CHAPTER 9

THESIS PROPOSAL WRITING

Writing Requirements

A thesis proponent should possess the following qualities in order to fulfill the 15

requirements of writing a thesis proposal:

1. Enthusiastic. A thesis proponent is interested to write a thesis proposal

even in the midst of hardships, conflicts, and trials he encounters in the

process of preparing it. An interested thesis proponent makes his work easy

and comfortably wherein he completes his thesis on time.

2. Intelligent. A thesis proponent should be intelligent and broad-minded

because writing a thesis proposal is very taxing, challenging, difficult, and

strenuous.

3. Industrious. A thesis proponent is industrious in writing and does not feel tired to complete
his work even late in the evening.

4. Energetic. A thesis proponent should have the stamina and physical endurance to be able to
meet the demands of thesis writing.

5. Dedicated. A thesis proponent is devoted to the task of writing a thesis proposal and does not
wait for tomorrow what he can do for today. Manana

habit is avoided
6. Good in research. A thesis proponent is good in both descriptive research

and experimental research. His aim is to make his research outputs contribute to the
socioeconomic development of the country. Invest-harvest

principle is applied in preparing a thesis proposal. If he invests or spends

money in research, he has to gain or profit money in order to have a return

on investment.

7. Good in statistics using computer. A thesis proponent is good in computing

statistical data using computer and knows to apply the appropriate statistical

tool to a specific research problem. He knows where and where not to apply

the different statistical tools. He does not use t-Test and F-test or analysis

of variance (ANOVA) for descriptive research as most common errors

committed by statisticians.

It is better that thesis proponent is the statistician in processing the data using

computer of his thesis for easy computation, analysis, and interpret

results.

8. Versatile. A thesis proponent is versatile, multi-talented, flexible, and resourceful in preparing

a thesis proposal.

9. Good command in English. He has good command in English to be able

to express easily and comfortably his bright ideas, creative thinking, and productive output in an
organized manner.

10. Adequate resources. The proponent should have 6M's resources such as

(1) manpower, (2) money, (3) machinery, (4) materials, (5) methods, and

(6) moment of time. These resources must be adequate so that his thesis
proposal will have productive results. For manpower, the researcher must

need other people to help in preparing the proposal and conducting the

study. For money, the proponent should have enough money to finance

the thesis proposal as well as in conducting the study. For machinery, he

must have adequate equipment like computer and printer for encoding of

the manuscripts. For materials, the proponent can write effectively and

excellently, if he has a supply of materials like pen, papers, computer inks,

USB, internet connection, and many others. For method, if the proponent

uses the experimental research, he has to choose the most appropriate

method from the nine types of experimental design. If he prefers descriptive

research, he has to choose one from the nine types of descriptive research.

For moment of time, the proponent has to allot a considerable amount of

time everyday to write his proposal.

11. Religious. A proponent must be religious. He has to implement the acronym

UNLAD, meaning, Unahin Natin Lagi Ang Diyos. If a proponent wants to

augment his quality of life and successful to write his thesis proposal and

conduct his, he has to serve God first for He is the only one who gives divine

wisdom, divine knowledge and divine understanding.

12. Patient. A proponent should be patient. Often, a proposal has to be revised

several times before he arrives at the perfection of his study. If he wants

good quality of his thesis, a proponent "No surrender, no retreat."

13. Healthy. A proponent is healthy in mind, body, and spirit so that he can write
his thesis proposal and conduct the study efficiently and effectively. "Health

is wealth."

14. Willing to sacrifice. A proponent is willing to perform sacrifices that writing

the thesis proposal and conducting the study entails. There is a saying

"Success is sweet if spiced with sacrifice."

15. Convenient room for thinking and writing. A proponent should provide

a convenient room to write and think so that he can collect creative ideas

intelligently and effectively. A well-ventilated and quiet room makes him think

and write spontaneously and bright ideas keep on coming since it is easier

for him to think comfortably.

Parts of a Thesis Proposal

There are three parts of thesis proposal. These are (1) The Problem: Rationale

and Background, (2) Related Literature Review, and (3) Methodology or Materials and

Methods.

1. The Problem: Rationale and Background

This part includes (1) The Statement of the Problem, (2) Hypotheses, (3)

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework, (4) Significance of the Study, (5) Scope

and Limitations of the Study, and (6) Definition of Terms.

2. Related Literature Review

This part consists of (1) Related Legal Basis, (2) Related Literature, (3)

Related Studies (Local and Foreign), and (4) Justification of the Proposed

Study.

3. Methodology or Materials and Methods

Methodology is applicable in descriptive research. This part includes (1)

Research Design, (2) Determination of Sample Size (if sample survey), (3)

The Subjects, (4) The Research Instrument, (5) Data Gathering Procedure,

(6) Data Processing Method, and (7) Statistical Treatment.

Materials and Methods used for experimental research contain (1) Research

Method, (2) Materials, (3) Equipment/Apparatus and Utensils, (4) Procedure,

(5) Evaluation of the Products, and (6) Statistical Treatment.

Aside from the foregoing three major parts of thesis proposal, the four minor

parts are included. These are as follows: (1) Schedule of Activities, (2)

Bibliography/References, (3) Appendix, and (4) Curriculum Vitae.

Schedule of Activities

Schedule of activities involve the time frame for every activity of the thesis proposal

and study for completion.

Bibliography/References
Bibliography is used in descriptive research and References is used in experimental

research. Bibliography and references include the list of source materials like books

journals, published and unpublished research paper, thesis and dissertation, and

many others.

Appendix

Appendix contains the proposed research instrument prepared by the proponent

for descriptive research. For experimental research, the sensory evaluation sheet is to

test the quality attributes of the products.

Curriculum Vitae

Curriculum vitae includes the personal data/information of the proponent: his

name, birth date, birthplace, civil status, spouse (if married), if single (name of parents)

educational qualification, PRC eligibility, experience, honors/awards received,

scholarship grant, researches conducted, published books, researches, articles,

patent, membership in professional and scientific organizations, and seminars/training

attended.

However, thesis proposal is not divided into chapters. The following are samples

of thesis proposal outlines in descriptive and experimental designs.

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
1. Title

11. The Problem: Rationale and Background

2.1. Statement of the Problem/Objectives

2.2. Null Hypotheses

2.3. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

2.4. Significance of the Study

2.5. Scope and Limitations of the Study

2.6. Definition of Terms

III. Related Literature Review

3.1. Related Legal Basis

3.2. Related Literature (local and foreign)

3.3. Related Studies (local and foreign)

3.4. Justification of the Proposed Study

IV. Methodology

4.1. Research Design

4.2. Determination of Sample Size (if sample survey)

4.3. Sampling Design and Technique (if sample survey)

4.4. The Subjects

4.5. The Research Instrument

4.6. Validation of the Research Instrument

4.7. Data Gathering Procedure

4.8. Data Processing Method

4.9. Statistical Treatment

V. Schedule of Activities

VI. Bibliography

VII. Appendix

VIII. Curriculum Vitae

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

I. Title

II. The Problem: Rationale and Background

2.1. Statement of the Problem/Objectives

2.2. Null Hypotheses

2.3. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

2.4. Significance of the Study

2.5. Scope and Limitations of the Study

2.6. Definition of Terms

Ill. Related Literature Review

3.1. Related Legal Basis

3.2. Related Literature (local and foreign)

3.3. Related Studies (local and foreign)

3.4. Justification of the Proposed Study

IV. Materials and Methods

4.1. Research Method

4.2. Materials

4.3. Equipment/Apparatus and Utensils

4.4. Procedure

4.5. Evaluation of the Products

4.6. Statistical Treatment

V. Schedule of Activities

VI. References

VII. Appendix

VIll. Curriculum Vitae

TITLE

The title of a research or thesis proposal must be brief and concise, researchable,
novel, indicates possibilities for further research, and time for completing the study is

possible.

Certain forms of title phrasing such as "Study of . . .", "An Analysis of . . .", "A

Scientific Study of . . .", and "A Preliminary Study of . .." are to be avoided. They are

vague, not pleasing, and not acceptable for inclusion in a research/thesis title.

Illustration 1 (Descriptive Design)

PROBLEMS MET BY TEACHERS FOR LOW ACHIEVEMENTS OF STUDENTS IN

NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST (NAT) IN DIVISION OF ILOILO

Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

UTILIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF PINEAPPLE (ANANAS COMOSUS)

LEAVES WITH AND WITHOUT BANANA (MUSA SAPIENTUM) PEELINGS

INTO PAPER BAGS THE PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND

The most common practice of many research papers, theses, and dissertation

in Chapter 1 is to use the title "INTRODUCTION". This is a vague term because the

meaning of Introduction is foreword or beginning (Thesaurus English US Dictionary).

The most appropriate title in Chapter 1 of a research paper, thesis, and dissertation

is "The Problem and Its Background" or "The Problem: Rationale and Background."

The meaning of rationale in Thesaurus English Dictionary is reasoning, underlying

principle, basis, foundation, and justification; and background means setting, backdrop,

environment, surroundings, and conditions.

Likewise, in Chapter 1 (The Problem: Rationale and Background), the proponent

has to cite the rationale of the problem by quoting some statements from published

materials relevant to the proposed study to give the reader a panoramic view of the

study.

The PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND is placed at the MIDDLE

ve single spaces above and three single spaces below it) of Chapter

1 in all capital letters of a research paper, thesis, and dissertation. This includes

the Statement of the Problem, Hypotheses, Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitations of the Study, and Definition of Terms

Statement of the Problem

Illustration 1 (Descriptive Design)

Using the same title as the thesis proposal in Descriptive Design, "PROBLEMS

MET BY TEACHERS FOR LOW ACHIEVEMENTS OF STUDENTS IN NATIONAL

ACHIEVEMENT TEST (NAT) IN DIVISION OF ILOILO", the statement of the problem

is as follows:

The main problem of the proposed study will be to determine the problems met

by teachers for low achievements of students in National Achievement Test (NAT) in

Division of Iloilo. Specifically, it will attempt to answer the following research questions:
1. How serious will be the problems met by teachers concerning low

achievements of students in National Achievement Test (NAT) in Division

of lloilo in relation to top management, middle management, lower

management, instructional facilities, teacher factor, and student factor as a

whole and when classified as to sex, age, civil status, teaching experience,

job performance, and students' achievements?

2. Will there be significant difference on the seriousness of problems met by

teachers for low achievements of students in National Achievement Test

(NAT) in Division of Iloilo in relation to top management, middle management,

lower management, instructional facilities, teacher factor, and student

factor when classified as to sex, age, civil status, teaching experience, job

performance, and students' achievements?

Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

Using the sample of experimental design on the "UTILIZATION AND

COMMERCIALIZATION OF PINEAPPLE (ANANAS COMOSUS) LEAVES WITH AND

WITHOUT BANANA (MUSA SAPIENTUM) PEELINGS INTO PAPER BAGS", the

statement of the problem is as follows:

The main purpose of the proposed study will be to utilize and commercialize

pineapple leaves (A. comosus) with and without banana peelings (M. sapientum) into

paper bags. Specifically, it will attempt to answer the following research questions:
1. What will be the acceptability of paper bags made from pineapple (A.

comosus) leaves with and without banana (M. sapientum) peelings?

2. What will be the gross sales of paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with and
without banana (M. sapientum) peelings utilized into paper bags?

3. What will be the profit of paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with and
without banana (M. sapientum) peelings utilized into paper

bags?

4. Will there be return on investment (ROI) of paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus)
leaves with and without banana (M. sapientum) peelings

utilized into paper bags?

5. Will there be significant differences in the acceptability, gross sales, and

gross profit of paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with

and without banana (M. sapientum) peelings?

Hypotheses

The null hypothesis is commonly used by proponent in research paper, thesis,

and dissertation proposal because it is a denial of existence of the difference of the

effect which is easy to reject and accept.

Illustration 1 (Descriptive Design)

Based on the foregoing research problems, the researcher will formulate the

following null hypotheses:

1. The problems met by teachers for low achievements of students in National Achievement Test
(NAT) in Division of Iloilo in relation to top management,

middle management, lower management, instructional facilities, teacher

factor, and student factor as a whole and when classified as to sex, age, civil

status, teaching experience, job performance, and students' achievements

will not be serious.

2. There will be no significant difference on the seriousness of problems met

by teachers for low achievements of students in National Achievement Test

(NAT) in Division of Iloilo in relation to top management, middle management,

lower management, instructional facilities, teacher factor, and student

factor when classified as to sex, age, civil status, teaching experience, job

performance, and students' achievements.

Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

Using the sample of experimental design on the "UTILIZATION AND

COMMERCIALIZATION OF PINEAPPLE (ANANAS COMOSUS) LEAVES WITH AND

WITHOUT BANANA (MUSA SAPIENTUM) PEELINGS INTO PAPER BAGS," the

researcher will formulate the following null hypotheses:

1. Paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with and without

banana (M. sapientum) peelings will not be acceptable.

2. Paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with and without

banana (M. sapientum) peelings utilized into paper bags will have no sales.
3. Paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with and without

banana (M. sapientum) peelings bags will have no profit.

4.There will be no return on investment (ROI) of paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus)
leaves with and without banana (M. sapientum)

peelings.

5. There will be no significant differences in the acceptability, gross sales, and

gross profit of paper bags made from pineapple (A. comosus) leaves with

and without banana (M. sapientum) peelings.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Theoretical and conceptual frameworks both provide clear explanations regarding

the relationships among variables. Though theoretical framework is commonly used

by researchers because it shapes the justification of the research problem that uses

abstract concepts, factors, or laws, variables and their relations, and explain and

predict how observed phenomena exist and operate. A researcher is required to

formulate existing theories which link to the study because theories are useful devices

for interpreting, criticizing, and unifying established specific laws or facts that guide in

discovering new generalizations. It is advisable that proponent uses either theoretical

framework or conceptual framework.

In theoretical/conceptual framework, the paradigm of variables such as independent

variables, intervening variables, and dependent variables in the proposed study must
be presented. Figure 9.1 presents the paradigm of the independent, intervening, and

dependent variables on the problems met by teachers for low performance of students

in National Achievement Test (NAT) in the Division of Iloilo.

Illustration 1 (Descriptive Design)

Independent Variables

NAT

Top management

Middle management

Lower management

Instructional Facilities

Teacher Factor

Student Factor

Intervening Variables

Sex

Age

Civil Status

Teaching Experience

Dependent Variables

Problems

Job Performance

Student's Achievements
Figure 9.1. Paradigm of the Independent, Intervening, and Dependent Variables

on the Problems Met by Teachers for Low Performance of Students in

the National Achievement Test (NAT) in Division of Iloilo

Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

Figure 9.2. shows the independent and dependent variables on the acceptability,

gross sales, gross profit, and ROI of pineapple paper bags with and without banana

peelings.

Independent Variables

Pineapple Paper Bags

With Banana Peelings

Pineapple Paper Bags

Without Banana Peelings

Dependent Variables

Acceptability

Gross Sales

Gross Profit

ROI
Figure 9.2. Independent and Dependent Variables on Acceptability, Gross Sales,

Gross Profit, and ROI of Pineapple Paper Bags with and without Banana Peelings

Significance of the Study

As mentioned in previous Chapter, significance of the study is an important

section in research paper, thesis, and dissertation. The investigator has to explain the

importance of the study in relation to (1) solving a problem, (2) bridging a knowledge gap,

(3) improving social, economic, and health conditions of the people, (4) government's

thrusts, (5) socioeconomic impact that alleviates poverty, (6) providing food security,

and (7) contributing the economy and austerity measures of the country.

The investigator must present the significance of the study either from the

deductive or inductive perspective. When presenting from a deductive perspective

importance of the study which starts from general to particular, the researcher presents

from national level, then to the regional, provincial, municipal, local, to the researcher,

and to the target beneficiaries. If presented from an inductive viewpoint, presentation

of the importance of the study begins from the target beneficiaries, the researcher,

local, municipal, provincial, regional level, and to the national level.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This includes the coverage of the study area, the subjects, the research instrument,

the research issues and concerns, the duration of the study, and the constraints that

have direct bearing on the results of the study.

Illustration 1 (Descriptive Design)

The study will be limited only to the problems met by teachers concerning low

achievements of students in the National Achievement Test (NAT) in the Division of

Iloilo for Academic Year 2014-2015. All DepEd (Department of Education) secondary

school teachers in the Division of Iloilo with one year or more teaching experience will

be included as subjects of the study if the population is less than 100. If population is

large, 1000, for instance, a sample survey is applied. Unrestricted random sampling

will be used to get samples from the population (secondary school teachers) wherein

each teacher in the population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample.

Table of random numbers will be used in getting the sample. To draw a sample

each teacher must be assigned an identifying number ranging from 001 to 1000. The

identifying number may correspond to the total number of the population of teachers

001, 002, 003, 004 and so on till 1000.

To draw a sample of 221 from 1000 population, the Table of Random Numbers

is taken by pinpointing a pen either left, right, vertical, or horizontal direction or in any

other way until 221 samples are reached. The researcher will choose either the first

3-digit or the last 3-digit of the Table of Random Numbers. For example, he chooses

the last 3 digits of the Table of Random Numbers. If the pen points to 0142, 4051,

2023, 2094, 4105, 1157, and so on, they are included as samples because the last 3

digits are within 221. If the pen points to 8287, 1246, 2540, 0990, and 9362, they are

not included as sample because the last 3 digits are more than 221.

Data gathering will employ a researcher-made questionnaire which the proponent

admits has the limitation of bias. Hence, the questionnaire will be supplemented by
observations, interviews, analyses of DepEd circulars, memoranda, journals, articles,

books, research papers, theses, and dissertations as bases for formulating the

questionnaire.

Descriptive-survey method with the use of questionnaire will be used in the

study to determine the problems met by the teachers concerning low performance of

students in National Achievement Test (NAT) in Division of Iloilo.

The results of the study will be interpreted with the use of weighted mean, z-test,

and Friedman Two-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). The 1% level of significance

will be used because of a highest degree of accuracy with 99 percent reliability.

Based on the foregoing conditions, the findings of the study will be descriptive

of the secondary school teachers in the Division of Iloilo involved during the period

of time which the investigation will cover which is in Academic Year 2014-2015. The

results and conclusions drawn will, therefore, be true for this group of subjects and for

that period of time.

However, the results will be used as basis for similar studies that may be conducted

at other times and in other DepEd Division. Pattern of similarities may be observed

and made use of in any future plan regarding problems met by teachers concerning

low performance of students in National Achievement Test (NAT) in the country.

Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

The study will be limited only to the utilization and commercialization of pineapple
(Ananas comosus) leaves with and without banana (Musa sapientum) peelings in

making paper bags.

Pineapple (A. comosus) leaves as waste products of pineapples pickers and

banana (M. sapientum) peelings as offal of banana cue vendors will be utilized in

making paper bags bags.

The study will be conducted in the residence of the researcher at the JMF

Subdivision, Guzman Street, Mandurriao, Iloilo-City in August 2013 to October 2013.

Sensory evaluation of the products is employed by the panelists with the use

of 9-point Hedonic Scale where 9, stands for extremely acceptable; 8, very much

acceptable; 7, moderately acceptable; 6, slightly acceptable; and so on to determine

the acceptability of pineapple paper bags with and without banana peelings.

The results of the study is interpreted with the use of weighted mean to determine

the acceptability of the products and t-Test: Paired Two-Sample for Means was used to

determine if there is significant mean difference acceptability, gross sales, and gross

profit of the products. The 5 percent level of significance is used due to its higher

degree of accuracy with 95 percent reliability.

The products will be sold at the dry goods sections and vicinities of Iloilo City

Central Public Market, La Paz Public Market, Jaro Public Market, and Mandurriao Public Market.

The results and conclusions drawn are, therefore, true to these products and
formulations. However, the results will be used as basis for similar studies that may

be conducted in the future using different materials like cogon leaves with banana peelings.

Definition of Terms

There are two ways of defining key terms. These are conceptual and operational

Conceptual definition. This refers to defining key terms usually taken from the

dictionary, encyclopedia, published books, journals, and articles.

Operational definition. This refers to defining key terms based on the observed

characteristic and how they are used in the study.

It is advisable for a researcher to use two ways of defining key terms for clearer

understanding of the meaning by the readers. If conceptual definition is not available

in the dictionary particularly the technical terms, operational definition is acceptable.

Moreover, there are two ways of arranging the key terms. First, the key terms

are arranged as they appear in the text. Second, they are alphabetically arranged,

The first arrangement is commonly used by writers of research papers, theses, and

dissertations.

Likewise, a maximum of 15 key terms are presented in Part 1 of a thesis proposal.

If there are more than 15 key terms, they are placed in the Glossary.

Illustration 1 (Descriptive Design)

For purposes of clarification, the following key terms are hereby defined:

Problems. This term refers to dilemma, predicament, and quandary situation

(Thesaurus US Dictionary 2012). As used in the study, this refers to unpleasant or

disagreeable situation encountered by teachers in relation to low students' achievement

of students in the National Achievement Test.

Teachers. This refers to secondary school teachers in National High School or

Barangay High School of the Department of Education (DepEd) in the Division of Iloilo.

Job performance. This refers to execution of doing ones work (Webster, 2010).

As used in the study, this refers to teacher's efficiency-outstanding, very satisfactory,

satisfactory, fairly satisfactory, or unsatisfactory.

Student's achievement. This refers to the accomplishment of student (Thesaurus,

2010). As used in the study, this refers to the students National Achievement Test

scores if they fall within the national mean, above the national mean, or below the

national mean.

Top management. This refers to the upper level of the organization which usually

include the chief executive officer (Fleet, 1993). As used in the study, this refers to the

Division Superintendent of Schools.

Middle management. This refers to the division management that implements

the strategies and policies set up by the top management (Fleet, 1993). As used in the

study, this refers to the district supervisors and principals in the Division of Iloilo.

Lower management. This refers to the overseeing of the work of operating

employees (Fleet, 1993). As used in the study, this refers to head teachers of the

secondary schools in the Division of Iloilo.

Instructional facilities. As used in the study, this refers to the adequacy of school

facilities like ventilated classrooms, electricity, lighting, chairs, books, computers,

multimedia projectors, restrooms, drinking water, and many others.

Teacher factor. As used in the study, this refers to the qualities of the teacher

if they possess the acronym MODERN TEACHER wherein M stands for Model; O,

Obedient; D, Dedicated; E, Efficient; R, Research-oriented; N, Noble, T, Talented; E,

Effective; A, Active; C, Creative; H, Honest; E, Excellent; and R, Religious,

Student factor. As used in the study, this refers to the quality of students whether

with good study habits with good grades or poor study habits with poor grades who are

studying at the secondary schools in the Division of Iloilo.

Illustration 2 (Experimental Design)

For purposes of clarification, the following key terms are hereby defined:

Pineapple leaves. These refer to the elongated outer sheet of pineapple plant

which contain 3% strong silky fibers (Padreshi, 2012). As used in the study, pineapple
leaves are wastes of pineapple fruit pickers but can be utilized in making paper bags.

Banana peelings. These refer to the outermost layer of a banana which are

stripped off of the interior flesh of the fruit and slippery if stepped on (Padreshi, 2012).

As used in the study, the banana peelings are wastes by banana cue vendors that are

only thrown away but can be utilized in making paper bags.

Acceptability. This term refers to the suitability or satisfactoriness (Thesaurus,

2010). As used in the study, this refers to the likeness of pineapple paper bags with

and without banana peelings.

Gross sales. This is obtained by multiplying the selling price by the quantity

(Calmorin, 2006). As used in the study, this refers to the total sales of the pineapple

paper bags with and without banana peelings.

Gross profit. This refers to the difference between the gross sales and the net

purchase cost (Calmorin et al, 2012). As used in the study, this refers to the difference

between the gross sales and the production cost.

Return on Investment (ROI). This is determined by dividing the net profit by

production cost times 100 and is expressed in percentage (Calmorin et al., 2012). As

used in the study, this refers to the ratio of net profit and total expenses times 100 and

is expressed in percentage.

RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW

Related literature review is presented and used as middle heading title all in capital

letters with five single spaces above and three single spaces below it of Chapter 2

a thesis and dissertation. A proponent needs to review the literature and studies of the

proposed study to determine the similarities and differences of the previous studies

and to gain insights into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial.

Related literature review is divided into four parts. These are (1) related legal

basis, (2) related literature, (3) related studies, and (4) justification of the proposed

study.

In presenting the related legal basis, related literature, and related studies, the

proponent has to arrange them from latest to past.

Related Legal Basis

The sources of legal basis are the constitution, laws, department directives

like circulars, orders, memoranda, and many others that have direct bearing on the

proposed study.

If a study has related legal basis, it shows the investigation is relevant and

important and responsive to the government's thrust.

Likewise, the bearing of the legal basis cited on the proposed study is explained.

It is unscientific if the bearing of the legal basis is not explained.

Illustration (Experimental Design)

For instance, the proposed study is on the "UTILIZATION AND

COMMERCIALIZATION OF PINEAPPLE LEAVES (ANONAS COMOSUS) WITH

AND WITHOUT BANANA (MUSA SAPIENTUM) PEELINGS INTO PAPER BAGS."

The related legal basis of the foregoing proposed study is Waste management.

This is a priority government's thrust pursuant to Republic Act No. 9003 known as

National Solid Waste Management Act of 1999. To fight against waste, all waste

materials must be reduced, reused, and recycled into useful items.

The foregoing related legal basis has a significant bearing on the proposed study

because pineapple leaves are left behind or burned in the farm by pineapple fruit

pickers while banana peelings are only thrown away by banana cue vendors. The

researcher proposes to recycle them into useful products like paper bags which can

even be commercialized into useful products. Hence, no more wastes of pineapple

leaves and banana peelings and "Trash Turns to Cash."

Related Literature

The related literatures are published articles, books, journals, magazines, novels,

poetry, and many others which have direct bearing to the proposed study.

The related literature can be local or foreign, provided however, every related

literature has explanation to the bearing

bearing of the proposed study. A related literature

presented without explanation on the relationship of the proposed study is unscientific,

Related Studies

The related studies published and unpublished that have a direct bearing on the

proposed study are included in this section. They are segregated into local and foreign

studies (if any).

The related studies are presented in chronological order from present to past.

Each related study should have an explanation as to its bearing on the proposed

study. A related study presented without explanation on its relationship to the proposed

study is unscientific.

Justification of the Proposed Study

The proponent has to justify the direct bearing of the related legal basis, related

literature, and related studies on the proposed study. Likewise, he has to justify the

differences of the proposed study from the previous related studies.

METHODOLOGY

Methodology is used as middle heading title of descriptive design with five single

spaces above and three single spaces below it of a page. This is presented in Chapter

3 of a thesis and dissertation. There are nine parts of Methodology. These are (1)

research design, (2) determination of sample size (if sample survey), (3) sampling
design and techniques (if sample survey), (4) the subjects, (5) the research instrument,

(6) validation of the research instrument, (7) data gathering procedure, (8) data

processing method, and (9) statistical treatment.

Research Design

The proponent has to choose the most appropriate research design for his

proposed study. In descriptive research, there are 9 types of design. These are (1)

descriptive-survey, (2) descriptive-normative, (3) descriptive-status, (4) descriptive-

analysis, (5) descriptive-classification, (6) descriptive-evaluating, (7) descriptive-

comparative, (8) correlation-survey, and (9) longitudinal survey.

Determination of Sample Size (if sample survey)

If sample survey is used because the population is too large, 100 or more, the

researcher has to determine the sample size by using the formula as follows:

Where:

S s = Sample size

N = Total number of population

V = Standard value (2.58) at 1 percent level of

probability with 99 percent reliability

Se = Sampling error (0.01)

P =Larger possible proportion (0.50)

Illustration
 Suppose the total population of secondary teachers in Division of Iloilo is 1000. To

substitute formula (9.1), consider the computation below.

NV + { (Se ) 2 x ( 1 - p) }

Ss =NSe + {(V)2 x p (1 - p) }

= 1000(2.58) + (0.01)2 x (1 - 0.50)

1000(0.01) + (2.58)2 x 0.50 (1 - 0.50)

= 2580 + 0.0001 x 0.50

10 + 0.6564 x 0.50 (0.50)

2580 + 0.00005

= 10 + 1.6641

2580.00005

11.6641

Ss= 221.191524 or 221

Thus, the sample size (Ss) is 221 from total population of 1000.
Sampling Design and Technique

There are two kinds of sampling designs. These are (1) scientific sampling and

(2) nonscientific sampling. The former is preferable because every member of the

population is given equal chance of being included in the sample.

As mentioned earlier, scientific sampling has 6 types. These are (1) restricted

random sampling, (2) unrestricted random sampling, (3) stratified sampling, (4)

systematic sampling, (5) multistage sampling, and (6) cluster sampling.

The proponent has to choose one sampling type which is most appropriate to his

proposed study (i.e., unrestricted random sampling).

The technique for unrestricted random sampling is Table of Random Numbers.

As explaine

plained earlier, each individual is assigned coded number ranging from 0001 to

1000. The table of random numbers to

gers technique consists of digits so selected that no

systematic relation exists between any sequence of digits in the table, regardless of

whether the table is read horizontally, vertically, left, right, or any other way. To draw a

sample by using the table of random numbers, a technique must be used for assigning

a number to each individual in a population. For instance, the population is 1000.

Each member must be assigned an identifying number ranging from 0001 to 1000.

The identifying number corresponds to the

to the total number of the population, 1000. The

sample size of 1000 is 221. To get a sample of 221 from 1000 population, a series of
four-digit numbers are randomly drawn either horizontally, vertically, right or left, until

221 individuals are identified as sample.

The Subjects

The proponent has to explain how and where the subjects will be taken from. It

can be either total population if population is small, less than 100, or sample survey

if population is large, 100 or more. The agency where the subjects will be taken from

frequency and percentage will be presented. For instance, in the Division of Iloilo,

there are 15 secondary schools supervised by the Department of Education (DepEd),

221 teachers will be taken from these schools. Table 9.1 presents the distribution of

subjects.

Table 9.1. Distribution of Subjects

Secondary Schools

9
10

11

12

13

14

15

Total

Teachers (Frequency)

15

20

14

18

19

15

12

13

11

18

16

15

14

10

11
 221

Percent (%)

6.79

9.05

6.33

8.15

8.60

6.79

5.43

5.88

4.98

8.14

7.24

6.79

6.33

4.52

4.98

100.00

The Research Instrument

The research instrument can be a questionnaire, a test, an interview,

or a rating scale. Each part of the instrument must be clear observation schedule, or a fat

stated described by the proponent.

Illustration

The researcher will use the researcher-made instrument-questionnaire

he made in gathering data to determine problems met by the teachers that caused

low achievements of students in the National Achievement Test (NAT) in Division

Iloilo. The questionnaire will include items culled from books, DepEd directives, PRO

directives, published and unpublished theses, informal interviews, and observations

The questionnaire will consist of three parts. Part I will aim to gather information

on the teacher's personal data: his/her name, school where he/she is employed

sex, age, civil status, and number of years teaching experience. Part II will deal on

gathering the job performan

formance rating of teachers for the last two years. Part Ill wil

gather data regarding the problems met by teachers in relation to top management,

middle management, lower management, instructional facilities, teacher factor, and

student factor.

Validation of the Research Instrument

Suggestions, corrections, and refinement of the draft of the questionnaire must

be explained thoroughly. The different individuals involved in the corrections and

refinement of the questionnaire must be mentioned. After it is refined, testing the

validity and reliability of the researcher-made instrument, questionnaire, must be done.

For validity, five experts in the field of study must be requested to go over the

research instrument to test the validity. Each item in the instrument has a column on

3 (retain), 2 (revise), and 1 (delete). The expert is requested to check the appropriate

option column for each item. The researcher will compute for the weighted mean per

item. Items with mean values of 2.5-3.0 will be retained; items with mean values of

2.4-1.5 will be revised; and items with mean values of 1.4-1.0 will be deleted.

For reliability, the proponent will use either test-retest, split-half, parallel-forms

or internal consistency. If he uses test-retest method, the questionnaire will be

administered twice to teachers of a different DepEd Division as pilot sample, for

instance, the Division of Manila. It is very much unscientific if he uses teachers of

the same DepEd Division in Iloilo as pilot sample. The interval of the first and second

administration of the questionnaire will be at least one week and not a month. Spearman

rho or Spearman rank correlation coefficient is used to determine the reliability of the

responses. If the reliability value is high, 0.71 to 0.90 to very high, 0.91 to 0.99, this

means the research instrument is reliable.

If the research instrument is both valid and reliable, it is now ready to be

administered to the subjects of the study.

Illustration

The first draft of the questionnaire will be submitted to the researcher's adviser for

corrections acteded long Several changes will be made. Some items irrelevant to
proposed study will be discarded.

of the College of Education Graduate The revised form will be validated by the Dean

City Superintendent of Schools; Quezon City Superintendent of Schools; Makati City

luate School, Philippine Normal University; Manila

Superintendent of Schools; and Taguig City Superintendent of Schools. Each option

in the questionnaire will have options: 3, retain; 2, revise; and 1, delete. Based on the

responses of the foregoing managers, weighted mean of 2.5 to 3.0 will be retained; 1.5

to 2.4, revise; and 1.0 to 1.4, delete. If all their responses have mean values of 2.5 to

3.0, it means the questionnaire is valid.

For reliability, test-retest method will be used. The questionnaire will be

administered twice to teachers of the Division of Manila. The coefficient correlation

between the first and second administration of the questionnaire will be computed with

the use of Spearman rank difference coefficient correlation. The formula is as follows:

6 SD2

1 - N3 - N (9.2)

where r, stands for Spearman rank coefficient correlation; ED2, sum of squared

difference between ranks; and N, total number of cases (Calmorin, 2010). If the

obtained correlation value is high, it means the questionnaire is reliable.

Data Gathering Procedure

Having found the research instrument valid and reliable, the researcher proceeds

to ask permission and approval from the head of the agency where the subjects are
employed. Once permitted, the researcher administers the research instrument to the

subjects of the study. The date of the administration of the questionnaire, retrieval

date, and percentage retrieval of the research instrument must be stated. For instance,

there are 221 questionnaires administered to 221 teachers as subjects of the study,

but only 217 or 98 percent are retrieved. Hence, this must be stated that only 217

questionnaires or 98 percent were retrieved.

Illustration

Having found the questionnaire valid and reliable, the researcher will secure written

permit from the Division Superintendent of Schools of Iloilo to allow the researcher to

conduct the study on the respective teachers in the Division of Iloilo. The questionnaire

will be administered in March 2015. The retrieval of the questionnaire will be done by

the third week of April 2015. It will be expected that the retrieval of questionnaire is not

less than 90 percent.

Data Processing Method

After the retrieval of the questionnaire, the researcher tabulates and processes the

data either manually or by machine. Quantitative and qualitative data processing must

be determined to arrive at precise analysis and interpretation of results. Categorization

of the subjects must be mentioned. Data matrix based on dummy tables must be used

to organize, summarize, and analyze the data on how the variables differ from each

other.

Illustration

After the retrieval of the questionnaire, the researcher will tabulate and analyze
the data. The data gathered will be organized. The researcher will make an evaluation

of the problems met by teachers in relation to top management, middle management,

lower management, instructional facilities, teacher factor, and student factor as a

whole and when classified as to sex, age, civil status, and number of years teaching

experience.

Statistical Treatment

The statistical tools used to answer the specific research questions of the study

must be described and the formula must be explained. The level of significance either

1% or 5% must be stated to determine the significance of the findings.

Illustration

The statistical tools to be used in the interpretation of data and testing the null

hypotheses of the proposed study will include the frequency counts, weighted mean,

z-test, and Friedman two-way analysis of variance.

Weighted mean will be used to determine the seriousness the problems met by

teachers. It will also be determined how these problems resulted in low achievements

of students in National Achievement Test (NAT) in Division of Iloilo in relation to top

management, middle management, lower management, instructional facilities, teacher

factor, and student factor as a whole and when classified as to sex, age, civil status,

teaching experience, job performance, and student's achievements. The formula is as

follows (Calmorin, 2010):

fix * = [fx
fix, + f2 x2 + foxy ...

X=

(9.3)

f,+ $2 + f3

Where:

X = Weighted mean

[fx = Sum of all the products of f and x where f is the frequency of each weight and x, weight
(i.e., 4, 3, 2, 1)

[f = Sum of all the subjects/respondents

The z-test will be used to find out if there is a significant difference in the

seriousness of the problems me

National Achievement Test (NAT) Teachers causing low achievements of students

in Division of Iloilo when teachers are classified

according to sex .

Friedman two-way analysis of variance will be used to determine if there is a

significantstatus teaching seriousness of the problems met by teachers based off

civil status, teaching experience, job performance, and students' achievements.

Schedule of Activities

The schedule of activities is an itemized plan of activities to be undertaken by the

researcher within a time frame. It serves as guide for the researcher to accomplish

each activity.
Illustration

Activities

I. Planning Stage

1.1. Plan either standardized or researcher-made questionnaire

1.2. Suit the questionnaire to the problem/objectives of the study

1.3. Determine the 6M's of resources: (Manpower, Money, Machinery,

Materials, Methods, and Moment of time)

1.4. Consider the variables

Total

2. Preparing Stage

2.1. Construction of questionnaire

2.2. Revision of questionnaire

2.3. Validation of questionnaire

2.4. Dry-run the questionnaire to pilot sample

2.5. Computation of validity and reliability of questionnaire

2.6. Reproduction of questionnaire

2.7. Determination of sample size

2.8. Administration of questionnaire to the subjects

2.9. Retrieval of questionnaire

Total
3. Data Processing Stage

3.1. Tabulation of data

3.2. Computation of results

3.3. Analysis and interpretation of data

Total

4. Writing Stage

4.1. Chapter 1 (The Problem: Rationale and Background)

4.2. Chapter 2 (Related Literature Review)

4.3. Chapter 3 (Methodology)

4.4. Chapter 4 (Results and Discussion)

4.5. Chapter 5 (Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations)

4.6. Bibliography, Appendix, and Curriculum Vitae

4.7. Encoding the Manuscripts

Total

5. Oral Examination Stage

5.1. Preparation for the Oral Examination

5.2. Oral Examination and Revision of the Thesis

5.3. Submission and Retrieval of the Thesis

5.4. Final Encoding of the Thesis

5.5. Binding the Thesis

5.6. Submission of the Bound Thesis to the Panel of Examiners

Total

Grand Total

Bibliography

Bibliography is defined as the concluding section of a research paper, thesis, and

dissertation wherein the listing of source materials are arranged in alphabetical order.

Bibliography includes the acknowledged source materials cited in the text and other

source materials read by the researcher.

Functions of Bibliography

There are 5 functions of the Bibliography. These are as follows:

1. To give the reader the scope of the research behind the paper.

2. To determine if a particular work has been used.

3. To provide the reader a foundation for further research.

4. To allow the reader to find out easily the full bibliographic information for

materials referred to in parenthetical notes where only the name of the author and year are
given, for instance. (Calmorin, 2011).

5. To give necessary descriptive details for the source materials as a whole in

order that original statements can be located and consulted by the reader.

Bibliography (One Author, Book)

In presenting a book with one author bibliography source, the format is as follows:

Surname of author, comma, first name full or initial, middle name initial, period;

year published, period; title of the book (bold and italic), period; name of publisher,

period; place of publisher, period; and inclusive pages, period. The second line and
succeeding lines are four spaces hanging indention.

Illustration

Calmorin, Laurentina P. 2010. Research and Statistics with Computer. National

Book Store. Manila. 610 pp.

The author of this book has read unscientific BIBLIOGRAPHY format of several

research journals, research papers, theses, and dissertations here and abroad. See

illustration below.

Unscientific Bibliography Format

Calmorin, Laurentina P. (2010). Research and Statistics with Computer. Manila:

National Book Store. 610 pp.

Unscientific because the year of publication is enclosed in parenthesis (2010). It

means 2010 is NOT the original year of publication.

Unscientific because the place of the publisher is ahead of the name of publisher.

Manila: National Book Store.

The place of publisher must be after the name of publisher or agency. Just like in

a letter address. See correct letter address below.

Dr. Laurentina P. Calmorin

National Book Store

Manila

Incorrect Letter Address

Dr. Laurentina P. Calmorin

Manila

National Book Store

The incorrect letter address is similar with incorrect BIBLIOGRAPHY format that

the place of publisher is placed ahead of the name of publisher, for instance, Manila:

National Book Store.

See illustrations below for correct bibliography format of books and journals/

articles with one author, two authors, three authors, four authors, or more.

Illustrations

Bibliography (One Author, Book)

Calmorin, Laurentina P. 2011. Modern Mathematics for Elementary Pupils 6

(Textbook). National Book Store. Manila. 358 pp.

Bibliography (One Author, Journal)

In presenting bibliography in a journal source of, material with one author, the

sequence is as follows:
 Surname of author, comma, first name full or initial, middle name initial, period;

year published, period; title of research/article, period and enclosed in quotation marks;

name of journal (bold and italic), period; volume, number enclosed in parenthesis,

colon, inclusive pages, period; and month and year published enclosed in parenthesis,

period. The second and succeeding lines are four spaces hanging indention.

Illustration 1

Calmorin, Laurentina P. 2012. "Seaweed Ice Cream With and Without Moringa: Its

Acceptability, Salability, and Profitability." Business Azimuths. 1(1):2-13.

(January-June 2012).

Illustration 2

Malubay, Helen A. 2012. "Seaweed Kappaphycus Butterscotch With and Without

Moringa: How Acceptable and Profitable" Business Asimuths. 1(1):14-27.

(January-June 2012).

Illustration 3 (Article)

Calmorin, Laurentina P. 2000. "My Idea of a Good Teacher." The Modern Teacher.

59(7):281-282. (December 2000).

Bibliography (Two Authors, Book)

For two authors book source material bibliography, the sequence is as follows:
 Surname of principal author, comma, first name full or initial, middle name initial,

period, conjunction and, first name of the co-author full or initial, middle name initial,

surname, period; year published, period; title of the book (bold and italic), period; name

and place of publisher, period; and inclusive pages, period. Second and succeeding

lines are four spaces hanging indention.

Illustration 1

Calmorin, Laurentina P. and Ma. Lauremeich Calmorin-Piedad. 2009. Statistics with

"Store. Manila. 394 pp.

Computer. Rex Book Store.

Illustration 2

Calmorin, Laurentina P. and Ma. Lauremelch Calmorin-Piedad. 2008. Nursing

Research. National Book Store. Manila. 395 pp.

Illustration 3

Calmorin, Laurentina P. and Ma. Lauremelch Calmorin-Piedad. 2008. Nursing

Biostatistics with Computer. Rex Book Store. Manila. 396 pp.

Bibliography (Two Authors, Journal)

In presenting bibliography journal source material with two authors, the sequence

is as follows:

Surname of principal author, comma, first name full or initial, middle name initial,
conjunction and, first name of co-author, middle name initial, period, surname, period;

year published, period; title of research/article, period and enclosed in quotation marks,

name of the journal (bold and italic), period; volume, number enclosed in parenthesis,

colon, inclusive pages, period; and month and year of publication enclosed in

parenthesis, period. Second and succeeding lines are four hanging indention.

Illustration 1

Calmorin, Laurentina P. and Hana Mika H. Hsia. 2012. "Milkfish Bones Polvoron

With and Without Moringa: Its Utilization and Commercialization." Business

Azimuths. 1(1):54-65. (January-June 2012).

Illustration 2

Calmorin, Melchor A. and Errol C. Guatche. 2007. "Solar Salt Making Using Polyethylene

Material: Its Economic Impact." NIPSC Fisheries Research Journal. 7(1):21-

32. (January-June 2007).

Illustration 3

Calmorin, Melchor A. and Ronnie V. Amene. 2004. "Biodiversity of Fishes Caught in

Multiple Handline Using Shrimp as Bait in Estancia Bay Protected Area." NIPSC

Fisheries Research Journal. 4(1):12-22. (January-June 2004)

Bibliography (Three Authors, Book)

In presenting book bibliography source with three authors, the sequence is as

follows:

Surname of principal author, comma, first name full or initial, middle name initial,

period, comma, first name of second author full or initial, middle name initial, period,

surname, conjunction and, first name of third author full or initial, middle initial, period,

surname, period; year of publication, period; title of the book (bold and italic), period;

name of publisher, period, place of

ce of publisher, period; and inclusive pages, period.

Second and succeeding lines are four spaces hanging indention.

Illustration

Calmorin, Laurentina P., Helen A. Malubay and Marylilibeth P. Deloso. 2012.

Mathematics of Investment with Computer Application. Rex Book Store.

Manila. 301 pp.

Bibliography (Three Authors, Journal)

For a bibliography journal source with three authors, the sequence is as follows:

Surname of principal author, comma, first name full or initial, middle initial, period,

comma, first name of second author, middle initial, period, conjunction and, first name

of third author, middle initial, period, surname, period; year of publication, period; title

of research/article, period and enclosed in quotation marks; name of the journal (bold

and italic), volume, number enclosed in parenthesis, colon, inclusive pages, period;
and month and year of publication enclosed in parenthesis. Second and succeeding

lines four spaces hanging indention.

Illustration 1

Seville, Sonia V., Ma. Elena M. Elizaga and Gesalie S. Navarro. 2012. "Acceptability,

Salability, and Profitability of Pork Siopao and Milkfish Bone Siopao With and

Without Moringa." Business Azimuths. 1(1): 42-53. (January-June 2012).

Illustration 2

Garrido, Aurea Alyssa C., Ma. Liane Gayomali and Gercelie Vagilidad. 2012.

"Acceptability, Salability and Profitability of Coconut-Mongo Macaroons and Pure

Coconut Macaroons." Business Azimuths. 1(1):28-41. (January-June 2012).

Bibliography (Four or More Authors, Book)

In presenting bibliography book source with four or more authors, the sequence

as follows:

Surname of principal author, comma, first name full or initial, middle name initial

period and et al.; year of publication, period; title of the book, (bold and italic) period:

name of publisher, period; place of publisher, period; and inclusive pages.

Illustration

Formacion, Minda J. et al. 2011. Fundamentals of Biology. Rex Book Store. Manila
292 pp.

Bibliography (Four or More Authors, Journal)

In presenting bibliography journal source with four or more authors, the sequence

is similar for three or more authors journal source of materials, but only the principal

author's name is mentioned and followed by a period and et al. that is similar with book

bibliography of four or more authors.

Illustration

Calmorin, Melchor A. et al. 2003. "Hydro-Biological and Fisheries Resource of the

Protected Area in Bulobadyang Island and Its Approaches." NIPSC Fisheries

Research Journal. 3(2):8-25. (July-December 2003).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

By and large, BIBLIOGRAPHY is written in all capital letters and is placed at the

middle heading five single spaces above and three single spaces below it of a page.

There is only one listing of all source materials like books, journals, articles, published

and unpublished research papers, theses, dissertations and many others, provided

however, surnames of principal authors are arranged in alphabetical order.

Obsolete Bibliography Format

The author of this book has read several research papers, theses, and dissertation

wherein listings of books, journals, articles, published and unpublished theses and

dissertations are still listed separately. This kind of format has been obsolete for more
than 50 years ago.