to be
calculated as:
Fd = 1 / 2 g CD v r l Vrl D t
FD drag force per unit length normal to the pipe axis ,
CD drag coefficient for the flow normal to the pipe axis.
In general CD is a function of Reynolds number .
Keulegan -Carpenter number , pipe roughness and
the distance between the pipe and a fixed boundary .
Proposed values of CD are given in Appendix A .
Vr water particle velocity relative to the pipe , normal
to the pipe axis.
IV absolute value of Vr introduced to obtain proper
sign of F ) ,
pand D see 3 3.4 . 2 .
3.3 .4.4 If the riser is built up of a number of closely spaced
pipes, interaction and solidification effects are to be taken into
account when determining the mass and drag coefficient for
each individual pipe or for the whole bundle of pipes. If suf-
ficient data is not available large scale model tests may be re-
quired .
3.3 . 4.5 For pipes on or close to a fixed boundary lift forces
perpendicular to the axis of the pipe , and perpendicular to the
velocity vector are to be taken into account . These forces are
to be calculated as:
F, . = 1 / 2 e CL D, - vr 2
where
FL lift force per unit length acting norma! to the axis of
CL
the pipe , and normal to the velocity vector ,
the lift force coefficient . In general CLis a function
of Reynolds number , Keulegan -Carpenter number ,
pipe roughness and the distance between the pipe
and a fixed boundary. Proposed values of Q are gi-
ven in Appendix A .
Vr, D, see 3.3 .4 2 .
- 3.3 . 4.6 To obtain the combined effect of simultaneous drag ,
lift and inertia forces, these are to be added vectorially . taking
the phase angles between them into account .
3.3 . 4.7Possible influence of adjacent structual parts should
be taken into account when determining the wave loads as
described in 2.3 .4.2 -
3.3 . 4.8 For exposed risers and suspended spans of pipeli-
nes , the possibility of vibrations due to vortex shedding and
considered .
3.3 . 5 Current loads
3.3 . 5.1 The current induced drag and lift forces on a pipeli-
ne or riser arc to be determined in combination with the wa -
 19

ve forces. This may be done by a vector additon of the wave — Weight of the ice.
—
and current induced water particle velocities. If available,
computations of the total particle velocities and accelerations
based on more exact theories of wave
will be preferred.
— current interaction ,
—— Impact forces due to thaw of the ice.
Forces due to expansion of the ice .
Increased wind - and wave-forces due to increased expos-
ed area or volume.

3.3.5.2 Special attention is to be paid to possible current in -
duced vibrations of exposed risers and free spans of pipelines
due to vortex shedding or other instability phenomena .
For guidance see Appendix A .
3.3 .6 environmental loads
« Indirect »
3.3 .6.1 For a riser during operation possible significant soil
deformation , displacement of the platform due to soil de
formation , and significant platform deformation are to be ta-
ken into account. Some portion of the connected pipeline
may also be considered for such effect .
3.3 .7 3 Forces from floating ice are to be calculated accord -
ing to the best available theory . Due attention is to be paid to
the mechanical properties of the ice , contact area, shape of
structure, direction of ice movements etc. The oscillating na -
-
ture of the ice forces ( build up of lateral force and fracture of
moving ice) is to be taken into account in the structural ana -
lysis. When forces due to lateral ice motion will govern struc-
tural dimensions, model testing of the ice-structure interac-
- tion may be required.

3.3 .6.2 For a pipeline during laying, the effect of lay - vessel
movements due to waves are to be considered . For a riser be - 3.3 .8 Accidental loads.
ing installed from a vessel a similar effect may be considered . 3.3 .8.1 Accidental loads are to be classified as environ-
mental loads, and they are to be taken into consideration for
3.3. 7 Ice loads those parts of the system where such loads are likely to oc-
3.3.7.1 In areas where ice may develop or drift , the possi - cur. Examples of accidental loads are impact from vessels,
bility of loads on the pipeline system is to be considered . Such trawl boards and dropped object as well as fire.
forces may partly be due to ice frozen on the pipeline system
itself, and partly due to floating ice . For shore approaches 3.3.8.2 The pipeline and its accessories are to be protected
and areas of shallow water the possibility of ice scouring and against accidental loads which are likely to occur. Such loads
impacts from drifting ice is to be considered . are
— impacts from vessels
3.3 .7.2 In case of ice frozen to above- water parts of the sys - — impacts from trawlboards
tem (e. g . due to sea spray) the following forces are to be con -
sidered :
—See impacts from dropped objects
also 1.4 4.3
. .

J
 20

SECTION 4
STRENGTH AND INPLACE STABILITY
4.1 General 4.1 .3.2 In these Rules two main design conditions are de-
fined :
4.1 . 1 Design analyses

——
4.1 .1.1 The design analyses are to be based on accepted Pipeline systems during operation
principles of statics, dynamics, strength of materials, and soil Pipeline systems during installation
mechanics , and are to be in accordance with these Rules. See
also 4.1 .2.3 . 4.1 .3.3 The term « during operation » refers to normal situa-
tions after completed installation whether the system is in
4.1 . 1.2 Simplified methods of analysis may be used if these operation or not . Shutdown conditions and conditions during
are reasonably conservative. Model tests may be used in maintenance operations are included . Repair situations are
combination with or instead of theoretical calculations. In ca- normally not included .
ses where theoretical methods are inadequate, model or full
scale tests may be required. 4. T 3.4 The term « during installation ) refers to any situa -
)

tion ( construction , installation , laying , burial ) before complet-

4.1 .1.3 When determining responses to dynamic loads , the ed installation of the system. Repair situations will normally
dynamic effect is to be taken into account if deemed signi- also be included .
ficant. Dynamic analyses or reasonably conservative qua-
sistatic considerations may be used .
4.2 Pipeline / riser during operation
4.1 .1.4 All forces and support displacements which may
influence the safety , are to be taken into account. For each 4.2 . 1 General
cross section or part of the system to be considered , and for 4.2. 1.1 The pipeline / riser is to have a minimum safety
each possible form of failure to be analysed, the relevant against the modes of failure mentioned in 4.1 . 2.1 .
combination of forces which may act simultaneously are to
be considered . 4.2 - 1 - 2 In order to avoid damage to the pipeline / risers they
should not be located too close to foreign structures; pipeli -
4.1 .1.5 These Rules do not include the problem of optimum nes , wrecks boulders etc. If, however , this is unavoidable the
design , which would involve repeated design analyses . Pipe pipeline/ riser should be kept in position by clamps , supports
diameter , operating pressure and other vital parameters are etc. When one pipeline is crossing another the recommended
assumed to be known . minimum clearance between the two pipelines is 0.3 m .
4.1 . 2 Design criteria
4.2 . 1.3External risers are to be adequately protected against
4.1 .2.1 Pipelines and risers arc to be designed against the impact loads from vessels and other mechanical influence .

——
following possible modes of failure;
Excessive yielding
The protection may be obtained by ;
— installation of fendering structures.
suitable location with regard to boat landings, etc. ,
—— location of the risers within the platform structure itself.
—— Buckling
Fatigue failure
Brittle fracture The protection system is subject to approval . See 3.3.8 .
— Excessive damage to or loss of weight coating (see Sec-

——
tion 6 )
Loss of inplace stability (external equilibrium) 4.2. T 4 In zone 2 and where found necessary pipelines are
Propagating ductile fracture to be protected against unacceptable mechanical influence.
Protection may be achieved by one or a combination of the
For design against corrosion , see Section 6 . following means:
— Concrete coating
4 . T 2.2 These Rules do not specify any limitations regard-
ing elastic deformations or vibrations provided the effect of
,
— Burial
— Backfilling
large deformations and the effect of dynamic behavior , in - — Other mechanical protection.
cluding fatigue effect of vibrations, are taken into account in
the strength analyses. 4.2 . 1.5 When a submerged pipeline is to be thermally in -
sulated , special attention is to be paid to the watertightness
4 . F 2.3 Strength criteria are here primarily based on the and shear strength of the insulation as well as to corrosion
method of permissible stresses . The limit state method may monitoring .
also be used , provided the load- and material factors used for
the ultimate limit state will represent the safety required in 4.2 . 2 Yielding
these Rules. See also 1.4 . 3 . For pipelines the tensile hoop stress ( u y ) due to a pre-
4.2 . 2 . I
ssure differential between internal and external pressures is ,

4.1 . 2.4 The safety against brittle fracture is normally con - not to exceed the permissible value ayp given below .
sidered satisfactory if the materials are in accordance with
Section 5 and the workmanship, welding , and testing are in
accordance with Section 7 ,8 and 10 .

4.1 .3 Design conditions

4.1 .3.1 The safety against the modes of failure mentioned
rlh = usage factor (See Table 4 1 )
- permissible hoop stress
Gyp
in 4.1 . 2.1 is to be checked for the design conditions in which = specified minimum yield strength
the mode of failure in question is possible — with due regard k - temperature derating factor. :

to permissible stress ( or strain ) levels in the considered condi - For material temperatures below 120 °C, kt - 1.0 i
tion . A general definition of « design condition )) is given in may normally be used . For higher temperatures a
.
3.1 .3 A more precise definition of the design conditions, to reduction of kt , depending on type of material, is to i
which different stress levels are connected , is given in 4.1 . 3.2 . be considered .

Table 4.1 Usage factor
Zone Loading condition
a b
1 0.72
2 + riser 0.50
4.2 .2.2 If not a more accurate method is used , the tensile
hoop stress , to be compared with <ryp of 4.2 . 2.1 , is to be deter
mined by the following formula:
D count. If this effect will stop the bending strain (or flattening)
(P i Pp *
2t
P = Internal pressure
Pe = external pressure
D = nominal outside diameter of pipe
t = nominal wall thickness of pipe ( see 7.2 .6.5 )
( pi - ptJ is to be the maximum of the difference ( pirnax - Pe )
Rin
along the portion of the pipeline intended to have constant D, t
and material properties, and which is to be pressure tested in
one and the same operation , p : is not to be taken less than
the highest of the following pressures at the considered point:
— maximum steady state operating pressure
— static head pressure with the line in a static condition
pc is not to be taken higher than the water pressure at the
considered point corresponding to lowr tide.
4.2 . 2.3 For risers and for pipeline sections where longitudi-
nal stresses are essential for equilibrium, the equivalent stres-
ses are normally to be used as a criterion for safety against ex -
cessive yielding. The criteria for equivalent stresses are given
in 4.2 . 2.8 .
4.2 . 2.4 For pipeliners and risers the permissible longitudinal
stress ( <7 X ) and shear stress ( rxy ) depend on the consequences of
yielding. In cases w' here possible strain ( displacement ) does not
exceed the permissible strain ( see 4.2 . 2.5 ), stresses need not to
be used as a criterion for safety against excessive yielding. In
cases where possible strain exceeds the permissible strain ( dis-
placement ) , the equivalent stress ( 3 is to be used as the criteri -
on , see 4.2 . 2.8 . ^ 4.2 . 3.2 The pipeline is to have adequate safety against local
4.2 . 2.5 The permissible strain depends on the ductility of the
material and on previously experienced plastic strain . The pi -
peline or riser is to have acceptable fracture toughness after
the deformation . For D / t ratios above a certain value, flatten -
ing may govern , see 4.2 2 6 .
4.2 . 2.6 The flattening due to bending together with the out
of roundness tolerance from fabrication of the pipe ( see
7.2 .6.2 ) is not to exceed 2 % :
Dmax ” D min 2
2 4.2 . 3.4
D mm 100
^ max +
4.2 . 2.7 The requirements of 4.2 . 2.5 and 4.2 . 2.6 apply to
conditions of permanent strain , such as the permanent curva
ture of a buried pipeline. They also apply to exposed pipelines
in (almost) continuous contact writh the bottom . For exposed
pipelines not in continuous contact with the bottom the re-
quirements of 4.2 . 2.5 and 4.2 . 2.6 will apply provided yield
ing would lead to such contact that the strain would be
stopped before exceeding the permissible value .
4.2 .2.8 Normally for risers and in cases where possible
strain exceeds the permissible strain , e . g. suspended spans
where new contact with the bottom is not obtained before
the permissible strain is exceeded , the equivalent stress , defin
ed as
<JxGy + 3 r 2 Xy
Je = V <7 X
2 + C7 y
2 -
i
21
is not to exceed the permissible value aep given below .
*ep ”
*7ep *
kt
Vep = usage factor as defined in Table 4.1
- longitudinal stress
0.96 ~ hoop stress
0.67
°7 xy
y
= tangential shear stress
and kt are defined in 4.2 . 2.1 .
-
4.2 . 2.9 For suspended spans in axially restrained lines the
axial force developed due to the sag may be taken into ac-
within the limit given in 4.2 . 2.5 and 4.2 . 2.6 , the value of ax
to be inserted in the formula of 4.2 . 2.8 may be determined as
if the span acts as a cable. In such a case stresses due to ther-
mal expansion will only be those corresponding to the chan -
ge in sag caused by the thermal expansion.
4 2 2.10 Corrosion and erosion allowances are not to be
included in the nominal thickness used for the determination
of stresses.
4.2 . 2.11 Possible strengthening effect of weight coating on
a steel pipe is normally not to be taken into account in the
design against yielding. Coating which adds significant stiff-
ness to the pipe may increase the stresses in the pipe at dis-
continuities in the coating . When appropriate this effect is to
be taken into account .
4.2 . 3 Buckling
4.2 . 3.1 The possibility of buckling is to be considered . De-
pending upon the load and support conditions of the pipe,
one or more of the following three buckling modes may be
possible:
— Local buckling of the pipe wall due to external pressure,
axial force and bending moment. See 4.2 .3.2 through
4.2 .3.4 .
— Propagation buckling due to external pressure —
when
first a local buckle or similar damage has occured . See
4.2 . 3.5 .
— Buckling of the pipe as a bar in compression. See 4.23 . 6 .
buckling under the most unfavourable combination of ex-
ternal overpressure , axial force and bending moment. The
applied combination of stresses is to be compared with the
critical combinations. The critical combinations may be de -
termined from available relevant test results. The empirical
formulas , methods and corresponding criteria given in Ap-
pendix B may be used .
4 2 - 3.3 Bending moment due to a curvature w' hich cannot
-
change, e . g . a riser in a J tube needs not be taken into ac-
count in the buckling analysis .
The effect of weight coating on pipe wall buckling
may be taken into account if satisfactory analytical or ex -
perimental documentation is provided.
-
4.2 . 3.5 Since propagation buckling cannot be initiated be-
fore a local buckle has occured , no additional safety against
propagation buckling is required . For guidance see Appendix
- B.
4.2 .3.6 It has to be documented either that the safety
against barbuckling is not less than what is normally accept -
ed or, if barbuckling is unavoidable, that the pipeline / riser
will not suffer any damage in the postbuckled mode. For a
-
nonburried pipeline such proof will normally not be requir -
ed .
4.2 .4 Fatigue
4.2 . 4.1 All stress fluctuations of magnitude and number
 22
large enough to have a significant fatigue effect on the pipeli-
ne system are to be investigated .
4.2 .4.2 Typical causes of stress fluctuations in a pipeline
system are: where
— Direct action of waves.
— Vibrations of the pipeline system , e.g. due to vortex s
shedding caused by current, waves, or wind . Hi
——
Platform movements (displacements or deformations). Ni
Fluctuations in operating pressure and temperature.
The above phenomena , together with possible other causes of
stress fluctuations, are to be considered to the extent relevant The number of stress blocks, s, is to be large enough to ensu
in each case. re reasonalbe numerical accuracy .
4.2.4.3 Fatigue analyses are in particular to be made for
constructional details likely to cause stress consentrations.
The aim of fatigue design is to ensure adequate safety against
fatigue failures within the planned life of the structure. The
specific criteria will depend on method of analysis, of which
two different categories exist:
a) Methods based on fracture mechanics. See 4.2 . 4.4 .
b) Methods based on fatigue tests. See 4.2 . 4.5 .
4.2 .4.4 Where appropriate, a calculation procedure based Table 4.3 Usage factor
on fracture mechanics may be used . The specific criteria will
be considered in each separate case. Access for inspection
4.2.4.5 The methods based on fatigue tests consists general -
ly of the following three main steps :
— Determination of long term distribution of stress range,
-
see 4.2 4.6 .
— Selection of appropriate S - N curve (characteristic resist
ance) , see 4.2 .4.7 .
- 4.2 .5 On - bottom stability
— Determination of the accumulated damage, see 4.2 .4.8 .
4.2 - 4.6 All stress fluctuations imposed during the entire life,
included the installation phase of the pipeline system which
have magnitude and number large enough to cause fatigue
effects are to be taken into account when determining the
long term distribution of stress range.
As most of the loads which contribute to fatigue are of ran -
dom nature statistical considerations will normally be requir -
ed for determination of the long term distribution of fatigue
loading effects. Deterministic or spectral analysis may be us-
ed . The method of analysis used is subject to acceptance.
The effect of dynamic response are to be properly accounted
for when determining the stress ranges unless it can be
shown that the dynamic effects are negligible. Special care is
to be taken to determine the stress ranges adequately in pipe-
lines or risers excited in the resonance range. The amount of
damping assumed in the analysis is to be conservatively esti-
mated .
4.2 .4.7 Characteristic resistances are normally given as S - N
curves, i .e. stress versus number of cycles to failure.
The S N curve used is to be applicable for the material , con -
- For lines to be placed in soils having low shear strength , a
struction detail and state of stress considered as well as to the
surrounding environment .
The S- N curve is normally to be based on a 95 % confidence
limit.
4.24 .8 In the general case where stress fluctuations occur
with varying amplitude in random order, the linear damage
hypothesis ( Miner s rule) may be used .
Application of Miner's rule implies that the long term dis-
tribution of stress range is replaced by a stress histogram ,
consisting of a convenient number of constant amplitude
stress range blocks (ar>i and a number of repetitions nr The fa -
tigue criteria then reads:
number of stress blocks
number of stress cycles in stress block i
number of cycles to failure at constant stress range
Wi
Vusage factor
-
The limit damage ration r] will depend on the maintainability,
i.e. possibility for inspection and repair .
Recommended values of 7 ) are given in Table 4.3.
Methods, other than Miner’s rule, for accessing cumulative
damage will be considered in each separate case.
No access Access
Usage factor 0.1 0.3
4.2 .5.1 The pipeline is to be supported , anchored or buried
in such a way that under the assumed conditions it will not
-
move from its as installed position , apart from movements
corresponding to permissible deformation , thermal expan -
sion , and a limited amount of settlement after installation ,
Criteria which will limit permissible deformations are:
— yielding , buckling and fatigue of pipe
—— deterioration / wear of coating
geometrical limitations of supports -i
— distance to other pipelines, structures or obstacles
The requirement to permissible deformation may thus vary
along the pipeline.
4.2 .5.2 If the pipeline at any location along its route is on or
near slopes , the risk of slope failure is to be analysed . Regard - J
ing precautions against slides, reference is made to 8.2 . 2 .
4 2.5 . 3 Buried lines are to be checked for possible sinking
or floatation . For both liquid and gas lines sinking is to be
considered assuming the pipe is waterfilled, and floatation is
to be considered assuming the pipe is gas- or air-filled .
4.2 .5.4 If the specific weight of the waterfilled pipe is less
than that of the soil ( including water contents), no further
analyses are needed to document the safety against sinking .
,
consideration of soil stresses may be required . If the soil is , or
is likely to be liquefied , it is to be shown that the depth of 1
sinking will be satisfactorily limited , either by the depth of li-
quefaction or by build- up of resistance during sinking ,
I
4.2 . 5.5 If the specific weight of the gas- or air-filled pipe is
less than that of the soil , it is to be proven that the shear
strength of the soil is sufficient to prevent floatation. Con-
sequently , in soils which are or may be liquefied , the specific
- -
weight of the gas or air filled pipe is not to be less that that
of the soil ( if burial is required ).
i
4.2 . 5.6Exposed lines resting directly on the bottom without
_L
any special supporting elements or anchoring devices, except
 23

possible weight coating , are to be checked for sinking in the

same manner as explained above for buried lines. Further ,
—— Fatigue (due to possible vortex shedding) see 4.2 . 4 .
Interference with human activiteis e .g. Fishing
such lines are to have the below required safety against being
lifted off the bottom or moved horizontally . Free spans are not acceptable if they may lead to failure of
the pipeline or put restrictions to human activities.
4.2 .5.7 Liquid lines as well as gas lines are, in the air or-
-
gas filled condition , to have a specific gravity higher than that
of sea water. (« Negative buoyancy »). Required minimum va - 4.3 Pipeline / riser during installation
lues will depend on pipe size
4.3. 1 General
4.2 . 5.8 Horizontal ( transverse) stability is to be checked for 4.3. 1.1 Strength considerations for the pipeline / risers dur-
wave and current conditions according to 3.3 .1.3 and 3.3 . 1.4 . ing installation are to be made in order to determine how the
pipeline / riser may be installed without suffering any damage
The most unfavourable combination of simultaneously acting which may impair the function or the safety of the completed
vertical and horizontal forces on the pipeline is to be consid -
line, or which may involve hazardous installation or repair
ered . When determining this unfavourable combination , it work . See
also Section 8 .
may be taken into account e g. that the forces will vary along
the line and directional distribution of
, waves and currents. 4.3.1.2 If the installation analyses for a proposed pipeline /
riser show that an acceptable set of installation parameters
4.2 .5.9 If the motions of the pipeline is to be restrained eith - cannot be obtained with the installation equipment to be us-
er by friction force between the pipe and the sea bottom or
pipeline / riser is to be modified.
by forces mobilized through plastic deformation of the sup- ed the
,

porting soil, a factor of safety of minimum 1 , 1 is to be includ- 4.3 . 1.3 The requirements of 4.3 apply also , as far as applic-
ed when establishing the restraining force.
able, to repair operations.
4.2 .5.10 The coefficient of friction may vary ( within a wide
range) with bottom material and surface roughness of the pi - 4.3 .1.4 Only those sections under 4.3 . 2 , 4.3 . 3 and 4.3 . 4
peline. The applied values are to be based on relevant in - found pertinent to the various installation techniques / phases
formation from the actual location . should be considered .
4.2 .5.11 Axial ( longitudinal) stability should be checked . 4.3 . 1.5 Any installation phase / technique is to be checked .
Especially near platforms and / or places where the pipeline Such phases and techniques are:
changes direction , sufficient flexibility and space for expan - —
Start of laying operation
sion should be allowed for . The expansion calculation should — Normal continous laying
be based on conservative values for the axial friction between —
Pipe abandon and retrieval
pipeline and soil . ——
Termination of laying operation
Tow out
4.2 .5.12 In shallow water repeated loading effects due to — Bottom tow
wave action may lead to a reduction of the shear strength of
the soil . This should be considered in the analysis, especially
——
Bottom pull
Spool on
where the backfill consists of loose sands which is more sus-
ceptible to liquefaction than looser graded deposits and clays.
——
Tie- in
Straightening

4.2 .6 Propagating ductile fractures

—
Trenching
— Back fill
4.2 .6.1 Pipelines transporting gas or mixed gas and liquids 4.3 . 1.6 For any of the phases mentioned in 4.3 .1.5 the pipe-
under high pressure are to have reasonable resistance against
line / riser is to have the below required safety against the fol -
propagating ( fast running) ductile fractures . lowing modes of failure and damage
—
Yielding , see 4.3 . 2 .
This may be obtained by using steel with a high upper shelf — Local buckling , see 4.3 . 3 .

I
Charpy V- notch toughness, lowering the stress level , me-
—
Fatigue effect , see 4.3 .4 .
chanical crack arrestors, changing the fracture direction or by — Excessive damage to weight coating .
combination of these solutions.
4.3. 2 Yielding
The design solution is to be supported by calculations based
on relevant experience and / or suitable tests. See also 5.2 .8 . 4.3.2.1 The primary requirement as to yielding during in -
stallation is that the residual longitudinal strain after installa -
4.2. 7 Risers supports tion is not to exceed 0.002 (0.2 per cent).
The above strain limitation does not apply to the bending and
4.2 .7.1 Riser supports are to be so designed that a smooth straightening
involved in the reel barge method or the pulling
transmission of forces between riser and support is obtained . through a J - tube or similar , see 4.3 . 2.3 4.3 . 2.5 . When a pipe
-
As far as possible, introduction of bending in the pipe wail is has variable stiffness e . g . due to concrete coating , this will lo
to be avoided .
-
cally give high strain . Such local strain are no to exceed 0.02
( 2 - 0 per cent).
I 4.2 .7.2 The riser supports are normally to be designed
against the possible forms of failure with at least the same
4 3 2.2 When the pipe is to be given a permanent curvature
degree of safety as that of the riser they support . However , if ( - . -.
e g by the « bending shoe » or the «J - tube» method ), strain and
'

an overall safety consideration indicates that the overall sa - flattening , are to be used as criteria in accordance w i t h 4.3 . 2.3
fety is increased by a reduction of the failure load of certain
and 4.3 . 2.4 .
supports, such considerations may govern the support design .
( Weak link principle. )
4.3 . 2.3 The permissible permanent strain depends on the
ducility of the pipe material . A total, permanent , bending
i 4.2 .8 Spans
strain of 0.02 ( 2 per cent) is acceptable. If the bending pro -
4.2 - 8 - 1 Where there is no contact between the bottom and cedure involves successive bending and straightening of a
the pipeline ( free spans) the following problem areas are to be portion of the pipe, the maximum plastic strain is not to exce-
i investigated : ed \ % . (The corresponding radii of curvature are 25 D and
— Excessive yielding , see 4.2 . 2 . 50 D . ) See also Section 5 .

I
 24

4.3 .2 - 4 The flattening due to a permanent curvature togeth - M will exceed 33 % . the assumed maximum M is to be
er with the out of roundness tolerances from fabrication of inserted in the formula of 4.3.2.6 , applying a usage fac-
the pipe shall not exceed 2 96 . tor of maximum 0 ,96 .
C) The particular effect of transverse forces acting on the
D ~ Dmill 2.0
2 ~ max pipe during laying , namely the change in direction of
D max + D m i n 100 the pipe axis in the horizontal plane near the lift- off
4.3 . 2.5 The requirement of 4.3 . 2.1 apply to the assumed points, is to be specially considered .
most unfavourable condition during installation , i .e. assumed
maximum wind , waves and current acting . ( Loading condi- 4.3 . 3 Buckling
-
tion b), see 3.1 2.1 ) . This requirement applies also to portions
of the pipeline where the strains are completely controlled and
4.3.3.1 Local buckling of the pipe wall is to be considered in
accordance with the applicable clauses from 4.2 . 3 .
cannot change, e . g . where the curvature is controlled by the Guidelines is found in Appendix B .
curvature of a rigid ramp, whether or not environmental loads
are acting. 4.3 . 4 Fatigue
4.3 . 2.6Instead of a direct consideration of residual strain as 4.3 .4.1 When checking the fatigue life according to 4.2 .4 ,
explained in 4.3 .2.1 and 4.3 .2.5 , the following criterion may possible fatigue effects in the installation phases are to be add -
be applied: ed .
N
A— +
0 ,85 M \ 2
W
+a
2
y
N
A
+
0 ,85 M
W Py 4.3 .4.2 When the bottom tow , bottom pull or the floatation
methode is used for installation of a pipeline , fatigue is consid -
where the usage factor t ] is 0,72 for loading condition a) and ered to be a major effect and this effect should be paid special
0 ,96 for the loading condition b) and portions of controlled attention both through theoretical calculation and tests.
strain in condition a) ( see 4.3.2.5 ). 4.3.4.3 Wind induced cyclic loads on risers during construc-
Other symbols: tion and transportation is to be considered and taken into ac
count when found relevant .
-
N - axial force ( including effect of water pressure).
A = cross sectional area of pipe.
M - bending moment
W = section modulus of pipe. 4.4 Piping components and accessories
°y =
hoop stress .
=
specified minimum yield strength . 4.4. 1 General
It is to be noted that if M is determined on the basis of a given
curvature , the nonlinear relationship between moment and -
4.4 . 1.1 All pressure containing piping components and ac-
curvature is to be taken into account . cessories are generally to represent the same safety as that re-
quired above for plain , straight pipe .
4 - 3.2 . 7 For installation methods involving a J or S shaped
curve of the pipeline N and M are to be determined by an ap- 4.4 . 1.2 For all components , for which detailed design pro-
propriate method , suitable for the water depth ,' pipe stiffness -
cedures and criteria are not given in these Rules, sufficient
and weight in question . Since the effect of the environmental strength is to be documented in at least one of the following
loads is difficult to determine, the minimum required analyses ways;
are as follows:
A) Loading condition a ) is to be analyzed in detail, and the
— Equal or similar components have been proven satisfacto -
ry by previous successful performance under comparable
formula of 4 3 2.6 is to be applied with a usage factor > / conditions.

B)
*

of maximum 0 ,72 .
Loading condition b) is to be considered by evaluating
— By proof tests.
— By experimental stress analyses.
the increase of M due to environmental loads on the
basis of the assumed environmental conditions, the rele-
— By engineering calculations.

vant characteristics of the installation equipment ( parti- 4.4 . 1.3 If components designed according to a recognized
cularly the laying vessel ) , and all available relevant ex - Code or Standard has proven satisfactory performance , design
perience. If there is reason to expect that the increase of according to that Code or Standard may be generally accepted .

1

SECTION 5
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
FOR PIPES AND PIPING COMPONENTS
5.1 General
i
5.1 . 1 Validity
5.1 . 1 . This section specifies requirements to characteristic
materia! properties for design and quality control of steel line-
pipes and piping components. The requirements are applica-
- -
ble to C Mn steels, C MnTine grain treated steels and low al
loyed steels having a specified minimum yield strength up to
500 Mpa , and consumables for welding.
Steels of higher strength , other alloys and other materials
may be used subject to special approval .
5.1 . 1.2 Materials for corrosion protection and weight coat-
ing are covered by Section 6 .
5.1 . 1.3 The manufacture is to be capable of producing ma-
terials of required quality . Relevant documentation is to be
made available on request .
Prequalification testing or an extended quality control sche
me is required for manufacturers having limited experience,
and in cases where new production methods are introduced .
5.1 . 2 Selection of materials
5.1 .2.1 Materials are to be selected with due consideration
to the commodity to be transported , loads , temperature, cor-
rosion and consequences of a possible failure during installa -
tion , operation and maintenance of the pipeline system.
5.1 . 3 Material specification
5.1 .3.1 A material specification is to be prepared giving the
material requirements for line- pipes , piping components,
welding consumables , bolts and nuts and any other impor -
tant items. The specification is to cover manufacturing meth -
ods , chemical composition , heat treatment , mechanical pro-
perties, soundness, quality control testing , documentation
and marking .
The specification is to be submitted for approval.
5.1 . 4 Documentation and identification
5.1 .4.1 All materials are to be delivered with test certificates
stating the heat number , manufacturing methods, test results,
identification etc. Material test certificates for pressurized parts
are normally to be endorsed by Veritas.
5.1 . 4.2 All materials are to be traceable and suitably mark -
ed for easy identification of manufacturer , grade, heat num-
ber , size and application -
5.1 . 4.3 Materials of uncertain origin or uncertain quality
are to be rejected , or a special identification and test pro-
gramme is to be agreed upon .
5.2 Steel for line - pipes
5.2 . 1 Steel making
5 2.1 . 1The steel is to processed and cast in a manner ensur-
ing uniform composition , properties and soundness. Impurit -
ies and residual elements are to be kept at a level consistent
with specified property and service requirements.
5.2 . 1.2 The steel is normally to be fully killed . Steels for li -
quid pipelines may , however , be semi- killed when the specif
ied minimum yield strength is less than 300 MPa .
25
5.2. 2 Supply condition
5.2 . 2.1 The supply condition is to be specified taking into
account possible adverse effects as a result of forming, weld
ing and heat treatment operations which will occur during
-
fabrication and installation
- 5.2 . 2.2 Steel to be used for general service may be supplied
as rolled , controlled rolled, thermomechanical treated, nor
malized , quenched and tempered or subcritical age- hardened .
-
5.2 . 3 Heat treatment
5.2 . 3.1 Steel castings and forgings are to be normalized
normalized and tempered or quenched and tempered .
.
5 2 3 2 Rolled steel for low temperature service ( i.e. mini-
mum design temperature below 0°C) is either to be normal-
ized , quenched and tempered or thermomechancically treat -
ed.
- 5.2 .4 Chemical composition
The steel is to have a chemical composition which
5 - 2.4 . 1
with the specified manufacturing , fabrication and welding
procedures will ensure sufficient strength , ductility , toughness
and corrosion resistance.
5.2 .4.2 The chemical composition of C - Mn and C- Mn fine
grain treated steels to be welded is to be specified within the
analysis limits given in Table 5.1 . Modifications may be agre-
ed upon subject to the application of suitable fabrication and
welding procedures.
5.2 .4.3 If the hardenability of a steel may be better predict-
ed with another carbon equivalent formula , this may be con -
sidered together with a revised CE- limit.
5.2 . 4.4 The chemical composition is to be determined both
in the ladle and the product . Ladle analyses are to be taken
for every heat. A check analysis is to be taken for each batch
of 50 finished products , but at least once every heat .
5.2 . 4.5 The elements listed in Table 5.1 are to be determin -
ed and reported. Other remaining elements added on purpose
to control the material properties are also to be checked , and
to be reported .
Procedures for chemical analyses are described in Appendix
C.
5.2 . 4.6 The chemical composition of low - alloy and alloyed
steels will be considered in each case.
5.2 .4.7 The impurity level and inclusion contents are to be
kept specially low in steel to be used in pipeline systems de-
signed to transport commodities which under unfavourable
conditions may cause blistering , also called stepwise cracking .
(See 5.2 . 1 1 and 6.4 . )
5.2 .4.8 The chemical composition is to be specially consid -
ered for steel to be used in pipelines where underwater weld -
ing is planned for tie- in operations or should be anticipated in
case of repair situations.
5.2. 5 Mechanical testing
5.2 . 5.1 The following mechanical properties are essential
and are to be determined and reported as part of the quality
- control ;
— Yield strength
 26

—
—
—
Ultimate tensile strength
Elongation
Reduction of area
Fracture toughness
5.2.7 Brittle fracture resistance
5 2 - 7.1 Base materials and weldments are to be reasonable
resistant against initiation of brittle fractures. This is to be en -
— Hardness of welded joints sured by keeping the transition temperature from brittle to
ductile behaviour sufficiently below the minimum design
The reduction of area is normally to be measured only for temperature.
cast and forged steels.
-
Charpy V notch transition curve is to be established for in -
5.2 - 5 2 The mechanical properties of the base material is, -
formation for the base material of line pipes. (See Table 7.1 .)
when practically possible, to be tested with specimens orien - 52.1 .2 Base materials and welded joints are normally to
tated transverse to the principal rolling / working direction . meet the average Charpy V-notch energy values given by Fi
gure 5.1 . Single values are to be at least 75 96 of the specified
-
5.2 .5.3 Procedures for mechanical testing are described in minimum average . Where standard specimens can not be
Appendix C. Alternative standarized methods may be used made, subsize specimens may be used with energy conver -
subject to agreement. tion factors as given in Figure 51 .

Table 5.1 Chemical composition of C - steel , C-Mn steel and

C- Mn fine- grain treated steel for general service .
C Mn Si P S Cu Ni Mo Cr A1 Others Carbon
Analysis 96 96 96 96 96 96 % % 96 ( total) 96 equivalent ^
max. max . max . max . max . max. max. max . max . 96 max .
Ladle 0 , 18 1 ,60 0 , 55 0 ,025 0 ,020 0 ,35 0.40 0 , 25 0 ,20 0 ,08 1) 0 ,40
Check 0 ,20 1 ,70 0 ,60 0 ,030 0 ,025 0 , 35 0 ,40 0 , 25 0 , 20 0 ,08 1) 0 ,43

Cr + Mo + V Cu + Ni
1 ) V max. 0 ,10 ( V 4- Nb) max 0.12 2 ) CE = C 4- Mn 5 15
Nb max . 0.05
Ti max. 0,05
N max . 0 ,009 ( 0.015 when A 1 fine grain treated ) 52.13 The impact testing temperature is to be selected in
Residuals (Cr 4- Mo + Cu ) max 0.50 accordance with Table 5.3 . Maximum testing temperature is.
however , not to be taken higher than + 20 °C .
5.2 .6 Tensile properties
5.2 . 6.1 The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are Joule Kpm
to meet the specified values for the actual grade. Downgrad-
ing of high strength steels is normally not acceptable .
47 4 ,8
5.2 .6.2 The ratio of yield to ultimate tensile strength is nor- Z
mally to be maximum 0.85 . A ratio up to 0.90 may be ac- 43 4 ,4
cepted for cold expanded pipes having actual yield strength
proportionally higher than the specified minimum .

5.2 . 6.3 Stress-strain curve typical for the specified line- pipe
39
z z 4 ,0
material is to be recorded . (See 4.3 . 2.1 and Table 7.1 ).
z
zz
35 3 ,6
5.2 .6.4 The elongation of the base materials is to comply
with Table 5.2 .

zz
31 3 ,2

27 2 ,8

Table 5.2 : Minimum elongation for base materials

( Based on flat specimens 38 mm wide.)
235 275 315 355 390 430 470
Specified Minimum percent elongation in 50 mm Specified minimum yield strength ( MPa)
minimum yield gage length for wall thickness , t mm :
strength MPa t < 1 2.5 12 ,5 < t < 25.5 t > 25 ,5 Specimen Energy
section factor
200 - 295 27 29 30 ( mm 2 )
295 - 340 23 25 26
340 - 390 22 24 25 10 x 10
390 - 440 21 23 24 1 0 x 7 ,5 5/ 6
440 - 500 20 22 23 10 x 5 2/ 3

5.2 .6.5 The reduction of area of cast and forged steels C - ,

Fig . 5.1 Average Charpy V - notch energy values i
C- Mn and C- Mn grain treated is to be at least 35 per cent .
For heavy wall components or higher strength steel a higher
ductility level may be required . 5.2 . 8 Resistance against propagating ductile fractures
5.2 .8.1 Pipelines transporting gas or mixed gas and liquids
i
5.2 .6.6 The ductility in the thickness direction is to be ade- are to be designed in a manner preventing propagating ductile
-
quate for the part in question. In special cases through thick -
ness tensile testing may be required .
fractures ( see 4.2 .6 ). When the design is based on the installa
tion ofline- pipe materials with arrest properties ( i . e . a high up- L

Table 5.3 Charpy V - notch impact testing temperature ( °C).
Nominal 1 * RISERS
wall Gas and Liquid Gas 2)
thickness ( mm)
t < 20 mm T = Td - 10 T = TP - 10
20 < t < 30 T = TD - 20 T = Td - 10
t > 30 mm T = to be decided in each case
1 ) Corrosion allowances may be disregarded .
2 ) Mixed gas and liquid(s) are to be treated as gas .
(See 1.3 .18.1 .)
per shelf Charpy V -energy ), the notch toughness requirements limit for SSC resistance , when the accumulated plastic strain
are to be agreed in each case . exceeds 5 % .
5.2 .8.2 When the design is based on a higher upper shelf
notch toughness, only the base material of line- pipes need to
have fracture arrest properties .
5.2. 9 Supplementary fracture toughness testing
5.2 .9.1 Fracture toughness tests other than the Charpy
-
V test , may in special cases be allowed or required to assess
the resistance to unstable fractures and / or determine defect
tolerances in materials and welds.
Such tests could be Drop Weight Tear Test ( DWTT), Crack
Opening Displacements Test ( COD), Compact Tension Tests
(CT ) , Drop Weight test ( DW ) or full scale type tests . Pro-
cedures, extent of testing , conditions and interpretation of re-
sults are to be agreed in each case.
5.2 . 10 Resistance against hydrogen induced cracking in
welded joints .
5 2.10 . 1 The maximum hardness is to be kept at a level safe-
ly assuring resistance to hydrogen induced cracking during
welding and in service. After welding the hardness is not to
exceed 325 HV 5 at any part of the weld unless otherwise re-
quired ( see 5.2 . 12 ).
5.2 . 11 Resistance against environmental induced blister -
ing .
5.2 . 11.1Steel for pipelines designed to transport commodit
ies which may cause blistering ( also often called hydrogen in -
duced pressure cracking or stepwise cracking) is to be made
in a manner making the steel reasonably resistant . Verifica-
tion by relevant experience or suitable laboratory tests may
be required for the base material . ( See 5.2 and 6.4 )
5.2 . 12 Resistance against sulphide stress corrosion crack -
ing (SSC )
5.2 . 12.1 Materials and welding consumables for use in pi-
peline systems required designed against sulphide stress cor-
rosion cracking ( see 6.4 ), are to have a chemical composition
and strength level suitable for such service. Selection is to be
based on documented experience, e. g . NACE Standard
MR -01 - 78 ( Rev 1980 ).
5.2 . 12.2 The final hardness of the base material and any part
of welded joints is to be kept in the range of 260 HV5 or lo
vver for pipeline systems required designed against sulphide
stress corrosion cracking . The actual limit is to be agreed upon
with due considerations to operational conditions, corrosivity
of the commodity , material properties, fabrication and weld -
ing procedures, corrosion control and monitoring systems etc .
5.2 .12.3 Suitable heat treatment may be required for high
strength steels and welds to ensure adequate resistance
against SSC.
5.2 . 12.4 Cold formed C-Mn and C- Mn fine grain treated
steels are to be heat treated and meet the applicable hardness
27
PIPELINES
Liquid 2 )
T = TD
T = TD
Cold formed and / or welded low alloy steels are normally to
be heat treated and meet the applicable hardness limit when
SSC resistance is required .
5.2 . 13 Resistance against chloride stress corrosion crack -
ing
5.2 .13.1 Materials which are to be used in seawater en -
vironment are to be resistant against chloride stress corrosion
crackning.
5.2 . 13.2 Application of alloyed steels and / or extra high
strength steels (specified min yield strength above 500 MPa)
is to be specially considered when the pipeline will be operat-
ing at higher temperature (above 70°C) , or the oil and gas
contain significant amounts of chloride components. Verifi-
cation by relevant experience or suitable laboratory tests may
be required .
5.3 Soundness
5.3 . 1 General
5.3 . 1.1 The material is to be free from any defects which
may make the material unsuitable for intended service.
Cracks, notches, gouges and tears are not acceptable. Over-
laps, slivers , impressed mill scale etc. are to be removed by
grinding unless proved to be of a superficial nature (see
- 7.2 .6.12 ).
5.3 . 1.2The material is to be free from gross laminations,
gross inclusions, segregations , shrinkages and porosity . The
soundness of rolled , forged and cast material is to be verified
by non- destructive testing according to agreed procedures
and standards (see 7.2 .7.3 ).
5.4 Steel for piping components
5.4 . 1 General
5 4 1.1 Piping components such as bends, valves, flanges.
tees , mechanical couplings etc. are in general to fullfiil the sa-
me material requirements as specified for line- pipes of the sa-
me grade and thickness .
-
5.4 . 1.2 Modification in chemical composition may be agreed
provided special precautions like preheating and post weld
heat treatment are included in the welding procedure .
5.5 Welding consumables
5.5 . 1 General
5 51.1 Welding consumables are to be suitable for the in-
tended application giving a weld with required properties,
soundness and corrosion resistance in the finally installed
condition .
 28

5.5.1.2 Welding consumables are to have classification ac - 5.6 Bolt assemblies

cording to recognized classification schemes. Low hydrogen
consumables are normally to be used for welding of high
strength steels.
Celiulosic electrodes may , however , be used provided it is es
tablished special welding procedures preventing hydrogen in
duced cracking .
5.5 . 1.3 Hydrogen controlled consumables are to give a dif-
fusible hydrogen content of max 5 ml / 100 g weld metal
( when determined with the glycerin method), and are to be
type approved .
5.5 . 2 Chemical compositon
5.5 .2 1 The chemical composition of the weld deposit is to
be compatible with the base metal to prevent general and lo-
calized corrosion . Content of alloying elements is to be kept
at a safe level consistent with documented experience. Pre-
cipitation effects due to intended heat treatments are to be
considered -
5.5 .3 Mechanical properties
5.5 . 3.1 The mechanical properties of the weld metal are to
meet the base material requirements. Exessively overmatch
ing yield and tensile strengths are, however, to be avoided .
5.5 . 3.2Impairment of tensile and toughness properties due
to intended heat treatments is to be considered .
5.5 . 4 Handling and storage of welding consumables
5.5 . 4.1 Welding consumables are to be treated with care to
avoid contamination , moisture pick - up and rusting , and are
to be stored under dry conditions.
5.5 . 4.2 The relative humidity is to be kept at max 40 % in
stores for low hydrogen consumables unless supporting evid -
ence confirm a somewhat higher humidity to be tolerable .
5.5 .4.3 Table 5.4 shows generally recommended storage
and handling routines. Recycling and rebaking is to be strict-
ly in accordance with the manufacturers instructions .
5.6 . 1 General
5.6 . 1.1 Bolts and nuts are to be made of steel having chemi-
- cal composition and mechanical properties in accordance
- with , and are to be manufactured and tested to relevant , re-
cognized standards.
5 -6.1 . 2
Bolts to be exposed to or immersed in sea water are
to be of property class 8.8 (ISO R898 ) or of a equivalent
strength level . The strength level is not to exceed property
class 10.9 for bolts to be installed above the splash zone.
5.6 . 1.3 When bolt assemblies are to be used in low tempe-
rature service, or having large diameters, fracture toughness
testing may be required .
5.6 . 1.4 Bolts, nuts and other fastening elements are to be
protected against corrosion by suitable , durable coatings.
When bolts assemblies are part of or will join components
which are required designed against stress corrosion crack-
ing , the applicable conditions to materials, manufacturing
and testing would also apply to these connections. (See
5.2 . 12 .)
-
5.7 Materials for support structures
5.7 . 1 General
5.7 . 1.1 When support structures are welded directly to, or
act as a pressurized part of the pipeline system , the material re-
quirement for the pipeline part in question are to be met .
5.7 . 1.2 Support structures which are not directly welded to
pressurized parts are considered as structural members. The
material requirements specified for primary structural mem -
bers according to Veritas' « Rules for the design , contruction
and inspection of offshore structures))
mally apply .
—latest issue will nor-

Table 5.4 Storage and handling of welding consumables

Type of Storage of Storage of Storage of

consumable hermetically opened consumables
sealed containers withdrawn
containers for use

Covered electrodes
— low hydrogen
type 20 - 30 °C " 150°C 70°C 21
— celiulosic type
Flux for submerg-
ed arc welding
20— 30°C ’
20- 30°C"
1
20
70°C
— 30°CI >
3)

Notes:
-
1 ) The temperature should exceed ambient by r 5 °C .
2 ) When withdrawn for use. low hydrogen consumables are to be kept in
heated containers and normally to be used within 4 hours.
3) To be handled according to good workshop practice.

A

SECTION 6
CORROSION PROTECTION AND WEIGHT COATING
6.1 Corrosion protection , general
6.1 . 1 Validity
6.1 .1.1 Pipeline systems are to be adequately protected
from corrosion. 6.1 through 6.5 cover minimum require-
ments to corrosion protection systems. 6.6 covers the require-
ments to weight coating .
6.1 . 1.2 Requirements to pipe materials and welds with res
pect to environmentally induced cracking such as hydrogen
induced pressure cracking ( hydrogen blistering) and sulphide
stress corrosion cracking are given in Section 5 .
6.1 . 2 Definitions
6.1 . 2.1 Splash zone: The splash zone is defined as the as-
tronomical tidal range plus the wave height having a proba -
bility of exceedance of 0.01 . The upper limit of the splash zo-
ne is determined by assuming 65 % of this wave height above
HAT and the lower limit by assuming 35 % below LAT .
6.1 .2.2 Submerged zone: The submerged zone is defined as
the region below the splash zone including sea water and sea
bottom zone.
6.1 .2.3 Atmospheric zone: The atmospheric zone is defined
as the region above the splash zone.
6.1 . 2.4 Externa! coating : External coating is organic , in
organic or metallic materials applied to the external metal
surface to prevent corrosion .
— Epoxy , on conditions of compatibility with any weight
6.1 2.5 Cathodic protection: Cathodic protection is a tech -
.
— Epoxy and coal tar epoxy for the submerged part of ri -
nique to prevent corrosion of a metal surface by making the —
surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell . risers.
—
6.1 .2.6 Internal protection : Internal protection is different —
systems to reduce corrosion attacks of internal surfaces of pi-
pelines and risers.
6.1 . 3 General requirements to corrosion protection sys-
tems
6.1 .3.1 The pipeline system is normally to be protected by
external coating in the submerged zone as well as the at -
mospheric zone .
6.1 .3.2 In the submerged zone the pipeline system is
mally to be cathodically protected by sacrifical anodes.
6.1 .3.3 In the splash zone the riser is to be protected by
special means of corrosion protection normally in combina-
tion with corrosion allowance.
6.1 .3.4 For pipeline systems transporting corrosive com -
modities internal protection is required .
For pipeline systems which are exposed to internal or ex-
ternal erosion wall thickness allowance may be required .
6.1 . 3.5 For risers which are installed in J - tubes , tunnels etc.
special means of corrosion protection are normally required .
6.1 . 3.6 The possibilities of stray currents in connection
with nearby structures are to be evaluated and in areas where
stray currents are suspected , appropriate tests are to be con -
ducted . Detrimental effects of stray currents are to be avoided
by applying general preventive methods.
Of special importance is proper grounding of the welding sys-
tem for barge welding during pipelaying .
i
29
Stray currents may be avoided by means of a metallic con -
ductor connected to the return ( negative) side of the stray cur-
rent source. Counteraction of the effect of stray current may
be obtained by means of cathodic protection or removal relo-
cation of the stray current source.
6.2 External coating
- 6.2 . 1 General
6.2 1.1 The external coating is to provide adequate corro-
sion protection in the actual environment .
6.2 . 1.2 Different parts of the pipeline system such as
— pipe coating
— field joint coating
— coating of supports
are to be adequately covered by the coatings specifications.
6.2 . 2 Coating materials
6.2 . 2.1The following generic types of external coating may
be used for corrosion protection :
— Coal tar and asphalt enamels and asphalt mastic , normal-
ly in combination with concrete weight coating for sub-
- merged pipelines / risers .
coating .
sers .
Epoxy , vinyl and coal tar epoxy for atmospheric part of
Asphalt mastic or epoxy for field joint coating .
Rubber lining for risers. '
Other generic types of coatings may be used if satisfactory
long term performance under similar exposure conditions is
documented . Relevant laboratory data and field testing may
be satisfactory documentation . This will be considered in
each case . (See 6.2 . 2.3 )
6.2 . 2.2 Asphalt or coal tar based coatings should have a
softening point not less than 30°C above the maximum de-
nor- sign operating temperature of the pipeline system .
6.2 . 2.3When selecting an external coating for a pipeline
system the following properties are to be taken into account:
— Adhesion or resistance to disbonding
— Durability or resistance to chemical , physical and biologi-
cal deterioration
— Service temperature range
—— Tensile elongation or flexibility
Strength and impact resistance
—— Compatibility with concrete weight coating
Repair of damaged coating
The relation between adhesion and strength properties with
time should be fairly constant so that underrusting or shield -
ing of cathodic protection in case of disbonded coating is
avoided .
The above properties are to be documented by relevant tests
or by reference to earlier successful application .
6.2 .2.4 In addition to the properties given in 6.2 . 2.3 the
coating specification is to include information on
 30

———
generic type and composition and approval . If an impressed current system is to be used ,
coating thickness due consideration is to be paid to avoid overprotection and to
primer design a system with sufficient mechanical strength .
—
——
binder
reinforcement 6.3.1.2 Cathodic protection by sacrificial anodes is to be
fillers designed to provide adequate protection during the design life
of the pipeline system.
6.2.3 Coating application
design may be based on a shorter period if reinstallation
6.2 .3.1 The external coating is to be applied according to an The
of anodes is arranged for .
approved procedure. The procedure is normally to include:
6.3 . 1.3 Potentials for cathodic protection are given in table
—— handling and treatment of coating materials
6.1 . These potentials apply to sea water and saline mud at
— surface preparation
—
—
temperatures , air humidity and time lags between steps in
the coating process
testing methods, with reference to generally recognized
Table 6.1
—
ambient temperatures (5 25 °C) and normal sea water com -
position ( salinity 32 38 %o ).

Potential ( in volts ) for cathodic protection of

standards or a correspondingly detailed description
— acceptance criteria
steel
— repair procedure following attachment of cathodic pro
tection cables, padeyes, etc .
- Metal Reference electrode

——
handling, transport of coated pipes Cu / CuS04 Ag / AgCl Zn
quality control and inspection
— reporting procedure
Steel in aerobic
environment
a) positive limit - 0.85 - 0.80 + 0.25
6.2 . 3.2 The minimum requirement to pipe surface treat- b) negative limit - 1.10 -
1.05 + 0.00
ment before application of coating is generally blast cleaning
to min . SIS 055900 C Sa 2 ,5 or equivalent standard . Steel in anaerobic
environment
6.2 - 3.3 The quality control reports are generally to include: a) positive limit - 0.95 - 0.90 + 0.15
b) negative limit -
1.10 -
1.05 + 0.00
— acceptance criteria according to the coating specification Very high strength steel
—— surface preparation data
temperature and humidity measurements
( yield strength
>700 MPa)
—
—
——
number of coats and total dry film thickness
adhesion data
holiday detection
information on the location of reinforcement in the coat-
a) positive limit
b) negative limit
- 0.85

- 1.00
- 0.80
- 0.95
+ 0.25
+ 0.10

ing . In brackish water the potential of the Ag / AgCl electrode

must be corrected by the actual chloride composition .
6.2.3.4 A preproduction test is to be carried out at the coat - The zinc reference electrodes is only reliable in open sea-
ing yard in order to demonstrate that the coating can be ade-
quately applied under the prevailing conditions. water.

6.2 .4 Field joint coating
6.2 .4.1 Field joint coating should be applied according to an
approved procedure of similar nature as described in 6.2 .3 .
The field joint coating should be compatible with the pipe
coating .
Criteria for acceptance repair and rejection of coating before
, 6.3 . 2.1 The cathodic protection system is to be designed so
final submersion of pipe are to be stated . Repair methods for
damaged coating under field conditions are to be described in
the procedure for field joint coating .
At temperatures other than ambient the potential given in
table 61 may not apply . Protective potentials which are i
lmV / °C more negative may be used for steel surfaces ope-
rating at temperatures between 25 and J 00 °C.
6.3 . 2 Design of system
that it is able to deliver sufficient current and distribute this
current so that the criteria for cathodic protection is obtained
(Table 6.1 ).

6.2 .4.2 Surface preparation by power tool brushing to a

The current density requirement is to be selected on the basis
of the environmental conditions either by experience from si-
J
uniform near- white metal finish may be accepted for asphalt milar conditions or from direct measurements along the rou -
or coal tar based field joint coating . te.
6.2 . 4.3When mastic is used for field joint coating, it is of Guidance on the design of cathodic protection systems is gi-
special importance to keep the temperature of the mastic ven in Appendix D .
within acceptable limits.
6.3 .2.2 Cathodic protection design specification should in -
The mastic should be adequately cooled by continuous wa- clude:
tercooling before the pipes passes over the stinger during lay -
ing operations. —
—
calculation of area to be protected
influence on / from electrically connected systems
r
—— current density requirement
coating breakdown criterion
±
6.3 Cathodic protection
—— anode material and manufacturer
6.3. 1 General
—
anode weight, design , distribution and total number
calculation of the effectiveness of the system . i
6 3 . 1 . 1 The cathodic protection system is normally to be
based on sacrificial anodes 6.3.23 The anode core is to be designed to support the an -
ode during all constructional and operational phases , e .g.
Impressed current may be used upon special consideration transportation , installation etc - i
 31
6.3. 3 Anode materials and fabrication
6.3.3.1 Sacrifical anodes may be alloys of aluminium or
zinc
The driving potential and electrochemical efficiency of the
anode alloy are to be documented by appropriate tests . The
testing should be based on long term freerunning tests under
relevant conditions.
6 3.3 2 The anode core should be hot-dip galvanized for
zinc or blastcleaned to Sa 2 ,5 according to SIS 055955 prior
to casting of the anodes.
6.3.3.3 Manufacturers may be required to prove their capa
bility of delivering anodes which satisfy the actual specifica-
- weight coating are to be rejected.
tions.
The anodes are to be furnished with a test certificate at least
stating the manufacturer, the specified alloy composition , an -
ode specification , the charge number, the chemical analysis,
performance test , the method of analysis, and other relevant
information .
The anodes are to be properly marked for identification . The
marking system is at least to include the manufacturers mark
and the charge number .
The surface of sacrifical anodes are to be examined 100 % vi-
sually . The anode surface is to be free from coating and
cracks affecting the anode efficiency .
6.3 . 4 Installation of anodes
6.3 .4.1 The anode arrangements is to be in compliance
with the approved design specification . The anodes are to be
mounted in a manner such as to avoid mechanical damage
during handling and installation of pipes. It is advisable that
anodes have a smaller diameter than the weight coating.
6.3 . 4.2 Anode bracelets are to be fastened securely on the
pipe . The two segments may be welded together with steel
strips in order to ensure satisfactory mechanical connection
and proper positioning . Each anode is to be electrically con -
nected to the pipe by at least two attachments.
6.3 . 4.3 Electrical connection between anode and pipe is
normally to be made by manual welding or thermite weld -
ing . Attachment welding are to be placed at least 150 mm off
other welds.
Manual welds for electrical connections are to be made on an
attachment plate. Attachment plates welded directly onto the
pipeline / riser are to be orientated circumferentially , and per-
formed with qualified welding procedure. See 8.7 . Regarding
material requirements see 5.7 .
6.3 . 4.4If thermite welding is used for attachment of anode
cables, welding procedure is to include:
Brand and designation of powder
! — Size of mold , charge and cable
— Preparation of surface
Prior to thermite welding the surface is to be dry. clean and
bright .
6.3 . 4.5 Attachments of electrical connections by thermite
welding are to be made with a qualified procedure proved to
give sufficient bonding and negligible Cu - penetration along
grain boundaries. The size and shape of the mold is to suit the
diameter of the pipe and the anode cable size.
6.3 .4.6 Qualification of the thermite welding procedure is
to be based on visual examination and mechanical testing of
i three test welds.
The test welds are to be sectioned and examined for bonding
and possible excessive Cu - penetration using a microscope
with magnification of at least 100 x . The Cu - penetration is
normally to be less than 0.3 mm for procedures to be used on
risers, while maximum 0 ,8 mm for procedures to be used on
pipelines.
The hardness in the heat affected zone is to be determined on
the macrosections and is to be within the normal limit specif
ied for the pipeline system .
-
6.3 .4.7 The welds and electrical connection between anode
and pipe is to be checked before pipe installation . Pipes with
metallic connection between anode and reinforcement in
6.3.5 Testing of system
6.3 .5.1 Potential measurements are to be carried out to en-
sure that the pipeline system is adequately polarized . This
testing is to be carried out within one year after installation.
6.3.5.2 A program for the testing including test equipment ,
procedure for and extent of potential measurements are to be
submitted for approval.
The reference electrode is to be located as close as possible to
the selected surface point to be measured .
6 4 Internal corrosion control
,
6.4 . 1 General
6.4 . 1.1 Internal corrosion control is to be provided for pi-
peline systems transporting corrosive hydrocarbons.
Internal corrosion control may be achieved by one or more
of the following methods:
Application of corrosion inhibitors
Corrosion allowance
Internal coating
Application of corrosion resistant alloys or linings
Drying
6.4 . 1.2 The following properties of the commodity to be
transported should be taken into account in the establishment
of a program for internal corrosion control :
— Oil / gas/ water ratios
— Salinity , bacteria content , pH of water phase
— Content of corrosive gases such asC02 , H 2S and 02
— Solids content and flow characteristics
— Temperature and pressure
Expected time dependance and variations due to operational
conditions should be indicated . The possibility of changing
conditions by seawater injection ( secondary recovery) should
be considered at the design stage.
6.4 . 1.3Internal corrosion control is normally required
when the commodity is containing water or has a relative
humidity of more than 50 % and when the partial pressure of
corrosive gases is above the following limits:
oxygen 0.001 MPa ( 0.014 psi
hydrogen sulphide 0.01 MPa ( 1.4 psi)
carbon dioxide 0.01 MPa ( 1.4 psi)
Combination of these corrosive gases may be more agressive,
especially the combination of H 2S and 02 The corrosivity
will also generally increase by increasing temperature.
6.4 . 1.4 The H 2S values listed in 6.4 .1.3 are to be considered
for general corrosion . Regarding limits of hydrogen sulphide
 32

for sulphide stress corrosion cracking reference is made to

- - - — Exposure to corrosion
NACE Standard MR 01 75 ( latest revision). — Consequences of a corrosion failure

6.4 . 2 Internal corrosion control by inhibitors

— Accessibility

6 4.2 . 1 When inhibitors are used for internal corrosion 6.4 . 5.3 Thickness measurements at selected reference points
control the following conditions are to be taken into account: on risers are to be carried out prior to installation and in con
nection with periodical inspection (See 9.4 .4.3). The measure-
-
— ments are to be carried out according to an approved pro-
—
———
General philosophy for the inhibitor selection
Trade name
Chemical type and mechanism for inhibition
Solubility and despersibility
cedure which should include information on:

—— type of equipment

—
—
Ecological effects
Recommended inhibitor concentrations
Pressure, flow' rate and temperature limitations
—— type of probe
recording and evaluation procedure
location of reference points
— Compatibility if more than one inhibitor is used
— A reference list of previous applications 6.4 .5.4 Fluid analysis may provide valuable information on
the corrosion behaviour of a pipeline system . A specification
6.4 .2.2 The protective properties of the selected inhibitor on sampling procedure, types, methods, frequency and
are to be properly documented by appropriate laboratory evaluation of fluid analysis should be. submitted for approval .
and / or field tests. Laboratory tests should include exposure
testing in a relevant fluid with respect to composition , flow' , The following analysis may be carried out:
temperature, etc.
- pH
The testing should normally be carried out by an independant Iron content
body . — Bacteria
Salinity
6.4 . 2.3The inhibitors are to be injected into the system ac- — Inhibitor
cording to an approved procedure. The procedure is to in
clude information on
- Flow', temperature, pressure, dew point and other operational
characteristics should be recorded as w'ell .
— principles of inhibitor application
—— general arrangement system
dosage
6.4 . 5.5 Properly installed electrochemical probes and
weight loss coupons may provide valuable information in
— control system systems containing sufficient water . A specification on design
installation and operation of the probes should be submitted
for approval .
6.4 . 3 Internal corrosion control by coating
6.4 . 3.1 Internal corrosion control may be achieved by app-
lication of a suitable coating system . Regarding properties of
coating materials and application procedures reference is ma - 6.5 Protection of risers and pipelines in critical areas
—
de to 6.2.2.3 4 and 6.2 . 3.1 .
6.5 . 1 Splash zone protection
If the coating is applied after the pipeline has been installed ,
due consideration should be given to proper surface prepara - 6.5 . 1.1 In the design of corrosion protection system for ri -
tion and quality control after application . sers in the splash zone , due consideration is to be given to :

——
If the coating is applied before the pipeline is installed , due temperatures of hydrocarbons
consideration should be given to internal coating of field intermittent wetting and drying
— w ave forces
joints.
—— ease' of
- resistance to ageing by seawater and sunlight
repair and maintenance
6.4 .3.2 Internal coating wfhich only is applied to increase
the capacity of the pipeline system is not subject to approval .
Due consideration is to be given to the possibilities of increas-
— compability of different materials when such are combin -
ed .
ed localized corrosion at imperfections in the internal coating .
6.5 . 1.2 The riser is to have a corrosion allowance in addi-
tion to other means of corrosion protection as described in
6.4. 4 Internal corrosion control by corrosion resistant al - 6.5 . 1.3 .
loys
6.4 . 4.1 Corrosion resistant alloys may be used for corrosion The corrosion allowance is to provide protection for 2 years.
Table 6 - 2 gives guidelines on determination of the corrosion
control. The alloy may be used as solid pipe or as a lining in
side the pipeline.
- allowance as function of operating temperatures of the riser .

6.4 .4.2 The corrosion resistance of the alloy should be doc- Table 6.2 Corrosion allowance of risers as function of
umented by reference to previous successful application in si- operating temperature
milar enviroments or laboratory testing . The laboratory test-
ing should include tests for resistance against stress corrosion Temperature , °C Corrosion allowance , mm
cracking , pitting , crevice corrosion and erosion corrosion . < 20 2 j
20 - 40 4
40 60 6
6.4 .5 Internal corrosion monitoring
60 80 8
6.4 . 5.1 Internal corrosion monitoring is normally to in -
elude different procedures such as thickness measurements,
80 - 100 10 i
fluid analysis, electrochemical probes, electrical resistance 6.5 . 1.3 Acceptable means of corrosion protection in the
probes and different types of weight loss coupons. The pro - splash zone are application of a corrosion resistant metallic
gramme should be based on the following : sheating or vulcanised rubber .
i

6.5 .1.4 If metallic sheating is used , the alloy should have
adequate corrosion resistance and sufficient thickness and
strength to withstand the loads during installation and opera
tion. The welding is to be carried out to a qualified pro
cedure. All welds are to be examined 100 per cent by suitable
NDT- methods. A sacrificial anode is to be located below the
metallic sheating to compensate for galvanic effects.
Metallic shielding should be of a type that can be completely
seal welded to itself and to the steel doubler plate. No me-
chanical type sealing should be permitted .
6.5.1.5 If vulcanised rubber is used, an application pro
cedure is to be submitted for approval. Special precautions
are to be taken to avoid disbonding at the ends.
6.5 .1.6 Other means of corrosion protection may be accept
able provided adequate properties are documented for the ac
tual conditions.
6.5 . 2 Protection of risers in J - tubes, tunnels etc .
6.5 . 2.1 Risers in J -tubes, tunnels and other inaccessible
areas are to be protected by a suitable coating ( see 6.2 ) and in 6.6 .3.2 Cement . Cement is to be equivalent to ASTM Port
-
hibited seawater or other non corrosive fluids.
The properties of inhibitors are to be adequately documented
( see 6.4 . 2 ) .
A sealing plug should be fitted to the drawn in section of the ing the durability of concrete.
riser so that it seals the J -tube at the bellmouth , when the line
is pulled in .
A specification for installation of sealing plug and application
of inhibitors should include a description of provisions for 6.6 .3.4 Aggregates . Aggregates are to have sufficient
sampling and chemical analysis of the inhibited fluid.
6.5 .2.2 Protection by sacrificial anodes may be used as an
extra precaution if technically feasible. Monitoring of the
cathodic protection system should be specially considered.
6.5 . 3 Protection of risers in internal transition zones
6.5 .3.1 Protection of risers in internal transition zones (air /
seawater) for instance in shafts of concrete structures may be
suitable coating and corrosion allowance. Acceptable corro-
sion allowance may be as given in Table 6.2 .
Due consideration should be given to the possibilities of in -
spection and repair for transition zones .
6.5 . 4 Pipeline shore - approach .
6.5 .4.1 The pipeline shore approach are to be specially
considered in the design of the corrosion protection system.
In the tidal area the pipeline may be treated as risers corrosi-
-
on wise.
Due consideration is to be given to possible interaction with
cathodic protection systems for land based structures and pi-
pelines. Electrical insulating devices may be used above the
water level .
6.6 Weight coating
6.6 . 1 General
6.6 . 1.1 This section deals with concrete weight coating.
Other pipeline anchoring systems will be subject to special
consideration .
The main aims of concrete weight coating are to provide neg-
ative buoyancy to submarine pipeline throughout its service
life , and to protect corrosion protection coating against me
chanical damage during pipeline installation and service.
6.6 . 1.2 In cases where the bottom tow methods is used for
installation , the concrete coating must withstand the abrasion
5
i
33
caused by the contact between the bottom and the pipeline
during the towing operation. This is normally to be proved
- through tests. Such tests should be carried out with relevant
- diameters, submerged weight, concrete quality , jointing
methods and along a similar route as the actual towing.
6.6. 2 Weight coating specification .
6.6 2.1 The following items are normally to be covered by
weight coating specification :
—— Thickness and strength
- —— Materials to be used
Method of application
Curing method
—— Inspection and tests
Requirements on storage and handling of coated pipe
-
- 6.6 .3 Concrete constituents
6.6 .3.1 General It is to be documented that the properties
of the materials under consideration are adequate for the in -
tended purpose.
-
-
land Cement type I , II , III IS or IP .
The tricalcium aluminate content of the cement is to be such
as to enhance the corrosion protection of steel without impar-
6.6 .3.3 Water. Water is to be free from contamination in
amounts likely to harm the concrete or the reinforcement.
strength and durability. Aggregate containing potentially
reactive or deterious constituents is not to be used . Aggrega-
tes are to be properly graded .
6.6 .3.5 Admixtures. Admixtures are to meet requirements of
a recognized standard and are normally to be verified by trial
mixes.
6.6 .4 Properties of concrete
6.6 . 4.1 General. Concrete for weight coating is to have suf -
ficient strength and durability .
6.6 . 4.2 Strength . The concrete is to have a minimum char-
acteristic strength of 30 N / mm 2 found from 150 x 300 mm
cylindrical speciments tested in accordance with ASTM C39 .
When test specimens of different shape or dimensions are us-
ed, an appropriate correction factor is to be applied to convert
the compressive strength determined to the standard cylinder
strength.
6.6 . 4.3 Durability . Permeability is the most important pro-
perty determining the long- term durability of concrete expos-
ed to sea water . Lowr permeability may normally be obtained
by use of:
—— high cement content
low water - cement ratio preferably below 0.40 , however
not greater than 0.45 ,
—— sound and dense aggregates,
proper grading of fine and coarse aggregates,
— good concreting practice and good workmanship ensur
.
ing adequate workability thorough compaction , proper
-
curing arid handling.
- 6.6 . 5 Reinforcement
6.6 .5.1 Material properties: Reinforcing steel is to satisfy
the chemical and physical requirements of a recognized
standard .
 34

6.6 .5.2 Types: Reinforcement may be in the form of steel wi-
re fabric or welded cages fabricated of plain or deformed bars.
The type and amount of reinforcement is to be selected in due
account of the anticipated pipeline loading and service condi
tions and so as to control the crack pattern of the concrete
coating.
6.6.5.3 Splices: Reinforcement type and application method
are to insure continuity of the hoop reinforcement.
6.6 .5.4 Placing: Reinforcing steel is to be accurately placed
and adequately supported .
plan for testing , inspection , reporting of results etc. at coating
yard is subject to acceptance.
- 6.6 .7.2 Concrete constituents. Testing of the individual ma-
terials is to be carried out at regular intervals during concrete
production . The frequency of testing is to be determined tak
ing the quality and uniformity of material supply into ac-
-
count.
6.6 .7.3 Concrete . Prior to start of concreting the mix pro
portions, concrete strength and weight are to be documented
-
by tests.

Reinforcing steel is not to make electrical contact with the pi - During production concrete is to be tested regularly for thick-
pe or anodes. ness, strength and density. The frequency is to be minimum
one sample per 15 pipes coated and minimum one per shift .
6.6 .6 Application and curing of concrete coating
In addition to molded test specimens the strength tests are to
6.6 .6 1 Application. Concrete is to be applied to pipe joint be supplemented by control of the in - place strength measured
using suitable equipment and procedures that will result in on drilled -out cores. The minimum diameter of the core is to
adequately consolidate concrete coating of uniform thickness, be at least 3 times the nominal maximum aggregate size , and
density and strength . The concrete is to be placed as soon as
the length to diameter ratio is to be not less than 1.0 , Sampl -
possible after mixing and in any case well before the initial ing, storing and testing are to be in accordance with
set. ASTM -C42 or equivalent. The core strength is to be convert-
ed to the strength of standard cylinders 150 x 300 mm in ac-
6.6 .6.2 Curing. The selected method of curing and its dura cordance with ASTM -C42 . The strength requirement is con -
-
tion is to be such as to ensure satisfactory strength and dura- sidered satisfied provided the mean converted strength of
bility of concrete, and to prevent undue cracking of concrete three cores is at least 85 96 of the specified minimum char-
coating. acteristic strength and no single core is below 75 96 .
Documentation of the adequacy of the proposed curing
method may be required , particularly for adverse climatic 6.6 .7.4Electrical insulation measurements by approved
conditions. procedure to prove no contact between weight coating rein -
forcement and pipeline steel are to be carried out.
6.6 .7 Testing and inspection
6.6 .7.1 General . Methods for testing of materials are to be
in accordance with a recognized standard . The organization

j
j
 35
SECTION 7
FABRICATION OF PIPES AND PIPING COMPONENTS
7.1 General
7.1 .1 Validity
7.1 .1.1 This section specifies requirements for fabrication
and quality control of pipes and piping components . Material
properties are to comply with Section 5 .
7.1 . 1.2 The fabricator is to be capable of fabricating line pi-
pes and piping components of the required quality. Relevant
documentation is to be made available on request .
Prequalification testing or an extended quality control pro-
gram is required for fabricators having limited experience ,
for fabricating pipes and components to the actual or similar
specifications.
7.1 . 1.3 The fabricator is to establish and implement a de-
tailed , independent quality control system covering all succes-
sive fabrication steps. The quality control functions are to be
directed and performed by competent persons.
7.1 . 1.4 The schemes for qualification and quality control
described in this section have been based on current recogn -
ized fabrication practice. Other methods may also be used ,
but are then subject to special approval .
7.2 Pipe fabrication
7.2 . 1 General
7.2 . 1.1 Pipes are to be produced seamless or by fusion
welding of shaped plates or strips. The submerged arc weld-
ing process is normally to be used . Gas metal arc welding
and external gas shielded flux cored arc welding may be used
subject to special approval .
7.2 . 1.2 Where cold expansion is used to adjust size and
strength , the nominal permanent strain is not to exceed 2 per
cent. Cold expansion is to be performed with tools avoiding
high local deformations .
7.2 . 2 Fabrication procedure specification
7.2 - 2.1 A fabrication procedure specification is to be esta -
blished for each work describing the sequences of fabrication
and the successive quality control steps and requirements.
The specification is to be submitted for approval.
1222 When pipes are to be produced by welding , a detail -
ed welding procedure specification is to be prepared giving :
— pipe material standard , grade and project specification .
———diameter and wall thickness.
groove preparation and design .
welding process.
— welding consumables, trade name recognized classifica -
tion .
, 7.23 . 6 The qualification expires when the welder and
— electrode / wire diameter .
—welding parameters: current , voltage , type of current , po-
larity , travel speed for each arc.
—number of wreiding arcs as well as cold and hot wire ad -
ditions.
— welding position .
———
Welding direction .
number of passes.
preheat and interpass temperatures.
— post weld heat treatment .
7.2 . 23 The fabrication procedure is to be qualified prior to
or during initial production . Type and number of tests are gi-
ven in 7.2 - 4 and Table 7.1 .
7.2 .2.4 Previously qualified fabrication procedure may be
transferred to a new production when the fabricator has used
it recently for production of pipes to the same or more strin
gent requirements under the surveillance of Veritas or an in-
-
spection agency accepted by Veritas.
1 . 2 2 .5Jointers may be produced in limited numbers using
sound sections of pipes . The girth welding procedure is to be
qualified prior to or during initial production as given in
7.2 .4 and Table 7.1 .
1 2 2 6 All welding is to be carried out strictly in accord -
ance with the qualified procedure. If any parameter is chang-
ed outside the acceptable limits, the welding procedure is to
be respecified and requalified. Essential parameters and va -
riation limits are specified in 8.5.4 .
7.2 . 3 Qualification of welding operators, welders and arc -
air gougers
7.2 . 3.1 Welding personnel is to have reasonable under -
standing of fundamental welding techniques, welding pro-
-
cedure specifications, relevant methods of non destructive
testing and acceptance criteria, obtained through training and
practise prior to qualification testing , see Appendix C .
1232 Qualification testing is required for welding opera-
tors when their tasks are to preset , adjust, start , guide and
stop the welding operation , and thereby may influence the
quality of the weld . Qualification testing may be exempted
for welding operators whose tasks have no influence on the
weld quality provided they have been given adequate training
on the actual welding equipment .
1233 Welders are normally to be qualified for single side
buttwelding of pipes in the required principal positions. Un -
der special circumstances qualification may be carried out on
plates.
Repair welders may be qualified for partial thickness repair
on a representative devised test set up if only such weld re-
pairs will be made.
7.23 .4 The qualification test is to be carried out writh the
same or equivalent equipment such as to be used during pro-
duction welding , and normally at the actual premises, e . g.
work shop, yard , vessel . The test is to be witnessed by Veri -
tas or an inspection agency recognized by Veritas.
7.23 . 5 Qualification testing is normally to be based on vi-
sual inspection and radiographic examination . When the gas
-
metal arc process is used , mechanical testing is also to be per
formed , normally using side bend and nick break test speci -
mens.
Qualification schemes are described in Appendix C -
welding operator have not been welding regularly within the
qualified range during a period of more than 6 months.
7.23 .7 A welder or a welding machine operator who has
produced a complete and acceptable welding procedure qua -
lification test is thereby qualified .
7.23. 8 Personnel to perform arc-air gouging is to be train -
ed and experienced with the actual equipment. Qualification
testing may be required .
7.2 .4 Qualification of the pipe fabrication procedure
7.2 . 4.1 From the first production batch of maximum 50 pi -
pes, two pipes selected by Veritas are to be used for qualifi -
cation testing .
 36

Type and number of tests to be made for each pipe are given 7.2 .4.3 Failure of a test specimen due to defective prepara -
in Table 7.1 . tion may be disregarded and is to be replaced by a new test
specimen .
Dimensions of test specimens and testing procedure are given
in Appendix C. 7.2 .5 Hydrostatic testing
7.2 .5.1 Every pipe is to be hydrostatically and with -
7.2.4.2 The qualification of the fabrication procedure is to stand without any sign of leakage or sweats atested
test pressure ( p)
be based on the following requirements :
— Hydrostatic testing to the specified test pressure ( see
7.2 .5).
determined by the following formula for at least 10 seconds:
2t
— Dimensional tolerances and workmanship to the specified
limits (see 7.2 .6 ).
p = a y • K - r ( MPa)
D =
— Soundness of base material and welds within the specif -
ied acceptance limits (see 7.2 . 6 and 7.2 . 7 ). t
- specified minimum yield strength ( MPa).
- nominal wall thickness ( mm).
— Check analyses within the specified composition limits
(see 5 - 2.4) .
D
K
= nominal outside diameter ( mm).
- factor determined by pipe diameter .
— Tensile properties of base material at least equal to the
specified minimum values (see 5.2 .6 ).
—- Notch toughness of base material at least equal to the
minimum specified values for resistance against brittle
Outside diameter
( nominal)
K
fracture, and propagating ductile fractures when so re-
quired (see 5.2 .7 and 5.2 .8). OD < 200 0.75
200 < OD < 500
— Transverse weld tensile strength at least equal to the spe-
cified minimum tensile strength . OD > 500
0.85
0.90
— Bending ductility to specified deformation without ap-
pearance of any defect greater than 3 mm , however, For hydrostatic testers equipped with end sealing devices, the
max . 6 mm at the specimen edges. applied sealing force for endsealing resulting in an additional
— Brittle fracture resistance of weld metal and heat affected
zone at least equal to the required average and minimum
longitudinal stress has to be considered . Supporting calcula -
tions to achieve the required stress intensity for computing of
single values (see 5.2 .7 ). tests pressure is to be submitted by the pipe manufacture.
— Macrosections with a sound weld merging smoothly into
the pipe. Acceptance criteria as per Table 10.1 . 7.2 . 5.2 Pressure test records showing test pressure and du -
— Maximum hardness equal to or below the specified limit
(see 5.2 . 10 and 5.2 .12 ). ration are to be available for each pipe .

7.2 .5.3 Pipes which have failed on pressure testing , are to

be rejected .

Table 7 , 1
Qualification of pipe fabrication procedure
Type and number of tests for each pipe

Pipe size, FULL LENGTH BASE MATERIAL TESTS WELD TESTS

outside PIPE TESTS
diameter
( mm) Hydro - Dimen - Non- Check Tensile test 11 C harpy Tensile Guided C harpy Macro-
static sional destruc- analysis -
V notch test bend -
V notch section /
tests inspec- tive tests Longi - T rans - transi - trans - test tough - hard -
tion tudinal verse tion verse 5>
to ness ness
curve weld 6)
in) 4)

Seamless Acc. Acc. Acc.

OD < 300 to to to 1 1
OD > 300 7.2 .5 7.2 .6 7.2 .7 1 1
W elded Acc. Acc. Acc.
OD < 300 to to to 1 17 ) 2 4 4 samples
OD > 300 7.2 .5 7.2 .6 7.2 .7 1 1 2 4 4 samples
Notes:
1 . Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation to be determined with recording of the stress- strain curve ( only for line- pipes)

in 5.2 7 .
-
2 . Charpy V notch transition curve is to be established using transverse test samples where so is possible Acceptance testing temperature is to be as specified
.

3 Where resistance to propagating ductile fracture is to be evaluated by other tests than Charpy testing the specified tests are to be performed additionally
,

(see also 5 2 9 ).
4 . The ultimate tensile strength of the weld is to be determined
5 - Guided bend tests to be either 2 face bend plus 2 root bend specimens, or 4 side bend specimens for thickness less and greater than 12.5 mm respectively .
6 . Charpy V - impact testing is to be performed at the specified temperature in the weld metal and the heat affected zone at sufficient positions to determine the
overall resistance to brittle fracture (see 5 2.7 ). Charpy teting is normally to be performed with the notch positioned in: Center of weld , on fusion line. 2
mm from fusion line and 5 mm from fusion line ( Each sample to provide 3 test specimens) .
7 . Longitudinal tensile test is to be taken 180° opposite to the weld
 37
Table 7.2
Frequency and extent of pipe production tests

Chemical composition " Mechanical testing 2 * Hydrostatic test Dimensional Non -destructive
inspection tests

Each heat Each 50 pipe, Each 50 pipe, mini - Each pipe

( Acc. to 7 , 25 )
Each pipe
( Acc . to 7.2. 6 )
Each pipe
( Acc. to 7.2. 7 )
minimum mum once each heat
once a heat ( Acc. to Table 7.3)

Notes:
1 . Check analysis is not required if this has already been performed during an intermediate stage.
2 . If there are more than 50 pipes manufactured from each 50 tons, mechanical testing is only required for each 50 tons.

Table 7.3
Number and type of mechanical tests on pipe production tests

Pipe material tests Weld tests

Charpy 2 )3 )
Pipe size
outer dia-
Tensile test " V- notch
Tensile4 * test
transverse to
Guided 5
bend test ’ C harpy6 *
V- notch
Macro-
section /
meter ( mm) Longi- Trans- toughness weld toughness hardness
tudinal verse
Seamless
OD < 300 1 sample
OD > 300 1 1 sample

Welded
OD <300 1 sample 2 2 samples 1
OD > 300 1 1 sample 1 2 2 samples 1
Notes:
1 . Yield strength , ultimate tensile strength and elongation to be determined .
2 . Brittle fracture resistance to be determined by Charpy V - notch testing at the specified testing temperature ( see 5 2.7 ) -
3 . When pipe material is required to be resistant against propagating ductile fractures, production tests are also to include the specified type and number of
tests.
4 . Ultimate tensile strength of the weld to be determined .
5 . Bend test to be either 1 face + 1 root bend , or 2 side bend specimens for thickness less and greater than 12 5 mm respectively .
6 . Charpy V - notch of weld metal and heat affected zone. Notching of HAZ to be performed at the position giving lowest average energy absorption during
qualification testing .

Table 7.4
Mechanical testing of weld repair procedures

-
Non destructive tests Tensile test transverse Guided bend test 2 * Charpy V - notch
toughness 3 )
Macro-section / hard -
to weld 1 * ness

Acc. to 7.2 .7.8 2 4 4

Notes:
1 . Tensile test to record ultimate tensile strength of the joint
2 . Either two root bends plus two face bends, or four side bends for thickness less and greater than 12 5 mm respectively .

3 . Impact testing to be carried out with the notch positioned in centre of weld , fusion line , 2 mm from f . l . and 5 mm from f . l. This testing may be exempted
from surface repair procedure provided same welding consumable size and heat input is applied
, .

7.2 .6 Dimensions and workmanship 7.2 .6.3 The inside diameter at the ends is to be measured
7.2 . 6.1 Tolerances on dimensions and workmanship for li - over a length of 100 mm from the end and is to comply with
ne- pipes are given in 7.2 .6.2 through 7.2 . 6.12. When pipes the following limits:
are cut back , the pipe ends are to be rechecked . Tighter toler-
ance limits may be required if installation welding is to be Inside diameter ( nominal) Tolerances
performed writh welding equipment demanding narrow line - ID < 300 mm + 1.6 mm
up tolerances. - 0.4 mm
ID > 300 mm + 2.4 mm
7.2.6.2 The outside diameter of the pipe body is to comply - 0.8 mm
with the following limits:

Outside diameter ( nominal) Tolerances

OD < 500 mm ± 0 ,75 per cent
OD > 500 mm ± 1 per cent

J
 38

-
7.2 .6.4 The out of - roundness is to be limited and measured NDT- records of each pipe are to be identified and traceable
-
inside pipe over a length 100 mm from each end , is to comp (see 8.6 . 1.3 ).
ly with the following limits:
7.2 .7.2 Visual examination is to be performed at outside,
Inside diameter ( nominal ) Tolerances and also inside if access allows. The surface finish of the base
ID <500 mm material and the welded seams is to comply with 7 2 -6.12
± 1 per cent , and Table 1 0 1 .
max . 3 mm
ID > 500 mm ± 5
0 per cent ,
,

max . 5 mm 7.2.7.3 Welded and seamless pipes are to be ultrasonic test

ed full length , or by other suitable, agreed methods, for lami-
-
7.2 .6.5 The wall thickness at any point of the pipe material nations and cluster inclusions . Procedures and acceptance cri-
is not to deviate from the nominal thickness by more than teria are to be in accordance with agreed , recognized stand -
plus 15 per cent and minus 12.5 per cent. For welded pipes ards.
having OD > 500 mm, the minus tolerance is not to exceed 8
per cent. Plates and strips may optionally be tested prior to pipe fabri-
cation , but after quenching and tempering if this has been
7 2 - 6.6 The variation in pipe weight is to be within minus applied .
-
3 5 per cent and plus 10 per cent of nominal weight of a sin -
gle length pipe. 7.2 .7 A Longitudinal welds and spiral welds are to be ultra -
•

sonic tested full length. The testing procedure is to be capable

7.2 ,6.7 Offset: The radial offset is to be within the following of detecting two-dimensional and three- dimensional defects
limits: located in any direction and position . Additionally such
welds are to be radiographed over a length of 200 mm from
Wall thickness each pipe end .
Offset
( nominal)
Circumferential welds are to be radiographed full length . Ul -
t < 12 , 5 mm Max . 1 , 5 mm trasonic testing may also be required in special cases.
t > 12 ,5 mm 12 ,5 per cent ,
max . 3 mm Weld repairs are to be radiographed full length.

7.2 .6.8 The straightness of the pipe measured as the gap be-
tween the straight line between the ends and the lowest point
of the pipe surface is to be maximum 2 ,0 mm per meter
length.
7.2 .6.9The pipe is to contain no dents deeper than 6 mm ,
being measured as the gap between the prolongation of the
original contour of the pipe and the lowest point of the dent .
The length of a dent in any direction is not to exceed half the
pipe diameter .
Non - destructive testing is to be in accordance with Section
10 . Weld seams are to meet the acceptance limits of Table
10.1 .
7.2 . 8 Production testing
7.2 .8.1 Production testing is to be carried out to verify that
the pipes are fabricated to the composition , mechanical pro -
perties, soundness and dimensions specified . Production tests
are to be performed as directed in Tables 7.2 and 7.3 .

Any cold formed gouges and notches in dented areas are to Testing is to be witnessed by Veritas or an inspection agency
recognized by Veritas -
be removed by grinding ( see also 7.2 . 9.3 ).
7.2 .8.2 If any of the selected test specimens do not fulfil the
7.2 .6 - 10 The reinforcement of the weld seam is to be kept requirements , the corresponding pipe is to be rejected . In or-
within the following limits: der that the remaining pipes from the same batch of maxi-
mum 50 pipes ( or 50 tons , see note in Table 7.2 ) may be ac -
j
Wall thickness Reinforcement of weld cepted , two similar tests are to be repeated on two different
( nominal) Inside pipe Outside pipe pipes, and both tests are to be satisfactory . Should one of the- i
Max . Min . Max . Min . se tests fail , individual testing of the remaining pipes of the
t < 12 ,5 mm 2 mm 0 3 mm 0 batch is to be carried out . J
t > 12 ,5 mm 3 mm 0 4 mm 0
7.2 .8.3 Failure of a test specimen due to defective prepara -
The weld seam inside the pipe is to be ground Hush over a tion may be disregarded and replaced by a new test speci-
length of 100 mm from each end . men .
7.2 .8.4 If the failure rate exceeds 5 per cent, the quality
7.2 - 6 - 11 The weld is to have an even surface finish and control program is to be increased to an appropriate level and
merge smoothly into the base material . Minor undercutting
may be tolerable without repairs provided the depth and
maintained until the failure cause is identified and eliminated .
Retesting of supplied material and requalification of the fabri-
i
length comply with Table 10.1 .
cation procedure may also be required .
7.2 .6 - 12 The pipe surface is to be free from any defects i
7.2 .8.5 When pipes have failed by mechanical testing , and
which may make the pipe unsuitable for intended service. acceptable properties are intended restored by a controlled
Cracks, arc burns, notches and gouges are not acceptable. heat treatment , individual retesting is to be performed .
Overlaps , slivers, impressed mill scale etc. which do not
comply with a workmanlike finish are to be removed. Lami-
nations and inclusions extending to the surface or the bevel
face and having a transverse dimension above 6 mm are to
7.2 . 9 Repairs
7.2 .9.1 Pipes containing defects may be repaired , or the de-
i
be removed by grinding ( see also 5.3 and 7.2 .93) . fective sections cut off. Weld deposits having unacceptable
mechanical properties are to be completely removed before
7 , 2.7 Visual examination and non - destructive testing
rewelding . i
7.2 .7.1 Each pipe is to be visually examined and non - des- 7.2 .9.2 Surface defects in pipe material inside the pipe, on
tructive tested after pressure testing . If a pipe is cut back , the the outside of the pipe and less than 100 mm from the pipe
new pipe end is also to be inspected . end are to be repaired by grinding only. i
 39

In other areas, surface defects may be weld repaired once, 7.3 . 1.4 When cold forming of pipes to bends or other com-
provided the depth of the defect is maximum 1 / 3 of the wall ponents introduces a permanent deformation more than 3 per
thickness. The length of that part of a defect which has depth cent , the mechanical properties of C-Mn and C-Mn fine grain
more than 1 / 8 of wall thickness is to be no longer than 1 / 4 treated steel are to be retested in the affected region . When
j of the outside pipe diameter. such materials are cold deformed more than 5 % , stress re-
lieving is to be performed . When the deformation exceeds
7.2 9.3 Where defects are eliminated by grinding, the re- 10 % , hot forming is normally to be performed followed by a
maining wall thickness is to be within the minimum specified controlled heat treatment, restoring a uniform microstructure
limit. Grinding is to be performed in a workmanlike manner. and mechanical properties (e. g. normalizing , quenching and
tempering).
7.2.9.4 A local weld repair is to be at least 100 mm long.
Weld repairs in pipe material are to be orientated circum- Low alloy steels are normally to be suitably heat treated after
ferential if so is possible. Weld seams may be repaired full any cold and hot forming operation .
length , however, not more than twice in the same area . Weld
repairs are to be ground to merge smoothly into the original7.3. 2 Fabrication procedure specification
pipe contour. 7.3 . 2.1 A fabrication procedure specification describing the
sequences of manufacturing is to be established. When piping
7.2 .9.5 When a heat treated pipe is repaired by welding , a components are to be produced by welding , a detailed weld-
L new suitable heat treatment may be required depending on ing procedure specification is to be prepared , see 7.2.2 .
the effect of the weld repair on the properties and microstruc -
ture of the pipe. 7.3 . 3 Qualification of fabrication procedures
7.2 .9.6 Repair welding specifications are to be prepared co- 7.3 . 3.1 The fabrication procedure is to be qualified by test-
-
vering repair of the pipe material and of the weld . The fol ing the first components being produced . A qualification test
lowing information in addition to that mentioned in 7.2 .2 is is to be performed for each group ( based on grade of mate-
rial. thickness, bending ratio, fabrication method , as applica-
L to be included in the specifications:
ble). Number and type of tests are to follow the requirements
— Method of removal of defect , preparation of weld area given for pipes, see 7.2 .4 through 7.2 . 7 , as applicable.
-
and subsequent non destructive testing , see Section 10 .
— Minimum and maximum repair depths and lengths. Previous qualification tests may be accepted when the com -
ponent tested meets the specified requirements and the tests
Repair welding is to be performed with a low hydrogen have been witnessed by Veritas or an inspection agency re -
welding process using appropriate preheating / interpass tem- cognized by Veritas .

i peratures.
7.2 .9.7 Unless the production welding procedure can be
applied , the repair welding procedure is to be qualified , e g .
manual repairs of submerged arc welds of pipe material . The
qualification test welds are to be made on pipe nipples in a
manner realistically simulating the repair situations to be
qualified , e. g.
I
7.3 . 4 Production testing
7.3 . 4.1Production testing of fabricated piping components
is to be performed according to the methods stated in Table
7.2 and 7.3 .
Check analysis is to be carried out for each heat. Mechanical
testing is normally to be carried out for each cast component ,

——
Through thickness repair of weld seam . and once every tenth forged or welded component of each
Shallow surface repairs of pipe material . lot. If more than one heat is used for fabrication of a lot of
components, each heat is to be tested .
The length of the pipe nipple is to be sufficient to give realis-
tic restraint. Pipe material is to be on the high side of the
Dimensional inspection and non -destructive testing as specif -
1 chemical composition . ied in 7.2 .6 and 7.2 .7 are to be carried out for each fabricated
piping component. Hydrostatic testing is to be performed by
7.2 .9.8 Qualification testing is to be based on visual inspec- the manufacturer or on site with the piping components as
tion radiography
, and mechanical testing . Mechanical testing
built- in section , see 8.8 . 4 . If the latter is agreed , non - destruc-
is to be performed according to Table 7.4 . Repair welding tive testing may be required after the pressure test of the
procedures are to meet the pipe requirements.
built- in section.

i 7.3 Fabrication of piping components 7.3 . 5 Repair welding of piping components

7.3 . 5.1 Repair welding of piping components is to be carr-
7.3. 1 General ied out by qualified welders using a qualified repair welding
7.3 .1.1 Piping components such as bends, valves, flanges procedure as allowed by and according to 7.2 .9 . After repair
!
,
post
I tees, intersections etc. may be forged , cast or welded . The welding , casted and forged piping components are to be
composition , mechanical properties, heat treatment and w -
' eld heat treated , visually examined and non destructive tes-

ted .
soundness of piping components are generally to comply
with Section 5 in their final installed condition . Dimensional
tolerances are to comply with recognized standards.

7.3 . 1.2 The material flow direction of a forged component

is generally to follow the main stress flow pattern. Where
i piping components like flanges, tees, intersections etc. are
made by other methods than shape or die forging , e. g . being
machined out of bars or plates, materials without significant
directional dependent properties are to be used and verified
by appropriate mechanical tests.
7.3 . 1.3 The effect of forming and heat treatment operations
j on mechanical properties, microstructure and corrosion re
sistance is to be taken into account .
7.4 Post weld heat treatment
7.4 . 1 General
7.4 . 1.1 Post weld heat treatment is generally to be perform -
ed for welded joints of C-Mn and C-Mn fine grain treated
steels having nominal wall thickness ( see Appendix C) more
than 49 mm.
- When the minimum design temperature is less than - 10°C,
the thickness limit is to be specially decided .

I
i

The thickness limit for post weld heat treatment of low alloy
ed steels is to be considered in each case.
7.4 .1.2 When post weld heat treatment is used to ensure
adequate resistance of welded joints against sulphide stress
corrosion , this is normally to be performed for all thicknes-
ses.
7.4 .1.3 Post weld heat treatment is to be carried out at
575 — -
600°C for C - Mn and C Mn fine grain treated steels,
while low alloyed steels are to be post weld heat treated at
ker .
—
600 625°C unless otherwise recommended by the steel ma-
40
- If the steel has been quenched and tempered , the post weld
heat treatment temperature is, however, not to be higher than
30°C below the tempering temperature.
7.4 . 1.4 Heating, soaking and cooling is to be performed in a
controlled manner . The soaking time is to be 2 min / mm ,
however , minimum 1 hour . Where local heat treatment is
performed , the specified temperature is to be maintained in a
band extending at least 3 times the wall thickness on each
side of the weld. The temperature at the edge of the insula-
tion bend is to be maximum half the soaking temperature .
When the temperature at all parts has fallen to 300°C, the
joint may be cooled freely.
j
j
j
i
l
i

SECTION 8
INSTALLATION
8.1 General
8.1 . 1 Specifications
8.1 .1.1 Installation of a pipeline system is to be carried out
in accordance with written specifications, plans and drawings
which are satisfying these Rules. The specifications are sub-
ject to approval by Veritas.
8.1 .1.2 Welding procedures are to be specified as described
in 8.5 . 2 .
8.1 .1.3 Field coating procedure is to be specified as describ-
ed in 6.2 .4 .
8 - 1.1 .4 NDT procedures are to be specified as described in
Section 10 .
8.1 .1.5 A detailed quality control system has to be specified
for all installation activities, see 1.4 .4.2 .
8.1 . 1.6 The installation specification is to give detailed in-
formation on parameters which have to be controlled in or
der to obtain the correct configuration of and stress levels in
the affected portion of the pipeline. The range within which
the parameters are allowed to vary is to be clearly stated , see
4.3 .
8.1 . 1.7 Instrumentation systems used for measuring or con -
trolling essential parameters during the installation operation
are to be specified .
8.1 .1.8 For a layvessel the following should be included in
the specification:
— general lay - out drawings showing location of working
stations, tension devices , stinger, supports, guides etc.
— profile of ramp and stinger showing proposed pipeline
configuration
— brief description of the tension devices with information
on pulling force , holding force and squeeze pressure
— brief description of support and guides on layvessel and
stinger , including information on possible horizontal and
vertical adjustment
— brief decription of stinger including weight and buoyancy
distribution and procedures for obtaining correct configu -
ration
— brief description of other systems or equipment essential
for the installation operation .
8.1 .1.9 For a riser installation the specification should in -
clude information such as:
— description and general layout drawings of the riser
showing location of supports , bends, flanges, etc .
— detail drawings of riser supports, bends , flanges, spoolpie-
ces , etc.
— description and drawings of corrosion protection system .
— description and specification of equipment essential for
the installation
i — instrumentation systems used for measuring or controll-
ing essential parameters during the installation operation
— procedure specification covering all installation opera-
tions.
i 8.3 .3.3 Instrumentation systems used for measuring or con
j 8.2 Pipeline route
8.2 . 1 Route survey
8.2 .1.1 Adequate surveys are to be carried out prior to in -
j stallation of the pipeline, see 2.2 .
6
L
41
8.2 . 2 Seabed preparation
8.2 . 2.1
Seabed preparation is to carried out in accordance
with an approved specification .
The specification is to include information such as
— extent of preparation
—— preparation methods and equipment
inspection methods and equipment
8.3 Construction
8.3 . 1 Qualification
8 3.1 . 1 Construction has to be carried out by means of
qualified personnel , procedures and equipment. The quali-
fications are to be proved prior to start of construction.
8.3 . 1.2 Welders and welding operators are to be qualified
in accordance with 8.5 .5 .
8.3. 1.3 Welding procedures are to be qualified in accord -
- ance with 8.5 . 3 and 8.5 .8 .
8.3.1.4 NDT procedures and operators are to be qualified in
accordance with Section 10 .
8.3. 1.5 It may be required that installation vessels are sur
veyed prior to start of installation . This may include testing
-
and calibration of equipment and instrumentation such as
—— tension machines
winches
— load cells
—— depth gauges
welding equipment
8.3 . 2 Handling and storing
8.3 . 2.1 Pipes, fabricated sections and accesories are to be
handled in a safe manner to prevent damage , and are to be
adequately supported and protected during storage and trans-
portation .
8.3 . 2.2 Pipes, prefabricated sections and accessories are to
be inspected before installation. Damaged items are to be re-
paired to the satisfaction of the Surveyor or clearly marked
and depiaced , see 6.3 . 4 and 8.5 . 8 .
8.3 . 2.3 Storing of pipes has to be carried out in such a way
that the pipe is not being permanently deformed by its own
weight or the weight of above layers of pipes . Special care
should be taken for storing heavy coated anode joints .
8.3 . 3 Installation operations
8.3 . 3.1 The installation of the pipeline system is to be car-
ried out in accordance with approved procedures and in such
a way that the pipe and coating will not be exposed to un -
acceptable strains / stresses or be damaged .
8 3 - 3 - 2 Mounting and application or riser supports are to be
carried out so as to obtain the support conditions upon which
the design calculations have been based .
trolling essential parameters are to be accessible for the Sur-
-
veyor at any time.
8.3.3 4 Joining of pipes and subsequent non - destructive
testing are to be carried out in accordance with 8.5 and 8.6
respectively .
Tie- ins of pipeline sections are to be carried out in accordance
with 8.7 .
 42

8.3.3.5 Corrosion coating of field joints is to be carried out 8.4 . 1.3 Measures for obtaining protection of risers and pi-
in accordance with 6.2 .4 . pelines are outlined in 4.2 .1.3 and 4.2 . 1.4 .

8.3.3.6 Pipes which have suffered damage during abandon

or retrieval operations are to be replaced or repaired to the
satisfaction of the Surveyor.
Acceptance criteria for coating damages are to be worked out
prior to start of laying.
8.3 .3.7 Survey of the installed pipeline is required when
there is reason to believe that damage has occurred , and that
further laying may render later surveys and repairs difficult
or impossible
8.3.4 Pipeline and cable crossings
8.3 .4.1 Crossing of pipeline and cables is to be carried out in
accordance with an approved specification . Safety measures
adopted to avoid damage on foreign installations or by other
installations are to be specified .
8.5 Installation welding
8.5 . 1 General
8.5 .1.1 The schemes for installation welding described in
this section have been based on current recognized practice.
Other methods may also be used, but are then subject to spe-
cial approval .
8.5 .1.2 All installation welding is to be performed with
equipment which has been proved reliable and suitable for
field applications . Prequalification testing is to be performed
for welding systems where previous field experience is limit-
ed, or the system will be used under new' conditions.
8.5 . 1.3 Welding may be performed with the manual metal
arc, the flux-cored arc, the gas metal arc or the tungsten inert

——
8.3 .4.2 The specification is to include information such as
layout and profile of crossing
auxiliary constructions or components including layers of
separation
gas metal arc process. Higher strength steels are to be welded
with low hydrogen consumables unless special welding
techniques are used ensuring an equal safety against cold

—— methods and equipment adopted for installation

inspection methods.
cracking .

8.5 . 2 Welding procedure specification

8.3.4.3 Normally a minimum clearance distance of 0.3 m is 8.5 .2.1 A welding procedure specification is to be prepared
to be maintained between the pipeline and other pipelines or for each procedure giving the following information :
cables. — Pipe material , standard grade and project specification .

8.3. 5 Buckle detection

—
—
Diameter and wall thickness.
Groove preparation and design.
8.3 5.1 In connection with pipelaying from vessel where pi- — Welding process. -
Clamping device and line up tolerances.
.
—
that continuous buckle detection is carried out during laying . — sification.
pe sections are joined onboard the vessel it may be required Welding consumable( s) trade name and recognized clas-
,

In such cases the method of buckle detection is subject to ap-

proval. Normally a rigid disc is to be located withing the pipe — Shielding gas, mixture and flow rates
Electrode / wire diameter .
— .
at a suitable distance behind the touch down point .
— Welding parameters current voltage type of current and
polarity travel speed etc
,
,
.
, ,

8.3 .5.2 The diameter of the detector is to be chosen with due

regard to pipeline inside diameter and tolerances on ovality ,
—— Welding position .
Welding direction .
.
—— Time
wall thickness misalignment
, and height of internal weld bead Temporary backing and type ( if any) .
The following formula may be used . Number of passes .
— lapse between passes.
d = D - 2t - S — Post weld heat
Preheating
“
and interpass temperatures
treatment.
.

where
S = 0.01 D + 0.4 t + 5 1 8.5 . 3 Qualification of the welding equipment and welding
d diameter of detector procedure
D nominal outer diameter of pipe 8.5.3.1 The selected type of welding equipment and the
t nominal wall thickness of pipe specified welding procedure is to be qualified prior to instal -
i 20 % of t , max. 5 mm lation welding . The qualification test is to be carried out with
the same or equivalent equipment as that to be used during
installation. The test is normally to be performed on the yard
or the vessel where the installation welding is to take place,
8.4 Anchoring and protection of pipeline systems and be conducted under representative conditions.
8.4 . 1 General The test joints to be used for qualification testing are to be of
8.4 .1.1 The pipeline system is to be protected and / or an - sufficient length to give realistic restraint during welding . Pi-
chored against unacceptable loads and incidents such as:
——lateral axial movements
impacts
pes on the high side of the specified chemical composition are
to be selected.

— corrosion 8.5.3.2 When manual welding is to be used , one complete

8.4 .1.2 Anchoring / protection of a pipeline system is to be
carried out in accordance with an approved specification. The
specification is at least to include
—— definition of the final conditions
description of methods and equipment
— description of means and instrumentation for control and
inspection
Provisions for corrosion protection are covered in Section 6 .
test joint is to be made. For mechanized welding equipment ,
three consecutive complete test joints are to be made.
Each test joint is to be subject to visual examination , non -
destructive tests and mechanical testing .
j
8.5 .3.3 Non -destructive testing is normally to be radio-
-
graphy tested using X rays. When the gas metal arc process
is used , the test joints are also to be ultrasonic tested . Magnet-
ic particle testing may be required in special cases. j

-
Non destructive testing is to be performed in accordance with
Section 10 and the soundness of the test welds is to meet the
acceptance limits given in this section.
8.5.3.4 The type and number of mechanical tests for each
joint are given in Table 8.1 . Sampling of test specimens, di-
mensions and method of testing are described in Appendix C
The mechanical properties of the test welds are to meet the
following requirements:
— The ultimate tensile strength of the joint is to be at least
equal to the specified ultimate tensile strength of the pipe
material . When different steel grades are joined , the ulti -
mate tensile strength of the joint is to be at least equal to
the minimum specified ultimate tensile strength of the lo-
—
*
wer grade.
The guided bend tests are to disclose no defects exceeding
3 mm. Minor cracks, less than 6 mm , originating at the
specimen edges may be disregarded if not associated with
obvious defects.
— The fracture surfaces of the nick break test specimens are
to show complete fusion and penetration . Other defects
exceeding the limits of Table 101 are not acceptable.
« Fish eyes » may be disregarded unless associated with
unacceptable amount of slag inclusions and porosity.
— The average and single Charpy V- notch toughness at
each position is not to be less than specified according to
5.2 . 7 . When different steel grades are joined , a series of
impact tests is to be performed in the heat affected zone
on each side of the weld . The weld metal is then to meet
the more stringent energy requirement.
— The maximum hardness is not to exceed the limits given
in 5.2 . 10 and 5.2 . 12 as applicable.
— The macrosection is to show a sound weld merging
smoothly into the pipe without defects as per the limits of
Table 10.1 .
8.5.3.5 Failure of a test specimen due to defective prepara -
tion may be disregarded , and is to be replaced by a new test
specimen .
8.5 . 4 Essential parameters for welding procedures
8.5 . 4.1 A qualified welding procedure remains valid as
long as the essential parameters are kept within acceptable li -
mits and production tests are performed regularly . When one
or more variations outside the acceptable limits occur, the
welding procedure is to be considered invalid , and is to be re-
specified and qualified .
8.5 . 4.2 The essential parameters and the acceptable limits of
variations are normally to be as described below . For special
welding system other essential parameters and acceptable
variation limits may have to be imposed .
Materials: A change from a lower strength grade to a
higher, and any change in type, composition and proces-
sing significant for the weldability and the mechanical
and properties of the weld. The C-content , alloy content ,
carbon equivalent and supply condition is to be specially
considered .
— Diameter: A change in diameter from one to another of
the following ranges: OD < 100 mm , 100 < OD < 300
a n d OD > 300 .
— Thickness: A change outside the thickness interval 0 ,75 t
to 1 ,5 t where t is the nominal thickness of the test joint.
— Groove configuration: Any changes) important for penet
i
43
ration, dilution and solidification pattern , i.e. groove type
( V , U , Y , X ) angles, root gap and root face are to be spe-
cially considered.
— Welding process: Any change.
— Welding consumables: Any change of type, classification,
diameter and brand as well as additions/ omissions of
powders, hot and cold wires.
— Gas shielding: Any change of specified mixture, compo-
sition and flow rate range .
Welding position: A change to a principal position not be-
ing qualified according to Table 8.2.
— Welding direction: A change from vertical down to verti-
cal up or vice versa.
— Current: Any change beyond ± 15 96 and from AC to
DC.
— Polarity: Any change.
Voltage: Any change beyond ± 10 % except ± 5 96 for
gas metal arc welding.
— Travel speed : Any change beyond ± 1096 .
— Time lapse between root pass and first filler pass: Any de-
lay significantly increasing the cold cracking risk .
— Preheating: Any decrease.
— Interpass temperature: Any significant change in the mi
nimum and maximum interpass temperature limits.
-
— Post weld heat treatment : Any change significantly affect-
ing mechanical properties, the residual stress level , the
corrosion resistance, i.e. the heating rate, cooling rate,
temperature level and period , heating band and insulation
width to be specially considered.
8.5 . 5 Qualification of welders and welding operators
8.5 .5.1 Qualification of welders and welding operators are
generally to beas described in 7.2 . 3 . For underwater welding
additional conditions apply , see 8.7 . 4.10 .
8.5 .5.2 Under special circumstances , qualification of wel-
ders may be based on visual examination and mechanical
testing only, if so agreed by Veritas. In such cases bend test-
ing and nick- break testing are to be carried out in accordance
-
with Appendix C. Acceptance criteria for nick breaks are,
however, to be as follows:
— The fractured surface is to show complete penetration
and fusion . There is to be maximum one —
1 gas
pocket per cm 2, being less than 1 ,5 mm in extension . On
ly minor slag inclusions, with maximum depth 0 , 8 mm
-
and with maximum length 3 mm spaced at least 12 mm ,
may be accepted. « Fish eyes» may be disregarded unless
not associated with significant number of slag inclusions
and cluster porosity .
8.5 .6 Welding and workmanship
8.5 .6.1 Ah installation welding is to be performed with
qualified welding equipment , qualified welding procedures
and type of equipment and by qualified welders/ operators.
The back lead of the welding equipment is to be correctly
connected to avoid stray current giving arise to corrosion , see
also 6.3.2.3. Identical welding units, either additional or re-
-
placement units, may be qualified by non destructive testing
- of production welds.
 44

Table 8.1 Qualification of girthwelding procedure.

Type and number of mechanical tests for each joint .

TEST JOINT NUMBER OF EACH SPECIFIED TEST

Wall Outside T ransverse Root bend Face bend Side bend Nick break 21 Charpy V - Hardness
thickness diameter weld tensile notch sam - and macro
( mm) ( mm) pies 3 )4 ) 5 )6 )

<300 2 2 2 0 2 4 2
< 12 , 5
> 300 4 4 0 4» 4 4 2

< 300 2 0 0 4 2 4 2
> 12 ,5
> 300 4 0 0 8 4 4 2
Notes:
1 ) Root and face bend tests may be used instead of side bends
2 ) Nick break tests may be omitted for manual metal arc welding to be performed above water .
3 ) Impact testing is not required for t < 5 mm .
4 ) Each Charpy V - notch sample consists of 3 specimens.
-
5) Impact testing is to be carried out with the V notch positioned in the weld metal , on the fusion line. 2 mm from the fusion line and 5 mm from the fusion
line.
6 ) When more welding processes or more welding consumables are used impact testing is normally to be carried out in the corresponding weld regions if the
,

region tested cannot be considered representative for the complete weld .

8.5 .6.2 The bevelled pipe ends are to be free from con-
tamination by moisture, oil , grease, rust etc. which might af-
fect the weld quality .
8.5 .6.3 -
Internal or external line up clamps are normally not
to be removed before the first two passes are completed .
When tack welds are necessary for alignment, these are only
to be made in the weld groove using a qualified welding pro-
cedure . Defective tack welds are to be completely removed .
pies are to be located in the weld metal , and in the heat affect-
ed zone at the position which showed the lowest average
energy absorption during the procedure qualification test , see
8.5. 1 .
8.5 . 8 Repair of field joints
8.5 . 8.1 Pipes and welds containing defects are to be repair
ed as described in 8.5 . 8.2 through 8.5 . 8.9 .
-

8.5 .6.4 Welding is not to be discontinued before the joint
has sufficient strength to avoid plastic yielding and cracking
during pulling and handling . Prior to restarting after inter -
ruptions , preheating to the minimum specified preheating
temperature is to be applied .
8 5.8 . 2 Defects outside the weld are to be repaired by grind -
ing only . If grinding reduces remaining wall thickness below
the minimum specified thickness , the defective pipe section is
to be cut out . Grinding is to be performed in a workman - like
manner , and with smooth transition into the pipe surface.

8.5.6 - 5 Supports, attachments, lifting devices etc . used for
permanent positioning of risers and pipelines are normally to
be welded to a doubler ring . Doubler rings for temporary use
are to be clamped .
8.5 .6.6 Permanent doubler rings are to be made as fully
encircling sleeves and of materials satisfying the requirements
for pressure parts, see 5.7 . Longitudinal welds are to be made
with a backing strip, avoiding penetration into the main pipe.
The circumferential welds are to be continuous , and made in
a manner minimizing the risk of root cracking and lamellar
tearing.
Table 8.2 Qualified principal welding positions
8.5 . 8.3 Defects in the weld may be repaired by grinding or
welding. Repair welding specifications are to be prepared ,
and are to give the following information in addition to that
relevant of 8.5 . 2.1 .
— Method for removal of defect .
— Preparation of weld area.
-
— Non destructive tests for confirmation of defect removal .
— Permissible minimum and maximum weld repair sizes .
8.5 .8.4 The repair welding procedures are to be qualified .
The qualification tests are to be made in a realistic manner si-
mulating repair situations likely to occur , e . g .
— Through thickness repair .
— External repairs of undercuts with one stringer pass.

Test position Applicable welding positions

— Inside root repair with one pass only .
— Repeated weld repairs in same area .
1G 1G
The repair tests welds are to be made in the overhead
2G IG , 2 G through vertical position , using pipe with a chemical compo-
5G 1 G , 5G sition in the upper range of the specification .
2G + 5G All
or 6 G All
8.5 .8.5 The test weld covering through thickness repair is
to be visually inspected , non - destructive tested and mechani-
cal tested as required for the installation welding procedure ,
8.5 , 7 Production test
8.5. 7.1 Production tests may be required during installa-
see 8.5.3. The single pass test welds are to be visually inspect
ed , magnetic particle examined and mechanical tested with
-
tion . The test is to be performed in a manner which , as far as two macro / hardness tests provided there is used the same
possible , reproduces the actual welding , and is to cover weld-
ing of a sufficiently large pipe sector in a relevant position
welding consumables and parameters as for the major re-
pairs.
I
When production testing is required , half the number of tests 8.5. 8.6 Preheating is to be performed prior to repair weld -
specified in Table 8.1 are to be carried out . Impact test sam- ing . The minimum specified preheating / interpass tempera-
i

ture is to be maintained until the repair has been completed .
8.5.8.7 Long defects may require repair in several steps to
avoid yielding and cracking. The maximum length of allowa-
ble repair step is to be calculated based on the maximum
stresses in the joint during the repair operation . The repair
length is to be at least approximately 100 mm even if the de-
fect is of less extension .
8.5 . 8.8 Grinding is to be performed after arc air gouging to
remove any carbon pick- up.
8.5 .8 9 A joint may be repair welded twice in the same
area. If the joint still contain defects, the complete joint is to
be cut out unless special repair welding procedures simulat-
ing actual number of weld repairs have been qualified .
8.6 Visual examination and non- destructive testing of
installation welds
8.6 . 1 General
8.6 . 1.1 Installation welds including repairs made by grind-
ing and welding are to be visual examined and non - destruc-
tive tested .
8.6 . 1.2 -
Non destructive testing is to be performed in ac
cordance with qualified procedures and qualified NDT opera-
tors , see Section 10 .
8.6 . 1.3 Inspection and NDT- records are to be made for
each weld including any repair actions . The records are to be
marked and identified in a suitable manner enabling tracebili
ty to location of welds and the welding procedure( s) being us-
ed .
8.6 . 2 Visual examination
8.6 . 2.1 Visual examination is to be carried out for all
welds.
The finished welds and the pipe surfaces are to
8.6 .2.2
comply with the acceptance criteria specified in Table 10.1 .
8.6 - 2.3 Welds which do not comply with Table 10.1 are to
be repaired according to 8.5 . 8 or cut out.
8.6 .3 Non - destructive testing
8.6 . 3.1 All installation welds are to be radiographed full
length . Ultrasonic testing and magnetic particle testing may
be required depending on the applied welding method .
8 -6.3.2 Defects which exceed the acceptance limits in Table
10.1 are to be completely removed and repaired in accord-
ance with 8.5.8 . Magnetic particle testing is normally to be
used to ensure complete removal of defects prior to repair
welding .
8.6 . 3.3 Weld repairs are to be radiographed . This examina -
tion is to cover the repaired area and an additional length of
50 mm at each end of the repair weld .
8.6 .3.4 Magnetic particle testing may replace radiography
when the defect is located at the outside of the pipe , and is re-
moved by grinding only .
8.7 Tie- ins
8.7 . 1 General
-
8.7 . 1.1 Tie ins between different portions of a pipeline, or
between pipeline and riser , may be carried out by one of the
following methods.
— Mechanical connectors.
1
45
— Welded connection on the lay vessel and subsequent lo-
— wering.
Underwater welding .
The choice of method is to be based on an evaluation of the
-
conditions under which the tie in is to be carried out and the
service conditions under which the tie- in is to operate.
8.7 . 1.2 The tie- in operation is to be carried out in accord -
ance with an approved tie- in specification.
8.7 .1.3 Tie- in specification is to include:
— description and specification of components which will
be introduced as permanent parts of the pipeline.
— calculation of stresses occurring during installation and
operation
— procedure specifications covering all tie- in operations.
— description and specification of equipment and instru -
mentation essential for the installation .
— description and specification of methods of inspection and
testing .
8.7 . 2 Mechanical connectors
8.7 .2.1 Mechanical connectors include flanges, couplings or
other components adapting similar mechanical principles of
obtaining strength and tightness.
-
- 8.7 .2.2 An evaluation is to be carried out for loads and re-
sulting stresses to which the components are subjected during
installation and operation . Safety factors to be included to en -
sure an equivalent overall safety to that adopted for the ad-
jacent pipeline.
-
8.7 . 3 Welded tie- in on the lay vessel
8.7 .3.1 Lifting and lowering of the pipeline during the tie- in
operation are to be carried out so that induced stresses are
within the allowable limits for pipeline or riser respectively
during installation .
8.7 . 3.2 Suitable means for monitoring the configuration of
the pipeline section are to be used .
8.7 .3.3 Welding and inspection of the tie- in is to be carried
out in accordance with approved specifications , see 8.5 and
8.6 .
8.7 . 4 Tie - in by underwater welding
8.7 . 4.1 Welding is to be carried out with a lowr hydrogen
- process in a chamber ( habitat) from which the water has been
displaced.
Other methods are subject to special approval .
8.7 . 4.2 Sealing devices are to be of a proven design and ma-
nufacture. Sealing pigs are to be pressure tested prior to in -
stallation into the pipeline sections unless this has been carr-
ied out at an earlier stage .
8.7 . 4.3 A detailed welding procedure specification is to be
established , and is in addition to that specified in 8.5 . 2.1 to
contain :
— water depth .
— pressure inside the chamber .
— gas composition inside the chamber .
— humidity level .
— temperature fluctuations inside the chamber.
8.7 . 4.4Storage and handling routines of welding con -
sumables on the support vessel and in the welding chamber
as well as the sealing and the transfer procedures to the weld-
ing chamber are to be specified .
8.7 . 4.5The welding procedure is to be qualified under re-
presentative conditions in a suitable testing facility. The qua-

liflcation test is to consist of minimum one complete joint for
manual welding and minimum three joints for mechanized
welding system.
The qualification program may be increased when the under
water welding will occur under conditions where previous
experience is limited , or will be undertaken by a company
with limited experience in this field .
8.7 .4.6 The qualification test welds are to be inspected and
tested as per 8 5.3 and comply with the requirements specif-
ied for the pipeline section in question .
8.7 .4.7 Preheating to a suitable temperature is to be applied
for moisture removal and hydrogen diffusion.
8.7 .4.8 The essential parameters for underwater welding
are those specified in 8.5.4.1 plus those given in 8.7 .4.3 . The
acceptable variation limits are normally those specified in
8.5.4 plus the following:
any increase
Pressure inside chamber:
Gas composition inside chamber '. any change
Humidity : any increase beyond
specified range may
be required
8.7 . 4.9 A confirmation test weld may be required made on
location prior to starting the tie- in welding. The test weld is
to be made on pipe coupons in the habitat under actual con -
ditions. The coupons are to cover welding from the 6 o’clock
to 9 o’clock region . Subject to acceptable visual inspection
and radiography in accordance with 8.6 the tie- in welding
may commence. Mechanical testing is to be performed as
soon as possible. The number of mechanical tests is half that
required for welding procedure qualification .
When the same welding habitat , equipment and welding pro
cedure are used for consecutive tie- ins on the same pipeline
under comparable conditions further confirmation test welds
are not required .
-
8.7 . 4.10 The tie in weld is to be non -destructive examined
full length , as per 8.6 and comply with the applicable accept -
ance standard in Section 10.
8.7 .4.11 Prior to qualification testing for underwater weld -
ing , the welder is to have passed a surface welding tests ( see
7.2 - 3) and have relevant training for welding under pressure.
Qualification for underwater welding is to consist of at least
one test weld made in a testing facility under representative
conditions in accordance with the qualified underwater weld -
ing procedure. The test weld is to be visually inspected , radio-
graphed and mechanically tested , see 7.2 .3 and Appendix C.
8.8 Final surveys and tests
8.8 . 1 General
8.8 . 1.1 A final survey of the installed pipeline system is to
be carried out in order to verify that the condition of the pi-
peline system satisfies the approved specification and the re-
quirements of these Rules.
8.8 . 1.2 If the pipeline is to be buried or covered by other
protection stabilization methods, surveys are normally requir-
ed both before and after burial (covering) operations .
8.8 . 2 Survey of installed pipeline system
8.8.2.1 The final survey on the pipeline system is at least to
provide the following information :
— Detailed plot of the pipeline position
46
— Thickness of cover or depth of trench (if applicable) and
description of the state of rest along the route
— Verification that the condition of weight coating or the
anchoring system which provides for on - bottom stability
- is in accordance with the approved specification
— Description of wreckage, debris or other objects which
may affect the cathodic protection system or otherwise
impair the pipeline
— Description and location of damages to the pipeline , its
coating or cathodic protection system
8.8 . 2.2 The final survey report of the installed riser is to
verify that the riser , including supports, clamps, anchors , pro -
tection devices (e g . fenders, casings , etc. ) and corrosion pro-
tection system, are installed in accordance with approved
drawings and specifications.
8.8 . 3 Survey of corrosion protection system
8.8 . 3.1 Inspection of the external coating of the pipeline
system is required . Special attention should be given to the ri-
ser in the splash zone.
8.8 .3.2 Spot measurements of the polarization along the pi-
peline may be required in areas with damaged coating . Spe-
cial attention is to be paid to areas far from sacrificial anodes
and areas with stress concentrations.
8.8 . 3.3 In areas where measurements indicate that cathodic
protection has not been attained , some corrective action is to
be arranged, e. g. mounting of additional sacrificial anodes,
increasing current output from rectifiers , or application of
protective coating.
8.8 . 3.4 The possibility of over - protection is to be investigat -
ed at locations where detrimental effects of over - protection
may be suspected .
- 8.8 .3.5 The possibility of stray currents are to be investigated
-
by measurements and visual observations by qualified per -
sonnel - Provisions according to 6.1 . 3.6 are to be complied
with where detrimental effects may be suspected .
8.8.4 Pressure test
8.8 . 4.1 The pipeline system is to be pressure tested after in -
stallation . The testing is to be carried out in accordance with
an approved procedure. A pipeline system may be tested in
sections, e. g . between top of risers or between top of the riser
and shore. When a pipeline is to be buried or covered the pre-
,
ssure test is to be performed after such operation .
8.8 . 4.2 The test is normally to be carried out with liquid test
medium .
8.8 .4.3 The pressure test is to prove the strength and the
tightness of the tested section . The minimum test pressure is to
be 1.25 times the design pressure . Hoop stress in the pipe dur-
ing testing is normally not to exceed 90 per cent of the mini-
mum specified yield strength . Higher stresses will be consider-
ed in each case.
8.8 .4.4 During pressurizing , added test liquid versus pre-
ssure is to be recorded in order to evaluate the amount of resi -
dual air in the test section .
8.8 . 4.5 After pressurizing sufficient time has to be allowed
for stabilization of the pressure in the pipe section .
8.8 .4.6 The holding time for pipeline sections is normally to
be minimum 24 hours , after the pressure has stabilized . For
short lines and risers 8 hours holding time may be accepted.
For pipesections that can be 100 % visually inspected the hold -
ing period is normally to be at least 2 hours.
8.8 . 4.7 Alternative pressure testing procedures may also be
accepted . For guidance see Appendix E.
 47

8 .8.4 .8If the tested section bursts or leaks, the failure is to be
corrected and. the section retested .
8.8 .4.9 Pressure testing of tie- in welds between already test-
ed sections may in special cases be exempted provided the re-
gular radiographic examination is extended with ultrasonic ex-
amination or other suitable methods. Monitoring may be re
quired . The NDT procedures and operators are to be qualified
i
for this testing; see Section 10 .
-
8.8 . 5 Buckle detection
8.8 .5.1 Buckle detection is to be carried out by running a
gauge pig (caliper pig) through each pipeline section after in -
stallation. When the pipeline is to be buried , the final buckle
detection is to be performed after trenching .
8.8 .6 Testing of alarm and shutdown systems
-
8.8 .6.1 It is the Owners responsibility to protect the pipeli
ne system against operational conditions for which the sys-
tem is not designed.
8.8.6.2 Instrumentation for the safe operation of the pipeli-
- -
ne system is to be tested according to generally recognized co
des and the manufacturers recommendations prior- to start of
operation .
8.8 . 6.3Emergency shutdown systems are to be tested ac
cording to generally recognized codes prior to start of opera
-
-
tion.

u.

I
.
j

j
i

1
i
 48

SECTION 9
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
9.1 General 9.3 In - service inspection

9.1 . 1Owner’s duty 9.3 . 1 General

9.11. 1 The Owner is to inform Veritas when inspections re- 9.3 . 1.1 In -service inspection is to be carried out according
quired to retain the certificate is to be carried out. to an acceptable program , see 9.2 . 1.2 .

9.1 . 1.2The Owner is to retain files of the running inspection 9.3 . 1.2 Veritas may have free access to
and the remedial measures taken and make these files availa-
— scrutinize in -service inspection reports
ble upon request.
— carry out survey in connection with in - service inspection
made by the Owner or his contractors
9.1 . 1.3 The Owner is forthwith to notify Veritas if any of — carry out survey .
the events occur as given below , so that the need for surveys
can be determined: whenever found necessary in order to retain the Certificate of
Compliance.
— the pipeline system is damaged, or is suspected of having
been damaged , in a manner likely to impair its safety or
strength
9.3. 2 Start up inspection

— the pipeline system demonstrate signs of - deterioration like-

ly to impair its safety or strength
— the pipeline system is subjected to any alteration , repair or
replacement
— transportation of new fluids .
9.1 . 2 Retension of Certificate of Compliance
9.1 . 2.1 The Certificate of Compliance will be retained in the
operating phase provided the requirements in these Rules are
satisfied . See also 1.5 .2 .
9.2 Operation and maintenance of the pipeline system
9.3 .2.1 The objective of the start up inspection is to observe
-
during and immediately after start up any movements or be
haviour of the pipeline system . This may include inspection
and measurement of the distance between the bend connect -
ing the pipeline and the riser and the installation in order to
detect lateral or axial movement . If necessary these measure-
ments are to be continued until such movements have stabil -
ized .
9.3 . 2.2 Mechanical couplings including flanges may require
visual inspection during start up. Leak detection is to be car -
ried out when found necessary .
9.3. 3 Periodical inspection
9.3 . 3.1 The frequency and extent of each periodical inspec-
tion are to be based on factors such as

9.2 . 1 Operation , inspection and maintenance manual —— type of inspection

design and function of the pipeline system
9.2 . 1.1 The Owner is to prepare a manual for this opera -
tion , inspection and maintenance of the pipeline system . —
— seabed conditions and protection
environmental conditions
9.2 . 1.2 The operation , inspection and maintenance manual
—— corrosion / erosion conditions
traffic density
—
*

is to: condition of the pipeline system as installed and as per

— describe organization and management of the mainten -
ance and in - service inspection —
earlier inspections
possible consequences of failure
— identify all items to be monitored , inspected and main -
tained 9.3 .3.2 Pipeline systems that are not in operation are also to
— specify the monitoring equipment , inspection method and
frequency for each item to be inspected
be subject to periodical inspection if the Certificate of Compli -
ance is to be retained .
—— specify operation limitations
specify start up / shut down procedures 9.3 . 4 Frequency of periodical inspection
9.3 .4.1 A periodical inspection is normally to be carried out
9.2 . 2 Operation annually if not otherwise agreed upon . The time for annual
9.2 . 2.1 Pressure at delivery and receiving stations alon'g the inspection may , under normal circumstances, be selected
pipeline is to be controlled and recorded . It may also be re- with due regard to factors such as weather conditions and
quired that the temperature and dew point of the product is operation of the pipeline system .
measured and recorded at various points in the pipeline sys-
tem at regular intervals. 9.3 . 4.2 Veritas may . upon request , accept a continuous in -
spection in lieu of regular periodical inspection . Each part of
9.2 . 2.2 Automatic shut down valves and other safety devi- the system is to be controlled as frequently as in the case of
ces in the pipeline system is to be tested and inspected . The regular periodical inspection .
inspection should verify that the devices are in good condi-
tion and properly performs the safety function . 9.3 .4.3 The Owner is to notify Veritas on occasions when
such parts of the pipeline system , which are not normally ac-
9.2 . 2.3 It is assumed that regulators and pressure relief val - cessible for inspection , may be examined . 1
ves not part of the pipeline system are subject to regular test-
ing and inspection .

9.2 .2.4 Surge pressure is not to exceed 1.1 times the inter-
nal design pressure .
9.3.5 Extent of periodical inspection — pipeline
9.3.5.1 The pipeline is to be surveyed to detect free spans ,
i
and , if specified to be buried to detect exposed sections .
,

9.2 . 2.5 The concentration of aggressive and toxic compo-

nents in the product is to be monitored .
Length of free spans and exposed sections and degree of ex -
posure is to be quantified . L

9.3 .5.2 Visual inspection of exposed parts of the pipeline is
to be carried out to determine the general conditions of the
pipeline and locate areas that may be subjected to close visual
inspection and testing . This is to include detection and mapp-
ing Of:
—— mechanical damages to the pipeline
coating damages
——
anode consumption and condition
condition of the seabed with respect to scouring or build
up of seabed substance
— signs of lateral and axial movement
— leaks
9.3 .5.3 Control of the performance of the corrosion protec-
tion system is to be carried out . If found necessary , potential
measurements are to be conducted at the discretion of the
Surveyor and in accordance with 8.8 . 3 .
9.3.5.4 Inaccessible parts of the pipeline system are to be re-
motely examined by suitable equipment .
9.3 .5.5 Thickness measurements may be required where
there is reason to believe that the pipe wall thickness may be
reduced due to external / internal corrosion or erosion (e .g.
the effect of sand content in the flow ) .
Other means for internal corrosion monitoring are also to be
used , see 6.4 . 5 .
9.3 .6 Extent of periodical inspection — riser
9.3 .6 - 1 Normally the below specified inspection is lo be
carried out in addition to the inspection specified for the pi
peline, see 9.3 .5 .
9.3 - 6 2 Close visual inspection of supports , bolts, flanges
and couplings.
9.3 .6.3 Thickness measurements at pre-selected reference
points are to be carried out on a regular basis, see 6.4 .5.3 .
The measurements are to be carried out according to an ap-
proved procedure which should include information on :
—— type of equipment
type of probe
— evaluation procedure
— location of reference points
9.3 . 6.4 Potential readings are to be performed at a fair dist-
ance from the adjacent anodes.
9.3 . 6.5 Distance between the bend connection the pipeline
and the riser and the structure is to be measured and recorded .
9.3 . 7 Special inspection
9.3 .7.1 If any events occur which impair the safety ,
strength or stability of the pipeline system , the Owner is
forthwith to notify Veritas and a special inspection is to be
carried out .
Such events are :
—the pipeline system is damaged or suspected of having be
en damaged
—— the pipeline system demonstrates signs of deterioration
The pipeline system is subjected to alteration , repair or re
placement .
9.3 . 7.2Special inspections is normally to be carried out in
the presence of a Surveyor. The Surveyor is to be provided
with the facilities needed for first hand evaluation of the
conditions necessitating the inspection .
i
i
49
9.4 Repairs
9.4 . 1 General
9.4 . 1.1 All repairs are to be carried out by qualified per
sonnel in accordance with approved specifications and pro-
-
cedures, and up to the standard defined for the pipeline.
9.4 . 1.2
Repairs of parts that are subject to certification are
- to be surveyed and approved by Veritas.
9.4 . 1.3 The Owner is to notify Veritas in advance of any
such action and to submit the necessary plans and specifica -
tions for approval. The exact documentation that is to be sub -
mitted for approval or information purposes is to be decided
in each particular case.
9.4 . 1.4Pipeline systems with defects may be operated tem
porarily at a reduced pressure until the defect has been re-
-
moved .
9.4 . 2 Grooves, gouges and notches
9.4 .2.1 Sharp defects like grooves, gouges and notches are
to be removed by grinding or by other approved repair meth-
od . The remaining wall thickness is to meet the minimum re-
quired for the particular location , see 4.2 .2 . Deeper defects
are to be removed by cutting out the damaged portion of the
pipe as a cylinder .
9.4 . 3 Dents
9.4 . 3.1 A dent is defined as a depression which produces a
gross disturbance in the curvature of the pipe wall .
9.4 . 3.2 A dent affecting the longitudinal or circumferential
- weld is to be removed by cutting out the damaged portion of
the pipe as a cylinder , or by installing a full encirclement
welded split sleeve, see 9.4 . 5 , 9.4 . 6 and 9.4 .7 .
9.4 . 3.3 The acceptability of dents are to be evaluated in
each case. Factors to be taken into consideration are:
— size and shape of dent
properties of pipe material
——
“
oil or gas
pressure
—— possible consequences of pipe rupture
pigging possibilities
9.4 . 4 Leaks
9.4 .4.1 Prior to permanent repair of any leak , the mecha-
nisms causing the leak are to be established .
9.4 . 4.2 Permanent repair of a leak in pipe body or weld
may be carried out by cutting out the damaged portion of the
pipe as a cylinder or by installing a full encirclement welded
split sleeve, see 9.4 . 5 , 9.4 .6 and 9.4 .7 .
For low pressure oil lines repair by properly designed leak
clamps may be accepted .
9.4 . 4.3 Leaking flanges and couplings are to be sealed if
found satisfactory by torquing the bolts or by replacing at
least the sealing devices such as gaskets and seals.
9 , 4.5 Repair by welding
- 9.4 . 5.1 Repair welding procedures and welders are to be
qualified as described in 8.5 . 3 and 8.5 . 5 .
-
9.4 . 5.2Repair welding above water is to be carried out as
described in 8.5.
9.4 5.3 Underwater repair welding is to be carried out in a
dry habitat , see 8.7 . 4 .
9 .4 5 4 Repair welding may in special cases be carried out
 50

on pipelines under pressure. Acceptable repair conditions are 9.4 . 6 Temporary repairs
to depend on:

——
*
actual wall thickness 9.4 6.1 If not possible to take the pipeline out of operation ,
pressure repairs may be made by installing properly designed leak

—— flow rate
oil or gas
clamp over the defect . The strength of the sleeve is to be as
required in 4.2 . 2 .

——
welding procedure
safety procedures

9.4 .5.5 All repair welds are to be visually examined and

non -destructive tested , see 8 6 . When relevant, pressure test -
ing is to be carried out as described in 8 .8 4 .

JL.

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 51

SECTION 10
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
10.1 General — Image quality indicator sensitivities in per cent of the wall
thickness based on source and film side indicators res-
10.1 . 1 Selection of method pectively.
-
10.11 . 1 Methods for non destructive testing are to be cho- — Density. (The density of the radiographs measured on the
sound weld metal image).
sen with due regards to the conditions influencing the sensivi-
ty of the methods. — Film coverage.

Appropriate methods will be evaluated in each case. 10.2.2 Radiographic procedure qualification
10.2 .2.1 Two radiographic exposures are to be made of a
welded joint using pipe of the same diameter and wall thick-
10.2 Radiographic examination of welds ness and of material equal to or similar to that which is to be
used in the pipeline system .
10.2 . 1 Radiographic procedure specification
10.2 . U A procedure specification for the radiographic ex- 10.2.2.2 Image quality indicators of the wire type and of re-
quired number ( according to the recommendations of docu -
amination is to be established and is at least to include the fol-
lowing information: -
ment IIW / IIS 62 -60 ) are to be placed on both the film side
and the source side. The image quality indicators are to be
— Material quality and dimensions clearly identified , and the sensivity of the source side indi-
——
Welding process and groove geometry
Radiation source ( X - rays or gamma rays. If gamma rays, cator is to be equal to or better than the requirements given in
Fig . 10.1 .
type of isotop).
— Technique. ( Equipment rating in voltage or curie, ex-
ternal or internal equipment) .
10.2 . 2.3 Exposed radiographs are to have an average H& D
— Geometric relationships. (Source focal spot size, film- —
density at the sound weld metal image of 1 , 8 2 ,5 . High in-
tensity illuminators are to be available for radiographs with
focus distance, object-film distance, radiation angle with density in the upper density range.
respect to weld and film)
— Film type . (Trade name and designation).
— Intensifying screens. ( Front and / or back, material , thick-
ness).
— Exposure conditions. ( kV , mAmin , Cimin .)
— Processing . ( Developing time / temperature, stop- bath , fi-
xation , washing , drying , etc).

IQI sensitivity diameter of the smallest wire still visible * 100 %

= thickness of the weld

3,0

> 2,0
>
to
£ to

5 10 15 20 25 30 5 40 45 50
Material thickness , mm

Note :
For production radiography ; sensitivity
readings based on film side penetrameters
are to be judged as per results from the
procedure qualification.

Fig. 10.1 Required IQI sensitivity . Source side parameter.

 52

— Type
10.2.3 Qualifications of radiographers
10.2 .3.1 Radiographers are to be fully capable of perform -
ing an operational test using the qualified radiographic pro
—Surface requirements
of couplant(s)
- —— Reportingtechniques
Scanning
and identification system
cedure .

10.2. 4 Production radiography 10.3. 3 Ultrasonic procedure qualification

10.2 .4.1 Only approved radiographic procedures are to be
used. If the panorama technique is used to include 100 per
cent of a girth weld in one exposure , a minimum of three pe-
netrameters are to be equally spaced around the circumfer -
ence.
10.3.3.1 The ultrasonic examination procedure is to be
qualified through a procedure qualification test .
The test is to be performed under normal working conditions
in the presence of a Surveyor .

If the multiple exposure technique is used , at least two penet- The test pieces are to be available as reference during the in -
rameters are to be recorded on each film and located near spection work .
each end of the film .
10.3 . 3.2 The procedure qualification is to be performed on
For testing of the ends of longitudinal or spiral welded seams , a sample pipe containing artificial defects made as drilled ho-
one penetrameter may be used. les or machined notches. The defects are to be placed both on
the outside and inside of the sample , orientated parallel,
10.2 .4.2 The maximum acceptable film lengths are limited transverse and through the weld and in base material. The
by a 6 per cent increase of the wall thickness in the beam di- defect dimensions and locations are subject to agreement .
rection .
10.2 .4.3 All films are to be clearly marked to identify the 10.3 .4 Calibration of equipment
proper weld and to locate any discontinuities quickly and ac-
curately . Veritas may specify the identification system .
10.3 . 4.1 Calibration of the ultrasonic equipment is to be
carried out whenever it has been out of function for any rea -
including on / off , and whenever there is any doubt con -
Processing and storage is to be in a way that enables the films son
- cerning proper functioning of the equipment .
to maintain their quality throughout the design life of the in
stallation .
10.3 . 4.2 Calibration is to be performed with the sample pi
pe described in 10.3 . 3.2 . The equipment is to be set to pro-
-
duce maximum signal amplitude from the artificial defects.
10.2 .5 Evaluation of welds and standards of acceptability
The trigger level is then to be reduced to an agreed level . Cali-
10.2 .5.1 The radiographs are to be interpreted by qualified bration is to be performed at the production speed .
personnel . The report is to show if the weld quality meets the
requirements of Table 10.1 . which defects have been judged
unacceptable, and the number of repairs made. 10.3.5 Qualifications of operators
10.3 . 5.1 The operators are upon request to be able to de-
10.2 .5.2 Since radiography gives two dimensional results monstrate the following capabilities:
only , welds which meet the acceptance criteria may be reject-
—
Calibrating the equipment
ed if the density indicates the depth of the defect to be detri-
mental to the integrity of the weld . —
Performing an operational test under production condi-
tions
10.2 .5.3 The Surveyor is to have the right of being final — Evaluating size and location of reflectors.
judge in assessment of weld quality .
10.3.6 Production ultrasonic examination
10.3 . 6.1 The contact surface is to be clean and smooth , i .e.
10.3 Ultrasonic examination of welds with stationary free from dirt , scale , rust , welding spatter , etc . which may
equipment influence the results of the testing .

10.3. 1 Equipment
10.3.7 Evaluation of welds and standards of acceptability
10.3 .1.1 The equipment is to
— be applicable for the pulse echo technique or the double
probe technique
- 10.3 .7.1 For stationary equipment the purpose of the test -
ing is normally to detect defects which are to be further
—— use a frequency of 4 MHz unless otherwise agreed upon
have a sufficient number of fixed , guided probes ensuring
evaluated by radiography .

examination of the complete seam for longitudinal and
transverse defects and for detection of possible lamination
interfering the testing
— have a trigger system alerting indications of defects and a
system alarming malfunctioning of the equipment
— have a system automatically locating the defect area
— have a continuous monitoring of weld seam centering
Indications giving signals below the agreed trigger level are
acceptable .
Indications giving signals above the trigger level are to be
considered injurious unless further investigations by radio-
graphy show that the weld meets the acceptance criteria in Ta -
ble 10.1 .

10.3. 2 Ultrasonic procedure specification 10.3 . 7.2 The Surveyor is to have the right of being final
judge in assessment of weld quality .
10.3 . 2.1 A procedure specification is to be established and
is at least to include the following information :
—— Welding process and
Material quality and dimensions
groove geometry
10.4 Ultrasonic examination of welds with portable
—— Type of instrument
Typers of transducers
)
equipment

—— Calibration
Frequencies
details
10.4 . 1
10.4 . 1.1
Equipment
The equipment is to

i
 53

be applicable for the pulse echo technique and for the The test pieces are to be available as reference during the in -
double- probe technique spection work.
cover as a minimum the frequency range from 2 6
MHz
— 10.4 .3.2 Reference blocks as described under 10 4 4 will
have a calibrated gain regulator with max . 2 dB per step normally be
considered satisfactory as test pieces. Whenever
have a flat screen accessible from the front for direct groove geometry, welding methods or other factors may cau -
plotting of reference curves se special problems in flaw detection . Veritas may require
allow echoes with amplitudes of 5 per cent of full screen special test pieces to be prepared .
height to be clearly detectable under test conditions
include straight beam transducers and angle beam trans-
ducers of 45 ° , 70° and 80° . 10.4 . 4 Calibration of equipment
10.4 . 4.1 Calibration of the ultrasonic equipment is to be
carried out whenever it has been out of function for any rea -
r PROBE CONTACT SURFACE son including on / off, and whenever there is any doubt con
cerning proper functioning of the equipment .
-
10.4 .4.2 The IIW / ISO calibration block is to be used for
DIAMETER D T calibration of range and for angle determination . The V 2 cali-
bration block according to DIN 54122 may be used for cali-
t T— p
L
bration of range only.

10.4 . 4.3 For evaluation of flaw indications a reference curve

is to be established . The curve is to be plotted on the instru -
4in. 38 mm ment screen .
TT 10.4 .4.4 A reference block is to be used for gain calibration
B and construction of the reference curves. The reference block

U ' 40 -100 mm is normally to be manufactured from the actual material and

have dimensions according to Fig . 10.2 .

10.4 . 4.5 The sound path from the probe in position A to

Li the reflector. Fig . 10.3 is not to be less than 60 per cent of the
nearfieid length of the probe.
L Length of reference block given by probe angle and
10 4.4 .6 The echo height from position A is to be maxim -
material range to be covered .
ized and the gain control regulated so that the echo height is
T Thickness of reference block .
B Width of reference block , minimum 40 mm . 75 per cent of full screen height. This gain setting is called the
D primary gain and is to be recorded . Without altering this gain
Diameter of drilled hole.
setting the maximized echo heights from point B and C are to
P Position of drilled hole.
be plotted on the screen . The reference curve is now to be
drawn as a smooth line through the three points. Two curv -
Actual wall Thickness of Position of Diameter of es , 20 and 50 per cent of the reference curve are also to be
thickness ref . block drilled hole drilled hole constructed .
t in mm T in mm P in mm D in mm
10.4 . 4.7 The primary gain is to be corrected for difference
t < 25 20 or t T/ 2 2 ,4 in surface character and attenuation between the reference
25 < t <50 38 or t T/ 4 3 ,2 block and the actual pipe by means of the double probe
50 < t <100 75 or t T/ 4 4.8 technique. Two identical angle probes facing each other one
,

skip distance apart as shown in Fig . 10 4 . are to be used . The

primary gain is to be corrected accordingly and then becomes
Fig. 10.2 Reference block for construction of reference the corrected primary gain .
curve for portable equipment.

10.4 .5 Qualifications of operators

10.4 . 2 Ultrasonic procedure specification 10.4 . 5.1 The operators performing ultrasonic examination
10.4 . 2.1 A procedure specification is to be established and are to be certified and upon request to be able to demonstrate
is at least to include the following information : the following capabilities:
—
—
Material quality and dimensions
Welding process and groove geometry
— Calibrating the equipment
— Performing an operational test under production condi-
— Type of instrument tions
— Type(s) of transducers — Interpreting the screen display
—— Calibration
Frequencies
details
— Evaluating size and location of reflectors .

—— Surface requirements
Type of couplantfs)
10.4 .6 Production ultrasonic examination
10.4 .61 The contact surface is to be clean and smooth , i . e .
— Scanning techniques
free from dirt , scale, rust , welding spatter etc . which may
— Reporting and identification system influence the results of the testing .
,

10.4 . 3 Ultrasonic procedure qualification
10.4 . 3.1 The ultrasonic examination procedure is to be
qualified through a procedure qualification test.
The test is to be performed under normal working conditions
in the presence of a Surveyor .
10.4 . 6.2 The weld is to be examined from both sides as
shown in Fig . 10.5 and 10.6 .
10.4 .6.3 For defect detection , the corrected primary gain is
to be increased by 6 dB . Defect size evaluation is not to be
performed at this increased gain level .

i
 54

An cm
T/ 2 x REFERENCE CURVE REFERENCE BLOCK :
X. x T

aC7 TRANSMITTER RECEIVER

100%

\
\
75 %
RECEIVED ECHO

REFERENCE CURVE

50%s
\
DIFFERENCE ( xdB )
OWING TO DEFERENCE JN MATERIAL TO BE TESTED :
20 % SURFACE AND ATTENUATION
FOR THICKNESSES
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
a A B C
•* 10mm n m

RECEIVED ECHO

Fig . 10.4 Attenuation and surface correction for portable

equipment . Double probe technique.
B m
T /2
T
x

AlZJ ckU
SCANNING
AREA
100%
rn m m m
\
75 %

REFERENCE CURVE 172 SKIP

DISTANCE

5 0% FOR THICKNESSES 1 / 1 SKIP DISTANCE

\
BETWEEN 10 AND 25 mm SCANNING
s AREA

20%.
m
b A B c
1 / 2 SKIP
DISTANCE

1 /1 SKIP DISTANCE
^

>
i r -tp I
s ~\
K
\ / ’
y
/ s Z
rrrB V X
I
/
V
J LU

LU
r ~
\ >
T s’ * o
\ I
f

T /4 of \
/ <
CL
> LU
LJC
^
f “

X
S
100% f
V
__ m
}

) I
V
75 %
REFERENCE CURVE Fig . 10.5 Probe movement for testing butt welds, portable
\ equipment.
FOR THICKNESSES = 25 mm -
S 0%
'
X
J
X

20% " . 10.4 .6.4 The defects are to be investigated by maximizing

,

the echoes with different angle probes and by rotating the !

(

probes.
C A B C
10.4 .65 For dimensional evaluation , either the « 20
Fig . 10.3 Construction of reference curves for portable
equipment
-
dB drop» method or the « half- value - drop» method is to be
used . i

i 10.5 . 2 Magnetic particle procedure qualification
TRANSMITTER
ANGLE PROBE
PARALLEL TO WELD
;
RECEIVER
a production.
MACHINED FLUSH
)~ j
I may interfere with the examination .
b
Fig . 10.6 Detection of transverse cracks.
10.4 . 7 Evaluation of welds and standards of acceptability
10.4 . 7.1 As ultrasonic examination is principle detects « re-
flectors» in the material , all indications are to be considered
as the most dangerous type of defect until otherwise proven .
The report is to show if the weld quality meets the require-
ments, which defects have been judged unacceptable and the
number of repairs made.
10.4 . 7.2 In general all defect indications exceeding the re-
ference curve are to be repaired and reexamined .
10.4 .7.3 All defect indications with length > t exceeding
50 per cent of the reference curve are to be repaired and ree
xamined .
10.4 . 7.4 All defects indications exceeding 20 per cent of the
reference curve are to be investigated to the extent that the
operator can evaluate the shape, identity and location in
terms of the acceptance criteria in Table 10.1 .
10.4 .7.5 If only one side of the weld is accessible for test
ing . all defect indications exceeding 50 per cent of the refer -
ence curve with length > t and all defect indications exceed -
ing 20 per cent of the reference curve with length > 2 t are to
be repaired and reexamined .
10.4 .7.6 The Surveyor is to have the right of being final
judge in assessment of weld quality .
10.5 Magnetic particle examination of welds
10.5 . 1 Magnetic particle procedure specification
10.5 . 1.1 A procedure specification is to be established and
is at least to include the following information :
— Material quality and dimensions
—— Welding process and groove geometry
Type of magnetization
—— Type of equipment
Surface preparation
—— Wet or dry method
—
Make and type of magnetic particle and contrast paint
Magnetic field strength
— Demagnetization
— Description of examination technique
A
55
10.5 . 2.1 No special procedure qualification test is required.
The procedure is considered qualified based on approval of
the testing procedure specification .
10.5 . 3 Qualifications of operators
10.5 .3.1 Operators performing magnetic particle examina -
tion are to be capable of performing and operational test , us-
ing the test method and technique which is to be applied in
10.5 . 4 Production magnetic particle testing
10 5 4.1 The testing equipment is to establish a field
strength between 2 ,4 kA / m (30 Oe) and 4 ,0 kA ( 50 Oe).
10.5 . 4.2 Use of permanent magnetic yokes is not permitted.
10.5 .4.3 The pipe surface is to be clean and dry, free from
any dirt i.e. grease, oil , lint , scale, welding flux etc . which
10.5 .4.4 To ensure detection of discontinuities having axes
in any direction , the examination is on each area to be per -
fomed with the magnetic field shifted in at least two direc-
tions approximately perpendicular to each other
10 - 5.4 .5 -
Non fluorescent wet or dry particles are to provide
adequate contrast with the background of the surface being
examined .
10.5 . 4.6 Examination with flourescent magnetic particles is
to be conducted in a darkened area using filtered ultraviolet
—
light with wave lengths within the range of 3200 3800 A .
10.5 . 4.7 Magnetic particle examination is not to be per -
formed on parts with surface temeratures exceeding 300°C
( 570° F ) Between 60 °C ( 140 ° F) and 300°C, only dry magnetic
particle examination is to be used .
10 5.4 . 8 Care is to be taken to avoid local heating of the test
- surface . Prods tipped with lead , or «soft prods» are recom -
mended . Arc strikes and burn marks are to be ground out
and re inspected with a suitable method .
10 - 5.4 . 9 Demagnetization is required if the material due to
the magnetic particle testing has become permanently mag-
netized and this may interfere w' ith the servicability of the
part or installation .
-
10 , 5.5 Evaluation of welds and standards of acceptability
10.5 . 5.1 The magnetic particle examination operators are to
report all surface defects detected . The report is to show if the
weld quality meet the requirements of Table 10 - 1 , and the
number of repairs made.
10.5 . 5.2 Surface which are shown to have defects exceed -
ing the limits given in Table 10 - 1 are to be repaired and re -
examined .
10.5 .5.3 The Surveyor is to have the right of being final
judge in assessment of weld quality .
10.6 Liquid penetrant examination of welds
Liquid penetrant procedure specification
10.6 . 1
10 61 I A procedure specification is to be established and
is at least to include the following information :
— Material quality and dimensions
— Welding process and groove geometry
— Surface preparation
— Brand name and specific type ( number of letter designa-
 56

tion if available) of penetrant, remover emulsifier and 10.6 .3 Qualifications of operators

developer.
— -
Details of the method of pre examination cleaning and
drying, including cleaning materials used and time allow -
10.6 . 3.1 Operators performing liquid penetrant examina -
tion are to be capable of performing an operational test, using
ed for drying . the test method or technique which is to be applied in pro-
— Details of the method of penetrant application: the length
of time that the penetrant remains on the surface , and the
duction .

temperature of the surface and penetrant during the ex- 10.6 . 4 Production liquid penetrant testing

— —
amination if not within the 15 °C 35°C range
Details of the method of removing excess penetrant from
10.6 .4.1 Liquid penetrant examination is only to be used on
nonferromagnetic materials and materials with great varia -
the surface and of drying the surface before applying the tion in magnetic permeability .
developer .
— Details of the method of applying the developer , and
length of developing time before examination
10.6 . 5 Evaluation of welds and standards of acceptability

— Method of postexamination cleaning . 10.6 .5.1 The liquid penetrant examination operators are to
report all surface defects detected . The report is to show' if the
10.6 . 2 Liquid penetrant procedure qualification surface meets the requirements of Table 10.1 and the number
of repairs made .
10.6 . 2.1 When the temperature of the surface and the pe-
—
netrant is within 15°C 35 °C range , no special procedure
qualification test is required . The procedure is considered
10.6 .5 - 2Surfaces which are shown to have defects exceed -
ing the limits given in in Table 10.1 are to be repaired and re-
qualified based on approval of the testing procedure specifi - examined .
cation .
10.6 .5.3 The Surveyor is- to have the right of being final jud -
Outside the temperature range I 5°C — 35°C a suitable com - ge in assessment of weld quality.
parator block is to be used to compare indications from sur -
face defects examined within and outside the range .

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 57

Table 10.1 Pipeline systems .

Acceptance limits for visual inspection and radiographic examination.

Internal defects Acceptance limits Note

POROSITY Scattered porosity is to be max. 3 per cent by projected area. Largest
pore dim. t / 4 , max . 4 mm.
Cluster porosity is not to exceed an area of 12 mm in diameter in any
continuous 300 mm of weld length . Max . dim. of any individual pore
is not to exceed t / 8 , max . 2 mm .
Porosity on line is not to penetrate weld surface, largest pore dim.
t / 8 , max . 2 mm . 1
SLAG INCLUSIONS Isolated slag: Length <t / 2 , width < t / 4 ,
max. 4 mm .
Slag lines : Length < 2 t, max . 50 mm , width < 2 mm .
For « wagon tracks» width of each parallel slag line is not to exceed
1 ,5 mm . 2, 3 , 4
LACK OF FUSION OR
INCOMPLETE PENETRATION Length < 2 t, max. 50 mm. 2, 3 , 4
CRACKS Not acceptable. 5
Surface defects

MISALIGNMENT OF ADJOINING
PIPE ENDS <0 , 15 t , max . 3 mm . 3

DENTS Depth : Max. 6 mm . Length: Max. OD / 2 .

COLD FORMED GOUGES ,

GROOVES, NOTCHES AND
ARC BURNS Not acceptable. May be removed by grinding .

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL For t < 12 ,5 mm: Max . 3 and 2 mm respectively.

WELD REINFORCEMENT For t > 12.5 mm: Max . 4 and 3 mm respectively.
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL External concavity not acceptable .
CONCAVITY Internal concavity acceptable provided that the density of the radio-
graphic image of the concavity does not exceed that of the adjacent
base metal .

UNDERCUT Depth < t / 10 , max. 0.8 mm .

For girth welds the length of an undercut in any continuous 300 mm
of weld length is not to be more than :
Max . 50 mm for depth < t / 10 , max. 0 ,8 mm
Max . 100 mm for depth < t / 20 , max . 0 ,4 mm
For longitudinal or spiral welds the length is not to be more than
max . 1 / 5 of the above limits for girth welds.
For depth <0 ,3 mm, undercut may be accepted regardless of length
provided its shape and notch effect is not considered detrimental . 2, 3 , 6 , 7

LACK OF FUSION OR
INCOMPLETE PENETRATION Length < t. 2 , 3. 7

HOLLOW BEAD Length <t / 2 , max . 12 mm . 2, 3, 8

BURN THROUGH Max. dim . 6 mm of any single defect, total length max. 12 mm in
any 300 mm weld length . 3, 4

CRACKS Not acceptable. 5

Notes to the acceptance limits: continuous length of weld which equals five times the length of the defect
1 ) See porosity chart Fig 10.7 . When the extent of porosity or slag inclusi - area .
ons may mask for detection of other defects, supplementary radiographic 5) Observed cracks should initiate more extensive non - destructive testing of
or ultrasonic examination is required . the joint and revision of the welding procedure.
2 ) if elongated defects are situated on line and the distance between them is 6) The depth to be measured by mechanical means
less than the length of the longest indication , the defects are to be evaluat - 7) Severe corrosive environment may necessitate more stringent require-
ed as one continuous defect - ments to be adopted .
31 Any accumulations of slag inclusions incomplete penetration , misalign -
, 8 ) The total length of hollow bead in any continuous 300 mm length of
ment. hollow bead , burn through or undercut are to be judged as the weld metal shall not exceed 50 mm . Individual adjacent hollow bead dis -
most serious of the defects in question . continuities, each exceeding 6 mm in length, are to be separated by at
4 ) Not more than one time the defect limits as per notes 2 and 3 within any least 50 mm of sound metal .
:i

1
 58

Table 10.2 Pipeline and pipeline risers

Definitions and radiographic characterization. /
*' /
$
O'
POROSITY: o'
Definition:
Voids due to entrapped gas. > >
Radiographic characterizerlion:.
Sharply defined dark shadows of rounded or elongated sha-
pe.

HOLLOW BEAD:
Definition:
Elongated voids in the root pass.
Radiographic characterization:
Sharply defined dark shadows in line of elongated shape .

SLAG INCLUSIONS:
Definition:
Slag entrapped during welding .
f 111
w"
Radiographic characterization:
Dark shadows of irregular shape.

SLAG LINES:
Definition:
Elongated cavities containing slag . "//
Radiographic characterization:
Dark lines parallel to the weld edges . nmt
,0
LACK OF FUSION ;
Definition:
Plane defect due to incomplete fusion between beads or be-
tween metal and parent metal.
Radiographic characterization:
Thin dark line with sharply defined edges. The line may tend
to be diffuse and wavy depending upon the orientation of the
defect with respect to the x ray beam.
f t y* * * I D 1 1 n j 1 1 1 H i i i
% y
y
*

INCOMPLETE PENETRATION :
Definition:
Gap left by incomplete filling of the weld root with weld me-
tal .
Radiographic characterization:
/
,
'''//}/ lUmu \ n i in 1 \ \
\ * \\
\

Dark continuous or intermittent line following the weld root . f

(j
'
V
i

CRACKS:
Definition: i
Fracture in the weld metal or in the heat affected zone.
Radiographic characterization :
Fine dark line. The line may tend to diffuse and wandering in
direction . ''’JJJ' Hiiniiniu I ill H 11 s
0
UNDERCUT:
Definition
A groove in the surface of the pipe following the edge of the
weld .
Radiographic characterization:
Dark line along the edge of the weld . The line may be more
or less diffuse dependent on the shape of the undercut.
,
ytf / l l l n i u 1 1 1 1 i 1'1 o>
"
-
''''1111111 '' % '
.' N

_ j

1
3
1

J
59
-
i
:

1 mm PORE DIAMETER
10 PER CENT 3 PER CENT 1 PER CENT

2 mm PORE DIAMETER

10 PER CENT 3 PER CENT

4 mm PORE DIAMETER

10 PER CENT

Fig.10.7 Typical distribution of porosity by projected

area.

1
 61

APPENDICES

The purpose of the appendices to the Veritas Rules for sub-

marine pipelines is to provide recommended practice, meth-
ods and procedures for design , construction and inspection of
submarine pipelines.
The appendices give guidance, methods and procedures satis-
fying the Rules requirements. The engineer is free to use oth -
er methods and procedures than those recommended, provid -
ed an equivalent standard of quality and safety is obtained .

Each appendix is self-contained and the procedures and

methods given may be used independent of the Rules alt-
hough the content of the appendices is directly related to the
Rules.

In the appendices text reference to specific paragraphs in the

Rules is made by giving the paragraph number marked with
the letter ( R ) , see 5.4 .2 ( R ) .

i
 63

I APPENDIX A
ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
A . l Wind loads A . 1.3 . 2 In - line excitations may occur when
A . 1.1 General 1 ,7 < Vr < 3 , 2
A . l .1.1 The wind loads on pipes may be divided into two ca - where
tegories:

— Static (constant , quasistatic) wind forces, which are as

sumed to be constant as long as the wind is constant.
- Vr
V
fi - D
These forces are assumed to act normal to the pipe axis in V = wind velocity normal to the pipe axis
the plane defined by the pipe axis and the wind direction. fi = natural frequency of the pipe
See A . l . 2. D = pipe diameter

— Cyclic wind forces due to vortex shedding . Also these

forces are assumed to act normal to the pipe axis. They
A .1.3 .3 Cross-flow excitations may occur when 4 ,7
8 ,0 , Vr as defined in A . l . 3.2 .
< Vr <
may act in two planes
wind direction. See A 13.
—
« parallel » and « normal » to the
A . 1.3.4 The amplitudes of the vortex shedding induced mo -
tions due to wind may be derived according to the simplified
approach for vortex shedding in steady current given in A . 2 ,
substituting the mass density of the water with the mass
A . 1.2 Static wind loads density of the air .
A . 121 The «static» wind force per unit length of the pipe
may be determined as:

qw = 0 ,613 C V n 2 D

where
A , 2 Vortex shedding due to current
qw Wind force per unit length of the pipe, acting normal
to pipe axis in N / m A . 2.1 General
C = Shape coefficient according to A . 1.2 . 2
A . 2.1 . 1 Fluid flow past a riser or a free span on a pipeline
Vn = Component of the wind velocity normal to the pipe may cause unsteady flow patterns due to vortex shedding.
axis in m / sec. This may lead to oscillations of the pipe normal to its axis.
D Total outer diameter of pipe, i .e . including coating
etc., in metres. A . 2.1 .2 Normally two types of oscillations may be encoun -
tered : oscillations in line with the velocity vector ( in - line mo-
A .1.2 .2 The shape coefficient should , strictly speaking , de- tion) , and oscillations perpendicular to the velocity vector
pend on wind velocity , pipe diameter and surface roughness . (cross- flow motions) . Such oscillations may be investigated
However , in the absence of more accurate data , the coef- according to A . 2.2 and A .2.3 .
ficients given in Fig . A . l may be used .
A . 2.1 .3 For certain critical flow velocities, the vortex shed-
A . 1.2 . 3 As a guidance for the surface roughness used for de- ding frequency may coincide with or be a multiple of the na-
termination of the shape coefficient in Fig. A . l . the following tural frequency of the pipe, resulting in harmonic or sub -
values may be used : harmonic excitations.
k ( meters) A . 2.1 . 4 The vortex shedding frequency may be obtained as :
Steel , new uncoated: -
5 10 -5
Steel, painted :
Steel, highly rusted :
Concrete:
5 •10 6
3 lO
3 lO
--
~

'

"
3
3
f - D
-
St V

Marine growth : 5 10 "

3-
-
5 lO ' 2 where

A 1 2 4 For several pipes ( relatively) close together , group ef- f = vortex shedding frequency ( Hz)
fects may be taken into account . However , if no adequate S, - Strouhafs number
documentation of group effects for the specific case is avail- V flow velocity normal to the pipe axis
able , the shape coefficients given in A . 1.2 . 2 may be used for D = pipe diamter
all the individual pipes in the group. '
For pipes, Strouhafs number is a function of the Reynold s
A . 1.2 . 5 For pipe sections which are sensitive to dynamic number , see Fig . A . 2 .
wind loading during construction transportation or opera -
,

tion , the dynamic behaviour of the wind is to be taken into A . 2.1 .5 For determination of the velocity ranges where vor-
account when determining the wind loads. This may either tex shedding induced oscillations may occur a parameter. Vr
,

be done be use of recognized gust loading factors, or by use called the reduced velocity , is used . Vr is defined as
of a stochastic approach for the wind loading.

A . 1 ,3 Vortex shedding due to wind where

Vr - fi
V
‘D

A . 1.3 . 1 Wind induced cyclic excitations of pipes may occur

in two planes, in - line with or perpendicular to the wind di- V flow velocity normal to the pipe axis
rection . see A . 1.1 . 1 . For a closer description of the vortex natural frequency of the pipe
shedding phenomena , see A . 2 . D pipe diameter
 64

A .2.1 .6 An other parameter controlling the motions is the A . 3 Recommended values of hydrodynamic coefficients
stability parameter, Ks, defined as
A . 3.1 General
2 me £ A .3 - 1.1 The proper hydrodynamic coefficients to use in each
Ks = Q D2 case will depend on the flow and pipe conditions character -
where ized by

S logarithmic decrement of structural damping — Reynold's number ( Re = U D / v )

— Keulegan -Carpenter number ( Kc = -
Um T / D)
Q
D
me
mass density of surrounding water
pipe diameter
effective mass per unit length of the pipe , defined as
—— pipe roughness ( k / D)
distance between the pipe and a fixed boundary ( H / D)

where
2

me =
0
d ^
| j
m y ( x)

y ( x)
12
dx
dx D
H
T
k
u
Um
pipe diameter
clearance between the pipe and a fixed boundary
wave period
roughness height
flow velocity
= maximum orbital particle velocity / r > w f

0 v - kinematic viscosity of the water ? y ? i /"

where A . 3.1 . 2 The hydrodynamic coefficients should preferably be

m mass per unit length , including structural mass , add -

ed mass and the mass of any fluid contained within
the pipe
y ( x) ~ mode shape of the actual pipe span
L length of the pipe
d submerged length of pipe
A . 2.2 In - line oscillations
A . 2.2 . 1 Resonant in - line vortex shedding induced oscillations
may occur when 1.0 < Vr < 3.5 and Ks < 1.8 . For definition
ofVrand Ks, see A . 2.1 .5 and A .2.1 .6 .
A . 2.2 . 2 Depending on the flow velocity , the vortices will eith-
er be shed symmetrically or alternatively from either side of
the pipe.
2.2 . the shedding will be antisymmetric , and the
For V , <
necessary now velocity for onset of motion may be determin
ed from Fig A 3
For Vr > 2.2 , the shedding will be antisymmetrical.
A . 2 - 2.3 The maximum amplitude of the motions due to in -
line vortex shedding may be determined from Fig. A .4 .
A . 2.3 Cross- flow oscillations
A .2.3 . 1 Cross- flow oscillations may occur for
values of Vr as determined from Fig . A .5 .
A . 2.3 . 2 The maximum amplitude of the cross-flow oscilla-
tions may be determined from Fig . A .6 . The mode shape par-
ameter, y, used in this figure is defined as
obtained from relevant model test , taking into account the ac -
tual values of the different parameters specified in A . 3.1 . In
the following some proposed values of the hydrodynamic
coefficients are given .
A . 3.2 Added mass coefficient
A . 3.2. 1 The added mass coefficient for a circular cylinder as
function of the distance from a fixed boundary is given in
Fig. A .7 .
yhe figure may be used for both smooth and rough pipe sur -
faces . For a pipe which is not influenced by any fixed bound -
ary , the recommended added mass coefficient is 1.0 .
A .3.3 Drag coefficient
A . 3.3 . 1 The drag coefficient as function of the Keulegan -
Carpenter number for smooth and marine growth covered
^ - pipes for supercritical Reynolds numbers is given in Fig .
A .8 - The figure is valid for free field flow without any influ -
ence of a fixed boundary.
A .3.3 . 2 The drag coefficient for steady current is equal to the
asymptotic value for Kc equal to infinity. For combined wa -
ve and current action , the increase of Kc due to the current
may be taken into account.
A .3.3.3 To determine the drag coefficients for pipes close to a
Ks < 16 and fixed boundary , the drag coefficients given in A . 3.3. 1 may be
multiplied by a correction factor obtained from Fig . A . 9 .
A .3.4 Lift coefficients
A . 3.4 . 1 The lift coefficient for a pipe at a fixed boundary in
oscillatory flow is given in Fig . A . 10 . The figure may be used
both for smooth and rough pipe surfaces. In steady flow' , the

iM
1/2
lift coefficient may be taken equal to 1.0 . For combined wave
dx
and current action the increase of Kc due to the current may
0 be taken into account when determining the lift coefficient
r= y max from Fig. A - 10 .
L
]
y 4 ( x) dx A . 3.4 .2 To determine the lift coefficient for pipes at a certain
distance from a fixed boundary , the lift coefficients given in
A . 3.4 . 1 may be multiplied by a correction factor obtained
0
from Fig . A ll .
where
y (x)- mode shape A .4 Wave slamming
y max - maximum value of the mode shape
A .4 , 1 Wave slamming loads
For a simply supported beam in first mode, y is equal to 1.16 . A .4.1 . 1 Horizontal pipes in the wave zone may be subjected
For a cantilever beam in first and second mode, the y-value is to forces caused by wave slamming . The dynamic response
equal to 1.31 and 1.50 respectively. of the pipe should be accounted for .

A
 65

A .4.1 . 2 The wave slamming force per unit length of the pipe The contribution to fatigue from each wave block is gi-
may be calculated as ven as:

Fs - I / 2 p Cs V 2 D -
20
( ±\)K
= R i
-A
Vj
N ;
* U I- 20
where
n J; number of waves within block j
Fs slamming force per unit length in the direction of the Ni; critical number of stress cycles ( from relevant
velocity S-N curve) associated with A o , '

Q mass density of the surrounding water
Cs slamming coefficient
D member diameter
V velocity of the water surface normal to the surface of
the pipe. Normally the vertical water surface velocity
will apply
A - 4.1 .3 The slamming coefficient Cs may be determined us-
ing theoretical and / or experimental methods. For smooth ,
circular cylinders the value of Cs should not be taken less
than 3.0 .
A . 4.1 .4 As the slamming force is impulsive , dynamic amplifi-
cation must be considered when calculating the response.
For a pipe section fixed at both ends, dynamic amplification
factors of 1.5 and 2.0 are recommended for the end moments
and the midspan moment respectively .
, Loads», September 1972 .
A .4.2 Fatigue due to wave slamming
A . 4.2 . 1 The fatigue damage due to wave slamming may be
determined according to the following procedure:
Determine minimum wave height. Hmin . which can cau -
se slamming
Divide the long term distribution of wave heights , in ex -
cess of Hmjn, into a reasonable number of blocks
Hi number of stress ranges in excess of the limiting
stress range associated with the cut off level of
the S-N curve
R reduction factor on number of waves. For a gi-
ven element only waves within a sector of 10
degrees to each side of the perpendicular to the
member have to be accounted for . In case of an
undirectional w ave distribution , R equals 0.11 .
K slope of the S- N curve ( in log- log scale)
A . 4.2 . 2 The calculated contribution to fatigue due to slamm-
ing has to be added to the fatigue contribution from other
variable loads .
References to Appendix A
Al . BSI Code of Practice No. 3 , Chapter 5 , Part 2 : « Wind
A2. CIRIA Underwater Engineering Group, Report
UR8: « Dynamics of Marine Structures)), London , Ju -
ne 1977 .
A 3. -
Blevins, R . D.: « F ) ow' induced Vibration », Van Nos-
trand Reinhold Company , New York , 1977 .
A4 Heideman , Olsen and Johansson: « Local Wave Force
Coefficients)) , ASCE Civil Engineering in the Oceans
IV , September 1978 .
Sarpkaya , T.: « Vortex Shedding and Resistance in
A5.
Harmonic Flow about Rough Circular Cylinders ), )

For each block the stress range may be taken as:

A (Tj = 2 [ a lain - (<rb + (7 W ) ]
^ A6 .
<7Siam — stress in the element due to the slam load given
in A - 4 . L 2
stress due to the net buoyancy force on the ele-
ment
stress due to vertical wave forces on the element
a factor accounting for dynamic amplifications, see
A .4.1 .4
Each slam is associated with 20 approximate linear deca -
ying stress ranges
-
BOSS 76 conference , Trondheim , Norway, August
1976 .
Sarpkaya , T.: « In - line and Transverse Forces on Cy -
linders near a Wall in Oscillatory Flow at High Re-
ynold’s Numbers» . OTC Paper No . OTC 2980 . May
1977 .
A7. Sarpkaya , T.: « Hydrodynamic Drag on Bottom-
mounted Smooth and Rough Cylinder in Periodic
Flow )), OTC Paper No . OTC 3761 , May 1979 .
A8 . King, R . , Prosser , M .J ., John , D .J . : «On Vortex Ex -
citation of Model Piles in Water », Journal of Sound
—
and Vibrations , Vol . 29 , No . 2 , pp. 169 180 , 1973 .

%
 66

0.20

AMPL .
C 01 AM . FIRST INSTABILITY
REGION J Vf < 2.2
0 .15
1.0
IN - LINE MOTION

0 .10

SECOND INSTABILITY
0.5 REGION , Vf > 2.2

0.05

0- T-- T T
10 * 10* 10 * 107
Re
0 0 5 1.0 1.5 2.0
. ..
Fig A l Shape coefficient for circular cylinders. Ks
Ref. A. l . . .
Fig A 4. Amplitude of in -line motion as a function of Ks
.
Ref . A 2.

CRITI -
LAMINAR SUBCRITICAL CAL SUPERCRITICAL

0.4 6 0
PEAK OF CROSS -
s FLOW MOTION
Vr
0.3
5.0

0.2
4.0 -
ONSET OF CROSS -
0.1 FLOW MOTION

3.0

00
0.1 1.0 10 to 2 103 104 to5 106 107
Re 10 * 105 106 107
Re
Fig. A.2. Strouhals number for circular cylinders as Fig. A . 5. Flow speed for onset of cross flow motion. Ref.
function of reynolds number. Ref. A .8. A.2.

2.5
T T
FIRST INSTABILITY SECOND INSTAB
Vr REGION “ REGION *

2.0 - t
MOTION

1.5

NO M O T I O N

1.0

t0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Ks
2

Fig. A .3. Flow velocity for onset of in -line motion Ref. . . .

Fig A.6 Amplitude of crossflow' motion as a function of Ks
A.2 . .
Ref A .3.

JL
 67

so
cLO \
4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

00
_
0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70

. .
Fig. A 10 Lift coefficient for a circular cylinder at a fixed
boundary in oscillatory flow .
Ref. A.5, A.6 and A 7 ..

Fig. A.7. Recommended value of the added mass 1 .0

coefficient, Cm for a circular cylinder.
CL / CL 0
0.8

0.6

0. 4

MARINE GROW 1 H
R O U G H r ESS
0.2

4rOQ-
0.0
- 1 .0
z • 0.70 0.0 0. 2 0.4 0.6 0.8
H/D
EEL RC UGHNES
.
Fig. A 11. Variation of lift force coefficient as a function
of the distance from a fixed boundary.
20 30 40 50 60 70
.
Ref . A 5, A .6 and A .7.
Kr
Fig. A .8. Drag coefficient for a circular cylinder in
oscillatory flow .
Ref. A .4.

/ / / / .
'

0.2 0. 4 0.6 0.8 1.0

H/D
.
Fig A.9. Influence of a fixed boundary on the drag
coefficient of a circular cylinder in oscillatory supercritical
= .-
flow', Kc > 20, Re 10s 2 •106 .
. .
Ref A 5, A.6 and A .7
 68

APPENDIX B
BUCKLING CALCULATIONS
B. l Local buckling where
- permissible usage factor ( i . e. permissible value of
B.1.1 In the absence of more
methods) the critical combination
accurate information (or
of longitudinal and hoop
^ xp

when ( jy = 0 .
stresses may be expressed as follows: ^ xcr
a
yhv = permissible usage factor ( i .e. permissible value of
Tx Gy

° xcr
+
(7
yCr —^ *-) when ox - 0.
ycr
(Compressive stress is positive in this formula . )
Other symbols are defined in B . l . I .
*x The usage factors should depend on whether the critical
N (Compression positive) stress is in the elastic or in the plastic range. Therefore nor -
*xN A mally 7 } yp will be smaller than Recommended usage factor
are given in B. l .3. ^
oxM =
N
A
=
7W7
^
axial force.
(Compression positive)

( D - t) t = cross sectional area .

B. l . 3 A recommended dependence on the degree of plas-
ticity involved is given for risers during operation in Table
B . l . For pipelines during operation the factors in Table B. l
M = bending moment . may be multiplied by 1 , 2 . For both pipelines and risers dur -

W
D
-
=
4
( D - t) 21

nominal outer diameter of pipe.

( elastic) section modulus .
ing installation , the factors in Table B. l may be multiplied by
maximum 1 ,44 . However , no usage factor should exceed 1 ,0 .
See also B. l . 4 .
t = nominal wall thickness of pipe. Table B. l Permissible usage factors — general case
rr M Loading
axcr 7N + M
<I I < TE <3 HE >3
<? x
'/Jxcr °a xcr condition *F

= critical longitudinal stress when N is acting alone

a) Vp = 0 ,52 0 ,48 + 0.04 - ^ar >? P - 0 ,60
( M = 0 , p = 0).

< 4r 7p
(

= aFj l - 0 ,001
^
D -
t
20 )]
for D / 1 < 20

for 2 0
D
< -t < 1 0 0
aE

ayE
b)

=
VP = 0 ,68 ?/ p = 0 ,62 + 0 ,06 -
critical stress if completely elastic material . ( <rxE or <7yE)
is defined in B . l . 1 .
^ r) p = 0,80

- specified yield strength (corresponding to 0 , 2 % resi-

dual strain). **E 0 , 42

°nxcr
M
= critical ( maximum) longitudinal stress ( when deter - B . l . 4 For most pipes buckling due to ox alone will be nearly
mined as M / W ) when M is acting alone ( N = 0 , plastic, and buckling due to oy alone will be nearly elastic .
p 0 ). = For such pipes the recommendations of B. l .3 will lead to the
usage factors given in Table B - 2 .
D
aM
uxcr 1 ,35 - 0 ,0045
t Table B. 2 Permissible usage factors — typical D / t
300 Tv
a 1 + Installation Operation
D/ t ^ ycr
°y

Pe
Pi
=
=
(P« - PP

- external pressure.
- internal pressure .
^
hoop stress to be considered in buckling analyses .
( Not necessarily equal to actual hoop stress . )
Loading
condition

a)
Pipelines
and

?? xp

0 ,86
risers
^
0 ,75
yp
Pipelines
Zone 1
?7 xp

0 ,72
r/ yp
0 ,62
Pipelines
Zone 2 and
risers
>/ xp
0 , 50
?7 yp

0 ,43
P - pe - Pi external « overpressure» .
“ b) 1 ,00 0 ,98 0 , 96 0 ,82 0.67 0 ,56
^ycr = critical) hoop stress when p is acting alone ( N = 0 , Empty ( airfilled ) liquid pipes during « operation » may be
M=0 .
t 2 2 considered as during « installations
< yCr
7 - ° yE = E D - t for oyE < j oF

<7 yCr ^ ycr M (£ )’] for Oyi >

2
^
op B. 2
B . 2.1
Propagation buckling
Theoretically , the probability that a propagating buck -
le will be initiated is not higher ( but may be lower ) than the
B. l . 2 The permissible combination of ax and oy should be
probability that a local buckle will occur . However, due to
defined by inserting permissible usage factors in the formula the great economic risk involved in propagation buckling , in -
of B.1.1 for critical combination . The permissible combina -
tion may then be expressed as creased safety , or at least a closer investigation , may be ad -

/ 2 y+ _ Tv «1
viceable . For such investigation the available results from the
later research work should be utilized .
V ^xp^*xcr / J7 ypaycr B 2.2 A propagation buckle cannot be initiated in , or propa -
gate into, a portion of the pipe where the maximum external
 69

overpressure is less than the propagation pressure ( ppr) of the B. 3.3 For a pipe subjected to an axial force N in the pipe it-
pipe. A simplified consideration of plastic work involved in self an internal pressure and an external pressure pe, the
total collapse gives « effective» axial force with respect to « bar buckling » is:

Ppr ^ 1 ,15 Trap

S = N|
+ ( D - 2 t)2 Pi -
J D 2 pe
(Compression positive in this formula. )
which may be considered a lower bound. ppr will most prob-
ably be somewhat higher than given by the above formula. The formula applies to any type of axial restraint , since the
Further , the initiation pressure ( pin) is somewhat higher than restraint is reflected in N .
Ppr '
B 3.4 If S is positive , S should be compared with the critical
B. 2.3 A propagation buckle cannot be initiated in , but may axial force with respect to « bar buckling » of the considered
propagate into, a portion of the pipe where the maximum ex - span . If S is zero or negative, buckling is not possible. ( Nega -
ternal overpressure is between ppr and p Ppr P * Pm If tive S has a similar effect as tension in an « ordinary » mem-
^ ^ ^ ^-
buckle arrestors are installated where p > pm, there is no need ber , even if the real axial force N is compressive ) ,

installing such arrestors where ppr < P < Pm -

B. 3.5 The required minimum critical axial force Scr in rela-
B3. Buckling of the pipe as a « bar » tion to S should depend on axial restraint . If both ends of the
considered span are fixed against axial displacement, S need
B.3.1 If there is doubt about the stability of a span against not be less than Scr Even with S exceeding Scr , the pipe may
« bar buckling », the stability may be checked according to the find a new eqilibrium position after a limited lateral deflec-
following. tion . The possible bending stresses should in such cases be
checked . If the considered span is free to contract axially the
,

B. 3.2 The effect of internal and external pressures may be safety against buckling should be as commonly used in steel
taken into account by introducing an « effective» axial force, construction .
S, which in effect is equivalent to the real axial force in an
« ordinary » compression member in air. Otherwise the pro-
cedure is as for « ordinary » compression members in air .

rc- .
L
 70

APPENDIX C
QUALITY CONTROL OF MATERIALS .
QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES AND WELDING PERSONNEL
C. l General C.4 . I .2 Wet analyses and spectrochemical analyses are to be
made on materials sampled by e . g. drilling or milling and be
C. I . l Scope representative for the material composition .
C. l . 1.1 This appendix is a guidance to quality control of ma -
terials and defines methods for determination of chemical C.4.1 . 3 Spectrographical analyses are to be made on a clean ,
composition, mechanical testing of materials and welds and bright metal surface after grinding to a depth at least 2 mm
schemes for qualification of welding personnel. below the surface. Analyses of semi - killed steel are, however ,
to be taken at approximately one quarter thickness position .
Other standardized testing methods, test specimens and
combination of tests may be used subject to agreement . C . 4 . I .4 Ladle analyses are to be taken prior to and during
steel casting to ensure a uniform composition of each heat .
C . l .2 Definitions
C.4 . I .5 Check analyses are to be taken on the final products.
-
C . l . 2.1 Test sample: The part of the material ( pipe , plate , sec The check analyses may, however , optionally be determined
tion , cast-on bar, piece cut from forgings etc. ) which is select - at an intermediate stage, e.g. on plates , provided the results
ed for testing . are stated on the certificates.

-
C. l . 2.2 Test specimen : The part of the test sample which is C 4.1 . 6 Determination of chemical composition is to include
prepared by machining etc. for carrying out the various tests. all elements listed in Table 5.1 ( R) and other remaining ele-
ments intentionally added to control the material properties .
C . l . 3 Testing equipment When the steel is made from scrap , the manufacturer is also
Testing equipment is to be of proven design with adequate to check the content of other residual elements which may
capacity and accuracy . The equipment is to be satisfactorily impair the quality of the product , e . g . Sn , As. Sb .
maintained and kept in accurate condition by regular calibra -
tion and check routines . Endorsed calibration records are to C.4.1 . 7 The chemical composition is to be stated on the certi -
( R ) and any other
be kept available in the testing facility. ficate by the elements listed in Table 5.1
elements intentionally added to control the material propert -
Only competent and trained personnel is to carry out testing ies. Trace elements need , however , not be reported.
.
C . 4.1 . 8 Recheck analysis: Should a check analysis fail to meet
C . 2 Steel making the specified composition limits, all other heats within the sa -
me batch are to be subject to a complete chemical analysis.
Only those heats which are within the specification , may be
C. 2.1 General
accepted .
C.2.1 .1 Steel may be made from pig iron , sponge iron or re-
cycled scrap. Residual elements are to be kept at a level C . 4.1 . 9 Requirements are given in 5 - 2.4 ( R ) .
which will not impair

—
———
hot working ability C . 5 Heat treatment
weldability
mechanical properties C. 5.1 General
soundness
— surface finish C - 5.1 , 1 Heat treatment is to be carried out in a controlled
manner using calibrated equipment . Accuracy of temperature
measurement is to be within 5 °C .
C 2.1 2 Ladle treatment
. . is to be performed in a controlled
manner taking appropriate precautions to prevent humidity
increasement and contamination . C. 5.1 . 2 Temperature fluctuations during austenizing are to be
within ± 10°C. During tempering, stress relieving or post -
weld heat treatment carried out within the range
C. 3 Steel casting —
500 650°C, the fluctuations are to be within ± 15 °C .

C. 3.1 General
C . 3.1 . 1 Steel may be ingot cast, continuous cast or mould
cast . Sequence casting is subject to agreement . C . 6 Surface defects in base material
C.3.1 .2 The cast ingot , item or slab is to be inspected for sur- C . 6.1 General
face defects . Defects are to be removed prior to subsequent
working. C 6 . 1 1 The steel manufacturer or any other works perform -
ing operations which may influence the surface finish of the
C. 3.1 . 3 Spun cast products are to be machined to a depth en - material , are to take precautions and make regular checks
suring removal of impurities and surface defects . with suitable equipment to ensure that the final surface finish
is acceptable.

C .6.1 . 2 Surface defects are to be removed . Superficial indica -

C. 4 Chemical analyses tions formed at high temperature and without a sharp tip ,
C . 4.1 General may be accepted if their maximum depth is less than 5 % of
the nominal wall thickness, however , maximum 1 mm .
C.4.1 . 1 The chemical composition is to be determined by
either wet analyses, spectrochemical or spectrographical C.6.1 . 3 Local surface defects may be ground out provided the
methods . remaining thickness is within the minimum specified .
 71
C . 7 Mechanical testing C.7.5 Charpy V - notch impact testing
C . 7.1 General C.7.51 Charpy V- notch specimens are to have dimensions as
given in Fig. C.4. The provisions of ISO R 148 « Beam impact
C .7.11 The material properties are to be determined on the test ( V notch)», are to be applied . When using subsize speci-
-
product in its final condition . mens ( i .e. 10 x 7.5 and 1 0 x 5 mm), all the dimensions except
the height are to be in accordance with the said document.
C.7.1 . 2 Samples for testing are normally to be cut from the Full size specimens are to be used unless they can not be rea -
product or provided as integrally attached coupons, or ex - sonably provided . The impact toughness the
is absorbed ener-
tension pieces. gy expressed in Joule (or kpm), and the symbol being KVT
for specimens orientated transverse to the principal rolling /
C.7.1 .3 Test specimens are to be prepared in a manner which working direction .
does not affect the mechanical properties and the testing.
-
Wherever possible, tensile and bend test specimens from roll- C 7.5 . 2 Charpy V notch specimens sampled from the base
ed material are to retain the as- rolled surface finish . material are normally to have their longitudinal axis transver-
se to the principal rolling / working direction . The notch is to
C.7.1 .4 The results of specified tests are to be stated in the test be perpendicular to the rolled surface.
certificates including reference to the testing temperature if
different from the room temperature ( 15 25°C). ^

When the wall thickness exceeds 50 mm, the Charpy

V - notch specimens are to be sampled at approximately t / 4
C.7.2 Tensile testing position below the outside surface .
C . 7.2 - 1 Tensile test specimens from a product of uniform
thickness are normally to have a rectangular cross section be- C .7.5 . 3 The scale of the machine is' to be calibrated to an ac-
ing of full thickness and with the dimensions as given in Fig. curacy of ± 0.5 % of the machine s maximum striking ener -
C l . Tensile test specimens from castings and forgings of va gy - *

rying thickness are to have a round cross section .

C.7.5 . 4 When impact testing is specified to be carried out at a
C.7.2 . 2 The yield strength is to be taken as the lower yield temperature lower than the room temperature, the test speci-
point or the stress resulting in 0.2 % permanent strain (offset) men is to be cooled down by immersion for 10 minutes or
or the stress giving 0.5 % total elongation during testing . more in a bath of a suitable temperature ( e. g. methyl alcohol
cooled by solidified carbon dioxide). When withdrawing the
C.7.2 . 3 The ultimate tensile strength is to be determined on test specimen from the bath , the bath temperature is not to be
the basis of the maximum load during testing and the original higher , and not more than 2 °C lower , than the required test
cross sectional area. temperature. The specimen is to be inserted in the machine
and tested within 5 seconds.
C 7.2 . 4 The elongation of base material is to be measured
over a gauge length of 50 mm . C .7.5 .5 Requirements are given in 5.2 . 7 ( R). 5.2 .8 ( R) , 7.2 4.2
( R ) and 8.5 . 3.4 ( R ).
C- 7.2 .5 Requirements are given in 5 2 - 6 ( R ). 7.2 . 4.2 ( R ) and
8.5 . 3.4 ( R ). C. 7.6 Macrosection of welded joints
C . 7.6 . 1 The width of the macrosection is to be minimum
C.7.2 .6 Pipes may be tensile tested by the ring expansion three times the width of the weld . The section is to be prepar-
technique subject to agreement . ed by grinding and polishing , and etched to clearly reveal the
weld metal and the heat affected zone. The macrosection is to
C. 7.2 . 7 Tensile testing for determination of through thickness be examined using a magnification of at least 5 x .
ductility is to be performed in accordance with Veritas « Ru -'

les for design , construction and inspection of offshore struc- C . 7.7 Hardness testing of welded joints
tures / Appendix C », latest edition .
C . 7.7 . 1 The prepared macrosection is to be used for hardness
testing using the Vickers method with 50 N (5 kp) load . In -
C. 7.3 Bend testing dentations are to be made along traverses, each approximate-
C.7.3. 1 Bend test specimens are to have full wall thickness. ly 1 mm below the surface at either side of the weld . In the
The width of root and face bend specimens are to be approxi -
weld metal minimum 6 indentations equally spaced along the
mately 25 mm. The width of side bend specimens are to be traverses are to be made. In the HAZ indentations are to be
12.5 mm . The edges may be rounded off to a radius of 1 / 10 made along the traverses for approximately each 0.5 mm into
of the thickness. The weld reinforcement on both faces is to unaffected material , and starting as close to the fusion line as
be removed flush with the original surfaces ( Fig . C . 2 ). The possible . Reference is made to Fig . C .5 .
weld is to be located symmetrically on each specimen .
C.7.7 . 2 In case of a single reading slightly higher than the
C.7.3 . 2 The specimens are to be bent to an angle of 180° us- specified limit further indentations should be made to check if
ing a former with a diameter of 90 mm . After bending , the the « high » value wras an isolated case. Then indentations are
welded joint is to be completely within the tensioned region . to be made in the adjacent region as well as on the opposite
side of the macrosection along the specified traverses. If these
C.7.3 .3 Requirements are given in 7.4 . 2 ( R ) and 8.5 . 3.4 ( R ). additional tests give a hardness within the specification limit,
the slightly high value may be accepted .

C . 7.4 Nick break testing
C . 7.4 . 1
The nick break test specimens are to have full thick
ness with the weld reinforcement retained on both faces and
with dimensions as shown in Fig . C . 3 . The specimens are to
be hacksaw - notched through the thickness from both sides at
the center of the weld and may be fractured either by pulling ,
or reversed bending , or by striking one end while the other is
supported .
C . 7.4 . 2 Requirements are given in 8.5 .3.4 ( R ) and 8.5 . 5.2 ( R ).
C . 7.7 .3 The accuracy of hardness testing with the actual
equipment and method is to be taken into account in the
- evaluation of the readings .
C 7.7 .4 Requirements are given in 5.2 . 10 ( R ) , 5.2 .12 ( R),
7.2 .4.2 ( R) and 8.5 . 3.4 ( R ).
C.7.8 Strain ageing testing
C. 7.8 . 1 The specified mechanical properties of a product is
guaranteed in its final supply condition . In special situations

subsequent operations may still affect the material properties,
e. g . by field bending of pipes to bends, pulling of pipes
through J -tubes or pipelaying of reeled pipestrings. The frac-
ture toughness is particularly sensitive to cold deformation .
Strain ageing testing may then be a suitable method to asses
whether adequate notch toughness does remain.
C .7.8 .2 When the material is deformed to a fibre strain more
than 3 % , strain ageing testing is considered appropriate for
pipeline systems required to have high resistance against brit
tle fracture. Base material and weld metal are then to be test-
ed .
C.7.8 .3 Procedure -. The material is to be cold strained by eith -
er uniform compression or tensioning to a deformation of
5 96 , or to the actual deformation if this is greater. The mate-
rial is to be artifically aged for 1 hour . The ageing tempera -
ture is to be 100°C , or 250 °C for pipeline systems having ma-
ximum design temperature above 100°C.
The deformed and aged material is to be Charpy V- notch tes-
ted at the impact testing temperature and meet the same re-
quirements as specified for the pipeline system .
C. 8 Sampling of test specimens
C .8.1 Seamless pipes
C.8.1 . 1 Tensile test specimens ( transverse and longitudinal)
and Charpy V- notch specimens ( transverse ) may be sampled
from any location within the pipe material . However , if the
pipe has been spun cast , the test specimens are to be taken at
the inside surface of the pipe.
C. 8.2 Welded pipe
C.8.2 . 1 Pipe material : Tensile test specimens ( transverse and
-
longitudinal) and Charpy V notch specimens ( transverse) , are
to be sampled 180 ° from the weld .
C .8.2 .2 Weld seam : The test specimens are to be sampled
transverse to the weld , with the weld deposit at the center , as
shown in Fig. C . 6 . The same applies for jointers which are
produced in the
rotating) .
IG principal position ( pipes horizontal while
C.8.3 Cold formed or forged bends
C .8.3 . 1 The test are to be cut from an overlength
specimens
bend section having received the same deformation and heat
treatments as applied for the bends. Base material test speci-
mens are to be sampled from the area of maximum tensional
deformation . The longitudinal axis of the specimen is to be
orientated transverse to the direction of the principal wor
king / grain llow . When a bend contains longitudinal weld
seam(s), test specimens are also to be selected as described for
welded pipe (C . 8.2 ).
C.8.4 Forged seamless piping components other than bends
C - 8.4 . 1 The test specimens are to be taken from a portion of
the forging which has received a deformation representative
for the working ratio of the most highly stressed cross sec-
tion . For components with greatly varying working ratios
and section thicknesses, more test samples may be necessary .
Separately forged test blanks may be used when integrally
• forged extension samples can not be reasonably provided.
C.8.4 . 2 The test specimens are to be machined with their
principal axis transverse to the direction of principle grain
flow , and be at least O . l t from the as- forged surface. Wrhere
transverse testing can not reasonably be performed due to the
small size of the component , the test specimens may have
longitudinal orientation.
72
C .8.5 Cast piping components
C . 8.5 . 1 Cast coupons are to be of a size and located in a man -
ner realistically predicting the properties of the casting . The
coupons are to be heat treated with the casting, and are not to
be detached before completion of all heat treatments .
C. 9 Welding procedure qualification
-
C, 9.1 General
C - 9.1 . 1 The position for sampling of test specimens in con -
nection with welding procedures for fabrication and installa-
tion welding are shown by Figs. C. 6 and C.7 respectively .
The welding procedure specification and the test results are to
be presented on suitable forms including references to pro
ject , application , fabrication , installation company and endor-
-
sement of witnessing.
C . 10 Qualification of welding personnel
C. 10.1 General
C.10.1 . 1 The purpose of qualification testing of welding per-
sonnel is to verify that the welder or welding operator have
the necessary training , skill and understanding to produce
sound welds according to a qualified welding procedure .
C . 10.1 . 2 In order to be qualified , welders and welding opera-
tors are to be at least 1 8 years of age, and are to have passed a
relevant theoretical and practical training program .
C. 10.1 . 3 The company responsible for the welding opera -
tions is prior to qualification testing , to confirm that each
welder and welding operator have obtained adequate under -
standing of
—— fundamental welding techniques
significance of welding parameters
—— relevant materials response to welding
operation of the welding equipment to be used
— welding procedure specifications
—
— handling of welding consumables
relevant methods of non - destructive testing
— relevant acceptance criteria for weld defects
C. 10.1 . 4 Welding personnel to make buttwelds and fillet
welds is to have passed qualification testing for single side,
full section buttwelding of pipes in the principal position( s)
required.
C.10.1 .5 Welding personnel satisfying the above general con -
- ditions and having performed an acceptable test weld accord-
ing to C . i 0.2 is thereby qualified .
C. 10.1 . 6 For underwater welding additional conditions wilt
apply , see C . l 0.4 .
C. l 0.1 . 7 An endorsed qualification test record is to be issued
after completion of an acceptable test weld - The record is to
be of a suitable form containing information sufficient to
describe applied welding procedure, testing set up, evaluation
methods and conclusions, scope of application and date of
testing .
C. l 0.1 .8 Where a qualification of recent date is allowed
transferred to a new project, the welding personnel is to be
informed about particular project requirements for which
their welding performance will be specially important .
C . l 0.1 .9 Requalification is to be performed if the welding
personnel has not regularly performed qualified welding
within a period of more than six months.
 73

C . 10.2 Test welding doubled , and both the new welds are to be acceptable No
further retests are permitted until the welder / operator has
.
C 10.2 . 1 Prior to starting the test welding , reasonable time is passed acceptable
.
to be permitted to adjust the welding equipment. additional training.
If a failure occurred due to conditions beyond the welders/
C.10.2 . 2 If the welding procedure involves more than one operator
operation or more welding units, test welding is to include all s control , this failure may be disregarded, and a new
opportunity to qualify given.
operations and units necessary to complete the weld . Con-
sequently the performance test may require welding with dif-
C. 10.4 Welder qualification
ferent welding units and welding parameters .
C l 0.4 . 1 A welder is qualified for welding when the condi
C . 10.2 . 3 Two pipe nipples of sufficient length to introduce tions given in C.10.1 , C. 10.2 and C.10.3 have been fulfilled.
-
realistic restraint are to be joined according to the qualified Qualified welding positions are given in Table C 2 .
welding procedure. The pipe diameter, wall thickness and the
principal position( s) are to be selected in accordance with the C. 10.4 . 2 A welder qualification is valid within the limits of
range to be qualified . essential variables as described below . If any of the following
essential variables are changed, a new qualification test is re-
For field installation of transmission pipelines the actual line quired
pipe should be used for qualification testing .
—
A change of welding process
For welding of pipes with t < 5 mm or OD < 100 mm, the
test pipe dimensions are to be agreed upon .
——
A change of welding direction
A change of welding consumables from basic coated to
cellulosic coated or vice versa
C. 10 - 2 - 4 For pipe diameters less than 300 mm , the complete — A change of pipe diameter from one to another of the fol-
joint is to be welded . For testing on significantly greater dia - lowing diameter groupings: OD <100 mm, 100 < OD <
meter, the welding length is to be at least half the circumfer - 300 mm, and OD > 300 mm

——
ence such that typical flat , vertical and overhead welds are A change of wall thickness from t > 5 mm to t < 5 mm
made without interruption . A change in principal welding position other than already
qualified, see table C 2
C . 10.2 . 5 Minimum one stop and start is to be made during
welding of the root and cap pass . Electrodes are to be com -
— A significant change of joint design e . g . V - groove to
Y-groove
pletely consumed . Light mechanical treatment is permitted
for removal of scale , debris and minor local irregularities, Table C . 2
however, not for the intent of removing weld defects due to
unsatisfactory performance of welding. Welding is to proce- Principal test position Qualified welding positions
ed with a speed representative for regular production . 1G 1G
2G 1 G , 2G
C . 10.2 . 6 Test material may be of semikilled or killed C - Mn 5G 1 G , 5G
steel for welding on pipeline system designed with unalloyed , 2G + 5 G All
microalloyed or low alloyed steels with ultimate tensile 6G All
strength maximum 620 MPa . Qualification for welding of
higher strength grades or alloyed steel may require additional C. 10.5 Welding operator qualification for mechanized weld -
testing on the actual material type. ing
C.10.5. 1 A welding operator is qualified for welding when
C . l 0.3 Inspection and testing of qualification test welds the conditions given in C - I 0.1 , C. 10.2 and C. l 0.3 have been
fulfilled .
C . l 0.3. 1 Each test weld is to be visually inspected and show
a workmanlike appearance satisfying Table 10.1 ( R ). If found
acceptable, the test weld is to be radiographed using a qualif-
C. l 0 - 5 - 2 An operator 's qualification is valid within the limits
of essential variables as described for welders, see C . l 0.4 . 2 .
ied procedure based on X - rays, see section 10 ( R ) , and comp- Additionally
the qualification is limited to the type of welding
ly with Table 10.2 ( R).
equipment qualified for the actual installation welding. Re -
qualification is further to be initiated if there is made a chan -
C . l 0.3.2 The test weld is also to be destructively tested if it ge in the welding procedure which itself requires requalifica-
has been made with a welding procedure involving the gas , and this change is depending on the operators control
tion
metal arc welding process or other processes of high potential
and skill , and necessitate a different operating technique.
-
for non fusion defects. Type and number of mechanical tests
are given in Table C. l . C. 10.6 Qualification of welding personnel for underwater
welding
Table C . l
C . l 0.6 .1 Qualification of welding personnel working under-
Pipe Wall Nick Face Root Side water is to be based on the scheme given in C . l 0 with the ad-
diameter thickness break bend bend bend ditional conditions specified herein .
( mm) ( mm) test test test test
OD < 100 2 0 2 0
C. l 0.6 . 2 The test welds are to be produced under actual or si -
mulated conditions for the work in question .
100 COD < 300 t < 1 2.5 4 0 2 0
OD > 300 8 2 2 0
C. l 0.6 . 3 In addition to the requirements given in C . l 0.1 .3 ,
OD <100 2 0 0 2 underwater welding personnel is initially to have passed a
100 COD <300 t > 12.5 4 0 0 2 relevant welding test above water before beeing permitted to
OD > 300 8 0 0 4 qualify for welding underwater. Prior to the tests, the wel-
ders are to be given sufficient training to get familiar with the
Sampling of test specimens is shown in Fig . C.8 . influence of pressure, temperature, atmosphere etc. on weld-
mg .
C. l 0.3 .3 If a test weld fails to meet the specified require-
-
ments , the welder or welding operator may be permitted im C . l 0.6 . 4 Approval of welders / operators are to be based on
mediate retesting . Then the number of test welds are to be visual , mechanical and radiographic testing.
10
 74

Type and number of mechanical tests are given in Table C. 1 . is to be examined visually and by radiography. If interrupted
period exceeds 6 months, the performance test is to be as
C.10.6 . 5 The applicability of a welders certificate is given in specified for initial qualification .
Table C 2 as regards welding positions. Applicability for
welding at greater water depths or other pressure or diving For underwater welders who are on stand - by and without
modes will be decided in each case. necessarily doing regular underwater welding, the conditions
for maintenance of the qualification is to be specially agreed
C.10.6 .6 For underwater w elders any change of coated elec- upon .
trodes will normally require requalification .
C. 10.7 Extraordinary requalification of welding personnel
C. 10.6 .7 Renewal of the certificate for underwater welders C. 10.7 . 1 Welding personnel may be required to requalify in
may be required if welding has been interrupted for a period
case of negligence or questionable welding performance. In
of more than 3 months. The retest is then to consist of mak - such cases the welder / operator
in question shall present evid -
ing minimum one test coupon of length approximately
—
300 400 mm in an agreed welding position , and the coupon ence of further acceptable
as for initial qualification.
training , and are to be requalified
 75

REDUCED SECTION
60mm —|
APPROX
T 38 mm
GAUGE
LENGTH
50 mm.
t 25mm R mi n.
U- t t

Transverse, o longitudinal, base material tensile

test specimen * 1

REDUCED SECTION

APPROX
% 38 mm

t
25 mm R min .

-
Weld tensile l e s t fabricati on
of pipes / piping c o m p o n e n t s .

SPECIMEN MAYBE MACHINE OR OXYGEN CUT

EDGES SHALL BE PARALLEL AND SMOOTH •

APPROXIMATELY 25 mm

APPROXIMATELY 225 MM
WELD REINFORCEMENT SHOULO NOT BE
REMOVEO ON EITHER SIDE sOF SPECIMEN i
A
WALL THICKNESS
T T
Weld tensile t e s t for field weld procedure
qualification test .

Fig . C. l . Tensile test specimens

l
 76

SPECIMEN MAYBE MACHINE OR OXYGENCUT.

t / 10 MAX .
RAD ALL CORNERS
.

APPROX . 25 mm

200 mm ( minimum )
WELD
i
WALL THICHNESS

WELD REINFORCEMENT IS TO BE REMOVED FROM BOTH FACES FLUSH WITH THE SURFACE OF THE SPECI-
MEN. SPECIMEN SHALL NOT BE FLATTENED PRIOR TO TESTING. CUT SURFACES SHALL BE SMOOTH AND
PARALLEL

FACEBEND / ROOT BEND SPECIMEN

WELD REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE REMOVED FROM BOTH

FACES FLUSH WITH THE SURFACE OF THE SPECTMEN
WALL

*wm
to
/J
5% t
t
THICKNESS

rJ
i
200 mm ( minimum )
t /10 RAOIUS MAX . ALL
_L \ CORNERS

/ m ] ^ 5 mm ( )ZL
7 T H
| £ WIDTH OF
SPECIMEN
WALL THICKNESS

SPECIMENS MAY BE MACHINE CUT TO 12,5 MM WIDTH OR THEY MAY BE OXYGEN CUT TO APPROXIMATE -
LY 20 MM WIDE AND THEN MACHINED OR GROUND SMOOTH TO 12.5 MM WIDTH. CUT SURFACES SHALL
BE SMOOTH AND PARALLEL

SIDE BEND SPECIMEN

Fig . C . 2 . Bend test specimens

 77

NOTCH CUT BY HACKSAW ,

S P E C I M E N MAY B E MACHINE
OR OXYGEN CUT. F A C E S S H A L L
B E R E A S O N A B L E PARALLEL
3mm -i

20 mm
i Ip
= rE
3mm
A P P R O X .2 2 5 m m j
, DO NOT R E M O V E REINFORCEMENT O F W E L D O F
ii
— . EITHER
i
^.
S I D E O F S P ECFM E N -V ,ri,.^
'y
WALL THICKNESS
T

Fig . C . 3 Nick break test specimen

55
NOTCH POSITIONS

] 2 mm
o CENTER OF WELD

A FUSION LINE lf . 1 .)
20 20
40
2 mm FROM f . l .
i II
2 mm

ROOT RADIUS 0, 2 5
5 mm FROM f .L
X 5 mm

Csd Location of Charpy V notch samples-

o f w e l d e d j o i n t s . ( E a c h s a m p l e c o n s i s t s of
t h r e e s p e c i m e n s. )
45 °
DE TAIL "A 9 f

-
Charpy V notch
specimen / notch perpendicular
to rolled s u r f a c e .

Fig. C .4 . Charpy V - notch impact testing .

i
 78

sv 1 MM A.

n
nj 1 MM f
HARDNESS TESTING
BUTT WELDS

V
W. M. HAZ
/
/ ^ 1MM
a
/‘

0.5 mm

DETAIL A MAGNIFIED

v 1 MM
/
1 MM
l
k
t i
'v 1 MM T
HARDNESS TESTING HARDNESS TESTING
MULTIPLE PASS SINGLE BEAD REPAIR
WELD REPAIR INSIDE OR OUTSIDE

Fig . C. 5 . Hardness testing welded joints — schematic .

 79

V
Discard 50 mmy
/

T Tensile test specimens.

I =
“ *1

& Bend test specimens.

IMPACT TESTING:
r ] Center of weld metal
f specimens.
r i Fusion line
r specimens .
A
2 mm from fusion line
±3 specimens.
1

ffVr 5 mm from fusion line

A

£ A ) specimens.

4
Bend test specimens.
i

Tensile test specimen

) Macrosection / hardnesstest
specimen .
/ / / /
/
Discard
/ /
50 mm
/ /

Fig. C.6. Welding procedure qulaification — fabrication

of pipes / piping components: sampling of test specimens.
 80

TOP OF PIPE

\ , Hardness / macrosect ion

Face or side bend
Root or side bend
* Tensile
Nick break

OD
^ 300 mm
Weld metal
y Q-
/i i

Fusion line
§
2mm from f . l. r E- a
£
Nick break 5 mm from f . 1 . tr\

Tensile Root or side bend

Face or side bend
Hardness / macrosect ion

Hardness / macrosection
Root or side bend X/ X/A
Nick break Tensile
Tensile Root or side bend
Face or side bend Nick break

Outer diameter
OD > 300 mm
Weld metal in
dt
Fusion line f .l L tJ EL
( ) '

2 mm from f . l f a.a£
£
5 mm from f. 1 . — ^

Root or side bend

Side bend
Nick break
-
Nick break * Tensile
4 Root or side bend
Tensile
Sidebend
Hardness / macrosection

Note: The indicated locations of the test specimens are to be used for welding positions 2 G , 5 G and 6 G .
For qualification of welding in 1 G position , sampling positions are optional.

Fig . C .7 Welding procedure qualification test - field joints .

Sampling of test specimens
 81

TOP OF PIPE

/ Nick break
“

Outer j
OD £:100mm
diameter
Nick break I
Root bend or side bend Root bend or side bend

TOP OF PIPE

Nick break Nick break

“
Nick break

Outer [ diameter
0D < • 300mm

Nick break Root bend or side bend

Root bend or side bend

TOP OF PIP

Root bend or side bend Nick break

Nick break- /^ Nick break
Nick break -s, ^ Face bend or side bend
^

Outer diameter
OD > ! 300 mm

Face bend or side bend ^ Nick break

Nick break * ^ Nick break
Nick break Root bend or side bend

— Note: At the company’s option , the locations may be rotated 45 degrees counterclockwise or they may
be equally spaced around the pipe except specimens shall not include the longitudinal weld . Also,
at the company’s option , additional specimens may be taken .

Fig . C .8 Welder and welding operator performance test -

field joints. Sampling of test specimens
 82

APPENDIX D
GUIDELINES ON CORROSION CONTROL
D. l Design of cathodic protection systems For coated pipeline systems , however , the current demand
may increase with time as the coating deteriorates.
D . l . I General
.
D . l . 1.1 The purpose of D. l is to provide some general guide- Table D l presents a general guide for selection of design cur-
densities .
lines to the design of cathodic protection systems for sub- listed for some majorminimum
rent Three design current densities are
offshore areas and special environ -
marine pipeline systems.
ments.
Veritas will be open to evaluate cathodic protection systems
based on alternative design methods. The initial current density is used to determine the necessary
current output capacity of new anodes. The final current
used to determine the necessary current output ca-
D.! .1.2 Cathodic protection for submarine pipelines and ri- pacity ofis anodes
density
when the anodes are consumed to the utili-
sers is generally by sacrificial anodes .
zation factor . The mean current density is used to determine
the weight of the anodes.
The cathodic protection system is generally applied in com-
bination with a suitable coating system . The coating will re-
duce the initial current requirement and improve the current
distribution .
D. l .2 Design basis
Table D . l Guidance on minimum design
D. l .2.1 Design life: Normally the design life of the cathodic ( mA / m 2) for cathodic protection of bare steel current densities
protection system should be taken as the design life of the pi-
peline system .
Initial Mean Final
value value value
D. l .2 - 2 Environmental conditions: The following parameters
should be taken into account in the design of the cathodic North Sea ( northern) 160 120 100
protection system: North Sea (southern) 130 100 90
Arabian Gulf 120 90 80

——
Temperature of pipeline system India 120 90 80
Temperature of seawater / sea bed Australia 120 90 80
—— Oxygen content of seawater / sea bed
Chemical composition of seawater/ sea bed
Brazil
Gulf of Mexico
120
100
90
80
80
70
—— Resistivity of seawater / sea bed
Current velocity of seawater
West Africa
Indonesia
120
100
90
80
80
70
— Biological activity
Pipelines ( burial
specified ) 50 40 30
If relevant parameters from the same area on these are not
available, measurements along the route may be required . Risers in shafts with
flowing seawater 180 140 120
The current output of anodes is dependent on the resistivity. Risers in shafts with
For seawater the resistivity in tropical waters 25°C) may stagnant seawater 120 90
be taken as 20 ohmcm while in colder waters ( t ~ 5 10°C)
it may be taken as 33 ohmcm .
— Sea bed ( ambient
80

temperature ) 25 20 15
The resistivity of the Im upper layer of the sea bed may be ta-
ken as 100 ohmcm if no measurements have been carried
out .

D. l . 2.3 Potential criteria : The potential criteria for cathodic

protection are given in 6.3 . 1.3 of the Rules .

D. l . 3 Current demands For buried pipelines, higher values are used than for bare
D - 1.3. 1 The total current demand is given by the current steel in seabed . This is due to that a higher safety margin is
density and the area of exposed steel surfaces. The following necessary and the fact that complete burial may not be ob-
areas should be considered: tained .

— areas in seawater D. l .3.2 The current density for a coated steel surface is high -
—— areas below mudline
unprotected foreign structures in electrical contact with
ly dependent on the quality of the coating materials and the
coating application .
the pipeline system
Table D . 2 gives guidelines on the selection of coating break -
The current density is determined by the environmental down criteria for coated structures. The coating breakdown
conditions . The selection of design current densities may be criterion is defined as the ratio:
based on experiences from similar pipeline systems in the sa -
me environment or measurements. Current density coated steel
• 100 %
Current density bare steel
The current density is normally not constant with For
time.
bare steel surfaces in seawater the current density may dec- The presented values are based on satisfactory coating appli-
rease due to the formation of calcareous deposit caused by cation . If the coating is particularly exposed to wear and me-
the cathodic current. chanical damage, higher values must be used .
 83

To establish the current density requirement for coated steel , D. 1.4 Anode materials
the values in Table D. l should be multiplied by the percenta- D. l .4.1 Zinc anodes should
conform to the following compo-
ges in Table D 2 . sition in order to reduce the susceptibility to intergranular
corrosion .
Table D. 2 Guide on coating breakdown criteria ( % ) for
some coatings (expected lifetime 25 years) max % min %
Initial Mean Final Aluminium 0 ,2 0, 1
Cadmium 0 ,06 0 ,03
Thick film pipeline Iron 0 ,002
coatings 10 20 Copper 0 ,005
Vinyl systems 2 20 50 Silicon 0 , 125
Epoxy coal- tar 2 20 50 Lead 0 ,006
Epoxy ( high- build ) 2 20 50 Zinc remainder
Rubber 5 10
D 1.4 . 2 The following electrochemical properties of alloys
D. l . 3.3 For pipeline systems in contact with the reinforce- other than given in D . 1.4 . 1 should be documented by ap-
ment of concrete structures, allowance should be made for propriate tests:
current drainage to the reinforcement . An average current
—
density of 0.5 1 mA / m 2 for the outer reinforcement layer is
normally sufficient. Initial values may be somewhat higher
— Driving potential ( mV) to polarized steel , i e. the differ -
ence between closed circuit anode potential and the po-
and final values significantly lower . The area of the outer tentials given by Table 6.1 .
reinforcement may be taken as the area of the concrete sur-
face. —— Current capacity ( ampere • hours / kg).
Susceptibility to passivity.
D . l .3.4 The current density may be dependent on the tempe - — Susceptibility to intergranular corrosion .
rature. For pipelines and risers carrying hot oil or gas an in - The testing of the above- mentioned properties may be carried
crease in the current density has been observed . out by long term free- running ( i . e . without external power
source) laboratory testing , or field testing of full scale anodes .
In the temperature range 25°C to 100°C an increase in the
current density in the order of 1 mA / m 2 per °C as compared
to the values given in Table D . l may be used . The tempera-
Table D - 3 gives some guidelines on typical values for es -
sential parameters for some technical anodes alloys.
ture to be considered is the temperature difference between
hydrocarbon and seawater / sea bed .

Table D . 3 Electrochemical parameters for some sacrificial anode alloys

Alloy Environment Driving potential Current capacity Consumption rate
( mV) ( Ah / kg) kg / A year
Al - Zn - Hg —
seawater ( 5 30 °C) 200- 500 2600 - 2800 3.1 3.4
Al - Zn - In
Al - Zn - In
—
seawater ( 5 30 °C)
saline mud ( 5 — 30°C)
250- 300
150- 250
2500 - 2700
1300 - 2300
3.2 - 3.5
3.85 - 6.7
Al - Zn - In
Zn
—
saline mud ( 30 90°C)
seawater
100 - 200
200- 250
400 - 1300
760 - 780
6.7 - 22
11.2 - 11.5
Zn —
saline mud (0 60 °C) 150 - 200 760 - 780 11.2 —11.5

i
 84

D . 1.5 Current output capacity of anodes D . 1.8 Fabrication of anodes

D- 1.5.1 The current output capacity Ig is given by Ohm s D. 1.8 . 1 The electrochemical properties are highly dependent
( )
law. on the content of alloying elements and impurity elements.
The anode manufacturer should thus prove his capability of
AV delivering anodes which satisfy the specification .
Ia (D I )
R
D . 1.8 .2 The quality control at the anode manufacturing plant
AV = Driving potential should include control systems on the following:
R = Circuit resistance ( usually taken as the anodic resist -
ance) Raw materials, i.e . checking of documentation .
Production equipment and process.
The anodic resistance is determined by the resistivity of the Testing during and after production .
surrounding environment and the geometric conditions of Identification of products .
the anodes. Empirical formulae as shown in Fig. D. l may be Chemical analysis of products.
used - Weight and dimensional tolerances.
Visual check of any surface defects .
If the anodes are grouped closely in array , interference be- Documentation ( test certificates) .
tween the anodes must be taken into account when calculat -
ing the anodic resistance.

D. l .5.2 For bare steel surfaces the anode current output ca-
pacity should be calculated in the initial stage when the cur -
rent demand is greatest and at the end of the lifetime when D . 2 Standards for coating
the anode is consumed to the utilization factor and the anode
has the lowest current output. D . 2 . I General
D . 2.1 . 1 Standards or recommendations for coating materials,
,

D . 1.5 . 3 Installation of additional anodes with smaller dimen - application and testing are listed below . Most test methods
sions for the initial stage ( for instance 3 years) to meet the will be found under the first group referring to the most com -
high initial current requirements may be more economical mon generic types of pipeline coatings. The second group
than to find a single anode shape which meets both initial contains more general guidelines for coating application and
and final current demand. inspection .
For coated structures where an increase in the current density D . 2.2 Acceptable standards for coating properties and test
may be observed the current output capacity should be methods referring to generic type
checked at the end of the lifetime when the anode is consum -
ed to the utilization factor . D . 2.2 . 1 Coal lar based coatings :

The total current output capacity should be greater than the British Standard BS 4164 , Specification for Coal Tar Based
total current demand . Hot Applied Coating Materials for Protection oflron & Steel .
American Water Works Association . AWWA C 203 . Stand -
ard for Coal Tar Protective Coatings and Linings for Steel
D . l .6 Calculation of anode life
D . l . 6.1 The anode life L may be determined as follows;
Water Pipelines —
Enamel and Tape —
Hot — Applied .

National Association of Corrosion Engineers NACE 2 G 156 .

W •u ( D.5 )
L = E ‘I
L effective life of the anodes
W net mass of the anodes
u utilization factor determined by the amount of anode
material consumed when the remaining anode mate
rial cannot deliver the current required
E consumption rate of the anode
I mean current requirement per anode during the life-
time
Coal Tar Coatings for Underground Use.
D . 2.2 . 2 Asphalt based coating :
British Standard BS 4147 . Specification for Hot Applied Bitu -
men Based Coating for Ferrous Products .
-
Netherlands Corrosion Committee II , Communication 13 .
published by TNO -.
NACE Publication 2 H 157 . Asphalt Protective Coatings for

The following values for utilization factor may be used :

Underground Pipelines —
Wrapped Systems.

The Asphalt Institute , Asphalt Protective Coatings for Pipeli -

Slender anodes: 0 ,90 0 ,95 — nes — Construction Series No 96 — Wrapped and Mastic
Bracelet anodes: 0 ,75 0 ,80
Other shapes: 0.75 - 0 ,85
— Systems.

NACE Standard RP -02 - 76 , Extruded Asphalt Mastic Type

D . l . 7 Current distribution
D . l . 7.1 The anodes should be evenly distributed over the
steel surface to achieve a uniform current distribution .
For systems with complex geometry model testing may be
necessary .
It is recommended that the distance between anodes on a
coated pipeline does not exceed 150 m . Close to platforms
and pipe crossings additional anodes should be installed .
Protective Coatings for Underground Pipelines.
D . 2.2 . 3 Reinforcing materials for coal tar and asphalt based
coatings:
Netherlands Corrosion Committee II , Communication 13 .
NACE Publication 2J 262 , Specifications for Fibrous Glass.
Reinforced Type Underground Pipe Wrap.
NACE Publication 2J 162 , Specifications for Bitumous Satu -
rated Glass Pipe Wrap.
 85

AWWA C 203 , Standard for Coal Tar Protective Coatings All surface preparation of pipes for pipelines or risers is nor-
and Linings for Steel Water Pipelines —
Enamel and Tape — mally to be in accordance with :
Hot — Applied .
Swedish Standard SIS 055900 , Pictorial Surface Preparation
NACE Publication 2 J 362 , Specifications for Asbestos Pipeli - Standards Grade Sa 2 1 / 2 , or better (Sa 3 ).
ne Felt .
The following standards for surface preparation are consider-
D 2.2 4 Epoxy coating ed to be equivalent:

British Gas Standard ( preliminary ) . -

British Standard BS 4232 , Surface Finish of Blast Cleaned
Steel for Painting, Second Quality , or better ( First Quality).
D . 2.2 .5 Vulcanized rubber coating:
U.S Steel Structures Painting Council SSPC Grade SSPC-SP
British Standard Code of Practice CP 3003 : Part 1 . Rubber . -
10 , Near- White Blast Cleaning , or better (Grade SSPC SP 5) :

To obtain good bonding the rubber coating should be applied
by extrusion of a continuous rubber stripe under controlled
tension to rotating pipe.
D. 2.3 Application and inspection of coatings , general
standards
D .2.3 . 1 General :
Below are listed some recognized general standards for coat-
ing application including pipe metal surface preparation , in -
spection and testing of final coatings. For application of pipe
line coatings , the standard listed under D . 2.2 are of primary
interest . The below requirement to surface preparation of mi -
nimum SIS grade Sa 2 , 5 or equivalent should always be gov
erning for yard coating of pipes .
NACE No. 2 . Near- White Blast Cleaned Surface Finish , or
better ( NACE No. 1 ).
For field joint coating of weld areas on lay barge or similar ,
for coal tar or asphalt based coatings, surface preparation by
wire brushing to remove all weld spatter rust dirt and dust
until a clean uniform grey- white metallic finish is obtained .
D . 2.3 . 3 Application and inspection of coating:
NACE Standard RP -06 -75 , Recommended Practice, Control
of Corrosion on Offshore Steel Pipelines .
- U .S. Steel Structure Painting Council SSPC. Steel Structures
Painting Manual .
- British Standard BS 5493 , Code of practice for protective
coating of iron and steel structures against corrosion .

D . 2.3 . 2 Surface preparation of pipes: References is also made to the standards given in D . 2.2 .

SLENDER ANODES Ra
e
-
-
2 •- - 1 V
In

cm)
resistivity ( ohm
4 l
r
*
- I ( D. 2 )

L \ 1
r
=
=
length of anode (cm)
equivalent radius of anode ( cm)
a
r
a - cross section of anode (cm 2 )
Stand off core greater than 30 cm
PLATE ANODES

Q ( D.3)
Ra -
2 S
S mean length of anode side ( cm)
S
b
— —
+ c ,
b^ » „2 c

BRACELET ANODES
AND OTHER SHAPES

0.315 - e (D 4 )
Ra VA
A exposed surface area of anode

Fig . D . l Anodic resistance formulae ( Ra)

 86

APPENDIX E
PRESSURE TESTING OF PIPELINES AND PIPELINE SECTIONS
E.l General E - 2 3 The minimum test pressure is to be at least 1 25 times
’ the design pressure . The hoop stress during pressure testing is
E l l This appendix covers Veritas guidelines with respect to normally
pressure testing of pipelines and pipeline sections . not to exceed 90 % of SMYS. Higher stresses will
be considered in each case. During pressurizing , added test li-
The purpose of the pressure testing is to verify that the tested quid versus pressure should be recorded in order to evaluate
sections are leakproof and have the required structural the amount of residual air in the test section .
strength to withstand the design pressure with the anticipated
level of safety. E.2.4 After pressurizing sufficient time for stabilization must
be allowed having in mind that a temperature change during
It is assumed that the separate pipes have been individually the pressure test will greatly influence on the pressure . Signi -
pressure tested in the pipe mill . ficant temperature differences between added test liquid and
surrounding environment might lead to a long stabilization
( )
E . l . 2 The Owner is to establish specifications for hydrostatic time several days .
testing describing procedures and equipment.
E - 2.5 The holding period should normally be 24 hours. If ,
The procedure specification is to cover at least the following : however , a 100 % visual inspection of the tested section is
carried out . the holding period could be limited to the time
— Pressure
ber
test specification designation and revision num -
necessary to carry out this inspection , but not less than 2
hours. For short sections as for instance risers 8 hours hold -
— Description of the sections to be tested (defining lengths,
elevations, in - line valves and connectors, branches, con -
ing period may be acceptable . During the holding period the
pressure is to be recorded every 1 / 2 hours.
nection for test equipment, e. g. isometric drawings, flow -
sheets and alignment sheets)
E . 3 Pressure test method no . 2
— Test medium ( including additives)
—
—— Mixing of test medium and additives
Test pressures
E .3 . I The testing sequence will be as follows:

———
Test holding time
Description of all testing equipment
——— Caliper pigging ( normally included )
Filling of test liquid
Stabilization ( long sections)

———
Description of all testing instruments
Method for cleaning and removing of air from the test Pressurizing to strength test pressure

— section
Sequence of pressurizing
Stabilization
Holding
—
—
Monitoring and recording of test pressure
Depressurizing and discharge of test medium ——— Reduction to leak test pressure
Stabilization
Holding
E l . 3 Instruments and equipment for measuring pressure, vo-
——
Pressure release
lume and / or temperature is to have an appropriate measur- Reporting
ing range with sufficient accuracy verified by a recognized
test laboratory . The verification should normally not be older E . 3.2 With respect to filling of test liquid and stabilization , re-
than one year . ference is made to E . 2.2 and E . 2.4 .

Pressure measuring equipment is to have an accuracy and re- E . 3.3 The minimum strength test pressure is 1.4 times the
peatability of ± 0 . 1 % . design pressure. The maximum equivalent stress during pres-
sure testing is normally not to exceed the von Mises equiva -
I f temperatures are measured during the pressure test , the ac- lent stress during pressure testing in the pipe mill or 0.96
curacy of temperature testing equipment is to be 0 . I °C . times SMYS , whatever is the largest. Higher stresses will be
considered in each case. The holding period for this strength
The volume measurement equipment , if used , is to have a test should not be shorter than 1 hour and not longer than 3
sensitivity of 0.1 % of the added volume of liquid necessary hours. The pressure is to be recorded every 10 minutes.
to produce a hoop stress equal to SMYS .
E .3.4 The leakproof test pressure is to be 1.1 times the design
E. 1.4 Below are described two alternative methods of .pres- pressure . For a leakproof test the holding period should nor -
sure testing . mally be 24 hours. For test sections where 100 % visual in -
spection is carried out , the holding period could be limited to
E . 2 Pressure test method no. 1 the time necessary to carry out this inspection , but not less
than 2 hours . During this holding period , the pressure is to be
E . 2.1 The testing sequence will be as follows: recorded every 1 / 2 hours. For shorter sections, for instance

—— Caliper pigging ( normally included )

Filling of test liquid
risers, 8 hours holding period may be acceptable.

—— Stabilization ( long sections)

Pressurizing to test pressure E . 4 Acceptance criteria
—— Stabilization
Holding
E . 4.1 The test will be accepted if during the test all pressure
containing components in the tested section maintain their in -
— Pressure release tegrity and no leaks are found . Since it is difficult to judge if
— Reporting certain small pressure changes could be caused by for inst -
ance temperature changes, a pressure change of ± 0 . 2 % of
E. 2.2 Filling of test liquid should be carried out in due time the test pressure could be accepted . If greater pressure drops
prior to the actual pressure testing ( several days). During fill- occur the test will not be accepted or the holding period
ing, steps should be taken to ensure that the volume of air re
maining in the test section is minimized .
- should be extended until a 24 hour period with acceptable
pressure change has occurred.
 87

E.4.2 If the temperature is taken into account when interpret- cations along the section to be tested (e.g . one in each end of a
ing the test results, then the Owner has, prior to the test , to long section).
present calculations clearly showing the effect on the pressure
from variations in the following variables: E.6 Hydrostatic test report
E . 6.1 The Owner is to provide a test report for each section
— Temperature of test liquid when filling
— Temperature of environment tested .
— Restraints
The report is at least to comprise
During the actual test, the temperature of the environment
test report as per attached form
has to be recorded at several relevant positions along the line.
pressure time diagrams
The readings to be made every hour.
actual pressure volume diagrams plotted versus theoreti-
E . 5 Witnessing cal pressure volume diagram
if relevant, all temperatures versus time is to be plotted
E 51 The pressure testing shall be witnessed by Veritas. If and included
found necessary, Veritas may have surveyors at relevant lo- certificate of pressure measuring equipment
 88

HYDROSTATIC TEST REPORT

REPORT NO

Owner .:
Pipeline Description: ...
Testing Contractor:
Construction Contractor:

Testing Specification :
Section Tested From: To:
Pump Location :
Pressure Recorder Location ( Elevation):
Length of Section: • Volume of Section :
Pipe Tested (Size , W .T. , Grade, Type and Manufacturer):

Type and Source of Test Medium :

Additive: Quantity
Dye; Quantity
Inhibitor: Quantity

Dead Weight Tester No.:

Strength Test Pressure: . bar Start of Test: bar End of Test: bar
Leakproof Test Pressure: bar Start of Test: bar End of Test: bar

Time and Date Strength Test Started: . Ended: . .

Time and Date Leakproof Test Started : Ended: . .

Remarks:

Company Representative: Date:

Contractor Representative : Date :
VERITAS Representative : Date :

Attachments:

Pressure- time diagrams

Pressure- volume diagrams

Temperature- time diagrams

Instrumentation calibration sheet