EXPERIMENT # 02

Objective:
To determine the modulus of elasticity of different materials.

Apparatus:
Dial gauge, Holder for dial gauge, Weight holder, Slotted weight, Support rod, Materials for the
measurement of elasticity (Aluminum, Brass, Steel, Copper).

Young’sYoung’s
modulusmodulus apparatus
apparatus

Theory:
Modulus of Elasticity:
An elastic modulus (also known as modulus of elasticity) is a quantity that measures an
object or substance's resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a stress is applied
to it. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress–strain curve in the elastic
deformation region.
Formula:

E = Stress / Strain
Units:
If stress is measured in Pascal’s, then since strain is a dimensionless quantity, the units of E will be
pascals as well.
Application:
Moment of inertia:
Moment of Inertia, I, is the property of an object associated with its resistance to rotation. It depends on the
objects mass and the distribution of mass with respect to the axis of rotation. For any beam, the inertia is calculated based on
the cross sectional shape and the thickness. It does not depend on the length and material of the beam.
Formula:

For a rectangular section beam,

bℎ 3
I= /12
Where,

b = width of beam and

h = height of beam
Stress strain curve:
A deformation/displacement curve can be drawn based on experimental data and the
displacement in terms of extension per unit length can be described.
This displacement is called strain (ε), and the deformation in terms of force per unit area, is
called stress (σ).The deformation/displacement curve can be redrawn as a stress/strain curve as
shown in Figure which shows a realistic stress–strain relation. This should be independent of
the dimensions of the bar.
The shape of the stress/strain curve illustrated in figure is typical of many engineering
materials, and particularly of metals and alloys.
σ = Eε,
Where

ε = dl / l0 , σ = F/A
The constant of proportionality E is called Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity.
The linearity of the equivalent portion of the stress/strain curve is known as Hooke’s law.
Procedure:
1. The clamping length (L) was set.

2. The width and height of the test specimen was measured by using a vernier caliper and the values
were recorded.

3. The test specimen was placed on the bearers.

4. Both of the ends won’t be tighten since both ends are simple support.

5. The load (F) hanger was mounted on the center of the test specimen.

6. The dial gauge was moved to the center of the test specimen. The height of the gauge was adjusted so
that the needle touched the test specimen. The initial reading of gauge was recorded.

7. The load was loaded onto the weight hanger and the dial gauge reading was recorded.

8. The experiment was repeated for another two times in order to obtain an average deflection value.

9. All the loads were removed after the results were taken.

10.The graph of force versus deflection was plotted.

11.The experimental value of Young modulus for the respective was calculated for there spective beam by comparing
the theoretical value.

12.The experiment was repeated by using different material beam (i.e. Aluminium, brass, stainless steel).

Observations:
Least count of dial indicator = div×L.C =

Least count of vernier caliper =

Effective length of beam (L) =
Breath of beam (b) =
Height of beam (h) =
Moment of inertia of beam=
 Dial Gauge Modulus of Modulus of
Sr. Material Reading Elasticity(Actual) Elasticity
3
Y=fm (Gpa) 𝐹𝐿
E= 48×𝐼×𝑓𝑚

1. Aluminum

2. Brass

3. Steel

4. Copper

Sample Calculations:

Conclusion:
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