98 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security,

Vol. 2, No. 5, May 2010

MOBINA: A Novel DBA Method Based on Second

Price Auction in Ethernet Passive Optical Network
AR. Hedayati1, M.N Feshaaraki1 ,K. Badie2 , A. Khademzadeh2 and M. Davari3
1
Department of Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University(IAU)
Hesarak ,poonak SQ, Tehran, Iran.
ar.hedayati@srbiau.ac.ir
2
Iran Telecom Research Center
North kargar str, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Computer Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University
Hamila Blv, poonak SQ, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract: Ethernet Passive Optical Network(EPON) is one
of the best solutions for implementing the next generation
access networks. One of the key issue in these network is
bandwidth allocation to provide the quality of service for
the End users.In this paper, we present a Novel Dynamic
Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) method based on Second Price
Auction in Ethernet Passive Optical Network. Results have
shown improvements of the packet loss rate, throughput
rate, and utilization line of our method when compared
with other methods.
Keywords: Ethernet Passive Optical Network, Dynamic
Bandwidth Allocation, Second price auction, Quality of Services.
1. Introduction
Ethernet Passive Optical Network is one of the most
important solutions for implementing the next generation of
access networks. High capacity and low cost of
implementing are among the characteristics of this
technology, which can provide the required quality service
in spite of expansion the quantity of user and their requests
to use different multimedia services [1].
An EPON system is a point-to-multipoint fiber optical
network with no active elements in the transmission path
from its source, i.e., an optical line terminal (OLT), to a
destination, i.e., an optical network unit (ONU). It can use
different multipoint topologies, such as bus, ring, tree, and
different network architectures [2]. The most typical EPON
architecture is based on a tree topology and consists of an
OLT, a 1:N passive star coupler (or splitter/combiner), and
multiple ONUs, as shown in Figure (1). The OLT resides in
a central office (CO) that connects the access network to a
metropolitan area network (MAN) or a wide area network
(WAN), and is connected to the passive star coupler through
a single optical fiber [2]- [5].
Figure 1. EPON’s Architecture
One of the main concerns in this network is bandwidth
allocation to provide end users quality of service for using
multimedia service. To solve this problem, there have
suggested different static and dynamic bandwidth allocation
methods [2], [4]. In this paper, along with studying
bandwidth allocation methods in EPON, we present a novel
method named MOBINA, based on Second Price Auction.
The MOBINA can allocate the users required bandwidth
righteously and with high profitability.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2,
we introduce related work of Bandwidth allocation methods
in EPON. In section 3, we explain MOBINA method in
details. In section 4, we present simulation results. In
section 5, we conclude this paper.
2. Related work
Bandwidth allocation methods are discussed as one of the
most important QOS’s parameters in EPON [6]. In
bandwidth allocating for each network unit, optical line
terminal needs to provide some method based on the
received bandwidth demands of optical network units and
some allocation policies or service level agreements are in
this content [7]. At present many methods are
recommended, in general they classified in two general
types: Static Bandwidth Allocation and Dynamic Bandwidth
Allocation.
2.1 Static Bandwidth Allocation methods
Each ONU is assigned with a constant bandwidth regardless
to its actual bandwidth demand. As a result, the allocated
bandwidth might either not be fully utilized, in the case of
ONUs with light traffic requirement or not be adequate to
accommodate heavy traffic load ONUs, resulting in both
scenarios to inefficient bandwidth utilization rate. In
contrast a dynamic MAC protocol could more successfully
allocate bandwidth according to ONUs’ instantaneous buffer
queue status increasing the bandwidth utilization rate [8].
Research initiatives in MAC protocol development over the
years have attempted to enhance further bandwidth
allocation of standardized PON topologies, tracing back to
PONs and more intensively to more recent and lately
deployed EPONs . In common to all these topologies, the
feeder pathway is shared in the time domain, and as a result
each ONU can utilize the whole upstream optical carrier
 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security, 99
capacity for defined, according to network penetration, and
in most cases flexible duration time-slots, assigned by the
OLT [7].
2.2 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation methods
To increase bandwidth utilization, the OLT must
dynamically allocate a variable timeslot to each ONU based
on the instantaneous bandwidth demand of the ONUs.
Given that QoS is the main concern in EPONs, these
methods classified into DBA with QoS support, DBA
without QoS support, and describe their characteristics and
performances [11].
2.2.1 DBA without differentiated QoS support
There are several DBA methods proposed for EPON which
do not support differentiated services, such as IPACT [9], it
employs a resource negotiation process to facilitate queue
report and bandwidth allocation. The OLT polls ONUs and
grants timeslots to each ONU in a round robin fashion. The
timeslot granted to an ONU is determined by the queue
status reported from that ONU. Therefore, the OLT is able
to know the dynamic traffic load of each ONU and allocate
the upstream bandwidth in accordance with the bandwidth
demand of each ONU. So demanded bandwidth can be
granted efficiently also there exists three different ways for
the OLT to determine the granted efficiently also there
exists three different ways for the OLT to determine the
granted window size to allocate bandwidth so they
introduced Fixed service, Gated service, Limited service as
IPACT service discipline to demonstrate bandwidth
allocation in this method . Development and improvement
of this method is considered in IPACT GE [10], Estimation-
based DBA [11] and IPACT with SARF [2].
Bandwidth guaranteed polling (BGP) is another DBA
method proposed for providing bandwidth guarantees in
EPONs [12]. In BGP, all ONUs are divided into two groups:
bandwidth guaranteed and bandwidth non-guaranteed. The
OLT performs bandwidth allocation through using couple of
polling tables. The number of bandwidth units allocated to
an ONU is determined by the bandwidth demand of that
ONU, which is given by its SLA with a service provider. A
bandwidth guaranteed ONU with more than one entry in the
poling table has its entries spread through the table. This
can reduce the average queuing delay because the ONU is
polled more frequently. However, this leads to more grants
in a cycle and thus requires more guard times between
grants, which reduces channel utilization. Methods have
been introduced for all best effort traffic is suitable.
2.2.2 DBA with differentiated QoS support
An EPON system is expected to deliver not only the best
effort data traffic, but also real-time data traffic (e.g., voice
and video) that have strict bandwidth, packet delay, and
delay jitter requirements. In this subsection present several
DBA methods that can provide differentiated QoS support
for different types of data traffic in EPON. One of the most
important methods in field is fair sharing with dual SLAs
(FSD-SLA) proposed a fair sharing with dual SLAs (FSD-
SLA) method, which employs dual SLAs in IPACT to
manage the fairness for both subscribers and service
Vol. 2, No. 5, May 2010
providers [13]. The primary SLA specifies those services
whose minimum requirements must be guaranteed with a
high priority. The secondary SLA describes the service
requirements with a lower priority. This method first
allocates timeslots to those services with the primary SLA to
guarantee their upstream transmissions. After the services
with the primary SLA are guaranteed, the next round is to
accommodate the secondary SLA services. If the bandwidth
is not sufficient to accommodate the secondary SLA
services, the max-min policy is adopted to allocate the
bandwidth with fairness. If there is excessive bandwidth,
FSD-SLA will allocate the bandwidth to the primary SLA
entities first and then to the secondary SLA entities, both by
using max-min fair allocation.
Another optimizing method for dynamic bandwidth
allocation with differentiated QoS support is LSTP .during
the waiting period and thus more accurately grants
bandwidth to each ONU. For each class of traffic, LSTP
estimates the data that arrive during the waiting period
based on the data of this class that actually arrived in
previous transmission cycles by using a linear predictor
[14].
The bandwidth demand of an ONU is thus the reported
queue length plus the estimation. The OLT arbitrates the
upstream bandwidth using this estimation and reserves a
portion of the upstream bandwidth for transmitting the
estimated data in the earliest transmission cycle, thus
reducing packet delay and loss. Other methods proposed for
dynamic bandwidth allocation with differentiated QoS
support are: COPS, HGP, DBAM and so forth [2].
3. The MOBINA DBA Method
The MOBINA is dynamic bandwidth allocation based on
Second Price Auction. In this method, all bandwidth
requests are sent to OLT by ONUs. OLT can make a
dynamic and fair decision about bandwidth allocation by
auction process. The steps of auction process and
bandwidth allocation in the suggested method are as
follows:
Step 1: Kick-off the auction by OLT
Step 2: Submit the bid by ONUs
Step 3: Assess received bids by OLT
Step 4: Schedule and allocate bandwidth to winners
Step5: Update and go to next round of auction
Figure (2) represents the block diagram of the MOBINA
method.
100 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security,
Vol. 2, No. 5, May 2010

send the result to ONUs. In step 4, ONU will allocate the

requested bandwidth for each user according to the timing
of auction winners, considering the maximum accessible
bandwidth. Equation (4) shows bandwidth allocation by
OLT.

BRQ onu (t ) (ONU win )

 i i

BW onu (t ) =  (4)
i

 0 (ONU loss )
 i

In step 5, OLT updates the LSTionu value of all the ONUs

that have received bandwidth service in time t and will send
the respective ONU. Equation (5) shows the value of
LSTionu .

0 (ONU i win )

LSTionu (t ) =  (5)
1 (ONU
Figure 2.Dialgue diagram of the MOBINA method  i loss )

Finally, after sending LSTionu values, OLT holds for a time

As shown in Figure (2), in Step 1 a signal is sent from OLT
in order to allocated bandwidth be released and the
to ONUs in order to ONUs send their requested bandwidth
conditions for holding auction by OLT is provided.
allocation to OLT for participation in an auction. In step 2
based on the MOBINA method, ONUs calculate their Bid
amount based on two parameters of the requested bandwidth 4. Computer Simulations
and the last time of bandwidth allocation by OLT to ONU, To measure the performance of each bandwidth allocation
and send it to OLT. Equation (1) shows the sent Bid amount methods we designed an event-driven C++ based EPON
by ONUi to OLT. simulator. NS-2 and C# software is used as a unique system
to compare simulation results. In this article we use EPON
(
Bid i (t ) = β BRQ ionu (t ), LSTionu (t − 1) ) (1) structure, as shown in Figure (1), to measure QoS
parameters. The parameters considered for simulation are as
illustrated in Table (1):
In Equation (1), BRQionu is the total bandwidth amount that
has been requested by the users from ONUi and LSTionu Is Table 1: Simulation Parameters
Parameters Symbol Value
the Boolean parameter that shown the last time of ONUi
Number of ONUs N 16
received bandwidth service. Equation (2) shows ONUi
Bit Rate Λ 5 to 57.5 MBit/s
requested bandwidth. Two way delay fiber Tfiber 200 µs
Processing Time Tproc 35 µs
K

∑ BW
Packet Size B 15000Byte(30
BRQ ionu (t ) = J
R eq
(t ) (2) Packets)
J =1 Ethernet Overhead Beth 38 Byte
Request Message Size Breq 570 Bit
In Equation (2), BWJR e q is the bandwidth required by users Upstream Bandwidth Ru 1 GBit/s
Maximum Transition Pmax 10 Packets
connected to ONUi. Equation (3) shows the required
Window
bandwidth of each user.
Guard Time Tg 5 µs
Max cycling time TMax 2 ms
BWJReq (t ) = mJP × LJP × PJ (3) Buffer capacity BQmax 10 Mbyte
Guarantied Bandwidth BAga 60 MBit/s
Interval traffic randomly Interval 50 µs-100 µs
In Equation (3), mJP is the number of requested packets to Traffic Type CBR
send for user j. LPJ is the length of requested packets to
send, and PJ is the priority of the jth user. In MOBINA All the provided results in this section which will be
introduced, are measured the QoS based on proposed
suggested method, the priority of all users linked to an ONU
approach in comparison with other methods, will be
is the same and is equal to (1/j).
analyzed by some different charts with their quantities such
In step 3, after receiving all the Bids based on second price
auction, OLT will select ONUs that win in auction and will
 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security, 101
as delay, jitter, Throughput, Packet loss and Utilization rate
.
Figure (3) shows traffic packet delay. The proposed
approach has less delay in comparison with the methods of
bandwidth allocation without QoS, although in the previous
methods of bandwidth allocation with different QoS, at the
first place in this approach delay is more because of
providing situation awareness for ONUs, nevertheless in the
other times delay is much better.
Figure 3.The charts for average of packets Delay
Also, Figure (4), shows the vector of The Average of Traffic
Packet Jitter. This chart we see that BGP and FSD-SLA
jitter range is higher than other methods. Albeit with
increasing traffic load and good behavior of IPACT
methods, they have good Jitter rather than the other methods
. At the point of view in jitter charts, which is implied much
better jitter ratio of proposed approach compared to the
other methods.
Figure 4.The Charts for Average of Packet Jitter
In addition, The chart related to throughput and loss rate of
this traffic Loads is shown in Figure (5) and (6). As a result
of analyzing these charts that implied better and more
sufficient throughput compared to the other methods that we
mentioned completely. Also we can realize that packet lost
is reduced by increasing traffic load.
Vol. 2, No. 5, May 2010
Figure 5.The Charts for Throughput Rate
Figure 6 . The Charts for Packet Loss Rate
Finally, Figure (7) depicts the rate of utilization in EPON
systems. This Fig demonstrates that increasing of traffic
load has anonymous utilization compared to the best
methods. MOBINA approach has the most rate of network
Utilization. Albeit this subject, the behavior of this
Approach was predictable. By increasing the traffic load to
network, Utilization rate in other methods didn’t have any
difference.
Figure 7.The Charts for Line Utilization rate
5. Conclusion
Bandwidth allocation is a critical issue in the design of an
EPON system. Since multiple ONUs share a common
upstream channel, an EPON system must efficiently utilize
the limited upstream bandwidth in order to meet the
bandwidth demands and quality of service requirements of
end users. In this article, MOBINA method optimizes the
bandwidth limitation problem. The results of the
simulations showed that in comparison to other methods,
the proposed method offers better performance in terms of
average packet loss ratio and throughput ratio. And as a
result, we improve the overall network performance.
102
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(IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security,
Vol. 2, No. 5, May 2010
Authors Profile
Alireza Hedayati:. received his B.Sc. and
M.Sc. in Computer Hardware Engineering
from Azad University of Tehran Central
Branch and Tehran science and research
branch in 2000 and 2003, respectively. He is
currently studying Computer Hardware in his
Ph.D. degree. His research interests include
Optical Networks, Next Generation Network, Network
Management and QoS.
Mehdi N. Feshaaraki:. received his Ph.D.
in computer Engineering from NSW
university of Australia. He is currently
associate professor in computer Engineering
Department of IAU. . His research interests
include Computer Networks, information
and knowledge architecture.
Kambiz Badie:. received his B.Sc., M.,Sc, and
Ph.D. in electronic engineering from the Tokyo
Institute of Technology, Japan, majoring in
Pattern Recognition & Arlificia1lntelligance.
His major research interests are Machine
Learning, Cognitive Modeling, and Systematic
Knowledge Processing in general, and
Analogical Knowledge Processing, Experience-
Based Modeling and Interpretative Modeling in particular with
emphasis on ides and technique generation .He is currently
associate professor in Iran Telecom Research Center(ITRC).
Ahmad Khadem zadeh : He received the B.Sc.
degree in applied physics from Ferdowsi
University, Meshed, Iran, in1969 and the
M.Sc., Ph.D. degrees respectively in Digital
Communication and Information Theory &
Error Control Coding from the University of
Kent, Canterbury, U. K .He is currently associate professor in Iran
Telecom Research Center and also He is the Head of Education &
National Scientific and Informational Scientific Cooperation
Department at Iran Telecom Research Center (ITRC).
Masoud Davari:. received his B.Sc. in
Computer Engineering from Azad University
of Tehran Central Branch 2010. His research
interests include Computer network, Network
simulation and Software Engineering